Channel Structure and Function
ZTE University
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to
master:
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Content
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure
Architecture of UMTS
CN
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
Iub
NodeB
UE
Iub
NodeB
Channel Type
Physical channel
Transport channel
Logical channel
UE
Node B
Logical channel
Transport channel
Physical channel
RNC
Concept of channel
RLC layer
Logical channel
L2
MAC layer
Transport channel
PHY layer
Physical channel
L1
Channel Type
Logical channels:
Transport channels:
Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be
transmitted)
Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.
Physical channels:
Represent the transmission media providing the
platform through which the information is actually
transferred.
Protocol stack of the Uu interface
GC
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
GC
Nt
DC
UuS boundary
U-plane information
C-plane signalling
L3
control
Radio
Bearers
control
control
control
control
RRC
PDCP
PDCP
L2/PDCP
BMC
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/BMC
L2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY
L1
Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Transport Channel
Common Transport Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Dedicated Transport Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Downlink Physical Channels
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Mapping relationship
Uplink
Logic
Channel
Transport
Channel
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
RACH CPCH DCH
Downlink
PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
PCH
BCH
FACH
DSCH
DCCH
DTCH
DCH
Mapping relationship
Transport Channels
DCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
CPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
BCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
DSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Content
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure
WCDMA frame structure
Physical Channels(1)
The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by
the time:
Superframe
radio frame
One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames.
One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15
timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400 chips,
it is a basic unit of the physical layer.
Timeslot
A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding to
2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot depends
on the specific type of the physical channel.
Physical Channels(2)
The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:
Ttimeslot= 2560 chip
Tslot #1 Tslot #2
Tslot #I
Tslot #15
Tframe=10 ms
Frame #0
Frame #1
Frame #I
Tsuperframe=720 ms
Frame #71
Uplink physical channel
2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and
DPCCH)
2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and
PCPCH)
Dedicated physical
Control channel DPCCH
Dedicated physical DPDCH
data channel
Physical random PRACH
Access channel
Physical common PCPCH
Packet channel
UL Dedicated physical
channel
UL Common physical
channel
Uplink Dedicated physical channel
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
PRACH consists preamble part and message part
Random access transmit 1or more 4096 chips length
preambles and 10ms or 20ms length message part.
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
PRACH transmitted structure
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
10ms message part is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot consists
of 2560chips.
Each timeslot includes data part and control part. They are
transmitted in parallel .
Data part :SF=32~256 , control part: SF=256.
Data
Ndata bits
Data
Pilot
Npilot bits
Control
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Message part radio frameRACH
T = 10 ms
Slot #14
Downlink physical channel
DL physical channel include Dedicated physical channel1 Shared
physical channel and five Common control channels.
SCH
CPICH
PICH
DL common physical
channel
AICH
CCPCH
PDSCH
DPCH
Downlink dedicated physical channel
CPICH
CPICH
There is 2 types of CPICH:P-CPICH and S-PICH
P-CPICH:
P-CPICH of different cell uses the same Cch,256,0 OVSF code to
spread ,the bit rate of P-CPICH is also fixed.
The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code.
There is one and only P-CPICH per cell.
The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell. it is used to search cell
primary
scrambling code during cell selection procedure. And it is also used
for measurement and estimation during handover, cell selection and cell
re-selection.
S-CPICH:
A arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH.
A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling
code.
There may be 0,1 or several S-CPICH per cell.
A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell. It is
may be a phase reference for a dl DPCH, but it is decided by high layer
signalling.
P-CCPCH
SCH (1)
The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal
used for cell search.
The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and
Secondary SCH.
The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary
SCH are divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.
Structure of synchronization channel
SCH (2)
P-SCH
The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length
256 chips. The modulated code need not spreading and
scrambling.
The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once
every slot
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
S-SCH
The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a
length 15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips.
the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in
parallel with the Primary SCH.
Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of
length 256.
This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the
code groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.
S-CCPCH
PICH
PICH carries PIPage IndicationSF=256
radio frame=10msconsists 300bits288 bits
for paging indication12 bits Tx Off
PICH relates to S-CCPCH which mapping to PCH
288 bits for paging indication
b0 b1
12 bits (transmission
off)
b287 b288
One radio frame (10 ms)
PICH frame structure
b299
Content
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure
Cell Search
UE has to get the system information before it
registers with the network and access to services.
The system information is beared in the BCH
channel, and its data is mapped into the Primary
CCPCH.
So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode
the data of P-CCPCH.
Cell search procedure (1)
The cell search is typically carried out in three
steps:
Step1: Slot synchronization
During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE
uses the SCH channel's primary synchronization code
to acquire slot synchronization to a cell.
This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any
similar device) matched to the primary synchronization
code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the
cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched
filter output.
Sketch of Slot Synchronization
Cell search procedure (2)
Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group
identification
During the second step of the cell search procedure, the
UE uses the SCH channel's secondary synchronization
code to find frame synchronization and identify the code
group of the cell found in the first step.
This is done by correlating the received signal with all
possible secondary synchronization code sequences,
and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since
the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code
group as well as the frame synchronization is
determined.
Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group
No. 511 Scrambling Code
Group
No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
8176 8176PSCNo. 7 Scrambling Code
No. 510 Scrambling Code Group
8177 8177SSCGroup
8160
8160
112 8176PSC
8161
8161
No. 1Code
Scrambling Code
8191 8191SSC
No. 504 Scrambling
113
8177
Group
Group
No. 0 Scrambling Code
8175 8175
16
16PSC
8064 127
8064
8191
Group
17
17SSC
8065 8065
0 0PSC
1 1SSC
31 31SSC
8079 8079
15 15SSC
Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code
Cell search procedure (3)
Step3: Scrambling-code identification
During the third and last step of the cell search
procedure, the UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the cell.
The primary scrambling code is typically identified
through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH
with all codes within the code group identified in the
second step.
After the primary scrambling code has been
identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected so
that the cell specific BCH information can be read.
Cell search procedure
Summary of the process
Channel
Primary
SCH
Synchronization
acquired
Note
Chip, Slot, Symbol
Synchronization
Synchronization 256 chips
The same in all cells
Secondary
SCH
Frame Synchronization,
Code Group
(one of 64)
15-code sequence of secondary
synchronization codes. There are 16
secondary synchronization codes. There
are 64 S-SCH sequences corresponding to
the 64 scrambling code groups 256 chips,
different for different cells and slot intervals
Common
Pilot CH
Scrambling code (one
of 8)
To find the primary scrambling code from
common pilot CH
PCCPCH
Synchronization,
BCCH info
Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256
RACH procedure
UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and
their scrambling codes and signatures
It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures
The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is
set with a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy
UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature
Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication
Channel (AICH)
UE decodes AICH message to see whether the NodeB has detected
the preamble
If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher transmit
power
If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted with
the same power as the last preamble
RACH procedure
Exercise
pls write down the 3 types of channel and describe
their mapping relations.
One radio frame has a period of ( )ms, and
comprises( ) timeslots with the same length.
Corresponding to ( ) chips, it is a basic unit of
the physical layer.
pls describe the main function of each physical
channel.
pls describe the cell search procedure.
pls describe RACH procedure.
