Advanced Digital Signal Processing

Spring 2012
Lecture 1

Introduction
Dr. Tahir Zaidi

DSP is Everywhere
Sound applications
Compression, special effects, synthesis,
recognition, echo cancellation,
Cell Phones, MP3, Movies, Text-to-speech,

Communication
Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo
cancellation,
Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem,
Satellite Receiver,

Automotive
ABS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,

DSP is Everywhere
Medical
Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,
Electrocardiogram,

Military
Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote
sensing,

Image and Video Applications

DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video
conferencing,

Mechanical
Motor control, process control, oil and mineral
prospecting,

Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

Accuracy limitations due to
Component tolerances
Undesired nonlinearities

Limited repeatability due to

Tolerances
Changes in environmental conditions
Temperature
Vibration

Sensitivity to electrical noise

Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

Limited dynamic range for voltage and
currents
Inflexibility to changes
Difficulty of implementing certain
operations
Nonlinear operations
Time-varying operations

Difficulty of storing information

Digital Signal Processing

analog
signal

A/D

digital
signal

DSP

digital
signal

D/A

Analog input analog output

Digital recording of music

Analog input digital output

Touch tone phone dialing

Digital input analog output

Text to speech

Digital input digital output

Compression of a file on computer

analog
signal

Pros of Digital Signal Processing

Accuracy can be controlled by choosing
word length
Repeatable
Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
Dynamic range can be controlled using
floating point numbers
Flexibility can be achieved with software
implementations
Non-linear and time-varying operations
are easier to implement

Pros of Digital Signal Processing

Digital storage is cheap
Digital information can be encrypted for
security
Price/performance and reduced time-tomarket

Cons of Digital Signal Processing

Sampling causes loss of information
A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal
hardware
Limited speed of processors
Quantization and round-off errors

DSP Introduction
Application of mathematical operations
to digitally represented signals
IN

OUT
A/D DSP

x[0]

D/A

x[1]

n
-3 -2 -1 0

Discrete
Time Signal
General Introduction
sequence x[n]

- as opposed to continuous-time
signals x(t)
- time = independent variable

Discrete
in Nature
Examples
- stock market indices
NasDaq daily closing value from Aug 1995 to Jan 1996

- population statistics
Birth in Canada from 1995-1996 to 1999-2000

Example
Sampled continuous-time (analog) signals
- Speech

Digital Images
2-D arrays (matrices) of numbers

Typical DSP Applications

Data Storage
& Transmission

Web wireless
technology

Spy
Satellite
Imaging
Military
Appls

Ultrasound
Medical
Imaging

Real
Time DSP
Embedded
Systems

Video
Communications

Digital
Radiographic
Imaging

Space
Imaging
Appls

Real Time
Video Cameras
& Cell Phones

Speech
Recognition
Car Awake

warning system

Optical
Wearable
Computers

Example: Speech Modeling

Pitch
Period
Vocal Tract
Parameters

Impulse
Train
Generator

u(n)

Noise
Generator

Timevarying
digital
filter

s(n)

An Embedded System
Real Time
Operating
system

Control Panel

ASIC

Controller Process
User interface
process

Embedded signal
Processing System

MICROCONTROLLER

System Bus

FPGA

Host port

Host port

PROGRAMMABLE
DSP

PROGRAMMABLE
DSP

Memory interface

Memory interface

Dual Port Memeory

DSP
Assembly
Code

CODEC

Analog
interface

Example Embedded System

HSP52014

SBSRAM

From RF Board
A/D
TMS320C6201
8-bit DAC &
LPF

Xilinx 4062

To RF Board
DDS

68332
49.152
MHz
Sine wave
clock

amplifier &
squarer
square wave I/O
output

FLASH
SRAM

Bitstream
Output

SDR Board Design

IN

I-Input

IN

AD8352
Differential
Amp

Q-Input

/2

Clock
Generator
AD9513
3 outputs
SPI

AD9640
DUAL ADC
14BIT, 105 MSPS
AVDD=1.8V/310mA
DVDD=1.8V/34mA
DRVDD=3.3V/35mA

SSN
Silicon Serial Number

47

Ethernet PHY
DP83848I
IOVDD=3.3V/150mA
AVDD=3.3V/100mA?
LQFP-48

64-LFCSP_VQ

16-LFCSP_VQ
RSSI
Analog
Interface

8 Channel ADC
MCP3008
VD=3.3V/0.5mA

4-Bit
SOIC-16

AUDIO SERIAL PORT

ASP HEADER

GAIN CONTROL (6-BIT)

20

HMC610
RSSI
x2

Ethernet
Interface
RJ45

IN

I-Output

IN

Q-Output

PA
interface

6-Bits Output power control

Filter
Selection

3-Bit Rx Filter Selection

T/R Switch

1-Bit T/R Control

Sythesizer
Interface

5-Bit Frequency control

AMP
FILTER
NETWORK
Not
implemente
d

DUAL Channel
14 bit ,
125 MSPS (Max)
DAC,
DAC2904,
VA=3.3V/64mA
VD=3.3V/19.5mA

FPGA
SPARTAN3
XC3S1500FG676I
- XC3S2000FG676I
VCCINT=1.2V/470mA
VCCAUX=2.5V/100mA
VCCO1=3.3V/mA
VCCO2=2.5V/mA

Spartan3
SUPPORTS
LVCMOS-1.8

HPI / VLYNQ
interface
LVCMOS_1.8V

RS232 TRANSCEIVER
MAX3232EID
SOIC-16

DSP
TMS320DM6446
CVDD 1.2V/767mA
DVDD 1.8V/102mA
DVDD 3.3V/6mA

32

32BIT

2x MT47H64M16BT-5E
1G DDR SDRAM
64M x 32
1.8VD/mA?
28F256J3, 128Mb
16MB Intel Strata flash
3.3V/80mA

OSC

TQFP-48

EXP
HEADER

RS232 Interface DB9

JTAG

PBGA-N361

16-32 IO

IN
POWER
IN

Digital Power
(SMPS)
1.2VD
1.8VD
2.5VD
3.3VD

Analog
(LDO Linear PSU)
1.8VA
3.3VA

167

PLATFORM
FLASH
XCF08P 3.3VD/20mA
FG-676 (BGA)

GC5016
Quad Wideband DUC/DDC
VPAD=3.3V/180mA
VCORE=1.8V/420mA

PBGA-252

JTAG

FSG-48 (BGA)

Title: Tranceiver Board

Size: A
Date: 08/04/08

Revision: 1.3
Drawn by: ASK

Software Defined Radio

All configurable HW
Waveform 1
Data
Data

Algo4

Proprietary

FEC

Framer 1

V.35

16
QAM

OFDM

Device 1
Device 0

FPGA

Device 4

General Purpose Processor

DSP

SDR Platform
Key Features
1. DSP core from TI
2. FPGA from Xilinx
3. Dual-channel analog-to-digital
converter
4. Dual-channel digital-to-analog
converter
5. Bandwidth (5 MHz or 20 MHz)
6. RF module operating between 360
MHz and 960 MHz
7. Ethernet remote access capabilities
8. ARM Processor

Design Options
1. Tactical military communications
2. Military communication gateways
3. Handset and man pack systems
4. Vehicular systems

Course Objectives
To establish the idea of using computing
techniques to alter the properties of a signal
for desired effects, via understanding of
Fundamentals of discrete-time, linear, shiftinvariant signals and systems in
Representation and Analysis: sampling, quantization,
Fourier and z-transform;
Implementation: filtering and transform techniques;
System Design: filter & processing algorithm design.

Efficient computational algorithms and their

implementation.

Course Outline

Course Outline

Prerequisite
A fundamental course in signal and
system
Liner System analysis and transform
analysis
convolution and filtering
Fourier transforms
Laplace and z transforms

Textbooks
Oppenheim, Schafer and Buck,
Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd
edition (Prentice-Hall, 1999)
Mathematics of DSP
Refrences:
McClellan, Schafer, & Yoder, DSP First
Ifeachor Jervis Digital Signal ProcessingA Practical Approach, Prentice Hall

Historical Perspective
Who is who of DSP

Cooley and Tuckey

Inventors: Oppenhiam, Schaffer ...

Inventors: Parks & McCllelan

Inventors: Gold and Rader

Inventor: J. Kaiser

Inventor: Haskell

Linear Predictive Coding

Encoder
Original Speech
Analysis:
Voiced/Unvoiced decision
Pitch Period (voiced only)
Signal power (Gain)

Decoder

Pitch
Period

Signal Power
Pulse Train

V/U
G

Vocal Tract
Model

Synthesized Speech
Random Noise

Inventor: James G. Dunn

DSP Components

Microprocessor
Any CPU that is contained on a single
chip
Little chip is the heart of a computer.
Often referred to as just the processor
Does all the computations like adding,
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing
In PCs, most popular Intel Pentium chip
In Macs, the PowerPC chip (Motorola, IBM,
and Apple)

Digital Signal Processor

A DSP is a general purpose processor with
features specifically designed to make Signal
processing applications fast and efficient

DSP, RISC, CISC Processor

A processor is frequently categorized
based on the width of its busses
(4,8,16,32,64)
Clock Rate (i.e. at what rate does the
processor execute instructions)
Complexity of Instruction Set
CISC : Complex Instruction Set
Computer
RISC : Reduced Instruction Set
Computer

Embedded Systems Characteristics

Real-Time
Real, defined timing requirements for particular
actions to be accomplished

Event Driven
Actions of the system are in response to events,
not a predefined sequence.

Resource constrained
Memory Size, speed, power constrained

Special purpose
Device must only perform certain well defined
tasks

Embedded System Example

Events :
Button Press
Knob Turned
New Sample needed
by D/A converter
Data block available
from CD drive

Design Options for Digital Systems

Special Purpose Hardware
Custom ICs / ASICs

Software Programmable Processor

Pentium, PowerPC, etc

FPGA (possibly with embedded

general purpose microprocessor)
Xilinx, Altera, etc
DSP
TI, ADSP, etc

Comparison of Options
Specific HW

NRE/Dev Cost
Speed
Flexibility
Time to Market
Production Cost

Gen Purpose HW

Embedded SW Design Flow

Develop Code for a Target processor
Since target is minimal (not much
memory, I/Oetc. Code development
done on a separate machine. (e.g a PC)
Cross Compiler / Assembler
Simulator

Code then run in the target system and

observed. Debug support programmed
into the software

Emulation / Debugging

In-Circuit Emulator
Debug Kernel BIOS
JTAG Emulation
Interactively Run Code
Breakpoints
Single Step
Watch Variables

Observe interaction with rest of system

Development environment is frequently

processor specific

TI TMS320C6713 DSP

TI TMS320C6713 DSP Features

DMA Controller
Serial Ports (I/O)
Multiple Computation Units
Cache
On-chip PLL
Host Port Interface
Timers
Floating Point Units

Basic Numbering Formats

Three main numbering formats:
unsigned representation
2s complement representation (signed)
floating point representations

Fixed point representations of

fractions
Saturating arithmetic
Multiplication of fractions

Basic Numbering Formats