Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of T-Beam

Effective Flange Width

Strength of T-Sections

Maximum Steel in T-Beams

T-Beams Design

Asst.Prof.Dr.Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Moment Strength of Concrete Sections

b

Rectangular Sections :


 
 

d


 
 ( )
As

b
T Beams :

- 
 

- #
 


d
As

bw

Increase Bending Strength by Using Flange Area

bf

N.A.
As steel area can
be increased easily

T beams in a one-way beam-and-slab floor

Built-in T Section

-
 
  
-    !


bE

bE
t

FLANGE

SLAB

h
WEB
s0 = clear span
bw

bw
s = span

Effective Flange Width ( bE )

0.85 f c
b

bE

0.85 f c

Simplified rectangular stress distribution

Theoretical stress distribution

Determine Effective Flange Width ( bE )

$%
 %%&'$()#
 
Built-in T-section

bE

L/4

= b w + 16t
s
0

Built-in L-section
bE

bE
bE

bw

s0

b w + L /12

= b w + 6t
b + s /2
w
0

bE
Isolated T-section
t
bE 4 b w
t bw / 2
bw

Continuous T-Beam
A

Compression Area
in Sections

?
Section A-A

Bending Moment
Diagram

Section B-B

Section C-C

Midspan section: A-A

Case 1: Compression area in
flanges and web
Behave as a composite
T-section
Case 2: Compression area in
flanges only

As
bE

Behave as a rectangular
section: width = bE
Support section: B-B

As

Compression area in web

(flanges cracked)
Behave as a rectangular
section: width = bw

bw

Strength of T-section (WSD)

Case 1: Compression area in flanges and web ( kd > t )
c

bE
A2/2

A2/2

A1

fc
kd

C2
C1
fc(kd-t)/kd

N.A.

As
s

T = A s fs

bw
Separate compression area into A1 and A2
Compression on A1

C1 =

1
f c bw kd
2

Compression on A2

C2 =

2kd t
f c ( bE bw ) t
2kd

From Fx = 0, T = C1 + C2

1
2kd t
f c bw kd +
f c ( bE bw ) t
2
2kd
A
f
Define: = s , m = s
bE d
fc
As f s =

bE d m f c =

1
2kd t
f c bw kd +
f c ( bE bw ) t
2
2kd

bw ( kd ) + 2t ( bE bw ) kd 2m bE d kd ( bE bw ) t 2 = 0
2

Solve quadratic equation for kd

Concrete:

t
M c = 1
f c bt jd
kd
2

Steel:

M s = As f s jd

Case 2: Compression area in flanges only ( kd < t )

c

bE

fc
C

kd

t
d

As

T = As fs

bw
Behave as a rectangular
section: width = bE

[C = T ]

1
f c bE kd = As f s
2

[Check ]

kd =

2 As f s
t
f c bE

Strength of T-section (SDM)

 1 :

a t

"
# $
% $&& bE  d

bE

c = 0.003
t

N.A.

d
As

T = A s fy

s > y
bw

[C = T ]

0.85 fc bE a

  '" "()$*

("%
 a +("
" +$$(,

As
a =

d - a/2

As fy
0.85 fc bE t
fy
As fy
t
0.85 fc bE

Mn = T (d a / 2) = C (d a / 2)

 2 :

 " ""( T    2 %
 
 A1 " " C1


 A2 " " C2
a>t

bE
t

A2/2

A1

bE
A2/2

A1

A2/2

A2/2

As

Asw

Asf

bw

bw

bw

C1 = 0.85 fc b w a

C2 = 0.85 fc (bE b w ) t

T = A s fy = C1 + C2
a=

T C2
0.85 fc b w

Mn = C1(d a / 2) + C2 (d t / 2)


 4.1 
#" " Mn !
"( T $
% ! ."

$/  8 $("" " 
 4 $("   "
"( fc = 240 ./2$.2
! ' fy = 4,000 ./2$.2
bE
12 cm
63.5 cm
As= 40.52 cm2
30 cm


  (1)   
!"# $%& '($$
 )*#
L/4 = 800/4 = 200 2$.,

+)  

bw + 16t = 30 + 16(12) = 222

"" 
 = 400 2$.

2$.

bE = 200 %.

(2)  a -* )./

a t

T = fy As = 4.0(40.52) = 162 (

a=

T
162
=
= 3.97 2$. < 12 2$.
0.85 f c bE 0.85 0.24 200

OK

(3) " $

$-'$1**
M n = T (d a / 2) = 162(63.5 3.97 / 2)
= 9,965

(-2$. = 99.7 (-$("

Ans


 4.2 
#" "!
"( T    ".
"(
fc= 240 ./2$.2 ! ' fy = 4,000 ./2$.2
80 cm
20 cm

A2/2

A1

0.85fc

cu=0.003
A2/2

C2
C1

N.A.
91 cm
As=85cm2
T

s > y
40 cm


  (1) *"#
$"%*9*&!

bE 4bw = 4(40) = 160 2$.
t bw 2 = 40 / 2 = 20 2$.

 ./
 bE = 80 2$.

OK

(2)  a -* )./

a t

T = fy As = 4.0(85) = 340 (

a=

T
340
=
= 20.8
0.85 f c bE 0.85 0.24 80

2$. > 20 2$.

NG

 ( " "!
"(%%

C1 + C2 = 0.85(0.24)(40)a + 0.85(0.24)(80-40)(20) = T = 340 (
a = 21.7 %.

8.16a + 163.2 = 340

C1 = 8.16(21.7) = 177 (, C2 = 163 (

(3) " $

$-'$1**
21.7
20

M n = 177 91
+ 163 91
2
2

= 27,406 (-2$. = 274 (-$("

Ans

Maximum and Minimum Steel As = bE d

 1 :

a t

"
# $
% $&& bE  d

"*$# '%"*$%:%$;

 2 :

a>t

b =

bW
b
bE

b =

0.85 1 fc
fy

6,120

6,120 + fy

 " ""( T $
 A2 " " C2 = 0.85fc(bE bw)t *$! 

 ($"*$# '%"*$ Asf *$! 


Asf =

"*$# '%"*$%:%$;

b =

0.85fc ( bE bW ) t
fy
bW
( b + f )
bE

f = 0.85 fc ( bE bW )

t
fy bW d

 '%"*$$%;

 '%"*$%;

W =

As
0.75 b
bE d
0.8 fc
As
14

bW d
fy
fy

% "  '%"*$" +$$(,  (( T 
" "

min

1.6 fc
fy

14
fy

Transverse reinforcement:
w
w

x
x

Vu
Mu


 4.3 
# ",2'(, '$%;%;$. !
 (."
 

fc = 240 ./2$.2  fy = 4,000 ./2$.2

80 cm
20 cm

A2/2

A1

0.85fc

cu=0.003
A2/2

xb

ab

C2
C1

N.A.
91 cm
As
s > y
40 cm


  (1) ( %* xb 
xb =

ab

%:%$;
$
"

6,120d
6,120(91)
=
= 55.0 cm
6,120 + f y
6,120 + 4, 000

ab = 1 xb = 0.85 55.0 = 46.8 cm > [ t = 20 cm ]

(2) *"#"*$# '%"*$

Asb

.%:%$;
$
"

 ab > t ( " 2 %

C = C1 + C2 = 0.85 fc bw ab + 0.85 fc (bE - bw) t
= 0.85(0.24)(40)(46.8) + 0.85(0.24)(80-40)(20) = 545 (

"*$# '%"*$%:%$;

Asb =

C 545.0
= 136.3
=
fy
4.0

2$.2

(3) *"#"*$# '$%;

max As = 0.75 Asb = 0.75(136.3) = 102.2

2$.2

(4) *"#"*$# '%;

0.8 f cbw d 0.8 240(40)(91)
=
= 11.3 cm2
fy
4, 000
14
14
bw d =
(40)(91) = 12.7 cm2
fy
4, 000

+)

min As

T-Beam Design Procedure

STEP 1: Compute ultimate moment Mu
STEP 2: Determine effective width bE
bE

STEP 3: Assume a = t and Compute Mn

C = 0.85 fc bE t and

Mn = C (d - t/2)
a

If Mn Mu / f then a t

OK

STEP 4.1

If Mn < Mu / f then a > t

NG

STEP 4.2

STEP 4.1: Design as

section width bE or

Assume d a/2 0.9 d

Mu /
Mu /
required As =

( d a / 2 ) f y 0.9 d f y

bE

STEP 4.2: Separate compression to C1 and C2

C2 = 0.85 f c ( bE bw ) t
M u / = C1 ( d a / 2 ) + C2 ( d t / 2 )
= 0.85 f c bw a ( d a / 2 ) + C2 ( d t / 2 )
- Solve quadratic equation for a
- Compute C1 = 0.85 f c bw a
- Required As = (C1 + C2) / fy

 4.4   '%"*$" "!
 ( " +$$(,   "";

50

(-$(" +$$(,   "";" 100 (-$(" fc= 240 ./2$.2, fy = 4,000 ./2$.2


  (1)
#" +$$(,("
Mu = 1.4(50) + 1.7(100) = 240 (-$("

("!
(2) *"#


Mn =

Mu

$

240
= 266.7 (-$("
0.9

")$+%$$;(*. 

C = 0.85 f cbE t = 0.85(0.24)(80)(20) = 326.4

a=t

(

M n = C ( d t / 2) = 326.4(91 20 / 2) /100 = 264.4

(-$("

+$$(,("$ 264.4 (-$("  
 a ($ t

(3)
#"*$# ' As +  " "%% (A1  A2)
a

M n = 0.85 f cA1 d + 0.85 f cA2 (d t / 2)

2

a
20

266.7(100) = 0.85(0.24)(40a) 91 + 0.85(0.24)(40)(20)(91 )

2
2

4.08a 2 742.5a + 13448 = 0

a = 20.4

2$.

C1 = 0.85(0.24)(40)(20.4) = 166.5 (

C2 = 0.85(0.24)(80-40)(20) = 163.2 (
As = (166.5+163.2)/4.0 = 82.4 2$.2

( 4.3

max As = 102.2 2$.2, min As = 12.7 2$.2

min As < As < max As

: 50

OK

= 80 . = 8 .
= 25 . As = 7.0 .2
d = 40 . fc = 45 ./.2 fs
= 1200 ./.2

%*.(

8 cm

4 cm

80 cm

C1 + C2 =
kd = 12 cm

d = 40 cm
As =
7.0 cm2
25 cm

C1 =

C2 =

 " ""(

1
2kd t
fc b w kd +
fc (bE bw )t
2
2kd

1
45 25 12 = 6,750 kg
2

2 12 8
45 (80 25) 8 = 13,200 kg
2 12

T = 7.01200 = 8,400 kg < C1+C2
Control

jd = 40 4 = 36 cm

M = 8,40036/100 = 3,024 kg-m


: 51

= 80 . = 8 .

= 25 . As
2
d = 40 . fc = 45 ./. fs = 1200
./.2 min As

80 cm

8 cm

min A s =
d = 40 cm

=
min As

: 57

14
25 40
2400

= 5.83 cm2

25 cm

14
bW d
fy

= 120 .
= 8 . = 30 .
As = 48.24 .2 d = 50 .
(Mu) = 50 - fc = 200
./.2 fy = 3000 ./.2 USD As

120 cm

8 cm

C = 0.85 fc bE t

)

a = t = 8 cm

= 0.852001208/1,000 = 163.2 ton

d = 50 cm
As = ?

Mn = C(d-a/2) = 163.2(50-8/2)/100 = 75 t-m

30 cm

Mu/ = 50/0.9 = 55.6 t-m < Mn

a< t

50 105
Mu

* (% $ bE : Rn =
=
= 18.5 ksc
b d2 0.9 120 502
=

2mRn
1
1 1
m
fy

= 0.0065

As = 0.0065x120x50 = 39.3 cm2