1 Class XII: Maths Chapter 3: Matrices
Top Definitions 1. Matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (real or complex) or functions or names or any type of data. The numbers or functions are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.
2. The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute, rows of the matrix and the vertical lines of elements are said to constitute, columns of the matrix.
3. A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column. A = [aij]m x 1 is a column matrix of order m x 1
4. A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row. B = [bij]1 x n is a row matrix of order 1 x n.
5. A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is said to be a square matrix. A matrix of order m n is said to be a square matrix if m = n and is known as a square matrix of order n. A = [aij]m x n is a square matrix of order m. 6. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then elements a11, a22, , ann are said to constitute the diagonal, of the matrix A.
7. A square matrix B = [bij]m x m is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non diagonal elements are zero, that is a matrix B = [bij]m diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i j.
x m
is said to be a
8. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal, that is, a square matrix B = [bij]n x n is said to be a scalar matrix if bij = 0, when i j
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bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
9. A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero is called an identity matrix. A square matrix A = [aij]n x n is an identity
1 matrix, if aij = 0 if i = j if i j
10. A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
11. Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if (i) (ii) They are of the same order Each elements of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is
aij = bij for all i and j.
12.
If A = [aij] be an m x n matrix, then the matrix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A or (AT). 13. For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A is a symmetric matrix and A A is a skew symmetric matrix.
T 14. If A = aij nxn is an n n matrix such that A =A, then A is called
symmetric matrix. In a symmetric matrix, aij = a ji for all i and j
T 15. If A = aij nxn is an n n matrix such that A =A, then A is called skew
symmetric matrix. In a skew symmetric matrix, aij = a ji If i=j, then aii = aii aii = 0
16. Let A and B be two square matrices of order n such that AB=BA=I. Then A is called inverse of B and is denoted by B=A-1. If B is the inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B. 17. If A and B are two invertible matrices of same order, then (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
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