1) Name and briefly describe the societal forces that have contributed to the need for project management.

There are many societal forces involve in the development of new methods of management, but three forces are most
important:
(1) The exponential expansion of human knowledge: it allows the increasing number of people studying how they
can resolve problems with development, production, and distribution of goods and services
(2) The growing demand for a broad range of complex, sophisticated, customized goods and services: How they can
resolve problems with satisfying the continuing demand for more complex and customized products and services.
(3) The evolution of worldwide competitive markets for the production and consumptions of goods and services:
Through this market competition, the companies, profit or not-for-profit, need to use quality tools becoming more
complex, the responses must come faster and decisions as sooner as possible.

2) Describe the life cycle of a project in terms of (1) the degree of project completion (2) required effort.
The life cycle of project can be describe like (1) the project completion: the project is born, a manager is choice, the
project team and initial resources are assembled, and the work is organized, so the work start with a quick
momentum. However, for completing the final tasks, it will use a lot time, partially because there are a number of
parts that must come together and also because the team members avoid the final steps or (2) the required effort: in
this cycle, the time is broken into several phases of project life. Minimal effort is required in the beginning of the
project and in the part of planning, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling the effort has its peak level and will be
decreasing until the end project.

3) Describe the limitations of project management.
There is a lot bureaucracy in every project, a simple project can need an admission from the parent organization and
its managers, depending on their goodwill.

4) List the seven main characteristics of a project and briefly describe the important features of each.
(1) Importance: The project needs to be important for the eyes of senior management to justify setting up a special
organizational unit outside the routine structure of organization.
(2) Scope: the project is complex and can be divide into subtasks that require careful coordination and control in
terms of timing, precedence, cost, and scope.
(3) Life Cycle with a finite due date: The project has a life cycle, normally, with a slow beginning to a buildup of
size, then peak, begin a decline and finally must be terminated.
(4) Interdependencies: Projects often interact with other projects.
(5) Uniqueness: Every project has some elements unique and it is unique for the organization.
(6) Resources: The project limited budget implied in restricted resources (personal or not).
(7) Conflict: The members of projects are in almost conflict for the project resources and for leadership roles on
solving projects problems and the manager need to conciliate his boss and stakeholders desires.

5) Name and briefly describe the three primary goals of a project.
The (1) scope is the tendency to think of a project solely in terms of its outcome, but the (2) time at which the
outcome is available is itself a part of the outcome, as is the (3) cost entailed in achieving the outcome.

6) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of project management.
The advantages are, to name a few, shorter development times, lower costs, higher quality and reliability, and higher
profit margins. The disadvantages are the price that you need to pay for advantages.

7) How do projects, programs, tasks, and work packages differ?
The term program can use to refer to an exceptionally large objective that is broken in a set of projects. These
projects are divided into tasks, which are, in turn, split into work packages that are themselves composed of work
units.

8) How would you define a project?
Project is a provisional work that result a unique thing, which can be a service, a product or a result.

9) What are some of the interdependencies related to a project?
The interdependencies among projects can be functional departments of an organization like marketing, finance, and
manufacturing, patterned ways, the patterns of interaction between projects and these departments tend to be
changeable.

10) What are some sources of conflict the project manager must deal with?
The project manager need to deal with conflict for resources within multiproject organization, with project team
conflict, with the leadership roles in solving project problems and reconcile the stakeholders and the parent
organization interests.

11) Differentiate between direct and ancillary project goals. Would learning a new skill through the project be a
direct or ancillary goal? Entering a new market?
Direct project goals are finding a perfect balance among Cost, Time and Scope. The ancillary projects goals are
gains not directly connected to the successes of the project. So, learning new skills or entering a new market is
ancillary goal

12) Describe the characteristics of quasi-projects.
Quasi-projects are not previously planned projects. You know the deadline and general idea about the scope,
schedule, and budget as precisely as possible.