Reservoir
Simulatio
n
Introduction
Reservoir simulation is the process of using computer models
to predict the flow of fluids (typically oil water and gas )
through porous media.
model requires that the eld under study be described by
a grid system, usually referred to as cells or grid blocks.
Importance of the reservoir
Simulation
1. The only way to described quantitatively multi-phase flow in a
heterogeneous reservoir
2. The only way to handle situation having a production
schedule.
3. How should the field be developed and produced in order to
maximize the economic recovery of hydrocarbon.
4. What is the best enhanced recovery scheme for the
reservoir .How and when should it be implemented.
5. What is the best completion scheme for wells in a reservoir.
6. What portion of the reservoir is the production coming form.
Reservoir Simulator
Classification
The most common criteria for classifying reservoir
simulators are :
The type of reservoir and reservoir fluids to be
simulated and the recovery process occurring in the
subject reservoir .
The coordinate system used in the model , the number
of dimensions in space , and the number of phases .
Reservoir Simulation
Applications
Set the study objectives , these objectives must be
compatible with available data and production
history.
Acquire and validate the reservoir data.
Construct the reservoir model : in this step the
reservoir is divided in to grid blocks . and formation
properties (, K , h ,..) are assigned to these grid
cells.
History match the reservoir model : Once the
simulation model has been built it must be tuned in
history matched.
Run prediction cases : this is the final step in the
simulation process in which various production
schemes are evaluated and sensitivity analysis of
various production and reservoir parameters are
performed.
Modeling Methods
Any problem is solvable if you can make the reality
assumptions.
Not every question demands in-depth modeling detail.
All mathematical techniques are simply an application of the
three fundamental equations reservoir engineering
Darcys Law
Material Balance Equation
Fluid Properties (PVT or EOS)
With varying boundary conditions.
Pre-planning the Reservoir
Simulation Study
Objectives of the study
Assess uncertainties
Data requirements and availability
Modeling approach
Limitations of proposed procedures
Resources
Project budget should be related to decisions Time available
Hardware: PC, Workstation, , supercomputer, Software:
Commercial (Eclipse, VIP,CMG), in-as CHEARS)
KeyStepsinaSimulationStudy
Step1SetClearObjectives&Priorities
TypicalGoalsforNewFields
TypicalGoalsforMatureFields
Step2CharacterizetheReservoir
PetrophysicalModelThe petro physical model defines where the volumes
of oil, water and gas are located in the reservoir, as well as how fluids
behave in the presence of the rock.
Step3AspectsofModel
Step4SelecttheModel
DeterminetheDimensionality
Step5ConstructtheModel
Step6ValidatetheModel
Step7MakePredictions
Step8DocumenttheStudy
ReservoirRockPropertiesrequiredin
Simulationstudies
Porosity
Permeability
Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous systems
Isotropic and anisotropic systems
Porosity&Permeability
Rock matrix
Pore space
[Link]
Isotropicandanisotropicsystems
Flowinreservoirs
1. Type of fluids in the reservoir.
2. Flow regimes.
3. Reservoir geometry.
4. Number of flowing fluids in the reservoir.
BasicReservoirEngineeringConcepts:
a. Fluidpotential
[Link]:forsinglephase1D:
[Link]:
[Link]:
Capillary pressure exists whenever pores are saturated with two or more
phases .
For water wet system :
For two phase oil and gas :
[Link]
DerivationoftheFluidflowequation
Lawofmassconservation
= mass rate in , the mass of the component entering the control volume from
the other part of the reservoir .
= mass rate out.
= Sink or Source
= rate of mass accumulated
Now
take the limit of each term as and approach zero the following equations
obtained :
The three dimensional form of that equation is :
Darcy's Law
Converting it to surface conditions then we have to add some parameters
(assuminghorizontalflowandignoringgravitationalforcesinthezdirection)
Different Form of flow
equations
Incompressible -fluid- flow equation
Slightly Compressible fluid flow equation
Compressible fluid flow equation
Rectangularflowgeometry
One-dimensional flow
Two-dimensional flow
Three-dimensional flow
BoundaryandInitialConditions
Dirichlet
Neumann type
Numerical Models: Grid
Systems
Size and Number of
grid block
Sizeandnumberofgridblockdependsonthefactors:
Availabilityofdata
Levelofinformationdesired
Qualityofinformationdesired
Flowcharacteristics
Complexityofthereservoir
Numberofwells
Explicit
Formulation
Implicit Formulation
