Readers are encouraged to consult this volumes glossary: glossary entries are

not entered in this index.

A
abrasive blasting. See grit blasting
abrasive particle size and sieve apertures, 29
abrasive precleaning, 167, 169-170
absolute pressure, 28
absorption, of light. See light absorption
acceptance/rejection criteria
aerospace applications, 155-158, 385
critical parts, 64
decision process, 283
establishing, 63, 140-141, 154-158
heat source capsule welds, 411
Navy ships, 424
acid contamination, 104, 163, 165
removal, 176
acid precleaning, 167, 174, 175
activated carbon, for liquid penetrant recovery, 312-313
adhesion energy, 84
aerosol cans. See spray cans
aerospace applications, 46
acceptance/rejection criteria, 155, 156-157, 158
automated equipment, 217-225
cleaning restrictions, 170, 182
custom designed dip stations, 208
depth sensing capability liquid penetrants, 396-397
developerless, 386-391
fleet maintenance, 404-406
fluorescent liquid penetrant cleaning, 181-183
heat source capsules for deep space missions, 407-412
history of liquid penetrant testing, 23-26
importance of good eyesight for inspectors, 139
jet engine blade automatic testing system, 216
light alloy castings, 357-358
liquid oxygen systems, 393-395
low/high temperature liquid penetrants, 138
open face honeycomb seals, 398-401
specifications, 380-385
structural weldment crack enhancement, 402-403
without developer, 386-391
Aerospace Industries Association of America (AIA)
AIA NAS 410, 13, 382
agitation cleaning, 167
AIA. See Aerospace Industries Association of America
aircraft component testing. See aerospace applications
aircraft structural integrity program, 404-406
air knife, 217, 224
air pollution control, 70
AISI. See American Iron and Steel Institute
Alburger, James, 20, 25
alkali contamination, 104, 163, 165
removal, 176
alkaline precleaning, 167, 174, 175
aluminum and alloys, 9, 344
alloys, 122, 192, 352, 357
anodized test panels, 265-266
automotive parts, 425
controlled surface cavity test panels, 261-263
cracked comparator blocks, 122, 185-190, 247-251
detection probability of cracks in flat plates, 16-17, 18
discontinuities, 352-353
etching, 191-192
fan blades, 158, 362
fatigue cracks, 246
fluorescent compound chelation with, 397
forgings, 147, 357
ingots, 356-357
liquid penetrant testing, 128, 129, 352-358
mechanical processing effects on liquid penetrant testing, 184-193
pistons, 144, 145
process induced versus laboratory induced cracks, 251
self-developing liquid penetrant testing, 386-391
transparent surface layer test panels, 265-266
ambient visible light intensity, 226
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) requirements, 423
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 75, 80
near ultraviolet exposure limits, 78
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) steel types
AISI 300 series, 350
AISI 300 or 300M, 190, 193-196, 198, 253, 293, 295, 298
AISI 304, 288-292, 293, 296, 298, 299, 369
AISI 316, 299
AISI 347, 295, 299
AISI 400 series, 350
AISI 635, 293
AISI 1018, 196, 253
AISI 4130, 195-196, 253
AISI 4340, 190, 193-196, 252, 281
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 80, 377
ANSI/API 510, 376
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, 13
American Petroleum Institute (API), ANSI/API 510, 376
American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, 13, 377
Central Certification Program, 13, 377
NDT Level III, 377
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 13, 376-377, 381-382
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 63
D 95, 110, 112-113, 381
D 129, 300-301, 302
D 516, 302
D 808, 300, 303, 304
D 1179, 304
D 1266, 302
D 1552, 300-301
D 2441, 300
D 2512, 41
E 165, 299, 302, 303, 304, 348, 423
E 433, 61, 154
E 1417, 100, 109, 183, 236, 348
E 1135, laboratory fluorometer specified by, 111
F 22-65, 408
See also Liquid Penetrant Testing Bibliography
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 63
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 247, 300, 348, 364-367, 375, 423
AMS. See SAE International
analog signal processing, laser scanning system, 241-242
anodized aluminum test panels, 265-266
ANSI/API 510, 376
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, 13, 377
aqueous soluble developers. See water soluble developers
Index
484 Liquid Penetrant Testing
aqueous suspendible developers. See water suspendible developers
arc welding, 171
ASME. See American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM. See American Society for Testing and Materials
atomized spray application systems, 215
audits, nuclear power plants, 374
austenitic stainless steel, 345
liquid penetrant restrictions, 10
liquid penetrant testing, 350
stress corrosion mechanism, 295-299
stress corrosion testing, 289-292
sulfide corrosion, 293
automated liquid penetrant test systems, 8, 35
aerospace applications, 217-225
primary metals production applications, 348
production line systems, 208-209
automotive part testing, 425-428
B
balling up, wet developers, 116
bases, contamination by. See alkali contamination
bearing shells, 62
Beer-Lambert law, 90
Betz, Carl E., 19-20
bibliography, 453-482
billets, 129
biodegradable liquid penetrants, 308
biological oxygen demand (BOD), 307
black light. See ultraviolet radiation
bleedback, 155
bleedout, contamination and, 162
blooms, 129
blow holes, 62
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, 247, 300, 348, 364-367, 375, 423
bomb turbidemetric sulfur test, 302
bottom hole assembly, 419-420
Brady, Elliot, 24
braze bonds
copper, 417
cracks in, 142-143
open face honeycomb seals, 398-401
brightness discrimination, 14, 134
reference conditions, 267-268
test panels for background brightness, 264-272
broad field microscopes, use in liquid penetrant testing, 14
brushing, 8, 35
buffing, 8, 35
builders, alkaline cleaners, 175
C
candela, 29
capillary pressure, liquid penetrants, 45, 84-86
carbide cutting tool testing, 143, 416-418
carbon, 330
surfactant adsorption onto, 312-313
carbon contamination, 163, 164, 174
carbon matrix composite materials, filtered particle testing, 339-341
carbon steel, 344
liquid penetrant testing, 350-351
postcleaning to prevent corrosion, 179-180
carcinogens, 76
care and maintenance. See maintenance
cascading dye process, 25
cast aluminum alloys, 352-358
castings, 47
excessive bleedout indications, 60
fluorescent liquid penetrant testing, 344-349, 351
liquid penetrant indications, 134
mechanized conveyorized test system, 210-212
sources of discontinuities, 128-129
cast irons, liquid penetrant testing, 350, 351
cataracts, and fluorescent liquid penetrant indication viewing, 96
Central Certification Program, American Society for Nondestructive Testing
(ASNT), 13, 377
centrifugation, for liquid penetrant removal from waste water, 311
ceramics, 9, 35
filtered particle testing, 326-341
porosity, 150
ceramoplastics, 430
cermets, 35
filtered particle testing, 330
certification, of liquid penetrant testing personnel, 13, 375-377
chelating liquid penetrant system, 396-397
chemical cleaning, 167
aircraft components, 181
surfaces damaged by mechanical processing, 184
chemical oxygen demand (COD), 307
chinaware cracks, 337
chlorides
analysis methods, 302-303
analysis specifications, 300-301
content restrictions, 41, 288
effects on stainless steels, 298
removal, 298
stress corrosion effects, 289-292
chlorinated hydrocarbon cleaners, 171, 172, 173, 298-299
Christmas tree, 144
chromate residue contamination, 104, 165
chromatography. See ion chromatography
chromic anodization treatment, 137
effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 188, 190
clarifiers, 318, 319-320
clay tile, laminar cracks in, 330
clayware cracks, filtered particle testing, 327-341
discontinuities in unfired, 337
prewetting, 335-336
cleaning, 7, 8, 34
aerospace applications, 181-183, 383
contamination effects, 162-166
and diffuse liquid penetrant indications, 134
field preparation of parts, 65
importance of, 35
oil field down hole tubular parts, 419
postcleaning procedures, 178-180
precautions, 168
precleaning procedures, 167-177
procedures for various contamination types, 162-165
process flowsheet, 167
process selection, 168
surface contamination, 163, 164
surfaces damaged by mechanical processing, 184
See also postcleaning; precleaning; removal, liquid penetrants; removers
cleanliness, of processing area, 70
and surface contamination, 166
clumping, of dry developers, 101
coating contamination, 104, 163, 164
removal, 177
cobalt alloys, fatigue cracks, 279, 282
cold discharge tubular fluorescent lamps, 234
cold shut, 147
cold working, 130, 169-170
cracks, 143
color, liquid penetrants, 90-91
color blindness, 14, 96
color contrast liquid penetrants. See visible liquid penetrant testing
color vision, 13-14
comparators, comparator blocks and panels
aluminum quench cracks, 122, 246-251
controlled surface cavities, 261-263
liquid penetrant system monitor panel, 259-261
steel grinding cracks, 253
steel quench cracks, 252
titanium stress corrosion cracking, 251-252
composite carbon matrix materials, filtered particle testing, 339-341
conical surface indentations, test panels with, 262-263
contact angle, liquid penetrants, 84
contamination, 7, 8, 34
developers in use, 107-108
effects on liquid penetrant indications, 137
and emulsifier effectiveness, 88
emulsifiers and removers in use, 106
emulsifier tanks, 53-54
liquid penetrants in storage, 101
liquid penetrants in use, 103-104
precleaning, 167-177
prior liquid penetrant testing residues, 165
types, effects, and removal procedures, 162-165
See also specific contaminants
contrast, 40
eye sensitivity to, 228
fluorescent liquid penetrants, 60, 61, 91, 95, 237, 269-271, 272
visible dye liquid penetrants, 59, 61, 90, 95, 429, 430
conveyorized liquid penetrant test system, 209-212
copper
alloys, 9
brazing, 417
485 Index
corrosion
chlorine, 289-292
liquid penetrant processing equipment, 69
contamination of product, 163, 164
protecting cleaned surfaces from, 170
removal, 174
sources of failures related to, 132
sulfur, 292-294
See also stress corrosion cracking
cracked metal comparator blocks, 246-253
crack initiation, 296
crack propagation, 296-297
cracks, 2, 46
aerospace structural weldment crack enhancement, 402-403
anodized aluminum test panels, 265-266
in clayware, filtered particle testing, 327
cutting tools, 417
filled, 104, 163-164
geometry effects on indication brightness, 266
liquid penetrant detection, 7, 11, 39, 276-284
liquid penetrant indications, 126, 142-146
plastics, 429
simulation, 246
sources in primary metals production, 128-132
synthetic specimens, 120-122
See also quenching cracks; stress corrosion cracking
crack size, 246
process induced versus laboratory induced, various metals, 251
production parts, various metals, 246
and reliability of detection, 16-17, 18
crankshaft, 67
critical test parts, 10, 47
fracture critical components, 283
cupping, 129
D
dark adaptation, 14
in fluorescent testing, 227, 229-230
deburring. See tumble deburring
deep space missions, heat source capsules for, 407-412
DeForest, A. V., 20, 21-22
DeForest, Taber, 20, 21-22, 23, 25, 326
depth sensing fluorescent liquid penetrants, 396-397
detergents
in hydrophilic emulsifiers, 88-89
in precleaning, 167
pollution from, 318-319, 321
deterioration
developers in use, 57, 107-108
emulsifiers and removers in use, 106
liquid penetrants in storage, 101-102
liquid penetrants in use, 103-104
standard materials for evaluation of, 110
developer, dry powder. See dry powder developers
developer, nonaqueous. See nonaqueous developers
developer, soluble. See nonaqueous developers
developer, solvent suspendible. See solvent developers
developer, suspendible. See water suspendible developers
developer application stations
in automated aerospace systems, 224
in multicomponent test unit, 206, 207
in self-contained test unit, 204, 205
developer dwell time, 42
developerless liquid penetrants. See self-developing liquid penetrants
developers, 7, 34
aerospace applications, 381, 384-385
application techniques, 56-58
care and maintenance in storage, 101-102
care and maintenance in use, 57, 107-108
crack visibility with/without developer, 92
development of, 23
and diffuse liquid penetrant indications, 134
effects on liquid penetrant indications, 138
fluorescent liquid penetrant interactions, 91, 93-94
liquid oxygen applications, 394-395
mechanism of action, 55
oil-and-whiting method, 19
oil field down hole tubular parts, 420
with opaque crack test panels, 257-258
postcleaning, 178-180
primary metal production applications, 347
principles of application, 55-58
types, 55, 92-94
for visible liquid penetrants, 90, 95
wetting and detergent properties, 36
See also dry powder developers; solvent developers; water soluble
developers; water suspendible developers
development time, 42
dexterity, of liquid penetrant testing personnel, 13
die castings, 147
differential pressure, 28
diffuse liquid penetrant indications, 134, 141
digital computer pattern recognition, 243
dip-and-drain stations (dip tanks)
custom designed, 208
hydrophilic emulsifier station, 215
in multicomponent test unit, 205, 206, 207
in self-contained test unit, 203
liquid penetrant care and maintenance with, 103
disbonds, 2
discontinuities, 2, 4
automated detection, 209
chasing out, in unfired ware, 332, 338
laminar, 147-148
light alloy castings, 352-353
liquid penetrant detection, 7, 11
liquid penetrant indication classification, 127
minimum allowable, 8
optical pattern recognition, 242-243
porous materials, 326
sources in primary metals production, 127-132
discontinuity size, 10, 35, 46
and liquid penetrant testing reliability, 18
and sensitivity level, 39
dispersants, in hydrophilic emulsifiers, 88-89
dispersibility, 266
down hole tubular parts, 419-420
dragout, emulsifiers, 88
dragout, liquid penetrants, 86, 106
drain dwell technique, 48, 52
drying, 42, 43, 45
aerospace applications, 380, 383
oil field down hole tubular parts, 420
primary metal production applications, 346-347
drying stations
in automated aerospace systems, 218, 221, 224
in mechanized conveyorized system, 211
in multicomponent test unit, 206, 207
in self-contained test unit, 204
dry powder developers, 38, 55, 92
advantages and disadvantages, 56
aerospace applications, 385
application technique, 56
care and maintenance, 107
clumping, 101
postcleaning, 179, 180
visual test for degradation, 115
dual immersion tank application system, 214
dual mode liquid penetrants, 36
viewing indications, 46
dwell time, 42, 43, 48
effects on liquid penetrant indications, 138
postemulsifiable liquid penetrants, 51-52
dye type
liquid penetrant classification by, 36
and sensitivity level, 39
dynamic viscosity, 29
E
electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer (ECPR), 236
electric current units, 27
electric power applications, 361-378
power plants, 362-363
high tension bushing, 333
electrocleaning, 167, 174
electromagnetic spectrum, 227
electrostatic spray application systems, 38, 213-215
automated aerospace systems, 218-225
with solvent suspendible developers, 58
Ellis, Greer, 22
emulsification time, 53
emulsifier, hydrophilic. See hydrophilic emulsifiers
emulsifier, lipophilic. See lipophilic emulsifiers
emulsifiers, 37, 87-89
care and maintenance in storage, 101-102
care and maintenance in use, 106
contamination sources, 53-54
contamination tests, 112-115
486 Liquid Penetrant Testing
pollution from, 318
in postcleaning, 179
principles of application, 48-54
washability break, 113
wetting and detergent properties, 36
See also lipophilic emulsifiers; hydrophilic emulsifiers
emulsion postcleaning, 179
emulsion precleaning, 176
EN 473, 13
engine varnish contamination, 163, 164
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 70, 71
equipment, for liquid penetrant testing. See liquid penetrant testing
equipment
erythemal ultraviolet radiation, 77, 78
etching, 7, 8, 167
aluminum, 191-193
primary metal production applications, 345
steel, 195-196
surface removal necessary to restore liquid penetrant indications, 190
titanium, 198, 199
eutectic melting, 353
eutrophication, 319
evaporation, liquid penetrants, 104
explosion hazards, 75
explosive limits, 75
exposure limits, 74-75
ultraviolet radiation, 78-79
extrusion discontinuities, 130, 148
eyes, 13-14, 39
brightness discrimination, 14, 134
cataracts, 96
contrast sensitivity, 228
fatigue, 71
fluorescence of eyeball, 61, 79-80, 230
relative luminosity efficiency curves, 229
response to ultraviolet radiation, 227-228
response to various light wavelengths, 228
response to white and colored light, 228-229
vision threshold, 228
and vitamin A deficiency, 139
F
fail safe aircraft design, 405
failure, rising costs of, 3-4
far ultraviolet radiation. See ultraviolet radiation
false indications, 151-152, 162
fatigue cracks
aircraft structures, 131, 404
aluminum alloys, 246
cobalt alloys, 279, 282
low cycle specimens, 246-247
metal comparator block specimens, 246-253
prevention, 131-132
in service, 144-145
sources, 131
steel, 246, 281
titanium alloys, 246, 247, 280
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, 72
ferrous metals, 8, 350-351
See also steel
field techniques, 7, 9, 10, 65-68
military aircraft inspection, 406
nuclear power plants, psychology of, 374
precautions, 65
precleaning process selection, 168
pressurized solvent spray cans, 172-173
safety considerations, 73
See also portable liquid penetrant kits
filled cracks, 104, 163-164
film type developers, 58
filtered particle testing
applications, 327
carbon matrix composite materials, 339-341
design and selection, 331-332
differential absorption in, 329
equipment, 333-334
indication interpretation, 337-338
media, 326-327, 329, 331-332
mechanism of operation, 328-330
prewetting, 327, 335-336
principles, 326-327
filtration, for liquid penetrant removal from waste water, 310-311
fingerprint contamination, 165
removal, 177
fire alarms, 69
fired ceramic materials, 330
fire extinguishers, 69
fire hazards, 72-73, 75
flammability, 75
liquid penetrants, 72-73
flash point, 72, 75
common solvents, 173
and spot dry time, 87
fleet maintenance applications, aircraft, 404-406
flooding, 207
floodlights, 226
fluorescent brightness, 268-272
background test panels, 264-268
contrast curves, 271, 272
measurement, 111-112
fluorescent compounds, chelation with aluminum, 397
fluorescent liquid penetrant testing, 36
advantages, 46
aircraft components, 181-183, 405-406
aluminum alloys, 355, 356-357
automotive parts, 425-428
basic processes, 42-46
brazed ring seals, 401
brightness, 39
color, 90-91
contrast, 60, 61, 91, 95, 237, 269-271
contrast ratio, 237
dark adaptation, need for adequate, 229-230
depth sensing capabilities, 396-397
developers with, 92-94
development of, 20-22
field techniques, 66
filtered particle test media, 331-332, 335
light sources for, 226-238
mechanized scanners, 239-243
optical pattern recognition, 242-243
plastics, 430
portable kits, 202
precision investment castings, 344-349
reapplication, 336
selection, 46-47
self-developing, 392-393
sensitivity, 39
ultraviolet level selection, 236
ultraviolet measurement, 234-236
viewing indications, 45-46, 59, 95-96
welds in heat source capsules, 409
white light interference, 226-227, 236-237
See also ultraviolet radiation; ultraviolet lamps
fluorescent liquid penetrant light trap, 93, 94
fluorescent tubes, 226
ultraviolet radiation sources, 234
fluorine, analysis methods, 304-305
fluorometers, 111-112
flying spot fluorescent liquid penetrant laser scanning, 240-242, 243
foamed hydrophilic emulsifiers, 215
footcandle, 235
forging laps, 130, 147
forgings, 47, 134, 136, 138
cracks, 138, 143
sources of discontinuities, 129-130
formula racing cars. See racing cars
fossil fuel power plants, 362
foundry applications, 344-349
light alloys, 352-358
fracture critical components, 283
fractured glass step wedge test panels, 266-271
fugitive dye technique, 25
fusion weld cracks, 142
future usefulness, and nondestructive testing, 2
G
gage pressure, 28
gamma values, 269
gas holes, 149
gears, 60
glass, 35
cracks, 146
fractured glass step wedge test panels, 266-271
glass bonded mica, 430
glossary, 433-451
graphite, 330
487 Index
grease contamination, 35, 104, 163-164
precleaning, 169, 170
green clayware, chasing out discontinuities, 332, 338
grey iron castings, 351
grinding, 8, 29, 35
sources of discontinuities, 130
grinding cracks, 143
steel comparator blocks, 253
grit coarseness. See mesh
grit blasted test panels
emulsifier washability test, 113
for fluorescent background measurement, 264-266
fractured glass step wedge panels, 266-271
grit blasting, 8, 29, 35, 170, 174, 184
effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 188, 190
etching of steel after, 195-196
etching of titanium after, 198, 199
See also abrasive precleaning
H
halogens, 41, 295
analysis methods, 302-305
analysis specifications, 300-301
cleaning compound restrictions, 170
content restrictions, 288
stress corrosion effects, 289-292
hand creams, 72
hand wiping
developers, 180
in solvent cleaning, 37, 44-45, 87, 173
Hazard Awareness Communications Program, 76
health and safety hazards
material hazards, 71-73
material safety data sheets, 73-76
solvent cleaning, 172-173
ultraviolet radiation precautions, 76-80
vapor degreasing, 171
heat checks, 145
heat source capsules, for deep space missions, 407-412
heat treating processes, 130
heat treatment cracks, 138, 143
high carbon alloy steels, 350-351
high temperature alloy oxides. See oxide contamination
high temperature liquid penetrants, 41
high tension insulators, 327, 332
high volume liquid penetrant testing equipment, 8, 35, 202, 208
honeycomb seals, open face, 398-401
honeycomb structures, depth sensing liquid penetrant testing, 396-397
honing, 8, 35
effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 185
etching of steel after, 195-196
etching of titanium after, 198, 199
Hurter and Driffield (H&D) film density curves, 267, 268
hydrogen embrittlement, 131, 297
hydrogen precipitation as hydride in nickel alloys, 296
hydrophilic emulsifiers, 37, 88-89
avoiding overremoval, 51
basic process, 43-44, 48, 49
care and maintenance, 106
concentration control, 114
contamination in tanks, 53
converting lipophilic test systems to, 214
dip tank station, 215
manual test installations, 214
mechanism of action, 52-53
postemulsification process, 314-316
refractive index, 114
spray application of foamed, 215
tests for contamination by, 114-115
visual monitoring for contamination, 113-114
I
illuminance, 29
incandescent lamps, 226
incandescent ultraviolet radiation sources, 234
index of refraction, liquid penetrants, 93
indications. See liquid penetrant indications
ingot molds, 127
ingots, 128
inherent discontinuities, 127
inspection, 34
aircraft components, 181-182, 357-358, 379-406
aircraft structural integrity program, 405
automotive parts, 425-428
castings, 344-345, 349, 350
cutting tools, 416-418
electric power components, 361-378
ferrous metals, 350-351
light alloys, 352-358
nuclear power plants, 374, 375
plastics, 429-430
radioisotope capsules for space travel, 407-412
ships, 421-424
inspection stations
in automated aerospace systems, 219, 221, 225
in mechanized conveyorized system, 211
in multicomponent test unit, 206, 207
in self-contained test unit, 204, 205
insulators, high tension, 327, 332
intergranular attack, sulfur, 293-294
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 76
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 377
ISO 9712, 13, 377
International System of Units (SI), 27
investment casting, 344
ion chromatography
for chlorine analysis, 303
for fluorine analysis, 305
for halogen analysis, 300
for sulfur analysis, 300, 302
irrelevant indications. See nonrelevant indications
ISO 9712, 13, 377
J
jet engine blades, automatic testing system, 216
K
kinematic viscosity, 29
Kuhrt, Harry, 23
L
laboratory fluorometers, 111-112
lacquer developers, solvent based, 93
lamps. See ultraviolet lamps
lapping, effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 185
laser scanning systems, 239-243
law enforcement, use of fluorescent materials, 20-21
lead, 41
leak testing
car transmissions, 426-427
with liquid penetrant testing, 7-8, 35, 67-68, 141, 150
prior testing residues, 165
welded seams, 150
length units, 27
light absorption
fluorescent liquid penetrants, 90-91, 93-94
visible liquid penetrants, 90, 91
light alloys, 128, 129, 352-358
fatigue cracks, 144-145
lighting equipment, 226-238
light intensity
ambient visible light, 226
and fluorescent liquid penetrant indications, 95-96
various industrial conditions, 96
and visible liquid penetrant indications, 95
light scattering
and developers, 93-94
fluorescent liquid penetrants, 91, 93-94
light units, 28
See also ultraviolet lamps
linear indications
acceptance/rejection criteria, aerospace applications, 385
acceptance/rejection criteria, Navy applications, 424
interpretation, 133-134
links, 60
lipophilic emulsifiers, 37, 88
avoiding overremoval, 51
basic process, 43, 43, 44, 48, 49
care and maintenance, 106
contamination in tanks, 53
converting test systems to hydrophilic, 214
disadvantages, 88
mechanism of action, 52
488 Liquid Penetrant Testing
postcleaning, 179
postemulsification process, 43
water contamination test, 112-113
water tolerance, 109
liquid oxygen (LOX) systems, 40-41
aerospace applications, 392-395
postcleaning restrictions, 178
liquid penetrant, color contrast. See visible liquid penetrant testing
liquid penetrant, fluorescent. See fluorescent liquid penetrant testing
liquid penetrant, solvent removable. See solvent removable liquid penetrants
liquid penetrant, visible dye. See visible liquid penetrant testing
liquid penetrant incoming testing, aerospace industry, 358
liquid penetrant indications
acceptance standards, 140-141
appearance, 133-134
classification by discontinuity, 127
crack geometry effects on brightness, 266
cracks, 142-146
ensuring inspector knowledge of, 15
evaluation, 126-132, 133
evaluation specifications, 63-64, 154-158
faulty technique effects, 138
field techniques, 66, 67
filtered particle testing, 337-338
importance of excess liquid penetrant removal, 48
inadequate, possible causes, 141
interpretation, 42-43, 61-63, 126, 133-135
laminar discontinuities, 147-148
mechanism of formation, 133
mechanized scanners, 239-243
nonrelevant and false, 46, 151-152, 162, 338, 424
persistence, 135
primary metal production applications, 347, 355-356
processing effects influencing, 136-139
recognition training, 153
surface condition effects, 137
time to develop, 135
variables affecting, 137-139
viewing, 42, 45-46, 59-61, 95-96
liquid penetrants
biodegradable, 308
care and maintenance in storage, 100-102
care and maintenance in use, 103-105
classification by dye type, 36
classification by removal method, 36-37
color, 90-91
disposal, 216
dual mode, 36, 46
evaporation, 104
heat effects, 105
light absorption of films, 91
liquid oxygen applications, 392
major requirements of, 39-40
material hazards, 71-73
physical properties, 40, 84-86
prewash concept, 314-315
qualified/approved, 38-39
quality control tests for, 109-117
removal. See removal, liquid penetrants
selection, 46-47
slow solubility, 321
special application requirements, 40-41
waste treatment by adsorption, 311, 312-313
wetting and detergent properties, 36
See also fluorescent liquid penetrant testing; visible liquid penetrant
testing; water washable liquid penetrants; postemulsifiable liquid
penetrants
liquid penetrant system monitor panel, 259-261, 316-317
liquid penetrant testing
basic process, 7-8, 34, 42-46
bibliography, 453-482
cleanliness of processing area, 70, 166
closed loop system, 320-322
disadvantages and limitations, 8-9, 35-36
glossary, 433-451
history, 19-26
human performance, 282-284
key individuals in development of, 19-26
labor intensiveness, 9, 12
with leak testing, 7-8, 35, 67-68, 141, 150
lighting, 226-238
management interest and, 12
management of, 7-11
materials inspectable, 9, 34-35
personnel selection and qualification, 12-18
prior testing residues, 165
process selection, 9-11, 46-47
productivity, 15, 18
quality control tests, 118-122
reasons for selecting, 8, 9, 11, 35
reliability, 18
repetitive testing standards, 141
sensitivity, 8, 35, 39
signal-to-noise ratio, 48, 282-283
surface conditions interfering with, 162
test object preparation, 162
waste pollution control, 306-313
See also field techniques; liquid penetrant indications; specific applications
and materials
liquid penetrant testing applications. See aerospace applications; nuclear
power plants; primary metals production
liquid penetrant testing equipment, 202-216
aerospace automated applications, 217-225
automated production line system, 208-209
high volume, 8, 35, 202, 208
lighting equipment, 226-238
maintenance, 69-70
mechanized conveyorized, 209-212
mechanized scanners, 239-243
portable, 202
primary metal production applications, 347-348
quality control tests, 118-122
selection, 209
specialized, 202, 208
stationary, 202-208
low carbon alloy steels, 350
lower explosive limit (LEL), 75
low temperature liquid penetrants, 41
LOX systems. See liquid oxygen (LOX) systems
lubricant contamination, 163
luminance, 29
luminous flux, 29
luminous intensity, 27, 29
M
machines, increased demand on, 3
machining, 8, 35, 184
etching of aluminum after, 192-193
machining cracks, 143
magnesium, 9, 134, 344
microshrinkage in, 150
open wheel racing cars, 145, 427-428
postcleaning to prevent corrosion, 179-180
magnetic particle testing, 19
fossil fuel power plants, 362
liquid penetrant testing contrasted for nuclear power applications, 365
residue removal, 169
magnification, use in liquid penetrant testing, 14
maintenance
developers, 107-108
emulsifiers, 106
liquid penetrants in storage, 100-102
liquid penetrants in use, 103-105
liquid penetrant test systems, 69-70
removers, 106
ultraviolet lamps, 237-238
malleable iron castings, 351
marine applications, 421-424
martensitic stainless steel, 345
liquid penetrant testing, 350
mass units, 27
material hazards, 71-73
material safety data sheets (MSDS), 73-76
mechanical processing
cracks from, 143
and liquid penetrant testing indications, 8, 35, 136-139, 184-199
and surface contamination, 164
See also specific operations, i.e., shot peening
mechanical working, 8, 35
mechanized conveyorized liquid penetrant test system, 209-212
mechanized scanning
for fluorescent liquid penetrant testing, 239-243
nuclear power plant piping, 373
mental qualifications, of liquid penetrant testing personnel, 14-15
mercury, 41
mercury vapor arc ultraviolet sources, 13, 230-233
radiation intensity variation with distance, 233
various commercial, 232
mesh measurement of grit coarseness, 29, 185-190, 193, 198, 329, 330
489 Index
metal cutting tool testing, 416-418
metallic materials, 9, 10
methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane), 171
metric system, 27
micelles, 318
micelle theory, 318
microscopes, use in liquid penetrant testing, 14
microshrinkage, 128, 150
military specifications, 26, 100
AN-1-30a, 26
cleaning compound restrictions, 170
laboratory fluorometer specified by, 111, 112
MIL-I-6866, 26, 100, 109
MIL-I-25135, 26, 100, 101, 120
MIL-S-8949, 101
MIL-STD-1823, 284
MIL-STD-2035, 422
MIL-STD-2132, 422
MIL-STD-2175, 384
NAVSEA 250-1500-1, 100
NAVSEA Technical Publications, 422-423
NAVSHIPS 250-1500-1, 422
Navy specifications, 422-423
QPL-25135, 38
QPL-AMS-2644, 38-39, 246
milling cutters, carbide tipped, 417-418
minimum allowable discontinuities, 8
moisture contamination. See water contamination
motor ability, of liquid penetrant testing personnel, 13
multiple component stationary liquid penetrant test units, 205-207
N
narrow angle photometer, 120
national certifying body, 13, 377
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 80
near ultraviolet exposure limits, 78-79
National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB) Ad Hoc Committee on
Nondestructive Evaluation, 4
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 76
Naval Ships Technical Manual, 423
near ultraviolet radiation (ultraviolet-A radiation). See ultraviolet radiation
nickel and alloys
cleaning compound restrictions, 170
liquid penetrant restrictions, 10
sulfide corrosion, 293
nickel chrome test panels, 90
emulsifier overspraying effects, 89
surface cracked, 254-258
90/95 probability of detection value, 276
nonaqueous developers. See solvent developers
nondestructive material characterization, 2
nondestructive testing, 2
method categories, 4
method classification, 4-6
method objectives, 6
purposes, 2-4
units of measure for, 27-29
nonferrous metals, 8, 35
surface testing, 19-21
See also aluminum and alloys; titanium and alloys
nonfluorescent liquid penetrants. See visible liquid penetrant testing
nonmetallic inclusions, 128
nonmetallic materials, 9, 10, 35
carbon matrix composites, 339-341
ceramics, 330-338
clayware, 330-338
plastics, 429-430
precleaning, 168
nonrelevant indications, 46, 151-152
acceptance/rejection criteria, Navy applications, 424
filtered particle testing, 338
nuclear power plants, 100, 362
low/high temperature liquid penetrants, 138
onsite liquid penetrant examinations, 366-367
personnel issues, 374-377
piping discontinuity testing, 369-373
postcleaning restrictions, 178
precleaning restrictions, 170
pressure component testing, 364-368
in service inspection, 362-363
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 70, 71, 72, 80
carcinogens, 76
Hazard Communication Rule, 73
material safety data sheets (MSDS), 73-76
ocular fluorescence, 61, 79-80, 230
oil-and-whiting method, 19, 36
oil contamination, 35, 104, 163-164
precleaning, 169, 170
oil field down hole tubular parts, 419-420
open face honeycomb seals, 398-401
open wheel racing cars, 426-428
optical pattern recognition, 242-243
organic coating contamination, 104, 164-165
organic fluid contamination, 163-164
oxide contamination, 163, 164
removal, 174-175
P
paint contamination, 35, 104, 163, 164-165
removal, 174
paint stripping, 167, 174
aircraft components, 182
Parker, Donald, 25, 26
part drying stations. See drying stations
part handling, 10
peening, 169-170
See also shot peening
penetrants. See liquid penetrants
penetrant testing. See liquid penetrant testing
penetrating ability, 40
Pensky-Martens closed cup technique, 73
perchloroethylene, 171
permissible exposure limit (PEL), 74-75
personnel certification, 13, 375-377
nuclear power plants, 375
personnel qualification, 12-18
aerospace applications, 13, 381-382, 406
nuclear power plants, 374
photoelectric meters, 235
photometers, 120, 264
photopic vision, 229
photosensitive eyeglasses, avoidance of, 14, 230
physical qualifications, of liquid penetrant testing personnel, 13-14
pickling, 7
aluminum alloy castings, 355
pickling cracks, 417
pierced products, 130
pigmented drawing lubricants, removal, 169
pipe weld testing device, 373
piping, nuclear power plants, 369-373
plastic media blasting (PMB), 8, 35
plastics, 9, 35
cracks, 146
discontinuity sources, 429-430
porosity
aluminum castings, 128, 353, 356
automotive parts, 427
cutting tools, 416-417
fractured glass step wedge test panels, 267
liquid penetrant indications, 126, 149-150
sources in primary metals production, 128, 130
porosity units, 28
porous materials, 48
background fluorescence caused by, 61
filtered particle testing, 326-341
nondestructive testing, 326
selective fluid absorption, 328
small dot liquid penetrant indications, 134
portable liquid penetrant kits, 202
solvent based developers for, 93
solvent spray cans for, 172
portable liquid penetrant test equipment, 35, 202
portable radiometers, 235
postcleaning, 7, 34, 165, 167
procedures, 178-180
sulfur and halogen compound removal, 289
postemulsifiable liquid penetrants, 36-37, 87, 184
basic process, 43-44, 51
care and maintenance in use, 103
development of, 23, 25
hydrophilic process for recovery, 314-316
primary metal production applications, 345
490 Liquid Penetrant Testing
waste water clarification, 318
posttreatment, of liquid penetrant rinsings, 309-311
potassium compounds, 41
cleaning compound restrictions, 170
powdered metal products, 35
precleaning, 7, 34, 162
aircraft components, 181-183
primary metal production applications, 345
procedures, 167-177
pressure units, 28
prewash concept, 314-315
prewetting, filtered particle testing, 327, 335-336
primary metals production
cracks, 143
discontinuity sources, 127-132
ferrous metals, 350-351
foundry applications, 344-349, 352-358
light alloy foundry applications, 352-358
probability of detection curve, 276
processing discontinuities, 127
production line liquid penetrant testing systems, 208-209
productivity, of liquid penetrant testing, 15, 18
pulling apart, wet developers, 116
Purkinje shift, 230
Q
qualification, of liquid penetrant testing personnel. See personnel qualification
quality assurance, nuclear power plants, 374-376
quality control
liquid penetrants, 109-117
precleaning aircraft components, 183
test systems and procedures, 118-122
quenching cracks, 130
aluminum comparator blocks, 122, 247-251
steel comparator blocks, 252
R
racing cars, in service liquid penetrant testing, 426-428
radiography, light alloy castings, 354
radiometers, 235
reactive materials, 75-76
recognition training, liquid penetrant inspectors, 153
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, American Society for Nondestructive
Testing (ASNT), 13, 376-377, 381-382
red eyeglasses, 14, 230
red visible indications, 36, 47, 95
reference brightness conditions, 267-268
reference panels. See test panels
refractomer test, for hydrophilic emulsifier concentration control, 114
refractory materials, 330
refrigerant-113 (trichlorotrifluoroethane), 298-299
rejection criteria. See acceptance/rejection criteria
removal, liquid penetrants, 34, 87-89
aerospace applications, 383-384
avoiding overremoval, 51
and diffuse liquid penetrant indications, 134
liquid penetrant classification by removal method, 36-37
oil field down hole tubular parts, 420
purpose and control of, 48
reprocessing parts after inadequate, 53
and signal-to-noise ratio of testing, 48
tests for effectiveness, 119-120
See also cleaning; water washable liquid penetrants; postemulsifiable liquid
penetrants
removers, 38, 44-45
care and maintenance in storage, 101-102
care and maintenance in use, 106
comparison evaluation, 258
field precautions, 73
liquid oxygen applications, 394-395
spray application of foamed hydrophilic, 215
tests for contamination by, 114-115
water recycling, 216
resin contamination, 35
reverse osmosis, for liquid penetrant removal from waste water, 309-310
rhodopsin, 14, 229
rolled products, 129, 130
rough surfaces
background fluorescence caused by, 61
liquid penetrant comparators, 264
rounded indications
acceptance/rejection criteria, aerospace applications, 385
interpretation, 134
rust contamination, 163, 164
removal, 174
S
SAE International (formerly Society of Automotive Engineers [SAE]), 63
AMS 2644, 39, 100, 120, 183, 246, 247, 248, 348, 350, 380, 381, 384,
388, 408
AMS 6419, 253
AMS 5608D, 282
AMS 5850, 398
See also Liquid Penetrant Testing Bibliography
safety. See health and safety hazards
safety factor, 3
salt bath descaling/deoxidizing, 167, 175-176
sampling, 2
liquid penetrant materials, 110
sand blasting. See grit blasting
sanding, 8, 35, 184
effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 185, 186, 187
etching of aluminum after, 191, 192, 193, 194
etching of steel after, 195-196
etching of titanium after, 198
sandwich braze, 416
sanitary ware, filtered particle testing, 327, 331, 332
scale contamination, 163, 164
removal, 174
scattering, of light. See light scattering
scotopic vision, 229
sealants, aircraft structures, 405
seals
nuclear power plants, 366
open face honeycomb seals, 398-401
seams, 147-148
welded, leak testing, 149, 150
selenium cell photoelectric meters, 235
self-contained liquid penetrant test units, 203-205
self-developing liquid penetrants, 392-393
for heat source capsules for deep space missions, 407-409
performance, 386-391
sensitivity level, 39
service discontinuities, 127
service expectations, of test parts, 10
settling out, developers, 117
Shannon, John Pop, 20
sheet metal, 129, 344
cracks, 143
shims, 416
shipbuilding applications, 421-424
short wave ultraviolet radiation, 77
shot peening, 8, 29, 35, 184
effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 187, 188
etching of steel after, 195-196, 197
etching of titanium after, 198
shrinkage cavities, 149-150
shrinkage discontinuities, 128-129
automotive parts, 427
light alloy castings, 353
SI multipliers, 27-28
SI system, 27-29
base units, 27
conversions to, 28
derived units, 27
silver solder, 417
signal-to-noise ratio, of liquid penetrant testing, 48, 282-283
silicon carbide, 339
slow solubility liquid penetrants, 321
small dot liquid penetrant indications, 134
Smith Sparling, Rebecca, 24, 25
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). See SAE International
Sockman, Loy, 24-25
sodium compounds, 41
cleaning compound restrictions, 170
soft metals. See aluminum and alloys; titanium and alloys
soil contamination, 34, 163, 164
precleaning, 169, 174
solder, silver, 417
solvent based lacquer developers, 93
491 Index
solvent developers (nonaqueous developers), 38, 55, 93
aerospace applications, 385
application techniques, 58
care and maintenance, 107-108
control and maintenance of baths, 116-117
postcleaning, 180
solvent precleaning, 167, 171-172
solvent removable liquid penetrants, 37
basic process, 44-45
field techniques, 66-67
primary metal production applications, 345
solvent rinse, 87
solvents
contamination from, 104
flash points and relative toxicity of common, 173
spot dry time versus flash point of volatile, 87
solvent wipeoff, 44-45, 87
field techniques, 66
spar caps, 62
Sparling. See Smith Sparling
specialized liquid penetrant test units, 202, 208
specifications, 140
aerospace applications, 380-385
aircraft structural integrity program, 405
for evaluating liquid penetrant indications, 63-64, 154-158
See also military specifications and names of issuing organizations
spindles, 60
spot dry time, volatile solvents, 87
spray application systems, 210, 212-215
automated aerospace systems, 218-225
electrostatic, 38, 58, 213-215, 218-225
spray cans
care and maintenance in storage, 101
care and maintenance in use, 103
developers, 116
field use of solvents, 172
in portable equipment, 202
sprockets, 60
Staats, Henry N., 326
stacking fault energy, 297
stainless steel, 345
austenitic, 288-292
cleaning fluids, 298-299
fatigue cracks, 246
grit blasted test panels, 264-265
liquid penetrant requirements, 10, 41
liquid penetrant testing, 350
stress corrosion mechanism, 295-299
stress corrosion testing, 289-292
sulfide corrosion, 293
tube cracks, 140
welding, 362
See also American Iron and Steel Institute and steel
standards, 477-481
acceptance/rejection. See acceptance/rejection criteria
liquid penetrant testing in nuclear power plants, 364
military. See military specifications
See also names of issuing organizations
stationary liquid penetrant test systems
multiple component test units, 205-207
self-contained test units, 203-205
steam cleaning, 167
steel, 344, 345
comparator blocks, 252-253
D6A6 (type), 253
etching, 195-196
fatigue cracks, 281
liquid penetrant restrictions, 10, 41
liquid penetrant testing, 350-351
mechanical processing, 184
mechanical processing effects on liquid penetrant testing, 188, 190-191,
193-196
postcleaning to prevent corrosion, 179-180
process induced versus laboratory induced cracks, 251
sulfide corrosion, 293
See also American Iron and Steel Institute and stainless steel
stratification, for liquid penetrant removal from waste water, 311
stress corrosion cracking, 132, 145
austenitic steels, 295-299
chlorine effects, 289-292
nuclear plant piping, 371, 372-373
prevention, 297-298
susceptibility, 296-297
titanium comparator blocks, 251-252
strip metal, 129, 344
strong acid or alkali contamination. See acid contamination; alkali
contamination
structural weldment crack enhancement, aircraft, 402-403
sulfamic acid, 299
sulfur compounds, 41
analysis methods, 301-302
analysis specifications, 300-301
cleaning compound restrictions, 170
corrosive effects, 292-294
in early emulsifiers, 87
restrictions on, 288
sources in liquid penetrant materials, 288
surface contamination. See contamination
surface preparation, 162
surface tension, liquid penetrants, 45, 84, 85
surface volume, liquid penetrants, 86
surfactants
as pollutants, 306, 308
in water soluble developers, 107
Switzer brothers, 20
Switzer, Joseph, 20, 21, 22-23, 25
Switzer, Robert C., 19-22, 23, 25
synthetic voids, 45
Le Systeme Internationale dUnites (SI system), 27
T
television scanning systems, 239, 240
temperature, of test parts, 138
temperature units, 27
test panels
comparison tests, 258
controlled surface cavities, 261-263
crack pattern reproducibility, 261
for fluorescent background measurement, 264-272
fractured glass step wedge test panels, 266-271
liquid penetrant system monitor panel, 259-261, 316-317
nickel chrome surface cracked, 254-258
synthetic cracks, 120-122
See also comparators
thermal cracks, 129
thread gages, 417
threshold limit value (TLV), 75
time units, 27
tin, 41
titanium and alloys
6Al-4V alloy, 280
cleaning compound restrictions, 170
etching, 198, 199
fatigue cracks, 246, 247, 280
liquid penetrant restrictions, 10, 41
mechanical processing, 184
mechanical processing effects on liquid penetrant testing, 188, 190-191,
197-199
process induced versus laboratory induced cracks, 251
stress corrosion cracking, 251-252
titanium liquid penetrant comparator blocks, for stress corrosion cracking,
251-252
transmittance, 29
1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), 171
trichloroethylene, 171
trichlorotrifluoroethane (refrigerant-113), 298-299
tubular products
cracks, 140, 143
nuclear power plants, 366
oil field down hole, 419-420
tumble deburring, 184
effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 188, 189
etching of aluminum after, 191, 192
etching of steel after, 195-196
etching of titanium after, 198
turbine blades, 60, 362
acceptance/rejection criteria of cast, 155, 156-157, 158
fatigue cracks, 144
hydrophilic postemulsification testing, 316
29-out-of-29 method, 283-284
U
ultrasonically enhanced liquid penetrant testing, 402-403
ultrasonic cleaning, 167, 172
ultrasonic testing, residue removal, 169
ultraviolet lamps, 13, 230-238
care and maintenance, 70, 237-238
for filtered particle testing, 333
in mechanized conveyorized system, 211
in multicomponent test units, 207
physiological effects of, 238
placement, 61
portable, 202
reflected radiation from, 79
safety considerations, 76-77
in self-contained test units, 205
ultraviolet radiation, 77, 78
effect on inspector performance, 278
effects on eye, 61
exposure limits, 78-79
eye response, 79-80, 227-228
filters, 112
hazards, 78-80
intensity required versus ambient visible light, 95-96
near ultraviolet radiation (ultraviolet-A radiation). See ultraviolet radiation
measuring, 77-78, 234-235
measurement instruments, 235-236
scattering by fluorescent liquid penetrants, 93-94
ultraviolet-A radiation (near ultraviolet radiation). See ultraviolet radiation
ultraviolet-B radiation, 77, 78
ultraviolet-C radiation, 77
ultraviolet radiation mechanized scanning systems, 239-242
United States Air Force (USAF) specifications
QPL-25135, 38
QPL-AMS-2644, 38-39, 246
United States Coast Guard (USCG) requirements, 423
United States Navy (USN) specifications, 422-423
NAVSEA 250-1500-1, 100
NAVSEA Technical Publications, 422
NAVSHIPS 250-1500-1, 422
Unites States Auto Club, 427
units, 27-29
upper explosive limit (UEL), 75
V
valve bodies, 134, 362
valves, fatigue cracks, 145
vapor arc lamps, 226
See also mercury vapor arc ultraviolet sources
vapor blasting, effect on crack indications in aluminum alloys, 187, 189
vapor degreasing, 87, 167, 170-171
aircraft components, 182
vapor density, 75
varnish contamination, 163, 164
removal, 174
ventilation, 76
viewing indications, 42
fluorescent liquid penetrants, 45-46, 59, 95-96
visible liquid penetrants, 45, 59, 95
viscosity, liquid penetrants, 45, 85, 86
viscosity units, 28
visible liquid penetrant testing (color contrast liquid penetrant testing), 36
advantages, 46
basic processes, 42-46
brazed ring seals, 401
color, 90-91
contrast, 59, 61, 90, 95
development of, 22, 23-25
field techniques, 67
light sources for, 226
plastics, 430
selection, 47
viewing indications, 45, 59, 95
vision acuity, 13-14, 96
and object brightness, 229
See also eyes
vision acuity examinations, 13
vision threshold, 228
visual examination. See inspection and viewing indications
vitamin A deficiency, 139
volatility, liquid penetrants, 40, 86
and safety, 75
volume units, 28
W
wall thinning, 2
Ward, R.A., 22, 23
washability break, 113
washing
aerospace applications, 384
primary metal production applications, 345
wash stations
in automated aerospace systems, 218, 223, 224
in mechanized conveyorized system, 210
in multicomponent test unit, 206, 207
in self-contained test unit, 203-204
spray rinsing equipment, 216
waste pollution, 306-313
waste water clarification, 315, 318-322
waste water recycling. See water recycling
waste water treatment, 306-313
water contamination, 34, 163, 165
in emulsifiers, 106
emulsifier tanks, 54
in postemulsifiable liquid penetrants, 103
removal, 176-177
test for in lipophilic emulsifiers, 112-113
water tolerance of liquid penetrants, 109
in water washable liquid penetrants, 103
water content measurements, 110
water immiscible solvent removers, 311-312
water pollution
avoidance, 307-308
emulsifiers, 88, 89
water recycling, 311, 312
hydrophilic remover systems, 216
and prewash concept, 314-317
water soluble developers (aqueous soluble developers), 38, 55, 93
advantages and disadvantages, 58
aerospace applications, 384-385
application techniques, 57
care and maintenance, 107
control and maintenance of baths, 115-116
postcleaning, 180
storage, 101
water suspendible developers (aqueous suspendible developers), 38, 55, 93
advantages and disadvantages, 57-58
aerospace applications, 385
application techniques, 57
care and maintenance, 107
control and maintenance of baths, 115-116
postcleaning, 180
storage, 101
water washable liquid penetrants, 36, 87
basic process, 42-43, 48-51
care and maintenance in use, 103
development of, 23, 24
postcleaning, 179
primary metal production applications, 345
waste water clarification, 318
water tolerance of, 109
weld discontinuities, 46
welded seams, leak testing, 149, 150
weld residue contamination, 164
welds
aerospace structural weldment crack enhancement, 402-403
crack indications, 142
in heat source capsules, 409-412
nuclear power plants, 366, 369, 370-371, 372
residual stresses, 362
sources of discontinuities, 129-130
wetting
developers, 116
liquid penetrants, 40, 84-85
white light illumination
eye response to, 228-229
interference with fluorescent liquid penetrant testing, 226-227, 236-237
sources, 226
wipe-and-watch technique, 347
wire brushing, 170
work rolls, steel rolling mills, 350-351
X
X-ray fluoroscopic incoming testing, aerospace industry, 358
Z
Ziegfield, Flo, 20
492 Liquid Penetrant Testing
493
The following list indicates owners of figures at time of submittal.
Chapter 1
Figures 1-2 D&W Enterprises, Limited, Littleton, CO.
Figures 3-5, 7-11, 14 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Tool Works,
Glenview, IL.
Figure 6 Alys Alburger Braun, Somis, CA.
Chapter 2
Figures 1-11 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Tool Works, Glenview, IL.
Chapter 3
Figures 1-11 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Tool Works, Glenview, IL.
Chapter 4
Figures 1-2, 5, 7, 9 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Toolworks, Glenview, IL.
Figures 3-4, 6 Sherwin Incorporated, South Gate, CA.
Figure 8 Met-L-Chek, Santa Monica, CA.
Chapter 5
Figures 1-6, 8, 12-15, 18-25 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Toolworks,
Glenview, IL.
Figures 7, 26 Allied Signal Aerospace Company [formerly AiResearch
Manufacturing Division, Garrett Corporation], Los Angeles, CA.
Figure 16-17 Turbodyne Technologies, Incorporated, Woodland Hills, CA.
Chapter 6
Figures 2-11 Boeing Company, Long Beach, CA.
Figures 12-25 Boeing Company, St. Louis, MO.
Chapter 7
Figures 1-4f, 4h, 6-8a, 25-26, 31, 34, 36-43 Magnaflux Division of Illinois
Tool Works, Glenview, IL.
Figures 8b, 8c Sherwin Incorporated, South Gate, CA.
Figures 9-15 Boeing Company, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 17-24 Northrop Grumman Corporation, Los Angeles, CA.
Figures 33, 35a-35b Spectronics Corporation, Westbury, NY.
Figures 35c Ely Chemical Company, Aurora, IL.
Chapter 8
Figures 2-4 Sherwin Incorporated, South Gate, CA.
Figures 5-7, 9-12 Boeing Company, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 13 Turco Products, Incorporated, Long Beach, CA.
Chapter 9
Figures 1-7 D&W Enterprises, Limited, Littleton, CO.
Chapter 10
Figures 1-6 Westinghouse Hanford, Hanford, WA.
Figure 7 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Tool Works, Glenview, IL.
Figures 8-10 Sherwin Incorporated, South Gate, CA.
Chapter 11
Figures 1-13 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Tool Works, Glenview, IL.
Figures 14-15 Robert L. Crane, Air Force Research Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
Chapter 12
Figure 1 Reynolds Metals Company, Richmond, VA.
Figures 2-3 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Tool Works, Glenview, IL.
Chapter 13
Figures 1-4 Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH.
Figure 5 Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX.
Figures 6-7 Stone and Webster, Boston, MA.
Chapter 14
Figure 1-6 Boeing Company, Long Beach, CA.
Figure 8 Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, OH.
Figures 9-14 Rockwell International, Canoga Park, CA.
Chapter 15
Figure 1 Magnaflux Division of Illinois Tool Works, Glenview, IL.
Figure 2-3 International Pipe Inspectors Association, Houston, TX.
Figure 4 Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, MI.
Figure 5 Gregory F. Monks, QC Technologies, Incorporated, Noblesville, IN.
Figure 6 Dennis G. Hunley, Quality Assurance Corporation, Indianapolis, IN.
Figure Sources
3PT18 in (483-494) 8/13/99 1:01 PM Page 493
494
All video is copyrighted by ASNT or reproduced by permission of the
copyright holders. The following list indicates copyright ownership at time of
submittal. The participation of ASNT Past President Charles N. Hellier, III as
narrator and instructor in many of these movies is gratefully acknowledged.
Chapter 2
Movie. Bleeding suggests discontinuity severity Hellier Associates,
Incorporated, Niantic, CT.
Movie. Fluorescent liquid penetrant Hellier Associates, Incorporated,
Niantic, CT.
Movie. Liquid penetrant seeps into discontinuity ASM International,
Materials Park, OH.
Movie. Solvent removes excess liquid penetrant from part surface ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.
Movie. Nonaqueous wet developer enhances visible dye contrast ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.
Movie. Hydrophilic prerinse Howmet Castings, Whitehall, MI.
Movie. Dip in hydrophilic emulsifier; dwell Howmet Castings,
Whitehall, MI.
Movie. Water wash Howmet Castings, Whitehall, MI.
Movie. Developer application Howmet Castings, Whitehall, MI.
Movie. Viewing of developed indications Howmet Castings, Whitehall, MI.
Movie. Developer is applied American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Movie. Wipe part American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Movie. Visible red dye liquid penetrant bleeds out American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
Movie. Indication in root pass of weld Hellier Associates, Incorporated,
Niantic, CT.
Movie. Water wash Howmet Castings, Whitehall, MI.
Movie. Developer application Howmet Castings, Whitehall, MI.
Movie. Nonaqueous wet developer enhances visible dye contrast ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.
Movie. Shake the spray can Hellier Associated, Incorporated, Niantic, CT.
Movie. Nonaqueous wet developer enhances visible dye contrast ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.
Chapter 3
Movie. Visible red dye liquid penetrant bleeds out American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
Chapter 5
Movie. Fluorescent bleedout reveals shrinkage ASM International,
Incorporated, Materials Park, OH.
Movie. Quenching cracks Hellier Associate, Incorporated, Niantic, CT.
Movie. Linear discontinuity American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Movie. Open and partially open cracks American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Columbus, OH.
Movie. Pitting and porosity American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Movie. Porosity in casting American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Movie. Process control can mask discontinuities American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
Movie. False indications Hellier Associates, Incorporated, Niantic, CT.
Movie. Nonrelevant indications can mask relevant ones American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
Movie. Nonrelevant indication from part geometry American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
Chapter 6
Movie. Postcleaning American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Chapter 12
Movie. Rejectable discontinuity Hellier Associates, Incorporated, Niantic, CT.
Movie. Porosity in casting American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Movie. Fluorescent bleedout reveals shrinkage ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.
Movie Sources