1
Fifth Edition Reinforced Concrete Design
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CHAPTER
1
REINFORCED CONCRETE
A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition
INTRODUCTION
ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 1
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Historical Development of Structural
Concrete
Concrete and its volcanic constituents, such
as pozzolanic ash, have been used since
the days of the Greeks and Romans.
Early part of 19
th
century: more intensive
use of the material.
1801: weakness of concrete in tension was
realized by F. Coignet.
1850: A small cement boat was constructed
by Lambot for 1855 world Fair in Paris.
2
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 2
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Historical Development of Structural
Concrete (contd)
1867: A design of metal frames as
reinforcement for concrete garden plant
containers was patented by the French
gardener J. Monier.
1886: First manuscript on the theory and
design of concrete structures was published
by Koenen.
1906: C. A. P. Turner developed the first flat
slab without beams.
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 3
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Historical Development of Structural
Concrete (contd)
By 1910: German Committee for Reinforced
Concrete, Austrian Concrete Committee, the
American Concrete Institute (ACI), and the
British Concrete Institute were already
established.
By 1920: many structures such as buildings,
bridges, liquid containers of reinforced
concrete were already constructed.
3
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 4
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Historical Development of Structural
Concrete (contd)
1938: ultimate-strength theories were
codified in the USSR.
1956: ultimate-strength theories were
codified in England and the U.S.
1956 present: high-strength concretes of a
strength in compression up to 20 ksi (137.9
MPa) and 1.8 ksi (12.41 MPa) in tension
were developed.
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 5
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates, and water.
Water is the key ingredient for chemical
reaction for curing.
Cement + Aggregates = Concrete
Add Water
4
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 6
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced
Concrete
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 7
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced
Concrete
The plastic mix is placed and consolidated
in the formwork and, then cured to
facilitate the acceleration of the chemical
hydration reaction of the cement-water
mix, resulting in hardened concrete.
The finished product has
High compressive strength, and
Low resistance to tension (weak in tension)
5
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 8
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Therefore, tensile and shear reinforcement
in the tensile regions of the section has to
be provided to compensate for the weak-
tension regions in the reinforcement
concrete element.
Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced
Concrete
Neutral Axis
Compressive Stress
Tensile Stress
x
y
M
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 9
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforced Concrete Beam
Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced
Concrete
(a)
(b) (c)
b
d
b
x
x
2
1
N.A.
F
x
d - x
n A
s
C
6
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 10
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Concrete Strength (contd)
Reinforced Concrete Beam
Concrete is very weak in tension, so
it will crack below the neutral surface
and the steel rods will carry the entire
tensile load.
The upper part of the concrete beam
will carry the compressive load.
Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced
Concrete
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 11
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Modified Approach to basic Principles of
Structural Design
It is this deviation in the composition of a
reinforced concrete (R/C) section from the
homogeneity of standard wood or steel
sections that requires a modified approach to
the basic principles of structural design.
The two components of the heterogeneous
R/C section are to be so arranged and
proportioned that optimal use is made of the
materials involved.
Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced
Concrete
7
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 12
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Analysis Versus Design of Sections
A large number of parameters have to be
dealt with in proportioning a reinforced
concrete element. This includes:
Width
Depth
Area of reinforcement
Steel strain
Concrete strain
Steel stress
Etc.
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 13
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Therefore, trial and adjustment are
necessary in the choice of concrete
sections to meet the design requirements.
Such an array of parameters has to be
considered because of the fact that
reinforced concrete is often a site-
constructed composite, in contrast to the
standard fabricated beam and column
sections in steel structures.
Analysis Versus Design of Sections
8
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 14
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Analysis Versus Design of Sections
A trial section has to be selected for each
critical location in a structural system.
The trial section has to be analyzed to
determine if its nominal resistance is
adequate to carry the applied factored
load.
Since more than one trial is often
necessary to arrive at the required section,
the first design input step generates a
series of trial-and-adjustment analysis.
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 15
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
The trial-and-adjustment procedures for
the choice of a concrete section leads to
the convergence of analysis and design.
Hence, every design is an analysis once a
trial section is selected.
Analysis Versus Design of Sections
