APA Quick Guide Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)

This guide aims to provide examples on how to properly cite some of the most frequently used types of sources. It is based on Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. (2009) and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007). When using the APA (final manuscript and references) style, you will double-space everything except when single-spacing will improve readability. You will give brief author-date parenthetical citations in the text (instead of footnotes) and, at the end of your paper, a reference list of works cited. If you have questions about types of sources outside the range of this guide, consult the librarys copy of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association behind the reference desk, or contact a reference librarian.

General Rules: Reference Lists

List the elements that identify the work's author title, publication date, and its publisher. The list should be alphabetized by the last name of the author (or first title word, if no author). Last names are inverted (last name first), and first names are abbrev iated to the authors' initials. The year the work was published should be placed in parentheses following the authors name. The reference list must be double-spaced, and entries should have a hanging indentation after the first line of each entry. Capitalize only the first letter (and any proper nouns) of titles and subtitles of articles, books, chapters, and unpublished periodicals. Capitalize the first letter of all significant words in titles of published periodicals. Italicize titles of books and periodicals (journals, newspapers, magazines, etc.). Italicize the volume number only of periodicals. Corporate names as authors are written out; capitalize the first letter of significant words. A parent body precedes a subdivision within an organization. Edited books without an author? Treat the editors as authors (inverted order), and include (Ed.) or (Eds.) in parentheses after the last editor's name. Editors' names and other names not in the author position (e.g., translators) are not inverted and are followed by an abbreviated designation in parentheses.

No author or editor? Move the title to the author position before the date. For undated works, include n.d. for "no date." For publishers, give the city and state or country if the city is not well known for publishing or is ambiguous. Leave out terms like "Publishers," "Co.," or "Inc." but includes terms such as Press" or "Books." Use 2-letter abbreviations for states if needed. Do not abbreviate "University." If two or more publisher locations are listed, give the first listed or the home office location if known.

General Rules: Reference Citations in Text

For citations in text, insert a brief parenthetical reference consisting usually of the last name(s) of the author(s), a comma, and the year of publication. Do not include suffixes such as Jr. or qualifiers like Ed. Do not include months or days even if in the reference list. For direct quotations and references to a specific part of a work , follow the year of publication with a comma and provide the page number(s) or identify the section you refer to. Precede the page numbers with p. or pp. or chap. or sect. For electronic sources without page numbers, use the paragraph number, preceded by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para. Never use page numbers of any web pages you print out as different printers may reflect different pagination. Authors For works by two authors, provide the last names of both every time the work is cited in the text. For three to five authors, provide the last names of all authors the first time referred to in the text, and in subsequent references, provide only the last name of the first author followed by et al. If more than six authors provide only the last name of the first author and follow with et al. For un-authored works, use the first few words of whatever is the first element of the reference in your reference list, followed by the date and other specifics needed. Works by authors with the same last name? Provide first initials (before the last name, not inverted order) for each author in the text and in parenthetical citations. For undated works, include n.d. for "no date."

Type of Source

Reference Citations in Text

Reference List

All of the information provided below relates to printed books. The following is not an exhaustive list. Please consult the APA for additional examples.

Books

One Author

The following citations in text are all examples of the citations that occur at the end of a quotation, summary or paraphrase. Please consult the APA for examples of text citations that occur at the beginning of a quotation, summary of paraphrase. Porter, M. (1986). Competitive Advantage. New York, NY: (Porter, 1986) Basic Books. (Stephens & Graham, 2000) Stephens, G., & Graham, G. (2000). When selfconsciousness breaks. Alien voices and inserted thoughts. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Two Authors List all the authors in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Three to Five Authors (Applegate, Austin, and McFarlan, 2003) In subsequent citations, only use the first authors last name followed by et al. in the parentheses. (Applegate et al., 2003)

Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., & McFarlan, F.W. (2003). Corporate information strategy and management: Text and cases (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

(Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997) Editor No Author (Mill, 1980) Editor With Author

Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Mill, J. S. (1980) Autobiography and Literary Essays. J.M. Robson & J. Stillinger, (Eds.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

A Translation

When you cite a republished work, like the example to Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on the right, you should list both the original work & the probabilities. (F.W. Truscott & F.L. Emory, Trans.). republished translation dates. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814). (Laplace, 1814/1951) (Woodward, 2004, pp.333-336) Woodward, A. (2004). SRI International, Inc. In J.P. Peterson (Ed.), International directory of company histories (pp. 333-336). Detroit: St. James Press.

Chapter (or other titled parts of a book)

Periodicals
Journal Article (from print) Magazine Newspaper

In this resource (as in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association), periodical refers to items published on a regular basis: journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters, etc. (Brown, 1996, pp.175-200) Brown, E. (1996). The lake of seduction: Silence, hysteria, and the space of feminist theatre. JTD: Journal of Theatre and Drama, 2, 175-200. Henry, W.A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in todays schools. Time, 135, 28-31. For newspaper reference list citations, p. or pp. precedes

(Henry, 1990, pp. 28-31) (Holden, 1998, pp. A1, A22-A23)

page numbers. For single page cite p. for multiple pages cite pp. Holden, S. (1998, May 16). Frank Sinatra dies at 82: Matchless stylist of pop. The New York Times, pp. A1, A22-A23.

Electronic Sources

The variety of material available electronically, and the variety of ways in which it is structured and presented, can present challenges for creating usable and useful references. At a minimum, a reference of an electronic source should provide a document title or description, a date, and an address: DOI, URL, etc. (Stultz, 2006) The final version of the article is being referenced, so there is no need to include retrieval date. The article was retrieved from the PsycARTICLES database. However, no database name or URL is needed because the DOI functions as both a unique identifier of the content (taking the place of a database name or accession number) and a link to the content (taking the place of the URL). Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

Full Text Article from online Database with DOI Assigned

Full Text Article from online Database no DOI Assigned

(Hager, 2007)

If there is no DOI assigned, give the exact URL (if the content is open-access) or the URL of the journal home page (if the content is accessible by subscription). No retrieval date is included because the final version of

the article is being referenced. Hager, M.H. (2007). Therapeutic diet order writing: Current issues and considerations. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 22(1), 28-36. Retrieved from [Link] Online Magazine content not found in print version Electronic Book (National Park Service, 2008, para. 1) Web Page Audio (Van Nuys, 2006) Television feature (Kloft, 2006) Podcast (Rabkin, 2008) Rabkin, A. (2008, Feb. 6). The toddler economy. Slate. Retrieved February 6, 2008, from [Link]

(Gettman, n.d.)

Gettman, D. (n.d.). The twinkle theory. Available from [Link] emID=244 National Park Service. (2008, Feb. 6). Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site. Retrieved February 6, 2008, from [Link] Audio Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2006, October 13). Understanding autism [Show 54]. Shrink Rap Radio. Podcast retrieved from [Link] Television feature Kloft, M. (Producer/Director). (2006). The Nuremberg Trials [Motion picture]. In M. Samuels (Executive Producer), American experience. Podcast retrieved from WGBH:
[Link]

Online encyclopedia Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from [Link] Reference Citation in Text: (Graham, 2005, sect. 2) Online dictionary Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Websters online dictionary. Retrieved October 20, 2005, from [Link] Reference Materials Reference Citation in Text: (Merriam-Websters online dictionary, n.d.) Online handbook Body dysmorphic disorder. (2005). In M.H. Beers, R.S. Porter, T. V. Jones, J.L. Kaplan, & M. Berkwits (Eds.), The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy online. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from [Link] First cite (Beers, Porter, Jones, Kaplan, & Berkwits, 2005) Subsequent cites (Beers, et al., 2005)