Dyntemp.

book Page i Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Table of Contents


(]REQMG8LISV] 
1.1

General Concepts..................................................................... 1-5

1.2

Holdup Model ......................................................................... 1-11

1.3

Pressure Flow Solver ............................................................. 1-22

1.4

Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines .............................. 1-33

(]REQMG8SSPW  

2.1

Dynamics Assistant .................................................................. 2-4

2.2

Equation Summary View ........................................................ 2-21

2.3

Integrator ................................................................................ 2-30

2.4

Event Scheduler ..................................................................... 2-33

7XVIEQW  

3.1

Material Stream View ............................................................... 3-3

3.2

Energy Stream View................................................................. 3-5

,IEX8VERWJIV)UYMTQIRX  

4.1

Air Cooler.................................................................................. 4-3

4.2

Cooler/Heater ......................................................................... 4-14

4.3

Heat Exchanger...................................................................... 4-26

4.4

LNG ........................................................................................ 4-62

4.5

References ............................................................................. 4-84

4MTMRK)UYMTQIRX  

5.1

Mixer......................................................................................... 5-3

5.2

Valve......................................................................................... 5-9

5.3

Tee ......................................................................................... 5-26

5.4

Relief Valve ............................................................................ 5-32

[Link] Page ii Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6SXEXMRK)UYMTQIRX 
6.1

Compressor/Expander.............................................................. 6-3

6.2

Pump ...................................................................................... 6-27

7ITEVEXMSR3TIVEXMSRW  

7.1

Vessels ..................................................................................... 7-3

'SPYQR3TIVEXMSR 
8.1

Theory ...................................................................................... 8-3

8.2

Pressure Flow........................................................................... 8-5

8.3

Column Runner ........................................................................ 8-9

8.4

Tray Section ........................................................................... 8-13

8.5

Stage Property View............................................................... 8-18

8.6

A Column Tutorial................................................................... 8-21

6IEGXSVW  

9.1

CSTR and General Reactors.................................................... 9-3

9.2

Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics ................................................. 9-25

 0SKMGEP3TIVEXMSRW  

10.1 Digital Point ............................................................................ 10-3
10.2 PID Controller ......................................................................... 10-6
10.3 Selector Block....................................................................... 10-22
10.4 Set ........................................................................................ 10-26
10.5 Spreadsheet ......................................................................... 10-28
10.6 Transfer Function ................................................................. 10-41

 'SRXVSP8LISV] 
11.1 Process Dynamics.................................................................. 11-3
11.2 Controller Setup...................................................................... 11-9
11.3 General Guidelines............................................................... 11-29
11.4 References ........................................................................... 11-45

-RHI\ -

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iii

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iv

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[Link] Page vi Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

vi

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-1

1 Dynamic Theory
1.1 General Concepts......................................................................................... 5
1.2 Holdup Model.............................................................................................. 11
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6

Assumptions of Holdup Model ............................................................... 12

Accumulation ......................................................................................... 13
Non-Equilibrium Flash............................................................................ 14
Heat Loss Model .................................................................................... 17
Chemical Reactions ............................................................................... 21
Related Calculations .............................................................................. 21

1.3 Pressure Flow Solver................................................................................. 22

1.3.1 Simultaneous Solution in Pressure Flow Balances................................ 22
1.3.2 Basic Pressure Flow Equations ............................................................. 23
1.3.3 Pressure Flow Specifications ................................................................. 26
1.4 Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines ............................................... 33
1.4.1 Specification Differences between Dynamic and Steady State ............. 34
1.4.2 Moving from Steady State to Dynamics ................................................. 35

1-1

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1-2

1-2

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Dynamic Theory

1-3

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Process optimization
Controller optimization
Safety evaluation
Transitions between operating conditions
Startup/Shutdown conditions

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1-3

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1-4

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MRHYWXV]

Accuracy. The HYSYS dynamic model provides accurate

results based on rigorous equilibrium, reaction, unit operations
and controller models. You must be able to trust the results if
the dynamic tool is to be useful at all.
Ease of Use. The HYSYS dynamic package uses the same
intuitive and interactive graphical environment as the HYSYS
steady state model. Streams and unit operations in the
flowsheet can be added to the dynamic simulation environment
as easily as in steady state. All flowsheet information from a
steady state simulation case transfers easily to the dynamic
simulation environment.
Speed. The dynamic modelling options in HYSYS have been
developed to provide a balance between accuracy and speed.
HYSYS uses a fixed step size implicit Euler method. Volume,
energy, and composition balances are solved at different
frequencies. Volume (Pressure-Flow) balances are defaulted
to solve at every time step, whereas energy and composition
balances are defaulted to solve at every 2nd and 10th time
step, respectively. This solution method allows HYSYS to
perform quick, accurate and stable calculations in your
simulation case.
Detailed Design. You can provide specific rating details for
each piece of equipment in the plant and confirm that the
specified equipment can achieve desired product specs and
quality. Rating information includes the equipment size,
geometry, nozzle placement, and position relative to the
ground. A comprehensive holdup model calculates levels, heat
loss, static head contributions and product compositions based
on the rating information of each piece of equipment.

1-4

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-5

Realism. A new level of realism with regards to material flow

within the simulation is achieved with the Pressure Flow
solver. With the Pressure Flow option, the flow rate through
any unit operation depends on the pressures of the
surrounding pieces of equipment. Material flow through an
actual plant can be more accurately modelled using the
Pressure Flow solver.
Customizable. The HYSYS dynamic model is customizable.
Many organizations have proprietary information that they wish
to integrate into their commercial simulator platform. HYSYS
allows you to add your own OLE modules to the HYSYS
dynamic simulation environment.



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1-5

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1-6

General Concepts

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1-6

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Dynamic Theory

1-7

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where: F = the flowrate of the feed entering the tank

M

= the density of the feed entering the tank

M

F = the flowrate of the product exiting the tank

S

= the density of the product exiting the tank

S

V = the volume of the fluid in the tank

1-7

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1-8

General Concepts

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1-8

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Dynamic Theory

1-9

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- Work done by system on surroundings
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k = Kinetic energy (energy per unit mass)
= Potential energy (energy per unit mass)
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w = Shaft work done by system (energy per time)
P = Vessel pressure
S

P = Pressure of feed stream

M

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V

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energy terms are negligible.
If there is no shaft work (no pump), w=0.

1-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-10

General Concepts

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Figure 1.2
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f(Y)

f(Y)

Area
fn + 1
tn

1-10

tn+1

tn

tn+1

= ( fn + 1 ) h

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-11

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TMIGISJIUYMTQIRXMR,=7=74PERX*SVI\EQTPIEWITEVEXSVMW
GSRWMHIVIHEWMRKPILSPHYT-RSXLIVGEWIWXLIVIEVIRYQIVSYWLSPHYTW
[MXLMREWMRKPITMIGISJIUYMTQIRX-RXLIGEWISJEHMWXMPPEXMSRGSPYQR
IEGLXVE]GERFIGSRWMHIVIHEWMRKPILSPHYT,IEXI\GLERKIVWGEREPWS

1-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-12

Holdup Model

FIHMWGVIXM^IHMRXS^SRIW[MXLIEGL^SRIFIMRKEWIXSJLSPHYTW
'EPGYPEXMSRWMRGPYHIHMRXLILSPHYTQSHIPEVI

Material and Energy Accumulation

Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Heat Transfer
Chemical Reaction

8LIRI[LSPHYTQSHIPSJJIVWGIVXEMREHZERXEKIWSZIVXLITVIZMSYW
,=7=7H]REQMGQSHIP


%REHMEFEXMG4,JPEWLGEPGYPEXMSRVITPEGIWXLIFYFFPITSMRX
EPKSVMXLQYWIHMRXLITVIZMSYWLSPHYTQSHIP%HMEFEXMGJPEWLIW
EPWSEPPS[JSVQSVIEGGYVEXIGEPGYPEXMSRWSJZETSYVGSQTSWMXMSR
ERHTVIWWYVIIJJIGXWMRXLIZETSYVLSPHYT



*PEWLIJJMGMIRGMIWGERFIWTIGMJMIH[LMGLEPPS[WJSVXLIQSHIPPMRK
SJRSRIUYMPMFVMYQFILEZMSYVFIX[IIRXLIJIIHTLEWIWSJXLI
LSPHYT



8LITPEGIQIRXSJJIIHERHTVSHYGXRS^^PIWSRXLIIUYMTQIRXLEW
TL]WMGEPQIERMRKMRVIPEXMSRXSXLILSPHYT*SVMRWXERGIMJXLI
ZETSYVTVSHYGXRS^^PIMWTPEGIHFIPS[XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRE
WITEVEXSVSRP]PMUYMH[MPPI\MXJVSQXLIRS^^PI



%WWYQTXMSRWSJ,SPHYT
1SHIP

8LIVIEVIWIZIVEPYRHIVP]MRKEWWYQTXMSRWXLEXEVIGSRWMHIVIHMRXLI
GEPGYPEXMSRWMRXLILSPHYTQSHIP

1-12



)EGLTLEWIMWEWWYQIHXSFI[IPPQM\IH



1EWWERHLIEXXVERWJIVSGGYVFIX[IIRJIIHWXSXLILSPHYTERH
QEXIVMEPEPVIEH]MRXLILSPHYT



1EWWERHLIEXXVERWJIVSGGYVWFIX[IIRTLEWIWMRXLILSPHYT

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory



1-13

%GGYQYPEXMSR

8LIPEKKIHVIWTSRWIXLEXMWSFWIVZIHMRER]YRMXSTIVEXMSRMWXLIVIWYPX
SJXLIEGGYQYPEXMSRSJQEXIVMEPIRIVK]SVGSQTSWMXMSRMRXLILSPHYT
-RSVHIVXSTVIHMGXLS[XLILSPHYTGSRHMXMSRWGLERKISZIVXMQIE
VIG]GPIWXVIEQMWEHHIHEPSRKWMHIXLIJIIHWXVIEQW*SVMRWXERGIXLI
QEXIVMEPEGGYQYPEXMSRMRELSPHYTGERFIGEPGYPEXIHJVSQ
Material accumulation

RI[

= material flow into system +

material accumulation

SPH

(recycle stream) -



material flow out of system

8LIVIG]GPIWXVIEQMWRSXETL]WMGEPWXVIEQMRXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSR
6EXLIVMXMWYWIHXSMRXVSHYGIEPEKKIHVIWTSRWIMRXLISYXTYX
)WWIRXMEPP]XLIVIG]GPIWXVIEQVITVIWIRXWXLIQEXIVMEPEPVIEH]I\MWXMRK
MRXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRX-XFIGSQIWETTEVIRXXLEXEKVIEXIVEQSYRX
QEXIVMEPMRXLILSPHYTQIERWEPEVKIVVIG]GPIWXVIEQERHXLYWE
KVIEXIVPEKKIHVIWTSRWIMRXLISYXTYX
Figure 1.3

8LILSPHYTQSHIPMWYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIQEXIVMEPIRIVK]ERH
GSQTSWMXMSREGGYQYPEXMSR1EXIVMEPEGGYQYPEXMSRMWHIJEYPXIHXS
GEPGYPEXIEXIZIV]MRXIKVEXMSRXMQIWXIT8LIIRIVK]SJXLILSPHYTMW
HIJEYPXIHXSGEPGYPEXIEXIZIV] XMQIWXIT8LIGSQTSWMXMSRSJXLI
LSPHYTMWHIJEYPXIHXSGEPGYPEXIEXIZIV] XMQIWXIT
RH

XL

1-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-14

Holdup Model



2SR)UYMPMFVMYQ*PEWL

%WQEXIVMEPIRXIVWELSPHYTXLIPMUYMHERHZETSYVJIIHWQE]EWWSGMEXI
MRHMJJIVIRXTVSTSVXMSRW[MXLXLII\MWXMRKQEXIVMEPEPVIEH]MRXLI
LSPHYT*SVMRWXERGIEWITEVEXSV
WZETSYVERHPMUYMHJIIHWQE]IRXIV
XLIGSPYQRHMJJIVIRXP]-XMWZIV]PMOIP]XLEXXLIPMUYMHJIIH[MPPQM\[IPP
[MXLXLIPMUYMHEPVIEH]MRXLILSPHYT8LIZETSYVJIIHQE]RSXQM\EW
[IPP[MXLXLII\MWXMRKQEXIVMEPMRXLIZIWWIPWMRGIXLIVIWMHIRGIXMQISJ
XLIZETSYVLSPHYTMWQYGLWQEPPIVXLERXLIPMUYMH-JXLIJIIHRS^^PIMW
WMXYEXIHGPSWIXSXLIZETSYVTVSHYGXRS^^PIMXMWTSWWMFPIXLEXIZIRPIWW
QM\MRK[MPPSGGYV-RXLITL]WMGEP[SVPHXLII\XIRXSJQM\MRKSJJIIHW
[MXLELSPHYTHITIRHWSRXLITPEGIQIRXSJXLIJIIHRS^^PIWXLI
EQSYRXSJLSPHYTERHXLIKISQIXV]SJXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRX

)JJMGMIRGMIW
-R,=7=7]SYGERMRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVW
FIX[IIRXLIJIIHTLEWIWERHXLII\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPI
ERHTVSHYGXIJJMGMIRGMIW8LIWIJIIHIJJMGMIRG]TEVEQIXIVWQE]FI
WTIGMJMIHMRXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSR
WHoldupTEKIYRHIVXLIDynamicsXEF
MR,=7=74PERX
Figure 1.4

)WWIRXMEPP]XLIIJJMGMIRG]VITVIWIRXWLS[GPSWIXLIJIIHGSQIWXS
IUYMPMFVMYQ[MXLXLISXLIVJIIHW-JEPPJIIHTLEWIWIRXIVXLILSPHYTEX
IJJMGMIRGMIWXLILSPHYTGSQTSWMXMSRXIQTIVEXYVIERHTLEWI
JVEGXMSR[MPPIZIRXYEPP]QEXGLXLIJPEWLIHJIIHW
WXVIEQGSRHMXMSRW

1-14

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-15

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG]GERFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLTLEWISJER]WXVIEQIRXIVMRK
XLILSPHYT%GSRGITXYEPHMEKVEQSJXLIRSRIUYMPMFVMYQJPEWLMW
WLS[RJSVEX[STLEWIW]WXIQMRFigure 1.5
Figure 1.5

%WWLS[RXLIJPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEX
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLI
IRXMVIWXVIEQTEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVI
WXVIEQF]TEWWIWXLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
8LIVIG]GPIWXVIEQERHER]WXVIEQWIRXIVMRKXLILSPHYTTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIJPEWL=SYGERWTIGMJ]XLIJPEWLIJJMGMIRG]JSVIEGLTLEWISJXLI
VIG]GPIWXVIEQERHER]JIIHIRXIVMRKXLILSPHYT8LIJPEWLIJJMGMIRG]
QE]EPWSFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLTLEWISJER]TVSHYGXWXVIEQWPIEZMRKXLI
LSPHYT

2SXI4VSHYGXJPEWLIJJMGMIRGMIWEVISRP]YWIHF]XLILSPHYT
QSHIP[LIRVIZIVWIJPS[SGGYVWMRXLITVSHYGXJPS[RS^^PIW-R
WYGLGEWIWXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIIJJIGXMZIP]FIGSQIWEJIIH
RS^^PIERHYWIWXLITVSHYGXJPEWLIJJMGMIRGMIWTVSZMHIHF]]SY
XLIYWIV
8LIHIJEYPXIJJMGMIRGMIWJSVXLIJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIWXVIEQWMW
8LIJPEWLIJJMGMIRGMIWWLSYPHFIGLERKIHMJMXMWSFWIVZIHXLEXQSWXSJ
XLIZETSYVJIIHXSXLILSPHYTGSRHIRWIWMRXLILSPHYT8LMWGSYPH
EHZIVWIP]EJJIGXXLITVIWWYVISJXLILSPHYTERHGSRWIUYIRXP]XLI
IRXIVMRKERHI\MXMRKWXVIEQJPS[VEXIW

1-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-16

Holdup Model

*SVMRWXERGIE[EXIVW]WXIQ[LMGLMWLIEXIHF]TYVIWXIEQRSMRIVXW
QE]IRGSYRXIVTVSFPIQWMJXLIWXIEQJIIHIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEW-J
XLILSPHYTQEXIVMEPMWWMKRMJMGERXP]PEVKIVXLERXLIWXIEQJPS[EPPXLI
WXIEQ[MPPGSRHIRWIERHXLILSPHYTXIQTIVEXYVI[MPPMRGVIEWI
EGGSVHMRKP]&IGEYWIRSZETSYVIJJIGXMZIP]IRXIVWXLILSPHYTXLI
TVIWWYVI[MPPGSPPETWIMJXLIZETSYVWTEGIMRXLILSPHYTMWWMKRMJMGERX-R
XLITL]WMGEP[SVPHEWQEPPEQSYRXSJWXIEQJPS[[MPPGSRHIRWIMRXLI
[EXIVW]WXIQ8LIKVIEXQENSVMX]SJWXIEQ[MPPFYFFPIXLVSYKLXLI
WXIEQERHQEMRXEMRXLITVIWWYVIMRXLIZIWWIP8LMWWLSYPHFIQSHIPPIH
MR,=7=74PERXF]WTIGMJ]MRKXLIWXIEQJIIHIJJMGMIRG]XSFIPIWWXLER

2S^^PIW
-R,=7=74PERX]SYQE]WTIGMJ]XLIJIIHERHTVSHYGXRS^^PIPSGEXMSRW
ERHHMEQIXIVW8LIWIRS^^PITPEGIQIRXTEVEQIXIVWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMR
XLIYRMXSTIVEXMSR
WNozzles TEKIYRHIVXLIRatingXEFMRXLI
STIVEXMSR
WZMI[
8LITPEGIQIRXSJJIIHERHTVSHYGXRS^^PIWSRXLIIUYMTQIRXLEW
TL]WMGEPQIERMRKMRVIPEXMSRXSXLILSPHYT8LII\MXWXVIEQ
W
GSQTSWMXMSRHITIRHWTEVXMEPP]SRXLII\MXWXVIEQRS^^PI
WPSGEXMSRMR
VIPEXMSRXSXLITL]WMGEPLSPHYTPIZIPMRXLIZIWWIP-JXLITVSHYGXRS^^PI
MWPSGEXIHFIPS[XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLIZIWWIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPPHVE[
QEXIVMEPJVSQXLIPMUYMHLSPHYT-JXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIMWPSGEXIHEFSZI
XLIPMUYMHPIZIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPPHVE[QEXIVMEPJVSQXLIZETSYV
LSPHYT-JXLIPMUYMHPIZIPWMXWEGVSWWERS^^PIXLIQSPIJVEGXMSRSJPMUYMH
MRXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQZEVMIWPMRIEVP][MXLLS[JEVYTXLIRS^^PIXLI
PMUYMHMW
Figure 1.6

1-16

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-17

7XEXMG,IEH'SRXVMFYXMSRW
;LIRXLIStatic Head ContributionsGLIGOFS\MWEGXMZEXIHSRXLI
OptionsXEFSJXLIIntegratorZMI[,=7=7GEPGYPEXIWWXEXMGLIEHYWMRK
XLIJSPPS[MRKGSRXVMFYXMSRW

Including static head

contributions in the
modelling of pressure-flow
dynamics is an option in
HYSYS.

Levels inside separators, tray sections, etc.

Elevation differences between connected equipment
*SVYRMXSTIVEXMSRWXLEXLEZInegligibleLSPHYTWYGLEWXLIZEPZI
STIVEXMSR,=7=7MRGSVTSVEXIWSRP]XLIGSRGITXSJRS^^PIW8LIVIMWRS
WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRWJSVPIZIPWYRPIWWXLIJIIHERHTVSHYGXRS^^PIW
EVIWTIGMJMIHEXHMJJIVIRXIPIZEXMSRW=SYGERWTIGMJ]XLIIPIZEXMSRSJ
FSXLXLIJIIHERHTVSHYGXRS^^PIW-JXLIVIMWEHMJJIVIRGIMRIPIZEXMSR
FIX[IIRXLIJIIHERHTVSHYGXRS^^PIW,=7=7YWIWXLMWZEPYIXS
GEPGYPEXIXLIWXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRW-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXWXEXMG
LIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRWRSXFIQSHIPPIHMRXLIWIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRXLMW[E]
WMRGIXLMWMWRSXEVIEPMWXMGWMXYEXMSR7XEXMGLIEHGERFIFIXXIVQSHIPPIH
MRXLIWIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWF]VIPSGEXMRKXLIIRXMVITMIGISJIUYMTQIRX
7XEXMGLIEHMWMQTSVXERXMRZIWWIPW[MXLPIZIPW*SVMRWXERGIGSRWMHIVE
ZIVXMGEPWITEVEXSVYRMXSTIVEXMSRXLEXLEWEGYVVIRXPMUYMHPIZIPSJ
8LIWXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRSJXLIPMUYMHLSPHYT[MPPQEOIXLI
TVIWWYVIEXXLIPMUYMHSYXPIXRS^^PILMKLIVXLERXLEXEXXLIZETSYVSYXPIX
RS^^PI2S^^PIPSGEXMSR[MPPEPWSFIGSQIEJEGXSV8LITVIWWYVIJPS[
VIPEXMSRWLMTJSVXLIWITEVEXSV[MPPFIHMJJIVIRXJSVEJIIHRS^^PI[LMGLMW
FIPS[XLIGYVVIRXPMUYMHLSPHYTPIZIPEWSTTSWIHXSEJIIH[LMGLMW
IRXIVMRKMRXLIZETSYVVIKMSRSJXLIYRMX
-XMWMQTSVXERXXSRSXIXLEXI\MXWXVIEQTVIWWYVIWJVSQEYRMXSTIVEXMSR
EVIGEPGYPEXIHEXXLII\MXRS^^PIPSGEXMSRWSRXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRX
ERHRSXXLIMRPIXRS^^PIPSGEXMSRWSJXLIRI\XTMIGISJIUYMTQIRX



,IEX0SWW1SHIP

8LILIEXPSWWI\TIVMIRGIHF]ER]TMIGIWSJTPERXIUYMTQIRXMW
GSRWMHIVIHF]XLILSPHYTQSHIPMR,=7=78LILIEXPSWWQSHIP
MRJPYIRGIWXLILSPHYTF]GSRXVMFYXMRKERI\XVEXIVQXSXLIIRIVK]
FEPERGIIUYEXMSR

1-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-18

Holdup Model

)RIVK]&EPERGIW
,IEXMWPSWXSVKEMRIHJVSQXLILSPHYTJPYMHXLVSYKLXLI[EPPERH
MRWYPEXMSRXSXLIWYVVSYRHMRKW
Figure 1.7

8LIVIEVIWIZIVEPYRHIVP]MRKEWWYQTXMSRWXLEXEVIGSRWMHIVIHHYVMRKE
LIEXPSWWGEPGYPEXMSR

There is heat capacity associated with the wall and insulation

housing the fluid.
The temperature across the wall and insulation is assumed to
be constant. (lumped parameter analysis)
The heat transfer coefficient between the holdup and the wall is
assumed to be same for the vapour and liquid.
%FEPERGIGERFITIVJSVQIHEGVSWWXLI[EPP

k ins
d
[ Ax wall Cpwall T wall ] = h ( fluid, wall ) A ( T fluid T wall ) --------- A ( T wall T ins )
x ins
dt



8LIFEPERGIEGVSWWXLIMRWYPEXMSRMW

T wall + T ins
d
Ax ins Cpins ----------------------------
2
dt

k ins
= --------- A ( T wall T ins ) + h ( ins, surr ) A ( T ins T surr ) 
x ins

where: A = Heat transfer area

x = thickness

1-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-19

Cp = Heat capacity
T = temperature
k = thermal conductivity
h = heat transfer coefficient
%WWLS[RFSXLXLIMRWYPEXMSRERH[EPPGERWXSVILIEX8LILIEXPSWW
XIVQXLEXMWEGGSYRXIHJSVMRXLIIRIVK]FEPERGIEVSYRHXLILSPHYTMW
h ( fluid, wall ) A ( T fluid T wall ) -JT
fluidMWKVIEXIVXLERTwallXLILIEX[MPPPSWX
XSXLIWYVVSYRHMRKW-JTfluidMWPIWWXLERTwallXLILIEX[MPPFIKEMRIH
JVSQXLIWYVVSYRHMRKW

'LERKIMR:IWWIP0IZIP
-JXLIZIWWIPPIZIPGLERKIWETEVXSJXLI[EPPERHMRWYPEXMSRXLEX[EW
EWWSGMEXIH[MXLSRITLEWI[MPPFIGSQITEVXSJERSXLIV8LI
XIQTIVEXYVISJXLIMRGVIQIRXEPTMIGISJXLI[EPPERHXLIFYPOSJXLI
[EPP[MPPFIIUYMPMFVEXIHF]XLIWMQTPIEZIVEKMRK
T 1 A + T 2 A
T new = ----------------------------A + A



where: A = Heat transfer area of encroaching phase

T = temperature of encroaching phase


T = temperature of displaced phase



,IEX0SWW4EVEQIXIVW
8LILIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVWGERFIWTIGMJMIHJSVQSWXYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMR
XLIHeat LossTEKIYRHIVXLIRatingXEF=SYQE]GLSSWIXSRIKPIGX
XLILIEXPSWWGEPGYPEXMSRMRXLIIRIVK]FEPERGIF]WIPIGXMRKXLINone
VEHMSFYXXSR
8[SLIEXPSWWQSHIPWEVIEZEMPEFPIXS]SYSimpleERHDetailed

1-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-20

Holdup Model

7MQTPI1SHIP
8LI7MQTPIQSHIPEPPS[W]SYXSIMXLIVWTIGMJ]XLILIEXPSWWHMVIGXP]SV
LEZIXLILIEXPSWWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQWTIGMJMIHZEPYIW

Overall U value
Ambient Temperature
8LILIEXXVERWJIVEVIEAERHXLIJPYMHXIQTIVEXYVITfEVIGEPGYPEXIH
F],=7=74PERX8LILIEXPSWWMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
Q = UATf - Tamb




(IXEMPIH1SHIP
8LI(IXEMPIHQSHIPEPPS[W]SYXSWTIGMJ]QSVIHIXEMPIHLIEXXVERWJIV
TEVEQIXIVW8LIVIEVIXLVIIVEHMSFYXXSRWMRXLIHeat Loss Parameters
KVSYTEWHIWGVMFIHMRXLIXEFPIFIPS[
Radio Button

Description
Displays the temperatures of the:

Temperature Profile

fluid
wall
insulation
surroundings

Displays the conductive properties of the wall and

insulation. The following properties can be specified
by you:
Conduction

Convection

1-20

Conductivity of material
Thickness of material
Heat capacity of material
Density of material
Equation (1.14) and (1.15) demonstrate how the
parameters are used by the heat loss model.
Displays the convective heat transfer coefficients for
heat transfer within the holdup and heat transfer
occurring from the outside the holdup to the
surroundings.

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory



1-21

'LIQMGEP6IEGXMSRW

'LIQMGEPVIEGXMSRWXLEXSGGYVMRTPERXIUYMTQIRXEVIGSRWMHIVIHF]
XLILSPHYTQSHIPMR,=7=74PERX6IEGXMSRWIXWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLI
ResultsTEKISJXLIReactionsXEF
8LILSPHYTQSHIPMWEFPIXSGEPGYPEXIXLIGLIQMGEPIUYMPMFVMEERH
VIEGXMSRWXLEXSGGYVMRXLILSPHYT-RELSPHYTGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRQE]
FIQSHIPPIHF]SRISJJSYVQIGLERMWQW
For more information on how
reaction sets can be created
and used within the
simulation, see Chapter 4 Reaction Manager in the
Simulation Basis manual.

Reactions handled inside thermophysical property

packages
Extent of reaction model
Kinetic model
Equilibrium model



6IPEXIH'EPGYPEXMSRW

8LIVIEVIGEPGYPEXMSRW[LMGLEVIRSXLERHPIHF]XLILSPHYTQSHIP
MXWIPJFYXQE]MQTEGXXLILSPHYTGEPGYPEXMSRW8LIJSPPS[MRK
GEPGYPEXMSRWVIUYMVIMRJSVQEXMSRERHEVIWSPZIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLXLI
LSPHYTQSHIP

:IWWIP0IZIP'EPGYPEXMSRW
8LIZIWWIPPIZIPGERFIGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]XLIQSPEV
LSPHYTERHXLIHIRWMX]JSVIEGLPMUYMHTLEWI

:IWWIP4VIWWYVI
8LIZIWWIPTVIWWYVIMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIZIWWIPZSPYQIERHXLIWXVIEQ
GSRHMXMSRWSJXLIJIIHTVSHYGXERHXLILSPHYT8LITVIWWYVIMRXLI
LSPHYTMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKEZSPYQIFEPERGIIUYEXMSR,SPHYT
TVIWWYVIWEVIGEPGYPEXIHWMQYPXERISYWP]EGVSWWXLIJPS[WLIIX

8VE],]HVEYPMGW
8VE],]HVEYPMGWHIXIVQMRIWXLIVEXIJVSQ[LMGLPMUYMHPIEZIWXLIXVE]
ERHLIRGIXLILSPHYTERHXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIXVE]8LI
*VERGMW;IMVIUYEXMSRMWYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIPMUYMHJPS[FEWIHSRXLI
PMUYMHPIZIPMRXLIXVE]ERHXLIXVE]KISQIXV]

1-21

[Link] Page 22 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-22

Pressure Flow Solver



4VIWWYVI*PS[7SPZIV

,=7=74PERXSJJIVWEREHZERGIHQIXLSHSJGEPGYPEXMRKXLITVIWWYVI
ERHJPS[TVSJMPISJEWMQYPEXMSRGEWIMR DynamicQSHI%PQSWXIZIV]
YRMXSTIVEXMSRMRXLIJPS[WLIIXGERFIGSRWMHIVIHELSPHYTSVGEVVMIVSJ
QEXIVMEPTVIWWYVIERHIRIVK]%RIX[SVOSJTVIWWYVILSPHYTWGER
XLIVIJSVIFIGSRGIMZIHEGVSWWXLIIRXMVIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI8LI4*WSPZIV
GSRWMHIVWXLIMRXIKVEXMSRSJTVIWWYVIJPS[FEPERGIWMRXLIJPS[WLIIX
8LIVIEVIX[SFEWMGIUYEXMSRW[LMGLHIJMRIQSWXSJXLITVIWWYVIJPS[
RIX[SVO8LIWIIUYEXMSRWSRP]GSRXEMRTVIWWYVIERHJPS[EWZEVMEFPIW

Resistance equations - which define flow between pressure

holdups
Volume balance equations - which define the material
balance at pressure holdups
8LITVIWWYVIJPS[FEPERGIWFSXLVIUYMVIMRJSVQEXMSRJVSQERHTVSZMHI
MRJSVQEXMSRXSXLILSPHYTQSHIP;LMPIXLILSPHYTQSHIPGEPGYPEXIW
XLIEGGYQYPEXMSRSJQEXIVMEPIRIVK]ERHGSQTSWMXMSRMRXLILSPHYT
XLITVIWWYVIJPS[WSPZIVIUYEXMSRWTVIHMGXXLIEGGYQYPEXIHTVIWWYVISJ
XLILSPHYTERHJPS[VEXIWI\MXMRKXLILSPHYT8LILSPHYTQSHIPFVMRKW
XLIEGXYEPJIIHERHTVSHYGXWXVIEQTVSTIVXMIWXSLSPHYTGSRHMXMSRWJSV
XLIZSPYQIFEPERGIIUYEXMSRWYWMRKEVMKSVSYWSVETTVS\MQEXIJPEWL
8LITVIWWYVIJPS[WSPZIVVIXYVRWMRJSVQEXMSRIWWIRXMEPXSXLILSPHYT
QSHIPGEPGYPEXMSRWXLITVIWWYVISJXLILSPHYTSVXLIJPS[VEXIWSJXLI
WXVIEQI\MXMRKXLILSPHYT



7MQYPXERISYW7SPYXMSRMR
4VIWWYVI*PS[&EPERGIW

%PPQEXIVMEPWXVIEQW[MXLMR,=7=74PERXGERFIWSPZIHJSVTVIWWYVIERH
JPS[%PPYRMXSTIVEXMSRWGERFIWSPZIHJSVTVIWWYVI%WERI\EQTPI
GSRWMHIVXLIJSPPS[MRKJPS[WLIIX8LIVIEVIZEVMEFPIWXSWSPZIJSVMR
XLI4*QEXVM\8[IPZIQEXIVMEPWXVIEQWGSRXVMFYXIZEVMEFPIWXSXLI
JPS[WLIIX8LIZIWWIPW:ERH:GSRXVMFYXIZEVMEFPIIEGL
8LIZEPZIERHXIISTIVEXMSRWEVIRSXGSRWMHIVIHRSHIW8LIWIYRMX
STIVEXMSRWHIJMRIETVIWWYVIJPS[VIPEXMSRFIX[IIRXLIMRPIXERHI\MX
WXVIEQWFYXVEVIP]EVIXLI]QSHIPPIH[MXLER]MRZIRXSV]


1-22

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-23

Figure 1.8

%TVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\MWWIXYT[LMGLWSPZIWXLIZEVMEFPIWVIUYMVIH8LI
QEXVM\GSRWMWXWSJVolume balanceIUYEXMSRWResistanceIUYEXMSRW
ERHPressure-Flow specificationsMRTYXF]]SY8LIRYQFIVSJ
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXLEXRIIHXSFITVSZMHIHF]]SY[MPPFI
HMWGYWWIHMRDegrees of Freedom AnalysisMRSection 1.3.3 - Pressure
Flow Specifications



&EWMG4VIWWYVI*PS[
)UYEXMSRW

8LIIUYEXMSRWXLEXEVIHMWGYWWIHMRXLMWWIGXMSRHIJMRIXLIFEWMWSJXLI
TVIWWYVIJPS[RIX[SVO

:SPYQI&EPERGI
*SVIUYMTQIRX[MXLLSPHYTERYRHIVP]MRKTVMRGMTPIMWXLEXXLITL]WMGEP
ZSPYQISJXLIZIWWIPERHXLYWXLIZSPYQISJQEXIVMEPMRXLIZIWWIPEX
ER]XMQIVIQEMRWGSRWXERX8LIVIJSVIHYVMRKGEPGYPEXMSRWMRH]REQMGW
XLIGLERKIMRZSPYQISJXLIQEXIVMEPMRWMHIXLIZIWWIPMW^IVS
V = Constant = f ( flow, h, P, T )



1-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-24

Pressure Flow Solver

dV
------- = 0
dt



where: V= volume of the vessel

t = time
flow = mass flowrate
h = holdup
P = vessel pressure
T = vessel temperature
%WWYGLEZIWWIPTVIWWYVIRSHIIUYEXMSRMWIWWIRXMEPP]EZSPYQIXVMGJPS[
FEPERGIERHGERFII\TVIWWIHEWJSPPS[W
Volume change due to pressure + Volume change due to flows +
Volume change due to temperature + Volume change due to other factors = 0



-RXLIZSPYQIFEPERGIIUYEXMSRTVIWWYVIERHJPS[EVIXLISRP]X[S
ZEVMEFPIWXSFIWSPZIHMRXLIQEXVM\%PPSXLIVZEPYIWMRXLIIUYEXMSREVI
YTHEXIHEJXIVXLIQEXVM\WSPZIW)EGLZIWWIPLSPHYTGSRXVMFYXIWEXPIEWX
SRIZSPYQIFEPERGIIUYEXMSRXSXLITVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\;LIR
WYJJMGMIRXTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVITVSZMHIHF]]SYER]
YRORS[RWGERFIWSPZIH[LIXLIVMXFIEZIWWIPTVIWWYVISVSRISJMXW
JPS[VEXIW
8LIZSPYQIFEPERGIIUYEXMSREPPS[W]SYXSSFWIVZITVIWWYVIIJJIGXWMR
XLIZETSYVLSPHYTHYIXSHMWXYVFERGIWMRXLIJIIH'SRWMHIVE
WITEVEXSV[LSWIJIIHJPS[WYHHIRP]MRGVIEWIW%WWYQIXLEXXLII\MX
WXVIEQWJVSQXLIWITEVEXSVEVIWTIGMJMIHF]]SYERHEVIXLYWGSRWXERX
8LIZIWWIPTVIWWYVI[SYPHMRGVIEWIJSVVIEWSRW

1-24



&IGEYWIXLIQEXIVMEPSJXLII\MXWXVIEQWVIQEMRGSRWXERXER
MRGVIEWIMRXLIZETSYVJIIHJPS[[SYPHMRGVIEWIXLIZETSYV
LSPHYT%RMRGVIEWIMRXLIZETSYVLSPHYTQIERWXLEXEPEVKIV
EQSYRXSJQEXIVMEPMWGSQTVIWWIHMRXSXLIWEQIZETSYVZSPYQI
VIWYPXMRKMREZIWWIPTVIWWYVIMRGVIEWI



8LIMRGVIEWIMRXLIPMUYMHPIZIPGEYWIWXLIZETSYVLSPHYTXSSGGYT]
EWQEPPIVZSPYQI[MXLMRXLIZIWWIPGEYWMRKXLIZIWWIPTVIWWYVIXS
VMWI

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-25

6IWMWXERGI)UYEXMSRW
*PS[WI\MXMRKJVSQELSPHYTQE]FIGEPGYPEXIHJVSQEZSPYQIFEPERGI
IUYEXMSRWTIGMJMIHF]]SYSVGEPGYPEXIHJVSQEVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSR-R
KIRIVEPXLIVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSRGEPGYPEXIWJPS[VEXIWJVSQXLITVIWWYVI
HMJJIVIRGIWSJXLIWYVVSYRHMRKRSHIW,=7=7GSRXEMRWYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
WYGLEWVALVESERHHEAT EXCHANGERS[LMGLGEPGYPEXIJPS[VEXIW
YWMRKVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSRW8LIVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSRWEVIQSHIPPIHEJXIV
XYVFYPIRXJPS[IUYEXMSRWERHLEZIXLIJSVQ
Flow = k P



where: Flow = mass flowrate

k = conductance, which is a constant representing the
reciprocal of resistance to flow
P = frictional pressure loss which is the pressure drop across
the unit operation without static head contributions.
Equation (1.21)MWEWMQTPMJMIHJSVQSJXLIFEWMGVALVESTIVEXMSR
IUYEXMSR[LMGLYWIWXLIZEPZIJPS[GSIJJMGMIRX'Z8LIQEWWJPS[VEXI
XLVSYKLXLIZEPZIMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIZEPZIJPS[GSIJJMGMIRXERHXLI
JVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIZEPZI
Flow = f ( Cv, P1, P 2 )



where: Flow = mass flowrate

Cv = conductance, which is a constant representing the
reciprocal of resistance to flow
P = upstream pressure


P = downstream pressure


%WWLS[REVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSRVIPEXIWXLITVIWWYVIWSJX[SRSHIWERH
XLIJPS[XLEXI\MWXWFIX[IIRXLIRSHIW8LIJSPPS[MRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
LEZIEVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSREWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIQ

1-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-26

Pressure Flow Solver

Unit Operation

Resistance Term

Valve

With a pressure flow specification, you

can specify conductance, Cv, on the
Specs page of the Dynamics tab.

Pump

The heat flow and pump work define the

pressure flow relation of the pump. These
parameters can be specified and/or
calculated on the Specs page of the
Dynamics tab.

Compressor/Expander

The heat flow and compressor work

define the pressure flow relation of the
compressor. These parameters can be
specified and/or calculated on the Specs
page of the Dynamics tab.

Heater/Cooler/Heat Exchanger/
Air Cooler/LNG

With a pressure flow specification, you

can specify the k-value on the Specs
page of the Dynamics tab.

Tray Sections, Weir Equation

The Weir equation determines liquid flow

rate from the tray as a function of liquid
level in the tray. Tray geometry can be
specified on the Sizing page of the
Ratings tab.

Tray Sections, K-Value

The K-value is used to determine vapour

flow exiting from the tray as a function of
the pressure difference between trays. Kvalues can either be calculated or
specified on the Specs page of the
Dynamics tab.

*SVEQSVIHIXEMPIHHMWGYWWMSRSRXLIMRHMZMHYEPYRMXSTIVEXMSRWERH
XLIVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSRWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIQWIIXLIETTVSTVMEXIYRMX
STIVEXMSRWIGXMSRMRXLIDynamic Modelling KYMHI



For more information on

specifying Pressure-Flow
specifications for a material
stream, see Chapter 3 Streams.

1-26

4VIWWYVI*PS[
7TIGMJMGEXMSRW

-RDynamicQSHI]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLITVIWWYVIERHSVJPS[SJE
QEXIVMEPWXVIEQMREJPS[WLIIX8LITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVI
QEHIMRXLIDynamicsXEFSJXLIMaterial StreamTVSTIVX]ZMI[-R
SVHIVXSWEXMWJ]XLIHIKVIIWSJJVIIHSQSJXLITVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\]SY
QYWXMRTYXEGIVXEMRRYQFIVSJTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LI
ZSPYQIFEPERGIIUYEXMSRWVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSRWERHTVIWWYVIJPS[
VIPEXMSRIUYEXMSRWQEOIYTEPEVKIRYQFIVSJIUYEXMSRWMRXLI
TVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\,S[IZIV]SYWLSYPHFIE[EVISJXLI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXLEXEVIRIIHIHFIJSVIXLIQEXVM\[MPPWSPZI

[Link] Page 27 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-27

(IKVIIWSJ*VIIHSQ%REP]WMW
-REPQSWXEPPGEWIWEJPS[WLIIXFIMRKQSHIPPIHH]REQMGEPP]YWMRK
TVIWWYVIJPS[[MPPVIUYMVISRITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRTIV
JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQ%JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]MWSRIXLEXGVSWWIW
XLIQSHIPFSYRHEV]ERHMWEXXEGLIHXSSRP]SRIYRMXSTIVEXMSR
)\EQTPIWSJWYGLWXVIEQWEVIXLIQSHIP
WJIIHERHTVSHYGXWXVIEQW%PP
SXLIVWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLIJPS[WLIIX[MPPFILERHPIH[LIRIEGLYRMX
STIVEXMSRMWWM^IHYWMRKXLIGSRHYGXERGISVZEPZIJPS[GSIJJMGMIRX
8LIJSPPS[MRKI\EQTPIGSRJMVQWXLIlSRI4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRTIV
JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQzVYPI-RFigure 1.9WMRGIXLIVIEVI
JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQW]SYEVIVIUYMVIHXSQEOITVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWMRSVHIVJSVXLITVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\XSWSPZI2SXIXLEX
XLITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWHSRSXRIGIWWEVMP]LEZIXSFIWIXJSV
IEGLJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQ7TIGMJMGEXMSRWGERFIQEHIJSV
MRXIVREPJPS[WLIIXWXVIEQWEWPSRKEWXLIVIMWSRI4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRTIV
JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQ
Figure 1.9

-RXLIJPS[WLIIXWLS[REFSZIXLIVIEVIWXVIEQWERHZIWWIPLSPHYT
-RSVHIVXSJYPP]HIJMRIXLITVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\XLITVIWWYVIERHJPS[
JSVIEGLQEXIVMEPWXVIEQERHXLITVIWWYVISJIEGLLSPHYTQYWXFI
WSPZIHJSV-RWLSVXX[SZEVMEFPIWEVIVIUYMVIHJSVIEGLQEXIVMEPWXVIEQ
ERHZEVMEFPIMWVIUYMVIHJSVIEGLLSPHYT
8 material streams \ 2
+ 1 vessel holdup

\1



17 pressure-flow variables

1-27

[Link] Page 28 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-28

Pressure Flow Solver

8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRSVEQSYRXSJLSPHYTMWWSPZIHYWMRKQEXIVMEP
FEPERGIWMRXLILSPHYTQSHIP%PXLSYKLXLILSPHYTMWRSXWSPZIHF]XLI
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QEXVM\
8LITVIWWYVIERHJPS[SJQEXIVMEPWXVIEQWEVIREQIH4
ERH
*
VIWTIGXMZIP]8LITVIWWYVISJXLILSPHYTMWREQIH4 8LIVI
EVIERYQFIVSJIUYEXMSRW[LMGLHIWGVMFIXLIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLI
TVIWWYVIWERHJPS[WMRXLMWRIX[SVO8LI]EVIEWJSPPS[W
WXVIEQREQI

WXVIEQREQI

Pressure-Flow Equation

# of
Eqns

Description

Separator
Volume Balance equations

dP H
---------- = f ( P, T, holdup, flows )
dt

The volume balance relates P with F , F and F .

,

P H = P 2 = P3 = P5
General Pressure relations

If the static head contribution in the integrator is not

checked, this general pressure relation will be
observed.

Valves

F 2 = K VLV100 P 1 P2

F4 = K VLV101 P3 P 4
Resistance equations

F8 = K VLV102 P7 P 8
This is the general form of the valve resistance
equation. The actual equations vary according to inlet
stream conditions.

General Flow relations

F1 = F2
F3 = F 4
F7 = F 8

Since the valves are usually not specified with

holdup, this relation will be observed.
Mixer

P5 = P6 = P7
General Pressure relations

F 7 = F 5 + F6
General Flow relation

Since the mixer is usually not specified with holdup,

this relation will be observed.

Total Number of Pressure Flow Equations

1-28

The equalize option is recommended for the

operation of the mixer in dynamic mode. If this option
is checked, this general pressure relation will be
observed.

13

[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-29

;MXLZEVMEFPIWXSWSPZIJSVMRXLIRIX[SVOERHEZEMPEFPIIUYEXMSRW
XLIHIKVIIWSJJVIIHSQJSVXLMWRIX[SVOMW8LIVIJSVIZEVMEFPIWRIIH
XSFIWTIGMJMIHXSHIJMRIXLMWW]WXIQ8LMWMWXLIWEQIRYQFIVSJ
JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQW

4VIWWYVI*PS[7TIGMJMGEXMSR+YMHIPMRIW
8LITVIZMSYWWIGXMSRSYXPMRIHXLIRYQFIVSJTVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXLEXEVIVIUYMVIHF]XLIJPS[WLIIXMRSVHIVJSVXLI
HIKVIIWSJJVIIHSQXSFIWEXMWJMIH8LMWWIGXMSRTVIWIRXWTSWWMFPI4*
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXLEXGERFIQEHIJSVXLIMRPIXERHI\MXWXVIEQWSJstand
aloneSTIVEXMSRW8LITYVTSWISJXLMWWIGXMSRMWXSHIQSRWXVEXIXLI
VERKISJWTIGMJMGEXMSRWXLEXGERFIQEHIJSVHMJJIVIRXYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMR
,=7=7-XMWLSTIHXLEXXLMWWIGXMSR[MPPTVSZMHIMRWMKLXEWXS[LEX
WLSYPHERHWLSYPHRSXFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLYRMXSTIVEXMSR

:EPZI
6EXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLIZEPZISTIVEXMSRMRGPYHMRKXLIZEPZIX]TIERH
'ZZEPYIWGERFIMRTYXSRXLISizingTEKIMRXLI RatingsXEF
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DynamicsXEFMRXLIVALVETVSTIVX]ZMI[

2SXIXLEXXLI4*WTIGSTXMSRJSVGSRHYGXERGIX]TIYRMX
STIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFIYWIHEWQYGLEWTSWWMFPIWMRGIMXMWQYGL
QSVIVIEPMWXMGMRHIXIVQMRMRKTVIWWYVIJPS[VIPEXMSRWMRER
EGXYEPTPERX8LITVIWWYVIHVSTSTXMSRMWTVSZMHIHXSIEWIXLI
XVERWMXMSRFIX[IIRSteady StateERHDynamicQSHI8LI
TVIWWYVIHVSTSTXMSRQE]LIPTQSVIHMJJMGYPXWMQYPEXMSRWVYR
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GEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLITVIWWYVIHVSTSTXMSR


*SVETVIWWYVIHVSTWTIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLIZEPZISRITVIWWYVIWTIG
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*SVETVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLIZEPZIX[STVIWWYVIWQE]
FIWTIGMJMIHSVSRITVIWWYVIERHSRIJPS[

4VIWWYVIERHPIZIPGSRXVSPGERFIEGLMIZIHMREWITEVEXSVYWMRKZEPZIW
SRXLIZETSYVERHPMUYMHWXVIEQWVIWTIGXMZIP]-XMWFIWXXSYWIE
TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRHS[RWXVIEQSJIEGLZEPZI8LITIVGIRXSTIRMRKW
SRIEGLZEPZIGERXLIRFIYWIHXSGSRXVSPXLIJPS[XLVSYKLIEGLZEPZI
[MXLE4-(GSRXVSPPIV

1-29

[Link] Page 30 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-30

Pressure Flow Solver

,IEX)\GLERKIV'SSPIV,IEXIV
The heat exchange operations,
like the valve, should use the
P-F spec option as much as
possible to simulate actual
pressure flow relations in the
plant.

8LIH]REQMGHEAT EXCHANGERGERFIWTIGMJMIHEWLEZMRKEWIX
TVIWWYVIHVSTSVE3ZIVEPP/:EPYITVIWWYVIJPS[VIPEXMSR8LMWSTXMSR
MWWIXSRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFMRXLIHEAT EXCHANGER
TVSTIVX]ZMI[


*SVETVIWWYVIHVSTWTIGMJMGEXMSRSRIMXLIVXLIXYFIWMHISVWLIPP
WMHISRITVIWWYVIWTIGERHSRIJPS[WTIGMWVIGSQQIRHIH



*SVE/ZEPYIWTIGSRIMXLIVXLIXYFISVWLIPPWMHIX[STVIWWYVIW
QE]FIWTIGMJMIHSVSRITVIWWYVIERHSRIJPS[

/ZEPYIWGERFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLICalculate KFYXXSRSRXLISpecs
TEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFMRXLISTIVEXMSR
WTVSTIVX]ZMI[
HEATERERHCOOLERSTIVEXMSRWEVIQYGLPMOIHEAT EXCHANGERS
,S[IZIVXLI]SRP]LEZIEWMRKPI/ZEPYISRXLIMVTVSGIWWWMHI

7ITEVEXSVW
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'SRHIRWIV6IFSMPIV
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TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIGSQQIRHIHJSVXLIZETSYVWXVIEQ8LI
SXLIVX[SI\MXWXVIEQWQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLJPS[VEXIW%RSXLIV

1-30

[Link] Page 31 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Theory

1-31

STXMSRMWXSWTIGMJ]EReflux Flow/Total Liq FlowZEPYISRXLISpecs

TEKIMRXLIDynamicsXEF-RXLMWGEWISRP]SRIJPS[WTIGMWVIUYMVIH
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WTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIUYMVIHJSVXLIX[SI\MXWXVIEQW
%Fully-Condensed CondenserLEWX[SI\MXWXVIEQWXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQ
ERHXLIHMWXMPPEXIWXVIEQ8LIVIEVIWIZIVEPTSWWMFPIGSRJMKYVEXMSRWSJ
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLMWX]TISJGSRHIRWIV%JPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFIYWIHJSVXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQERHETVIWWYVIJPS[WTIG
GERFIYWIHJSVXLIHMWXMPPEXIWXVIEQ8[SJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWGERFI
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TVIWWYVIGSRWXVEMRXMWWTIGMJMIHIPWI[LIVIMRXLIGSPYQRXLMWI\MX
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ZMI[
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YWIHEPSRIXLIABSORBERLEWJSYVFSYRHEV]WXVIEQWERHXLIVIJSVI
VIUYMVIWJSYVTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW%TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPP
EP[E]WFIVIUYMVIHJSVXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGXWXVIEQPIEZMRKXLIFSXXSQSJ
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WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LIFEWMGREFLUXED ABSORBERGSPYQRLEWEWMRKPIMRPIXERHX[SSV
XLVIII\MXWXVIEQWHITIRHMRKSRXLIGSRHIRWIVGSRJMKYVEXMSR;LIR
YWIHEPSRIXLIREFLUXED ABSORBERLEWXLVIISVJSYVFSYRHEV]
WXVIEQWHITIRHMRKSRXLIGSRHIRWIVERHVIUYMVIWJSYVSVJMZI
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWKIRIVEPP]X[STVIWWYVIERHXLVIIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW%TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPEP[E]WFIVIUYMVIHJSVXLI
PMUYMHTVSHYGXWXVIEQPIEZMRKXLIFSXXSQSJXLIGSPYQR

1-31

[Link] Page 32 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

1-32

Pressure Flow Solver

8LIREBOILED ABSORBERGSPYQRLEWEWMRKPIMRPIXERHX[SI\MX
WXVIEQW;LIRYWIHEPSRIXLIREBOILED ABSORBERLEWXLVII
FSYRHEV]WXVIEQWERHXLIVIJSVIVIUYMVIWXLVIITVIWWYVIJPS[
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WTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPEP[E]WFIVIUYMVIHJSVXLIZETSYVTVSHYGXPIEZMRKXLI
GSPYQR
8LIFEWMGDISTILLATIONGSPYQRLEWSRIMRPIXERHX[SSVXLVIII\MX
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XLIDISTILLATION GSPYQRLEWXLVIISVJSYVFSYRHEV]WXVIEQWFYX
VIUYMVIWJSYVSVJMZITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWKIRIVEPP]SRI
TVIWWYVIERHXLVIISVJSYVJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LII\XVETVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIUYMVIHHYIXSXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQERHMWHMWGYWWIHMR
Section 8.2.2 - Condensers and Reboiler

'SQTVIWWSV)\TERHIV4YQT
6EXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLIH]REQMGGSQTVIWWSVI\TERHIVERHTYQT
STIVEXMSRWGERFIMRTYXSRXLICurvesERHInertiaTEKIWMRXLIRatings
XEF
-RKIRIVEPX[SWTIGMJMGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIHMRXLIDynamics
SpecificationsKVSYTMRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFMRSVHIVJSV
XLIWIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWXSJYPP]WSPZI=SYWLSYPHFIE[EVISJ
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW[LMGLQE]GEYWIGSQTPMGEXMSRWSVWMRKYPEVMX]MRXLI
TVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\7SQII\EQTPIWSJWYGLGEWIWEVI

The Pressure Increase box should not be selected if the inlet

and exit stream pressures are specified.
The Speed box should not be selected if the Use
Characteristic Curves check box is not selected.
8LICOMPRESSOREXPANDERERHPUMPSTIVEXMSRWLEZISRIMRPIX
WXVIEQERHSRII\MXWXVIEQ8[STVIWWYVIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHJSVXLI
MRPIXERHI\MXWXVIEQWSVSRITVIWWYVIERHSRIJPS[QE]FIWTIGMJMIH

1M\IV8II
8LIH]REQMGMIXERERHTEESTIVEXMSRWEVIZIV]WMQMPEV-XMW
VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIMIXERFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLXLIEqualize All
STXMSRMRDynamicQSHI-XMWEPWSVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIH]REQMG
TEERSXYWIXLIH]REQMGWTPMXWEWWTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LIWISTXMSRWEVIWIX
SRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFMRXLIMVVIWTIGXMZISTIVEXMSR
ZMI[W

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Dynamic Theory

1-33

&]WTIGMJ]MRKXLIH]REQMGMIXERERHTEEEWVIGSQQIRHIHXLI
TVIWWYVISJXLIWYVVSYRHMRKWXVIEQWSJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSREVIIUYEPMJ
WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRWEVIRSXGSRWMHIVIH8LMWMWEVIEPMWXMGWMXYEXMSR
WMRGIXLITVIWWYVIWSJXLIWXVIEQWIRXIVMRKERHI\MXMRKEQM\IVSVXII
QYWXFIXLIWEQI;MXLXLIVIGSQQIRHIHWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJPS[XSERH
JVSQXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMWF]XLITVIWWYVIJPS[RIX[SVOERHRSXF]
]SYXLIYWIV
%RYQFIVSJWXVIEQWGERIRXIVSVI\MXEQM\IVSVXII*SVWXERHEPSRI
STIVEXMSRWSRIWXVIEQQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLTVIWWYVI8LISXLIV
MRPIXI\MXWXVIEQWEVIWTIGMJMIH[MXLJPS[



(]REQMG3TIVEXMSRW
+IRIVEP+YMHIPMRIW

8LMWWIGXMSRSYXPMRIWWSQIKYMHIPMRIWSVWXITWXLEX]SYQE]JSPPS[MR
SVHIVXSGVIEXIERHVYREWMQYPEXMSRGEWIMRDynamicQSHI
-XMWTSWWMFPIXSGVIEXIEGEWIHMVIGXP]MRDynamicQSHI9RMX
STIVEXMSRWGERFIEHHIHNYWXEWIEWMP]MRDynamicQSHIEWMRSteady
State8LIMRXIKVEXSVWLSYPHFIVYREJXIVIEGLEHHMXMSRSJEYRMX
STIVEXMSRMRSVHIVXSMRMXMEPM^II\MXWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWJSVXLIEHHIHYRMX
STIVEXMSRW
-XMWEPWSTSWWMFPIJSV]SYXSFYMPHEH]REQMGWGEWIF]JMVWXGVIEXMRKXLI
GEWIMRSteady State QSHI=SYGERQEOIXLIXVERWMXMSRXSDynamic
QSHI[MXLWSQIQSHMJMGEXMSRWXSXLIJPS[WLIIXXSTSPSK]ERHWXVIEQ
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWSection 1.4.2 - Moving from Steady State to Dynamics
SYXPMRIWWSQIKIRIVEPWXITW]SYGERXEOIMRSVHIVXSGVIEXIEH]REQMGW
GEWIJVSQWXIEH]WXEXIQSHI8LI(]REQMG%WWMWXERXSection 2.1 Dynamics AssistantGERFIYWIHXSUYMGOP]QSHMJ]XLIWXIEH]WXEXI
JPS[WLIIXWSXLEXMXLEWEGSVVIGXWIXSJTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW-XMW
MQTSVXERXXSRSXILS[IZIVXLEXRSXEPPXLIQSHMJMGEXMSRWWYKKIWXIHF]
XLI%WWMWXERX[MPPVIWYPXMREWXEFPITVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\JSVXLI4*
WSPZIV
-XMWWYKKIWXIHXLEX]SY[LIRJMVWXPIEVRMRKH]REQMGWFYMPHWMQTPI
GEWIWMRSteady StateQSHIWSXLEXXLIXVERWMXMSRXSDynamicQSHIMW
VIPEXMZIP]IEW]3RGIXLIXVERWMXMSRJVSQSteady StateXSDynamicQSHI
MWQEHISXLIVYRMXSTIVEXMSRWGERIEWMP]FIEHHIHXSFIXXIVQSHIPXLI
TVSGIWWW]WXIQ-J]SYEVIQSVII\TIVMIRGIH]SYQE]EHSTXHMJJIVIRX
ERHQSVIIJJMGMIRX[E]WXSGVIEXIEH]REQMGWGEWI

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1-34 Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines



7TIGMJMGEXMSR(MJJIVIRGIW
FIX[IIR(]REQMGERH
7XIEH]7XEXI

-XMWETTEVIRXXLEXXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWVIUYMVIHF]XLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMR
DynamicQSHIEVIRSXXLIWEQIEWXLISteady StateQSHI8LMWWIGXMSR
SYXPMRIWXLIQEMRHMJJIVIRGIWFIX[IIRXLIX[SQSHIWMRVIKEVHWXS
WTIGMJ]MRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRW

7XIEH]7XEXI
8LISteady StateQSHIYWIWmodularSTIVEXMSRW[LMGLEVIGSQFMRIH
[MXLEnon-sequentialEPKSVMXLQ-RJSVQEXMSRMWTVSGIWWIHEWWSSREWMX
MWWYTTPMIHF]]SY8LIVIWYPXWSJER]GEPGYPEXMSREVIEYXSQEXMGEPP]
TVSTEKEXIHXLVSYKLSYXXLIJPS[WLIIXFSXLJSV[EVHWERHFEGO[EVHW
1EXIVMEPIRIVK]ERHGSQTSWMXMSRFEPERGIWEVIGSRWMHIVIHEXXLIWEQI
XMQI4VIWWYVIJPS[XIQTIVEXYVIERHGSQTSWMXMSRWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVI
GSRWMHIVIHIUYEPP]*SVMRWXERGIEGSPYQR
WSZIVLIEHJPS[VEXI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRQE]FIVITPEGIHF]EGSQTSWMXMSRWTIGMJMGEXMSRMRXLI
GSRHIRWIV8LIGSPYQRQE]WSPZI[MXLIMXLIVWTIGMJMGEXMSR

(]REQMGW
1EXIVMEPIRIVK]ERHGSQTSWMXMSRFEPERGIWMRDynamicQSHIEVIRSX
GSRWMHIVIHEXXLIWEQIXMQI1EXIVMEPSVTVIWWYVIJPS[FEPERGIWEVI
WSPZIHJSVEXIZIV]XMQIWXIT)RIVK]ERHGSQTSWMXMSRFEPERGIWEVI
HIJEYPXIHXSWSPZIPIWWJVIUYIRXP]4VIWWYVIERHJPS[EVIGEPGYPEXIH
simultaneouslyMRETVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\)RIVK]ERHGSQTSWMXMSR
FEPERGIWEVIWSPZIHMREmodular sequentialJEWLMSR
&IGEYWIXLITVIWWYVIJPS[WSPZIVI\GPYWMZIP]GSRWMHIVWTVIWWYVIJPS[
FEPERGIWMRXLIRIX[SVO4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIWITEVEXIJVSQ
XIQTIVEXYVIERHGSQTSWMXMSRWTIGMJMGEXMSRW4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVI
MRTYXYWMRKXLIlSRI4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRTIVJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQz
VYPI8IQTIVEXYVIERHGSQTSWMXMSRWTIGMJMGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIMRTYXSR
IZIV]FSYRHEV]JIIHWXVIEQIRXIVMRKXLIJPS[WLIIX8IQTIVEXYVIERH
GSQTSWMXMSREVIXLIRGEPGYPEXIHWIUYIRXMEPP]JSVIEGLHS[RWXVIEQYRMX
STIVEXMSRERHQEXIVMEPWXVIEQYWMRKXLILSPHYTQSHIP
9RPMOIMR Steady State QSHIMRJSVQEXMSRMWRSXTVSGIWWIHMQQIHMEXIP]
EJXIVFIMRKMRTYXF]]SY8LIMRXIKVEXSVWLSYPHFIVYREJXIVXLI
EHHMXMSRSJER]YRMXSTIVEXMSRXSXLIJPS[WLIIX3RGIXLIMRXIKVEXSVMW
VYRWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWJSVXLII\MXWXVIEQWSJXLIEHHIHYRMXSTIVEXMSR

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Dynamic Theory

1-35

[MPPFIGEPGYPEXIH



1SZMRKJVSQ7XIEH]7XEXIXS
(]REQMGW

=SYWLSYPHFIE[EVIXLEXJPS[MRXLITPERXSGGYVWEWEVIWYPXSJXLI
TVIWWYVIJPS[VIPEXMSRWFIX[IIRRSHIW&IJSVIEXVERWMXMSRJVSQSteady
StateXSDynamicQSHISGGYVWXLIWMQYPEXMSRJPS[WLIIXWLSYPHFIWIX
YTWSXLEXEHIJMRMXITVIWWYVIHVSTI\MWXWEGVSWWXLITPERX8LIJSPPS[MRK
SYXPMRIMRHMGEXIWWSQIFEWMGWXITW]SYGERXEOIXSWIXYTEGEWIMR
Steady StateQSHIERHXLIRW[MXGLXSDynamicQSHI

%HHMRK9RMX3TIVEXMSRW
-HIRXMJ]QEXIVMEPWXVIEQW[LMGLEVIGSRRIGXIHXSX[SYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
[MXLRSTVIWWYVIJPS[VIPEXMSRERH[LSWIJPS[QYWXFIWTIGMJMIHMR
DynamicQSHI8LIWIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRGPYHIXLISEPARATOR
STIVEXMSRERHXVE]WIGXMSRWMRECOLUMNSTIVEXMSR%HHYRMX
STIVEXMSRWWYGLEWVALVESHEAT EXCHANGERSSVPUMPS[LMGL
HIJMRIETVIWWYVIJPS[VIPEXMSRXSXLIWIWXVIEQW-XMWEPWSTSWWMFPIXS
WTIGMJ]EJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLMWWXVIEQMRWXIEHSJYWMRKERSTIVEXMSR
XSHIJMRIXLIJPS[VEXI

)UYMTQIRX7M^MRK
7M^IEPPXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRYWMRKEGXYEPTPERX
IUYMTQIRXSVTVIHIJMRIHWM^MRKXIGLRMUYIW7M^MRKSJXVE]WMRGSPYQRW
GERFIEGGSQTPMWLIHYWMRKXLI8VE]7M^MRKYXMPMX]EZEMPEFPIJVSQXLI
UtilitiesTEKI:IWWIPWWLSYPHFIWM^IHXSEGGSQQSHEXIEGXYEPTPERX
JPS[VEXIWERHTVIWWYVIW[LMPIQEMRXEMRMRKEGGITXEFPIVIWMHIRGIXMQIW

+IRIVEP)UYMTQIRX7M^MRK6YPIW
Vessels 7)4%6%8367'32()27)676)&3-0)67WLSYPHFIWM^IHJSV
QMRYXIWSJPMUYMHLSPHYTXMQI7M^MRKERH'SWXMRKGEPGYPEXMSRW
QE]EPWSFITIVJSVQIHYWMRKXLI:IWWIP7M^MRKYXMPMX]MRXLISizingTEKI
SJXLIRatingXEF
ValvesWLSYPHFIWM^IHYWMRKX]TMGEPJPS[VEXIW8LIZEPZIWLSYPHFI
WM^IH[MXLEZEPZISTIRMRKERHETVIWWYVIHVSTFIX[IIRERH
O4E

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1-36 Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines

'SPYQR8VE]7M^MRK6YPIW
Tray SizingGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIHJSVWITEVEXMSRGSPYQRWYWMRKXLI8VE]
7M^MRKYXMPMX]MRXLIUtilitiesTEKI%R]YWISJYXMPMXMIWWLSYPHFI
VIWXVMGXIHXSSteady StateQSHI8LIXVE]WEVIWM^IHEGGSVHMRKXSXLI
I\MWXMRKJPS[VEXIWERHXLIHIWMVIHVIWMHIRGIXMQIWMRXLIXVE]
-QTSVXERXZEVMEFPIWMRGPYHI

Tray diameter
Weir length
Weir height
Tray spacing

%HNYWXMRK'SPYQR4VIWWYVI
-RWXIEH]WXEXIXLITVIWWYVITVSJMPISJXLIGSPYQRMWYWIVWTIGMJMIH-R
H]REQMGWMXMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKH]REQMGL]HVEYPMGGEPGYPEXMSRW-JXLI
WXIEH]WXEXITVIWWYVITVSJMPIMWZIV]HMJJIVIRXJVSQXLIGEPGYPEXIH
TVIWWYVIHVSTXLIVIQE]FIPEVKIYTWIXWMRJPS[MRXLIGSPYQR[LIR
XLIMRXIKVEXSVMWVYR%VIEWSREFPIIWXMQEXISJXLIGSPYQR
WTVIWWYVI
TVSJMPIGERFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLI8VE]7M^MRKYXMPMX]8LMWYXMPMX]
TVSZMHIWEMax P/TrayZEPYIMRXLIResultsXEF8LIGSPYQRTVIWWYVI
TVSJMPIQE]FIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLMWZEPYIXLIMax P/TrayZEPYIERHE
HIWMVIHTVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRER][LIVISRXLIGSPYQR
=SYQE][MWLXSGLERKIXLIMax P/TrayZEPYIMRSVHIVXSEGLMIZIE
HIWMVIHTVIWWYVITVSJMPIEGVSWWXLIGSPYQR8LMWGERIEWMP]FIHSRIF]
QSHMJ]MRKXLIWeir heightMRXLIRatingsXEFMRXLI8VE]7M^MRKYXMPMX]
6IHYGMRKXLI[IMVLIMKLXPS[IVWXLIWXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRWERH
PS[IVWXLIMax P/TrayZEPYI-RDynamicQSHIXLINozzle Pressure
Flow K-factorsJSYRHSRXLIDynamicsXEFSJXLIMain TSTVSTIVX]
ZMI[QE]EPWSFIEHNYWXIHXSFIXXIVQSHIPXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLI
GSPYQR

0SKMGEP3TIVEXMSRW
7SQIPSKMGEPSTIVEXMSRWJVSQXLIWXIEH]WXEXI[MPPFIMKRSVIH8LI
ADJUSTSTIVEXMSRQE]FIVITPEGIHF]PID Controllers8LIRECYCLE
STIVEXMSRMWVIHYRHERXMRDynamicQSHI

%HHMRK'SRXVSP3TIVEXMSRW
-HIRXMJ]OI]GSRXVSPPSSTWXLEXI\MWX[MXLMRXLITPERX-QTPIQIRXMRK
GSRXVSPWGLIQIWMRGVIEWIWXLIVIEPMWQERHWXEFMPMX]SJXLIQSHIP

1-36

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Dynamic Theory

1-37

(MWXYVFERGIWMRXLITPERXGERFIQSHIPPIHYWMRKXLITransfer Function
STIVEXMSR8LI)ZIRXW7GLIHYPIVGERFIYWIHXSQSHIPEYXSQEXIH
WLYXHS[RWERHWXEVXYTW

)RXIVXLI,=7=7(]REQMG)RZMVSRQIRX
'PMGOSRXLIDynamic Mode FYXXSRXSW[MXGLJVSQSteady StateQSHI
XSDynamicQSHI
Dynamic Mode Button

%HHMRK4VIWWYVI*PS[7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
7TIGMJ]SRITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRJSVIEGLJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]
WXVIEQ*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
JSVMRHMZMHYEPYRMXSTIVEXMSRWVIJIVXSSection 1.3.3 - Pressure Flow
Specifications'SRXVSPPIVWTPE]EPEVKITEVXMRWXEFMPM^MRKXLI4*7SPZIV
*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIMQTPIQIRXEXMSRSJGSRXVSPPIVWMR
,=7=7WIISection 11.3.4 - Basic Steps in setting up a Control Strategy
in HYSYS

4VIGEYXMSRW


=SYWLSYPHTE]WTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRXSIUYMTQIRX[MXLJM\IHTVIWWYVI
HVSTW%R]JM\IHTVIWWYVIHVSTWTIGMJMGEXMSRWMRIUYMTQIRXQE]
]MIPHYRVIEPMWXMGVIWYPXWWYGLEWJPS[SGGYVVMRKMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJ
MRGVIEWMRKTVIWWYVI6IQIQFIVXSGLIGOJSVJM\IHTVIWWYVIHVSTW
MRXLIVIFSMPIVERHGSRHIRWIVSJGSPYQRW



&IGEYXMSYWSJ,IEXIVW'SSPIVW[MXLJM\IHHYXMIW8LMWQE]GEYWI
TVSFPIQWMJXLIJPS[MRXLILIEXIVGSSPIVLETTIRWXSJEPPXS^IVS-X
MWVIGSQQIRHIHXSYWIEGSRXVSPPIVSVESpreadsheetJYRGXMSRSV
EXIQTIVEXYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRXSGSRXVSPXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJEWXVIEQ



*IIHERHTVSHYGXWXVIEQWIRXIVMRKERHI\MXMRKXVE]WIGXMSRW
WLSYPHFIEXXLIWEQITVIWWYVIEWXLIXVE]WIGXMSRMXWIPJ%R]PEVKI
TVIWWYVIHMJJIVIRGIWFIX[IIREJIIHSVTVSHYGXWXVIEQERHMXW
GSVVIWTSRHMRKXVE]WIGXMSRQE]VIWYPXMRPEVKIEQSYRXWSJQEXIVMEP
QSZMRKMRXSSVSYXSJXLIGSPYQR

-XQE]FIRIGIWWEV]XSMWSPEXIERHGSRZIVKIWMRKPITMIGIWSJIUYMTQIRX
MRXLITPERXYWMRKXLIIgnoredJIEXYVIJSVIEGLYRMXSTIVEXMSRMJXLIVIMW
ERIWTIGMEPP]PEVKIRYQFIVSJYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIJPS[WLIIX

1-37

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1-38 Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines

6YRXLIIntegratorEJXIVER]YRMXSTIVEXMSRLEWFIIREHHIHMR
DynamicQSHI9RPMOIXLIWXIEH]WXEXIIRZMVSRQIRXXLII\MXWXVIEQW
SJYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRDynamicQSHIEVIRSXGEPGYPEXIHYRXMPXLI
-RXIKVEXSVMWVYR8LI-RXIKVEXSVWLSYPHFIVYRPSRKIRSYKLXSSFXEMR
VIEWSREFPIZEPYIWJSVXLII\MXWXVIEQWSJXLIRI[STIVEXMSRW

8VSYFPIWLSSXMRK
)VVSVQIWWEKIWQE]FIHMWTPE]IHSRGIXLIMRXIKVEXSVMWVYR

8SSQER]WTIGMJMGEXMSRW2SXIRSYKLWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LIlToo many specificationszQIWWEKIMRHMGEXIWXLEX,=7=74PERXLEW
HIXIGXIHXSSQER]WTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LIEquation Summary View
[MRHS[XLEXETTIEVW[MXLXLIQIWWEKIGERTVSZMHILIPTMRHMGEXMRKXLI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRXLEXMWQSWXPMOIP]RSXVIUYMVIH4VIWWXLIFull Analysis
FYXXSRSVPartitioned AnalysisFYXXSRMJMXMWQEHIEZEMPEFPI%XXLMW
TSMRX,=7=7I\EQMRIWTSWWMFPITVSFPIQEVIEW[MXLXLIWMQYPEXMSR
GEWI4VIWWMRKXLIExtra SpecsXEFVIZIEPWXLIZEVMEFPIWQSWXPMOIP]RSX
VIUYMVIHF],=7=7
8LIlNot enough specificationszQIWWEKIMRHMGEXIWXLEXXLIWMQYPEXSV
LEWHIXIGXIHXSSJI[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LIExtra SpecsXEFMRXLI
Equation SummaryViewMRHMGEXIWTSWWMFPIZEVMEFPIWXLEXQE]FI
QMWWMRKJVSQXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI8LI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERXGEREMHMR
MHIRXMJ]MRK[LMGL4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIEHHIHSVHIPIXIHJVSQE
H]REQMGWMQYPEXMSRGEWI

7MRKYPEV4VSFPIQ
8LMWQIWWEKIMRHMGEXIWXLEXRSXEPPSJXLIIUYEXMSRWMRXLI4*WSPZIV
QEXVM\EVIMRHITIRHIRXSJSRIERSXLIV8LMWSGGYVW[LIRSRISVQSVI
IUYEXMSRWEVIVIHYRHERX*SVMRWXERGIMJEVALVESTIVEXMSRMWYWMRKE
TVIWWYVIHVSTWTIGMJMGEXMSRXLIMRPIXERHI\MXWXVIEQWGERRSXFSXLFI
WTIGMJMIH[MXLTVIWWYVI8LITVIWWYVIHVSTIUYEXMSRFIGSQIW
VIHYRHERX-XQE]FIYWIJYPXSSZIVWTIGMJ]EWMRKYPEVTVSFPIQ,=7=7
QMKLXFIEFPIXSMHIRXMJ]XLIVIHYRHERXTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRERH
EPPS[XLIGEWIXSWSPZI

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Dynamic Theory

1-39

8LI4VIWWYVI*PS[7SPZIVJEMPIHXSGSRZIVKI
8LMWQIWWEKIMRHMGEXIWXLEXSRISVQSVITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
QE]FIYRVIEWSREFPI8LMWQIWWEKIQE]EPWSETTIEVMJXLIVIEVI
WYHHIRPEVKIYTWIXWXSXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI-XMWLIPTJYPXSIRXIVXLI
Equation Summary ViewXSMHIRXMJ]TVSFPIQEVIEWMRXLIJPS[WLIIX
4VIWWXLIFull AnalysisFYXXSRSVPartitioned AnalysisFYXXSRMJMXMW
QEHIEZEMPEFPI&]TVIWWMRKXLIUpdate Sorted ListFYXXSRMRXLI
UnconvergedXEF,=7=7VIZIEPWXLIX]TISJIUYEXMSRPSGEXMSRERH
WGEPIHIVVSVEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIYRGSRZIVKIHRSHIWMRXLIJPS[WLIIX
4E]WTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRXSXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRW[MXLXLIPEVKIWXIVVSVWMRXLI
UncovergedXEF'LIGOXLIZIWWIPZSPYQIWSJXLIYRGSZIVKIHYRMX
STIVEXMSRWERHIRWYVIXLEXXLI]LEZIFIIRWM^IH[MXLVIEWSREFPI
VIWMHIRGIXMQIW'LIGOXLIWM^ISJXLIZEPZIWEXXEGLIHXSXLI
YRGSRZIVKIHYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI Equations Summary ViewWII
Chapter 2 - Dynamic Tools

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1-40 Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines

1-40

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-1

2 Dynamic Tools
2.1 Dynamics Assistant ..................................................................................... 4
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6

General Tab ............................................................................................. 6

Streams Tab ............................................................................................. 7
Pressure Flow Specs Tab ...................................................................... 12
Unknown Sizing Tab .............................................................................. 14
Other Specs Tab .................................................................................... 17
User Items Tab ....................................................................................... 18

2.2 Equation Summary View ........................................................................... 21

2.2.1 Summary Tab ......................................................................................... 22
2.2.2 General Equations Tab .......................................................................... 23
2.2.3 Unconverged Tab ................................................................................... 23
2.2.4 Extra Variables Tab ................................................................................ 24
2.2.5 Extra Specifications Tab......................................................................... 25
2.2.6 Specified Equations Tab ........................................................................ 25
2.2.7 General Variables Tab............................................................................ 26
2.2.8 Specification Variables Tab .................................................................... 27
2.2.9 Internal Specification Equations Tab ...................................................... 27
2.2.10 Internal Specifications Variables Tab ................................................... 28
2.3 Integrator..................................................................................................... 30
2.3.1 General Tab ........................................................................................... 30
2.3.2 Options Tab ............................................................................................ 32
2.3.3 Heat Loss Tab ........................................................................................ 33
2.4 Event Scheduler ......................................................................................... 33
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4

Event Scheduler Manager ..................................................................... 35

Schedule View ....................................................................................... 36
Sequence View ...................................................................................... 37
Event View ............................................................................................. 38

2-1

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2-2

2.4.5 Analyzing a Schedule ............................................................................ 46

2.4.6 Running a Schedule............................................................................... 48
2.4.7 Event Scheduler Example...................................................................... 48

2-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-3

1SHIPPMRKETVSGIWWMRH]REQMGWMWEGSQTPI\IRHIEZSYV*VSQXLI
TIVWTIGXMZISJHIJMRMRKXLIQSHIP]SYQYWXGSRWMHIVTEVEQIXIVWWYGL
EWZIWWIPLSPHYTWZEPZIWM^MRKERHYWISJTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSR
8SLIPTWMQTPMJ]XLMWTVSGIWW,=7=7LEWWIZIVEPH]REQMGXSSPW
8LIJMVWXSJXLIWIXSSPWMWXLI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERX8LI%WWMWXERX
TVSZMHIWEXSSPJSVIEWMP]GSRZIVXMRKSPH,=7=7H]REQMGGEWIWXS
TVIWWYVIJPS[H]REQMGWTVITEVMRKWXIEH]WXEXIGEWIWJSVH]REQMG
WMQYPEXMSRF]IRWYVMRKXLEXEPPXLIGSVVIGXMRJSVQEXMSRMWWTIGMJMIH
XLYWEZSMHMRKSZIVSVYRHIVWTIGMJMIHSVWMRKYPEVTVSFPIQW
8LI:MI[)UYEXMSRWXSSPTVSZMHIWERSXLIVQIERWSJEREP]^MRKGEWIWJSV
H]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR8LMWXSSPTVSZMHIWEWYQQEV]SJXLIIUYEXMSRW
ERHZEVMEFPIWYWIHF]XLIWMQYPEXMSR[LIRVYRRMRKMRH]REQMGW&]
EREP]^MRKXLIGEWIMXMWTSWWMFPIXSHIXIVQMRIMJXLIVIEVIVIUYMVIHSV
VIHYRHERXTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW-RWSQIMRWXERGIWGEWIW[LMGL
EVIVYRRMRKMRH]REQMGW[MPPJEMPXSGSRZIVKIMRXLMWGEWIXLI:MI[
)UYEXMSRWXSSPGERFIYWIHXSLIPTHIXIVQMRI[LEXTEVXSJXLI
WMQYPEXMSRMWGEYWMRKTVSFPIQW
8LI-RXIKVEXSVEPPS[W]SYXSGSRXVSPWSQISJXLIMRXIKVEXMSR
TEVEQIXIVW[LMGLEVIYWIHF],=7=77MQTPITEVEQIXIVWWYGLEWXLI
XMQIWXITSVXLIMRXIKVEXMSRWXSTXMQISVEHZERGIHTEVEQIXIVWWYGLEW
XLII\IGYXMSRVEXIWSJXLIHMJJIVIRXFEPERGIWGERFIWIXJVSQXLMWXSSP
3RGIEGEWIMWVYRRMRKMRH]REQMGWXLIGYVVIRXWMQYPEXMSRXMQIERH
XLIVIEPXMQIJEGXSVQE]FIZMI[IH
*SVQSVIEHZERGIHQSHIPPMRK,=7=7LEWXLI)ZIRX7GLIHYPIV9WMRK
XLMWXSSP,=7=7GERTIVJSVQTVIHIXIVQMRIHEGXMSRWEXKMZIRXMQIWMR
XLIWMQYPEXMSR[EVR]SYF]TPE]MRKEWSYRH[LIRXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJE
WXVIEQVIEGLIWEGIVXEMRTSMRXWXSTXLIMRXIKVEXMSRSRGIEGSRHIRWIV
PIZIPWXEFMPM^IWSVMRGVIEWIEJIIHVEXIEJXIVXLIWMQYPEXMSRLEWVYRJSVE
KMZIRXMQITIVMSH

2-3

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2-4

Dynamics Assistant



(]REQMGW%WWMWXERX

8LI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERXTVSZMHIWEUYMGOQIXLSHJSVIRWYVMRKXLEXE
GSVVIGXWIXSJTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIYWIH8LI%WWMWXERXGER
FIYWIH[LIRMRMXMEPP]TVITEVMRK]SYVGEWIJSVH]REQMGWSV[LIR
VIEHMRKMRERSPH,=7=7\H]REQMGGEWI

8LI%WWMWXERXQEOIWrecommendationsJSVWTIGMJ]MRK]SYV
QSHIPMRDynamicQSHI=SYHSRSXLEZIXSJSPPS[EPPXLI
WYKKIWXMSRW-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEX]SYEVIE[EVISJXLI
IJJIGXWSJIEGLGLERKI]SYQEOI
8LI%WWMWXERXWTIGMJMIWXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRXSJMRJSVQEXMSRXLEX[MPP
KYEVERXIIXLEXXLIGEWIMWRSXSZIVSVYRHIVWTIGMJMIHERHXLEXMXMWRSX
WMRKYPEV-RXLIGEWISJEWMQTPIWITEVEXSV,=7=7[MPPEHHSRP]
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEWWLS[RMRXLIJMKYVIFIPS[
Figure 2.1

Original Configuration

Configuration and Pressure

Flow Specifications after
using Dynamics Assistant

,S[IZIVMRQSVIGSQTPMGEXIHQSHIPWWYGLEWXLISRIWLS[RMRFigure
2.2XLI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERXQE]VIGSQQIRHXLIMRWIVXMSRSJZEPZIWMR
WSQIXIVQMREPWXVIEQW
Figure 2.2

Original Configuration

2-4

Configuration and Pressure Flow

Specifications after using Dynamics
Assistant

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

A Flow Specification warning

from the Dynamics Assistant
usually indicates that your
model is missing some
equipment.

2-5

%PXLSYKLXLI4VIWWYVI*PS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEHHIHF]XLI%WWMWXERXEVI
EHIUYEXIJSVWXEVXMRKEGEWIMR(]REQMGWXLI]EVIRSXEP[E]WWYJJMGMIRX
JSVHIXEMPIH(]REQMGQSHIPPMRK-RXLIGEWI[LIVIXLIVIEVIX[SYRMX
STIVEXMSRWXLEXHSRSXLEZIE4VIWWYVI*PS[VIPEXMSRWLMTGSRRIGXIHXS
IEGLSXLIVXLI%WWMWXERX[MPPYWIE*PS[7TIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLI
GSRRIGXMRKWXVIEQ*SVHIXEMPIH(]REQMGQSHIPPMRKEYRMXSTIVEXMSR
[MXLE4VIWWYVI*PS[VIPEXMSRWLMTMISRISVQSVIZEPZIWERHETYQT
WLSYPHFITPEGIHFIX[IIRXLIYRMXW
Figure 2.3

Configuration of two units without Pressure Flow

relationships when using the Dynamics
Assistant.

Configuration of two units without Pressure Flow

relationships when preparing for detailed
Dynamic modelling.

-REHHMXMSRXSIRWYVMRKXLEXXLIGSVVIGX4VIWWYVI*PS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVI
YWIHJSV]SYVH]REQMGGEWIXLI%WWMWXERX[MPPWM^IEPPRIGIWWEV]
IUYMTQIRXXLEXLEWRSX]IXFIIRWM^IH8LITEVEQIXIVWWM^IHEVIZIWWIP
ZSPYQIWZEPZI'ZWERHOZEPYIWJSVIUYMTQIRXWYGLEWLIEXIVWGSSPIVW
ERHLIEXI\GLERKIVW8LIEWWMWXERXWM^IWVIUYMVIHYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
FEWIHSRXLIJPS[GSRHMXMSRWERHWTIGMJMIHVIWMHIRGIXMQIW
%WEJMREPRSXIEPXLSYKLXLIEWWMWXERXIRWYVIWXLEX]SYVGEWI[MPPVYRMR
(]REQMGWMXMWRSXMRXIRHIHXLEXXLIGLERKIWQEHI[MPPFIWYJJMGMIRX
JSV]SYVGEWIXSPMRISYX-XMWWXMPP]SYVVIWTSRWMFMPMX]EWXLIYWIVXS
IRWYVIXLEXEREHIUYEXIGSRXVSPWGLIQIMWEHHIHXSXLIGEWIERHXLEX
]SYVQSHIPLEWFIIRTVSTIVP]VEXIHMII\MWXMRKZIWWIPWLEZIFIIR
EHIUYEXIP]WM^IH
8LI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERXGERFISTIRIHZMEXLVIIHMJJIVIRXQIXLSHW
The Dynamics Assistant
button is only available on the
Equation Summary view
after the Full Analysis button
has been pressed and if there
are problems with the case.

Using the hot key combination of <Ctrl><Y>

Selecting Dyn Assistant from the Tools Menu Bar
Pressing the Dynamics Assistant button from the Equation
Summary View.

2-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-6

Dynamics Assistant



+IRIVEP8EF

Figure 2.4

8LIGeneral XEFGSRXEMRWEWYQQEV]SJXLIGLERKIW[LMGL,=7=7LEW
HIXIVQMRIHEVIVIUYMVIHJSVH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR)EGLMXIQMRXLIPMWX
LEWIMXLIVEKVIIRGLIGOQEVOSVEVIHD\
PSGEXIHXSXLIVMKLXSJXLIMXIQ
MRHMGEXMRK[LIXLIVXLIGLERKI[MPPFIQEHI8LIGLIGOQEVOMRHMGEXIW
XLEXXLIGLERKI[MPPFIQEHI[LMPIXLID\
MRHMGEXIWXLEXXLIGLERKI[MPP
RSXFIQEHI=SYGERXSKKPIFIX[IIRXLIX[SWXEXIWF]GPMGOMRKSRXLI
GLIGOSVD\
[MXLXLITVMQEV]QSYWIFYXXSR-J]SYIREFPIEGLERKI
[LMGL,=7=7HMWEFPIHERHTVIWWXLIMake Changes FYXXSRERIVVSV
QIWWEKI[MPPFIHMWTPE]IHMRHMGEXMRKXLITVSFPIQERHXLIGLERKI[MPP
RSXFIQEHI
If you do not understand the
reasoning behind the
Dynamics Assistants
recommendations select the
Tell me why button for a brief
explanation.

8LIAnalyze AgainFYXXSRGEYWIW,=7=7XSVIIZEPYEXIXLIWMQYPEXMSR
GEWI8LMWMWTEVXMGYPEVP]YWIJYPMJ[LMPIXLI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERXMWSTIR
]SYQEOIGLERKIWXSXLIGEWI[LMGLEJJIGXXLIWIXYTSJXLIWMQYPEXMSR
JSVH]REQMGW
8LIMake ChangesFYXXSRGEYWIW,=7=7XSWXEVXQEOMRKEPPXLIPMWXIH
GLERKIW[MXLMRXLI%WWMWXERX

2-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools



2-7

7XVIEQW8EF

4VIWWYVI7TIGW4EKI
Figure 2.5

8LIPressure SpecsTEKIPMWXWEPPXLIWXVIEQW[LMGL[MPPLEZITVIWWYVI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWIMXLIVEHHIHSVVIQSZIH8LIPMWXSJWXVIEQWMRXLI
Remove pressure specifications in these streamsKVSYTGSVVIWTSRHWXS
XLIWXVIEQW[LMGLGYVVIRXP]LEZITVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWXLEXXLI
%WWMWXERXWYKKIWXW]SYVIQSZI7XVIEQWGSRXEMRIHMRXLISet pressure
specifications in these streamsKVSYTEVIXLSWI[LIVIETVIWWYVI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIGSQQIRHIH
%WEVYPITVIWWYVIWTIGWWLSYPHFIEHHIHXSFSYRHEV]WXVIEQWERHRSX
MRXIVREPWXVIEQW[LSWITVIWWYVIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLI
WYVVSYRHMRKIUYMTQIRX8LIWXVIEQWPMWXIHEWVIUYMVMRKTVIWWYVIWTIGW
EVIXLSWI[LMGL[MPPRSXLEZIZEPZIWEHHIHXSXLIQ-JEZEPZIMWEHHIH
XSEFSYRHEV]WXVIEQXLIZEPZISYXTYXWXVIEQMWEYXSQEXMGEPP]KMZIRE
TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR
-J]SYHSRSX[ERX,=7=7XSGLERKIXLITVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRJSVE
WXVIEQPMWXIHMRIMXLIVKVSYTYRGLIGOXLIOKFS\JSVXLIKMZIRWXVIEQ
8LMW[MPPTVIZIRX,=7=7JVSQQEOMRKXLITVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRGLERKI
JSVXLIWXVIEQ8SZMI[EWXVIEQMRIMXLIVPMWXHSYFPIGPMGOSRXLI
WXVIEQXSSTIRMXWTVSTIVX]ZMI[

2-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-8

Dynamics Assistant

*PS[7TIGW4EKI
Figure 2.6

8LIFlow SpecsTEKIPMWXWEPPXLIWXVIEQW[LMGL[MPPLEZIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWIMXLIVEHHIHSVVIQSZIH8LIPMWXSJWXVIEQWMRXLI
Remove flow specifications in these streamsKVSYTGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLI
WXVIEQW[LMGLGYVVIRXP]LEZIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW[LMGLEVIRSX
VIGSQQIRHIHERH[MPPFIVIQSZIH7XVIEQWGSRXEMRIHMRXLISet flow
specifications in these streamsKVSYTEVIXLSWI[LMGLVIUYMVIEJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSREWEXIQTSVEV]QIEWYVI
*PS[VEXIWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]TVIWWYVIHMJJIVIRGIWSVIUYMTQIRX
WYGLEWTYQTWERHGSQTVIWWSVW*SVWMQTPMGMX]XLI(]REQMGW
%WWMWXERXQE]EHHJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXSJIIHWXVIEQWMRWXIEHSJEHHMRK
EHHMXMSREPIUYMTQIRX
-J]SYHSRSX[ERX,=7=7XSGLERKIXLIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRJSVEWXVIEQ
PMWXIHMRIMXLIVKVSYTYRGLIGOXLIOKFS\JSVXLIKMZIRWXVIEQ8LMW
[MPPTVIZIRX,=7=7JVSQQEOMRKXLIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRGLERKIJSVXLI
WXVIEQ8SZMI[EWXVIEQMRIMXLIVPMWXHSYFPIGPMGOSRXLIWXVIEQXS
STIRMXWTVSTIVX]ZMI[

2-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-9

9RMRMXMEPM^IH4EKI
Figure 2.7

8LIUninitializedTEKIGSRXEMRWXLIPMWXSJWXVIEQW[LMGLEVIRSX
GSQTPIXIP]HIJMRIH*SV,=7=7XSMRMXMEPM^IER]WXVIEQWPMWXIHSRXLMW
TEKI]SYQYWXFIMRDynamicQSHIYRMRMXMEPM^IHWXVIEQW[MPPRSXFI
MRMXMEPM^IH[LIRMRSteady StateQSHI'EWIWWEZIHMR,=7=7\
H]REQMGWPEGOWXVIEQTLEWIMRJSVQEXMSR8LMWMRJSVQEXMSRGERFI
VITPEGIHF]JPEWLMRKXLIWXVIEQWMRUYIWXMSR7[MXGLMRKFEGOXSWXIEH]
WXEXIWSPZMRKXLIRVIXYVRMRKXS DynamicQSHI[MPPEPWSJM\XLIWI
WXVIEQW7XVIEQW[MXLRSZEPYIW[MPPVIGIMZIMRMXMEPIWXMQEXIWJSV
XIQTIVEXYVIERHTVIWWYVISJ'ERHO4EVIWTIGXMZIP]

2-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-10

Dynamics Assistant

-RWIVX:EPZIW4EKI
Figure 2.8

8LIInsert ValvesTEKIPMWXWXLIZEPZIW[LMGL,=7=7MRWIVXWXSIRWYVI
XLITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIRSXWMRKYPEVMIXLITVIWWYVIJPS[
QEXVM\MWYRWSPZEFPI,=7=7[MPPEXXIQTXXSEXXEGLZEPZIWXSFSYRHEV]
WXVIEQWXLEXEVIGSRRIGXIHXSYRMXSTIVEXMSRW[MXLSYXTVIWWYVIJPS[
JPS[TVSTSVXMSREPXSTVIWWYVIHMJJIVIRGIGETEFMPMX]8LISYXPIXWXVIEQ
JSVXLIZEPZI[MPPEYXSQEXMGEPP]FIEWWMKRIHETVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR
&SXLXLISYXPIXWXVIEQERHXLIZEPZIEHHIHF],=7=7EVIREQIH
EGGSVHMRKXSXLISVMKMREPFSYRHEV]WXVIEQEZEPZIEXXEGLIHXS
FSYRHEV]WXVIEQ[MPPFIREQIH:0:ERHXLISYXPIXWXVIEQ

%WMXYEXMSRQE]EVMWI[LIVIXLI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERX[MPP
VIGSQQIRHXLIEHHMXMSRSJEZEPZISREWXVIEQ[LIVI]SYHS
RSX[MWLEHHSRI-RXLMWGEWI]SYWLSYPHIRWYVIXLEXXLSWI
WXVIEQWVIGIMZIIMXLIVE flowSVpressure specification

2-10

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-11

-RXIVREP*PS[7TIGW4EKI
Figure 2.9

8LIInternal Flow SpecsTEKIPMWXWXLIMRXIVREPWXVIEQW[LMGLVIUYMVIE

JPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSR8LMWMWYWIHTVMQEVMP][LIVIWITEVEXSVWEVIHMVIGXP]
GSRRIGXIHXSIEGLSXLIVF]X[SSVQSVIWXVIEQW8LIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSR
[LMGLMWEHHIHMWWYJJMGMIRXXSWXEVXEGEWIMRH]REQMGWLS[IZIVMXMW
LMKLP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXEYRMXSTIVEXMSR[MXLTVIWWYVIJPS[
VIPEXMSRWLMTWEWWYGLERSTIVEXMSRMWTVSFEFP]QMWWMRKFITPEGIH
FIX[IIRWYGLWITEVEXSVW)\EQTPIWSJYRMXSTIVEXMSRW[MXLTVIWWYVI
JPS[VIPEXMSRWLMTWMRGPYHIZEPZIGSQTVIWWSVTYQTERHLIEXIV3RGI
WYGLEYRMXSTIVEXMSRLEWFIIRTPEGIHFIX[IIRXLIWITEVEXSVWXLIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFIVIQSZIH

2-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-12

Dynamics Assistant



4VIWWYVI*PS[7TIGW8EF

4*ZIVWYW(44EKI
Figure 2.10

8LIPF versus DPTEKIPMWXWXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRW[LMGLGYVVIRXP]LEZIE

WTIGMJMIHTVIWWYVIHVSTEWXLIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSR8LITVIWWYVI
HVSTSTXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHFIGEYWIXLMWMWTL]WMGEPP]YRVIEPMWXMG
1EXIVMEPJPS[MWHVMZIRF]TVIWWYVIHMJJIVIRGIWERHVIWMWXERGIWERH
WXSTW[LIRXLITVIWWYVIWLEZIFIIRIUYEPM^IH%JM\IHTVIWWYVIHVST
WTIGMJMGEXMSRHSIWRSXEPPS[JSVXLMWTVSGIWW8LIOZEPYIWEVIGEPGYPEXIH
FEWIHSRXLIMRMXMEPWTIGMJMIHTVIWWYVIHVST
-J]SYHSRSX[ERX,=7=7XSGLERKIXLITVIWWYVIHVSTWTIGMJMGEXMSRXSE
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWMQTP]YRGLIGOXLIOKFS\JSVXLIYRMX
STIVEXMSR(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIREQISJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSR[MPPSTIR
MXWTVSTIVX]ZMI[

2-12

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-13

02+4EKI
Figure 2.11

8LI LNGTEKIMRHMGEXIW[LMGL02+I\GLERKIVWEVIGYVVIRXP]WTIGMJMIH
[MXLETVIWWYVIHVSTGSRJMKYVEXMSRSV[LMGL02+WEVIQMWWMRKOZEPYIW
HITIRHMRKSRXLIH]REQMGVEXMRKQIXLSHGLSWIR4VIWWYVIHVST
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIGLERKIHXSIMXLIVTVIWWYVIJPS[IUYEXMSR
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWOZEPYIWSVWYMXEFPITVIWWYVIHVSTGSVVIPEXMSRW

2-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-14

Dynamics Assistant



9RORS[R7M^MRK8EF

:EPZIW4EKI
Figure 2.12

8LIValvesTEKIPMWXWXLIZEPZIW[LMGLEVIRSXWM^IH8LIGYVVIRX
GSRHMXMSRWJSVXLIZEPZIEVIPMWXIHERHXLIGEPGYPEXIHZEPZI'ZFEWIHSR
XLITVIWWYVIHVSTERHTIVGIRXSTIRMRKSJXLIZEPZIFSXLSJ[LMGLQE]
FIGLERKIHHMVIGXP]SRXLITEKI&]HIJEYPXER]ZEPZI'ZZEPYIW[LMGL
EVIGEPGYPEXIHXSFIPIWWXLEREVIHIJEYPXIHXS
-XMWTSWWMFPIXSGLERKIER]SJXLIWM^MRKHEXEJSVXLIZEPZI8LI'ZZEPYI
[MPPFIYTHEXIHFEWIHSRER]GLERKIWXLEXEVIQEHI-J]SYGLERKI'Z
XLIRI[ZEPYI[MPPFIEHHIHXSXLIZEPZI[LIRXLIMake Changes
FYXXSRMWTVIWWIH
-J]SYHSRSX[ERX,=7=7XSWM^IEZEPZIYRGLIGOXLIOKFS\JSVXLI
ZEPZI

2-14

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-15

:SPYQIW4EKI
Figure 2.13

8LIVolumesTEKIPMWXWXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRW[LMGLLEZIYRORS[R
ZSPYQIW9RMXW[LMGLRIIHZSPYQIWMRGPYHI7ITEVEXSVWVIKYPEV
TLEWIERHXEROWGSRHIRWIVWVIFSMPIVWVIEGXSVWLIEXI\GLERKIVWEMV
GSSPIVWGSSPIVWERHLIEXIVW8LIYRORS[RZSPYQIWEVIGEPGYPEXIH
FEWIHSRXLIGYVVIRXJPS[GSRHMXMSRWERHXLIWTIGMJMIHVIWMHIRGIXMQI

2-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-16

Dynamics Assistant

OZEPYIW4EKI
Figure 2.14

For more information on k

values or other pressure flow
parameters, consult Chapter
1.3.2 - Basic Pressure Flow
Equations.

8LI k valuesTEKIPMWXWYRMXWJSV[LMGLXLIkZEPYIMWYRORS[R8LI
MRJSVQEXMSRVIUYMVIHXSGEPGYPEXIXLIOZEPYIMWPMWXIHEPSRK[MXLXLI
GYVVIRXGEPGYPEXIHkZEPYI9RMX[LMGLGERLEZIDk
ZEPYIWMRGPYHI
LIEXIVWGSSPIVWLIEXI\GLERKIVWEMVGSSPIVWERHZEPZIW
-J]SYHSRSX[ERX,=7=7XSGEPGYPEXIEkZEPYIYRGLIGOXLIOKFS\JSV
XLIYRMXSTIVEXMSR

2-16

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools



2-17

3XLIV7TIGW8EF

Figure 2.15

8LIMisc TEKIHMWTPE]WXLIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRW[LMGLEVIRSXFEWIH
SRWM^MRKIUYMTQIRXEHHMRKZEPZIWSVEHHMRKTVIWWYVIERHJPS[WTIGW
7SQII\EQTPIWSJXLIX]TIWSJGLERKIW[LMGLQE]FIQEHIEVIPMWXIH
FIPS[

Pump delta P specs removed

Pump power spec activated
Mixer equal pressure option active
Compressor power spec activated
Expander power spec activated

2-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-18

Dynamics Assistant



9WIV-XIQW8EF

1YPXMTPI'SRRIGXMSRW4EKI
Figure 2.16

8LIMultiple ConnectionsTEKIPMWXWER]WXVIEQW[LMGLEVIYWIHMR
QYPXMTPIGSRRIGXMSRW7XVIEQW[LMGLEVIEXXEGLIHEWJIIHWSVTVSHYGXW
XSQYPXMTPIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWEVIRSXEPPS[IHMRH]REQMGWWMRGIXLI]
VITVIWIRXTL]WMGEPP]MQTSWWMFPIWMXYEXMSRW=SYQYWXQEOIER]
GLERKIWPMWXIHLIVIXLI(]REQMGW%WWMWXERXHSIWRSXGSVVIGXER]
QYPXMTPIGSRRIGXMSRIVVSVW

2-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-19

'SRJPMGXW4EKI
Figure 2.17

8LIConflictsTEKIPMWXWER]WXVIEQW[LMGLLEZIXLIMVJPS[WHMVIGXP]
GSRXVSPPIHF]GSRXVSPPIVW-XEPWSPMWXWWXVIEQW[LMGLHSRSXGSRXEMRJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRSVLEZIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWXLEXXLI%WWMWXERXVIGSQQIRHW]SY
VIQSZI%PXLSYKLXLMWMWEPPS[IHMR,=7=7MXMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXE
ZEPZIFITPEGIHMRXLIWXVIEQXSGSRXVSPXLIJPS[-JMXMWHIWMVIHXS
HMVIGXP]GSRXVSPXLIJPS[SJXLIWXVIEQERSXLIVWTIGMJMGEXMSRW[MPPRIIH
XSFIHMWEFPIH8LMWQIXLSHGERGEYWIWMRKYPEVWSPYXMSRMRXLI
*PS[WLIIX
=SYGERSTIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVEKMZIRYRMXSTIVEXMSRF]HSYFPI
GPMGOMRKSRMXWREQI

2-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-20

Dynamics Assistant

9RMX3TIVEXMSRW4EKI
Figure 2.18

8LIUnit OperationsTEKIPMWXWER]YRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIGEWI[LMGL
EVIRSXWYTTSVXIHMRH]REQMGW8LIWIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFIIMXLIV
HIPIXIHVITPEGIH[MXLEWYMXEFPIYRMXSTIVEXMSR[LMGLMWWYTTSVXIHMR
H]REQMGWSVHMWGSRRIGXIHJVSQXLIEGXMZIJPS[WLIIXERHMKRSVIH
=SYGERSTIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVEKMZIRYRMXSTIVEXMSRF]HSYFPI
GPMGOMRKSRMXWREQI

2-20

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Dynamic Tools

2-21

-KRSVIH3TIVW4EKI
Figure 2.19

You can open the property

view for a given unit operation
by double clicking on its
name.

8LIIgnored OpersTEKIPMWXWER]YRMXSTIVEXMSRW[LMGLEVIGYVVIRXP]
MKRSVIH=SYRIIHXSJM\ER]TVSFPIQWPMWXIHSRXLMWTEKIEWXLI
(]REQMGW%WWMWXERXGERRSXJM\XLIQ-JERMKRSVIHYRMXSTIVEXMSR
WLSYPHRSXFIMKRSVIHYRGLIGOXLIMKRSVIHFS\JSVXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSR
-J]SYHSMRHIIH[MWLXLEXEYRMXSTIVEXMSRRSXFIMRGPYHIHMRXLI
H]REQMGWMQYPEXMSRdisconnectMXJVSQXLIEGXMZIJPS[WLIIX



)UYEXMSR7YQQEV]
:MI[

8LIEquation Summary ZMI[MWEGGIWWIHF]WIPIGXMRKView Equations

JVSQXLISimulation QIRY

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2-22

Equation Summary View



7YQQEV]8EF

Figure 2.20

8LISummaryXEFGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSR[LMGLGERLIPT]SYMRJMRHMRK
[LIVIXLIVIEVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRTVSFPIQWMR]SYVGEWI8LIGeneral
ResultsKVSYTGSRXEMRWEWYQQEV]SJXLIRYQFIVSJIUYEXMSRWERH
ZEVMEFPIWXLEXEVIMRXLIGEWI8LIKVSYTFS\XSXLIVMKLXGSRXEMRW
MRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIKIRIVEPWXEXYWSJXLIGEWI-JXLIVIEVI
TVSFPIQW[MXLXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWWSQIFEWMGMRJSVQEXMSRMWTVSZMHIH
LIVI-J]SYSTIREquation Summary ZMI[JVSQXLI1IRY&EVXLI
Summary XEFMRMXMEPP]GSRXEMRWEWMRKPIFYXXSRFull Analysis4VIWWMRK
XLMWFYXXSRGEYWIW,=7=7XSEREP]^IXLIMRJSVQEXMSRWTIGMJMIH
TVIWWYVIJPS[TEVEQIXIVWXSHIXIVQMRIMJXLIVIEVIIRSYKL
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLITVSFPIQ-J,=7=7HIXIVQMRIWETVSFPIQXLI
Dynamics AssistantFYXXSR[MPPFIGSQIZMWMFPIERHXLIPartitioned
AnalysisFYXXSRQE]FIGSQIZMWMFPI8LIFull Analysis ERHPartitioned
Analysis YWIHMJJIVIRXQIXLSHWSJEREP]^MRKTVIWWYVIJPS[TEVEQIXIVW
-REHHMXMSRWLSYPH,=7=7HIXIGXER]TVSFPIQWXLIUnconvergedXEF
[MPPFIVITPEGIH[MXLEExtra VarsSVExtra SpecsXEFHITIRHMRKSRXLI
REXYVISJXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRTVSFPIQ

2-22

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Dynamic Tools



2-23

+IRIVEP)UYEXMSRW8EF

8LIGeneral EqnsXEFGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJEPPXLIIUYEXMSRW[LMGL[MPPFI
YWIHF]XLIMRXIKVEXSV8LIRYQFIVSJIUYEXMSRWGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLI
ZEPYIKMZIRMRXLINumber of EquationsGIPPSRXLISummaryXEF
Figure 2.21

(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIEquationsGIPPJSVER]KMZIRIUYEXMSR[MPPSTIR
XLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLEXIUYEXMSR(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIOwnerGIPP
[MPPSTIRXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRSVWXVIEQXLEXXLIIUYEXMSRMWEXXEGLIHXS



9RGSRZIVKIH8EF

Figure 2.22

2-23

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2-24

Equation Summary View

-JERIVVSVSGGYVW[LMPIXLIMRXIKVEXSVMWVYRRMRK4VIWWYVI*PS[WSPZIV
JEMPIHXSGSRZIVKI]SYGERZMI[XLIIUYEXMSRWXLEXLEHWSPZIHYTXSXLI
TSMRXSJJEMPYVI4VIWWMRKXLIUpdate Sorted ListFYXXSRGEYWIW,=7=7
XSVIZIEPXLIX]TISJIUYEXMSRWPSGEXMSRERHWGEPIHIVVSVEWWSGMEXIH
[MXLXLIYRGSRZIVKIHRSHIWMRXLIJPS[WLIIX;LIRXVSYFPIWLSSXMRK
]SYVWMQYPEXMSRMXMWFIWXXSFIKMREXXLIXSTSJXLIIUYEXMSRPMWX8LIWI
IUYEXMSRWGSRXEMR0EVKIWX)VVSVERHXLIVIJSVIKMZIXLIKVIEXIWXMRWMKLX
MRXSGSVVIGXMRKXLIWMQYPEXMSR



)\XVE:EVMEFPIW8EF

Figure 2.23

;LIRXLIFull Analysis SV Partitioned AnalysisFYXXSRWEVITVIWWIH

,=7=7HIXIVQMRIWXLEXRSXIRSYKLWTIGMJMGEXMSRW[IVIORS[RERHXLI
Extra VarsXEFMWEHHIHXSXLIEquation SummaryZMI[8LMWZMI[
WLS[WTSWWMFPIZEVMEFPIWXLEXQE]FIQMWWMRKJVSQXLIGEWI(SYFPI
GPMGOMRKSRXLIVariableGIPP[MPPSTIRXLIVariableTVSTIVX]ZMI[
(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIOwner GIPP[MPPSTIRXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRSV
WXVIEQXLEXQE]VIUYMVIXLIQMWWMRKZEVMEFPI

2-24

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Dynamic Tools



2-25

)\XVE7TIGMJMGEXMSRW8EF

Figure 2.24

;LIRXLIFull Analysis SV Partitioned AnalysisFYXXSRWEVITVIWWIH

,=7=7HIXIVQMRIWXLEXXSSQER]WTIGMJMGEXMSRW[IVIORS[RERHXLI
Extra SpecsXEFMWEHHIHXSXLIEquation SummaryZMI[(SYFPI
GPMGOMRKSRXLIEquationsGIPP[MPPSTIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLI
IUYEXMSR(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIOwnerGIPP[MPPSTIRXLIYRMX
STIVEXMSRSVWXVIEQXLEXQE]GSRXEMRXLII\XVEWTIGMJMGEXMSR



7TIGMJMIH)UYEXMSRW8EF

Figure 2.25

2-25

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2-26

Equation Summary View

8LISpec EqnsXEFGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJXLIWTIGMJMIHIUYEXMSRWMRXLIGEWI
(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIEquationsGIPP[MPPSTIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSV
XLIIUYEXMSR[LMPIHSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIOwnerGIPP[MPPSTIRXLI
TVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRSVWXVIEQXLEXYWIWXLIIUYEXMSR
8LIType GIPPHMWTPE]WXLIX]TISJWTIGMJMIHIUYEXMSRWYGLEWPressure
Balance EquationSVFlow Balance Equation.



+IRIVEP:EVMEFPIW8EF

Figure 2.26

8LIGeneral VarsXEFGSRXEMRWXLIPMWXSJZEVMEFPIWFIMRKYWIHF]XLI
MRXIKVEXSVJSVH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR8LMWRYQFIVGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLI
RYQFIVHMWTPE]IHMRXLINumber of VariablesGIPPSRXLISummary
XEF(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIVariableGIPPSTIRWXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSV
XLEXTEVXMGYPEVZEVMEFPI

2-26

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Dynamic Tools



2-27

7TIGMJMGEXMSR:EVMEFPIW8EF

Figure 2.27

8LISpecs VarsXEFGSRXEMRWXLIPMWXSJWTIGMJMIHZEVMEFPIWFIMRKYWIHF]
XLIMRXIKVEXSVJSVH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR8LMWRYQFIVGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLI
RYQFIVHMWTPE]IHMRXLIUser Spec VarsGIPPSRXLISummaryXEF
(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIVariableGIPPSTIRWXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLI
TEVXMGYPEVZEVMEFPI



-RXIVREP7TIGMJMGEXMSR
)UYEXMSRW8EF

Figure 2.28

2-27

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2-28

Equation Summary View

8LIInterSpecEqnsXEFGSRXEMRWXLIPMWXSJ-RXIVREP7TIGMJMGEXMSR
)UYEXMSRW[LMGLEVIYWIHF]XLIMRXIKVEXSVJSVH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR
(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIEquationsGIPPSTIRWXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLI
IUYEXMSR[LMPIHSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIOwnerGIPPSTIRWXLIYRMX
STIVEXMSRSVWXVIEQEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIIUYEXMSR



-RXIVREP7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
:EVMEFPIW8EF

Figure 2.29

8LIInterSpecVarsXEFGSRXEMRWXLIPMWXSJ-RXIVREP7TIGMJMGEXMSR
:EVMEFPIW[LMGLEVIYWIHF]XLIMRXIKVEXSVJSVH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR
(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIVariablesGIPPSTIRWXLIZEVMEFPITVSTIVX]ZMI[
[LMPIHSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIOwnerGIPPSTIRWXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRSV
WXVIEQJVSQ[LMGLXLIZEVMEFPIMWXEOIR

2-28

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Dynamic Tools



2-29

7MQYPXERISYW)UYEXMSRW8EF

Figure 2.30

8LI7MQYPXERISYW)UYEXMSRWSimulEqnsXEFPMWXWXLIIUYEXMSRW[LMGL

EVIWSPZIHWMQYPXERISYWP]F]XLIMRXIKVEXSV(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLI
EquationsGIPP[MPPSTIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLIIUYEXMSR[LMPI
HSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIOwnerGIPP[MPPSTIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLI
YRMXSTIVEXMSRSVWXVIEQXLEXYWIWXLIIUYEXMSR8LIType GIPPHMWTPE]W
XLIX]TISJWTIGMJMIHIUYEXMSRWYGLEWPressure Balance EquationSV
Flow Balance Equation.

2-29

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2-30

Integrator



-RXIKVEXSV

Figure 2.31

8LI-RXIKVEXSVMWYWIH[LIRVYRRMRKEGEWIMRDynamicQSHI=SYGER
EGGIWWXLI-RXIKVEXSVZMI[JVSQXLISimulationQIRYSVF]YWMRKXLI
<Ctrl><I>LSXOI]
,=7=7TPERXWSPZIWEPPIUYEXMSRWYWMRKXLIJYPP]MQTPMGMX)YPIV
MRXIKVEXMSRQIXLSH3RXLIIntegratorZMI[ZEVMSYWMRXIKVEXMSR
TEVEQIXIVWGERFIWTIGMJMIH



+IRIVEP8EF

8LIGeneral XEFLEWXLVIIKVSYTFS\IW[LMGLGSRXEMRXLIXMQI
TEVEQIXIVWJSVXLIMRXIKVEXSV8LIIntegration ControlKVSYTLEWXLI
GSRXVSPWJSV[LIXLIVXLIMRXIKVEXMSRMWAutomaticSVManual1ERYEP
MRXIKVEXMSRPIXW]SYWTIGMJ]XLIRYQFIVSJXMQIWXITW[LMGL,=7=7[MPP
I\IGYXI3RGIXLIMRXIKVEXSVLEWI\IGYXIHXLIRYQFIVSJXMQIWXITW
XLIMRXIKVEXSV[MPPRSXWXSTFYXVIQEMRMRELSPHMRKQSHI-JEHHMXMSREP
XMQIWXITWEVIIRXIVIHXLIMRXIKVEXSV[MPPGSRXMRYIMRXIKVEXMSRJSVXLI
KMZIRRYQFIVSJXMQIWXITW

2-30

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Dynamic Tools

2-31

-RXIKVEXMSR8MQI+VSYT
8LIIntegration TimeKVSYTGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVW
Parameter

Description

Units

Selects the time units for the Current Time, End

Time, and Display Interval fields.

Current Time

Displays the time that the Integrator has been

running. When the Integrator is Reset, this value
returns to zero.
When the Integrator is not running this value can be
changed to a user specified time.

Acceleration

If running in Real Time, changing this field can speed

up (>1) or slows down (<1) the HYSYS model by
talking larger or smaller steps (i.e. the factor is
applied to the step size).

End Time

Allows you to specify the time at which the Integrator

will stop.

Real Time

Forces the integration to proceed at real time. Note,

if the real time factor is less than 1 (i.e. slower than
real time) checking the Real Time box has no effect
on the integration.

Display Interval

Only visible in Automatic Integration Control, this

field contains the time interval at which HYSYS
updates the variables in the flowsheet. The
frequency of updating has a significant impact on the
speed at which your simulation runs. The Display
Interval has no effect on the calculation frequency.

Real time factor

Also only visible in Automatic Integration Control,

this field is calculated by dividing a time interval for a
case by the actual time required by HYSYS to
simulate that time interval. The Real time factor
depends on the computers processing speed and
the complexity of the simulation case.

Number of time
steps to execute:

Number of time steps which HYSYS will execute.

This field is only visible when in Manual Integration
Control.

-RXIKVEXMSR7XIT7M^I+VSYT
8LIIntegration Step SizeKVSYTGSRXEMRW
Parameter

Description

Units

Allows you to select the units for the integration step

size.

Step Size

Allows you to specify the integration step size, which

by default is 0.5 seconds. While the integrator is
running, this value cannot be changed.

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2-32

Integrator



3TXMSRW8EF

Figure 2.32

8LIOptions XEFGSRXEMRWXLIEHZERGIHTEVEQIXIVW[LMGLQE]FIYWIH
MRH]REQMGW8LIExecution rates as per integrator time stepKVSYT
MRHMGEXIWXLIJVIUYIRG]EX[LMGLXLIHMJJIVIRXFEPERGIIUYEXMSRWEVI
WSPZIH8LIHIJEYPXZEPYIWJSVPressure-Flow equations, Energy
equations, Composition and Flash ERH Control and Logic OpsEVI1, 2,
10 ERH 2VIWTIGXMZIP]%ZEPYISJJSVXLI)RIVK]IUYEXMSRWQIERWXLEX
ERIRIVK]FEPERGI[MPPFITIVJSVQIHIZIV]XMQIWXITW
8LIGeneral OptionsKVSYTGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVW
Parameter

Description

Static Head
Contribution

For unit operations with holdup, HYSYS calculates

the static head considering the equipment holdup,
the geometry and the elevation of any attached
nozzles.

Use heat losses

when available

When checked, heat loss models for holdup nodes

will be accounted for in the energy balances.

Singularity solution

2-32

When checked, HYSYS warns you of a possible

singular solution matrix before starting integration.
For larger cases it is recommended that this option
be deactivated to increase the overall start up speed.

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Dynamic Tools



2-33

,IEX0SWW8EF

8LIHeat LossXEFEPPS[W]SYXSWTIGMJ]XLIEQFMIRXXIQTIVEXYVIXLEXMW
YWIHMRXLILIEXPSWWIUYEXMSRW
Figure 2.33



)ZIRX7GLIHYPIV

Figure 2.34

9WMRKXLI)ZIRX7GLIHYPIVMXMWTSWWMFPIXSLEZI,=7=7TIVJSVQKMZIR
XEWOWEXTVIHIXIVQMRIHXMQIWSRGIEWMQYPEXMSRMWVYRRMRKMR
H]REQMGW8LIXEWOWGERFIXVMKKIVIHF]ETVIHIXIVQMRIHWMQYPEXMSR

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2-34

Event Scheduler

XMQIEPSKMGEPI\TVIWWMSRFIGSQMRKXVYISVEZEVMEFPIWXEFMPM^MRKXS
[MXLMREKMZIRXSPIVERGIJSVEWIXEQSYRXSJXMQI
8LI)ZIRX7GLIHYPIV1EREKIVGSRXEMRWEPPXLI)ZIRX7GLIHYPIWMRXLI
GYVVIRX,=7=7GEWI)EGL7GLIHYPIMWGSQTVMWIHSJ7IUYIRGIW[LMGL
MRXYVREVIQEHIYTSJ)ZIRXW%R)ZIRXQYWXLEZIE'SRHMXMSR[LMGL
HIXIVQMRIW[LIRXLIIZIRX[MPPSGGYVERHEXPIEWXSRIIREFPIHEGXMSR
XSFIJYPP]HIJMRIH
Figure 2.35
Schedule Manager

Schedule 2

Schedule 1

Schedule 3

Schedule N

Sequence A
Event 1

Condition
Action List
Action 1
Action M
Event X
Sequence Z

8LIEvent SchedulerMWEGGIWWIHJVSQXLISimulation1IRY&EVSVF]
YWMRKXLILSXOI]<Ctrl><E>

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Dynamic Tools



2-35

)ZIRX7GLIHYPIV1EREKIV

;LIR]SYSTIRXLIEvent Scheduler,=7=7HMWTPE]WXLIEvent
Scheduler Manager[LMGLGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJXLI7GLIHYPIWMRXLIGEWI
Figure 2.36

8LIFYXXSRWMRXLICurrent Events ScheduleKVSYTEVIYWIHXSQEREKI

XLIWGLIHYPIWJSVXLIGYVVIRXGEWI
Button

Description

View

Allows you to view the selected schedule. This is

only active when a schedule exists in the case.

Add

Allows you to add new schedules to the case.

Delete

Allows you to delete the selected schedule. This is

only active when a schedule exists in the case.

Copy

Allows you to make a copy of the selected schedule.

This is only active when a schedule exists in the
case.

Import

Allows you to import a saved schedule from disk.

Schedules have the extension .sch.

Export

Allows you to export the selected schedule to disk.

Once exported, a schedule can be retrieved using
the Import button. This is only active when a
schedule exists in the case.

Sort

Allows you to arrange the schedules. This is only

active when at least 2 schedules exist in the case.

8LISpecifiedJMIPHMRXLIQEXVM\MRHMGEXIW[LIXLIVEPPXLI)ZIRXWMRXLI
7GLIHYPILEZIFIIRJYPP]WTIGMJMIH-JEPPXLI)ZIRXWMREPPXLI7IUYIRGIW
[LMGLQEOIYTXLI7GLIHYPILEZIFIIRJYPP]WTIGMJMIHXLISpecified
JMIPH[MPPHMWTPE]TrueSXLIV[MWIMX[MPPFIFalse8LINo. Sequences
JMIPHHMWTPE]WXLIRYQFIVSJ7IUYIRGIWMRXLI7GLIHYPI

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2-36

Event Scheduler



7GLIHYPI:MI[

;LIR]SYTVIWWXLIAddFYXXSRJVSQXLIEvent Schedule Manager

,=7=7STIRWEScheduleZMI[
Figure 2.37

-RXLISchedule SequencesKVSYTXLIVIEVIWIZIRFYXXSRW[LMGLEPPS[
]SYXSSVKERM^IEPPXLI7IUYIRGIWJSVXLIGYVVIRX7GLIHYPI
Button

Description

View

Allows you to view the selected sequence. This is

only active when a sequence exists in the schedule.

Add

Allows you to add new sequence to the schedule.

Delete

Allows you to delete the selected sequence. This is

only active when a sequence exists in the schedule.

Copy

Allows you to make a copy of the selected sequence.

This is only active when a sequence exists in the
schedule.

Import

Allows you to import a saved sequence from disk.

Schedules have the extension .seq.

Export

Allows you to export the selected sequence to disk.

Once exported, a sequence can be retrieved using
the Import button. This is only active when a
sequence exists in the schedule.

Sort

Allows you to arrange the sequences. This is only

active when at least 2 sequences exist in the
schedule.

8LISequenceJMIPHGSRXEMRWXLIREQISJXLI7IUYIRGI8LIRun Mode
JMIPHHMWTPE]WXLIWIUYIRGIQSHIOne ShotSVContinuous%One Shot
7IUYIRGII\IGYXIWEPPMXW)ZIRXWMRSVHIVXLIRMXWStatusGLERKIWXS

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Dynamic Tools

2-37

Complete%Continuous7IUYIRGIVIXYVRWXSXLIJMVWX)ZIRXEJXIVXLI
PEWX)ZIRXLEWFIIRI\IGYXIHMREGSRXMRYSYWPSST8LIEventWaiting
ForERHPending ActionsJMIPHWHMWTPE]XLIGYVVIRXIZIRXRYQFIV[MXL
MXWGSVVIWTSRHMRK'SRHMXMSRREQIERH%GXMSR0MWXREQI



7IUYIRGI:MI[

;LIR]SYTVIWWXLIAddFYXXSRJVSQXLISchedule ZMI[XLISequence
ZMI[STIRW
Figure 2.38

8LISchedule of EventsXEFWLS[WXLIPMWXSJIZIRXWJSVXLIWGLIHYPI
8LISpecified JMIPHMRXLIQEXVM\MRHMGEXIW[LIXLIVXLIIZIRXLEWFIIR
JYPP]HIJMRIH8LIConditionJMIPHHMWTPE]WXLIGSRHMXMSRREQISJXLI
IZIRX[LMPIXLIAction ListJMIPHWLS[WXLIREQISJXLIIZIRXWEGXMSR
PMWX-JXLIIZIRXMWRSXJYPP]WTIGMJMIHXLIAnalyzeFYXXSRMWIREFPIHERH
TVSZMHIWEHHMXMSREPJIIHFEGO8LIJump WhenJMIPHHMWTPE]W[LIXLIV
XLI)ZIRX[MPP.YQTSZIVER])ZIRXWERHMJWSYRHIV[LEXGSRHMXMSR
8LIHIJEYPXZEPYIMW2IZIVERHMWGSRJMKYVIHSRXLIBranching & Time
Out BehaviourXEFSJXLIEventZMI[8LIJump ToJMIPH[MPPHMWTPE]XLI
IZIRXXSNYQTXS-RXLMW[E]EWMRKPI)ZIRXSVEKVSYTSJIZIRXWGERFI
WOMTTIHYRHIVGIVXEMRGMVGYQWXERGIW%XXLIFSXXSQSJXLIZMI[XLI
WIUYIRGIREQIGYVVIRXIZIRXRYQFIVERHWIUYIRGIWXEXYWEVIWLS[R

2-37

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2-38

Event Scheduler

Figure 2.39

3RSettingsXEFXLIWIUYIRGIRun ModeMWWIPIGXIHEYRMXWIXKPSFEPXS
XLIWIUYIRGIGERFIGLSWIRERHHMJJIVIRX7XEXYW;MRHS[6ITSVXMRK
STXMSRWEVIEZEMPEFPI7IPIGXMRKXLISynchronize All Time Sensitive
ConditionsGLIGOFS\[MPPEWWYVII\IGYXMSRSJETEVXMGYPEVIZIRXEXER
I\EGXWMQYPEXMSRXMQI8LMWETTPMIWSRP][LIRSRISJXLIX[SXMQI
GSRHMXMSRWLEWFIIRWIPIGXIHJSVXLI)ZIRX(IJEYPX8MQI3YX&ILEZMSYV
MWWTIGMJMIHLIVIERHETTPMIWXSEPPXLIIZIRXWYRPIWWEWTIGMJMGIZIRX
SZIVVMHIWXLIFILEZMSYV



)ZIRX:MI[

;LIR]SYTVIWWXLIAddFYXXSRJVSQXLISchedule of EventsXEFSJXLI
SequenceZMI[,=7=7STIRWXLIEvent View SRXLIConditionsXEF
Figure 2.40

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Dynamic Tools

2-39

8LIConditionsXEFWLS[WXLIJSYVTSWWMFPIGSRHMXMSRWPSGEXIH[MXLMR
XLIWait ForKVSYTFS\
Condition

Description

The Logic to
Evaluate True

Requires variables whose Tags will become part of

the Logical If Expression. Variables are selected
by pressing the Add Variable button, which opens
the Variable Navigator. If no expression is provided
the condition evaluates True. Help is available by
pressing the Expression Help button. This is the
same logic that is used by the Spreadsheet. The
Syntax State reports whether or not the expression
is valid syntax and returns Incomplete, Bad Syntax,
or Complete not the evaluation of the expression.
Optionally a time value may be input in the True for
field, in which case the expression must evaluate
True for this length of time before executing the
associated actions.

An Elapsed Amount
of Time

The actions execute after this amount of time has

lapsed.

A Specific
Simulation Time

Actions execute only at the specific simulation time.

The actions execute once a variable has stabilized.
In order for the variable to stabilize the following
information is required:

A Variable to
Stabilize

a basis for calculation

a bandwidth about the basis
a period that the variable must be within the
bandwidth
Two generalized situations, monotonic increase or
decrease (i.e. 1st order response) or oscillating
increase or decrease (i.e. underdamped 2nd order
response), are encountered. The user inputs are a
variable of interest (i.e. Feed Pressure), variable
bandwidth expressed as either a percentage (i.e.
2.5% of the variable average over the period) or an
absolute variation of the variable (i.e. 2kPa) and a
period that the variable must be within the given
bandwidth. The condition evaluates True when the
selected variable value is within the given bandwidth
for the specified length of time.

2-39

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2-40

Event Scheduler

%GXMSR0MWX8EF
3RXLMWXEFXLIMRHMZMHYEPEGXMSRWJSVXLI)ZIRXEVIEHHIH4VIWWXLI
AddFYXXSRXSGVIEXIERI[%GXMSR
Figure 2.41

8LIREQIERHX]TISJXLIEGXMSRWIPIGXIHMRXLIList of Actions for This

EventKVSYTGERFIGLERKIHMRXLIIndividual Action Specification
KVSYT8LINameGIPPEPPS[W]SYXSGLERKIXLIEGXMSRREQI[LMPIXLI
TypeHVSTHS[RTVSZMHIWEPMWXSJXLIEZEMPEFPIEGXMSRX]TIW3RGIER
EGXMSRX]TILEWFIIRGLSWIRXLIConfigurationKVSYT[MPPGLERKIXS
WLS[XLIMRJSVQEXMSRVIUYMVIHJSVXLIEGXMSRX]TI

7TIGMJ]:EVMEFPI
Figure 2.42

8LISpecify VariableEGXMSRVIUYMVIWER3FNIGXERHE:EPYI8SWIPIGXER
3FNIGXTVIWWXLISelect TargetFYXXSR[LMGLSTIRWXLI:EVMEFPI
2EZMKEXSV8LIGYVVIRXZEPYIERHYRMXWSJXLIWIPIGXIHSFNIGXEVIWLS[R

2-40

[Link] Page 41 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-41

-JXLIIncrement OnlyGLIGOFS\MWWIPIGXIHXLIValueGIPPMWEHHIHXS
XLICurrentValueGIPPEXXLIXMQISJI\IGYXMSRSXLIV[MWIXLIValueGIPP
VITPEGIWXLICurrent ValueGIPP

7XEVX7XST,SPH6IWYQI7IUYIRGI
Figure 2.43

8LIStartStopHoldERHResumeSequenceEGXMSRWEPPVIUYMVIXLEXE
7IUYIRGIMWWIPIGXIHJVSQXLIHVSTHS[RPMWX8LIViewFYXXSRHMWTPE]W
XLIWIPIGXIHWIUYIRGI2SXIXLEXMXMWRSXTSWWMFPIJSVE7IUYIRGIXS
7XEVXSV6IWYQIMXWIPJFYXMXGER7XSTMXWIPJERHTYXMXWIPJMR,SPH1SHI

2SXIXLEXXLIEZEMPEFPI7IUYIRGIWEVISRP]XLSWIXLEXEVITEVX
SJXLITEVIRX7GLIHYPI

4PE]7SYRH
Figure 2.44

8LIPlay SoundEGXMSRVIUYMVIWE.wav EYHMSJMPI[LMGLGERFIWIPIGXIH

F]TVIWWMRKXLISelect Audio FileFYXXSR;LIREJMPILEWFIIRWIPIGXIH
XLITest soundFYXXSRMWIREFPIHERHXLIEYHMSJMPIGERFITPE]IH

2-41

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2-42

Event Scheduler

8VEGI(YQT
Figure 2.45

8LITrace DumpEGXMSRVIUYMVIWXLIWIPIGXMSRSJEWSYVGIZEVMEFPIF]
TVIWWMRKXLISelect SourceFYXXSR8LIHIJEYPXJSVQEXJSVXLIZEVMEFPIMW
WLS[RERHQE]FIGLERKIHF]TVIWWMRKXLIFYXXSREXXLIIRHSJXLI
FormatGIPP;LIRERSFNIGXLEWFIIRWIPIGXIHXLITrace DumpFYXXSR
MWEGXMZEXIHEPPS[MRK]SYXSHYQTXLIGYVVIRXZEVMEFPIMRJSVQEXMSRXS
XLI8VEGI;MRHS[

4PE]7GVMTX%GXMSR
Figure 2.46

8LIPlay ScriptEGXMSRVIUYMVIWE,=7=7WGVMTXJMPI[LMGLGERFI
WIPIGXIHF]TVIWWMRKXLISelect FileFYXXSR;LIREJMPILEWFIIR
WIPIGXIHXLIPlay ScriptFYXXSRMWIREFPIHERHXLIWGVMTXGERFITPE]IH

2-42

[Link] Page 43 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-43

7IRH(()'SQQERH
Figure 2.47

8LISend DDE CommandEGXMSRVIUYMVIWMRTYXWSJ7IVZMGI8STMGERH

'SQQERH%RI\EQTPI[SYPHFI
Service

Excel

Topic

Sheet1

Command

MyMacro

;LIRI\IGYXMSRSGGYVWXLI)\GIP7LIIX1]1EGVS[MPPVYRYWMRKXLI
(]REQMG(EXE)\GLERKITVSXSGSP;LIRXLIXLVIIMRTYXWLEZIFIIR
WTIGMJMIHXLIExecuteFYXXSRFIGSQIWIREFPIHERHXLIEGXMSRGERFI
XIWXIH-REHHMXMSRXLITransaction Time OutGLIGOFS\GERFI
WIPIGXIH[LMGLXLIRVIUYMVIWERMRTYXXMQI8LIGSQQERHI\IGYXMSR
F]XLII\XIVREPWIVZMGIMI)\GIP[MPPVIXYVRGSRXVSPXS,=7=7EJXIVXLI
MRTYXXMQII\TMVIWSXLIV[MWIMX[EMXWYRXMPXLII\XIVREPGSQQERH
GSQTPIXIWMXWI\IGYXMSR;LIRXLITransaction Time OutGLIGOFS\MW
WIPIGXIHXLITime Out NotificationGLIGOFS\FIGSQIWIREFPIHERH
WIPIGXMRKXLMWFS\[MPPRSXMJ]]SYMJEXMQISYXSGGYVW

2-43

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2-44

Event Scheduler

7XST-RXIKVEXSV
Figure 2.48

8LIStop IntegratorEGXMSRWXSTWXLIMRXIKVEXSV

6EQT'SRXVSPPIV
Figure 2.49

8LIRamp ControllerEGXMSRVIUYMVIWE'SRXVSPPIVE8EVKIX7IX4SMRX
ERHE6EQT(YVEXMSREWMRTYXW8LIGSRXVSPPIVMWWIPIGXIHF]TVIWWMRK
XLISelect TargetFYXXSRXLEXFVS[WIWEPPXLIGSRXVSPPIVWMRXLIGEWI
%JXIVWIPIGXMRKEGSRXVSPPIVXLIGYVVIRXWIXTSMRXMWWLS[RJSVVIJIVIRGI
ERHXLI ViewFYXXSRMWIREFPIH4VIWWXLIViewFYXXSRXSSTIRXLI
ControllerTVSTIVX]ZMI[3TXMSREPP]XLIIncrement OnlyGLIGOFS\
GERFIWIPIGXIH[LMGLMRGVIQIRXWXLIWIXTSMRXVEXLIVXLERWIXXMRKMX
9TSRI\IGYXMSRXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWW[MXGLIHXS6EQTQSHIXLIXEVKIXWIX
TSMRXERHHYVEXMSREVIWTIGMJMIHERHXLI6EQT'SRXVSPPIVQIWWEKIMW
WIRX

2-44

[Link] Page 45 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-45

7IX'SRXVSPPIV1SHI
Figure 2.50

8LISet Controller ModeEGXMSRVIUYMVIWE'SRXVSPPIVERHE2I[1SHI

EWMRTYXW8LIGSRXVSPPIVMWWIPIGXIHF]TVIWWMRKXLISelect TargetFYXXSR
XLEXFVS[WIWEPPXLIGSRXVSPPIVWMRXLIGEWI%JXIVWIPIGXMRKEGSRXVSPPIV
XLIGYVVIRXQSHIMWWLS[RERHXLI ViewFYXXSRMWIREFPIH

&VERGLMRK 8MQI3YX&ILEZMSYV8EF
Figure 2.51

8LIMRJSVQEXMSRGSRXEMRIHSRXLMWXEFMWRSXRIGIWWEV]JSVERIZIRXXS
FIGSQTPIXIP]HIJMRIH&]HIJEYPXXLIJump WhenGSRHMXMSRJSVER
IZIRXMWWIXXSNeverERHXLIGSRHMXMSRPSKMGMWRSXWIXXSXMQISYXEJXIV
EKMZIRXMQI

2-45

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2-46

Event Scheduler

8LIHVSTHS[RPMWXMRXLIJump WhenGIPPGSRXEMRWJSYVGSRHMXMSRW
Condition

Description

Never

The Event will not jump to another Event.

Always

The Event will always jump to another Event once it

has executed.

True

The Event will jump to another Event once the Logic

on the Condition tab is True.

Timeout

The Event will jump to another Event if the Timeout

condition is met.

-JEJump When GSRHMXMSRSXLIVXLERNeverMWGLSWIRER)ZIRXQYWXFI

GLSWIRMRXLIJump ToGIPP8LIJump ToGIPPGSRXEMRWEHVSTHS[RPMWX
[MXLEPPXLI)ZIRXWMRXLI7IUYIRGI)ZIRXWGERSRP]NYQTXSSXLIV
)ZIRXWMRXLIWEQI7IUYIRGI
-RMXMEPP]XLIVIMWSRP]SRIEGXMZISTXMSRMRXLITime Out KVSYT-J]SY
GLIGOXLIEvent Logic Condition Times Out AfterGLIGOFS\XLIUse
Event Specific BehaviourGLIGOFS\[MPPFIGSQIEGXMZI3RGIXLIEvent
Logic Condition Times Out AfterGLIGOFS\MWEGXMZEXIHEZEPYIJSVXLI
XMQISYXQYWXFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIGIPPHMVIGXP]XSXLIVMKLX8LIXMQI
IRXIVIH[MPPFIXLIXMQI[LIRXLI)ZIRX0SKMGERHXLYWXLIIZIRX[MPP
XMQISYX8LMWJEGMPMX]EPPS[WJSVERSXLIV36MRXLI)ZIRXGSRHMXMSRPSKMG
'LIGOMRKXLIEvent Specific BehaviourFS\[MPPEGXMZEXIXLIBehaviour
KVSYT8LIXLVIIGLSMGIWMRXLIKVSYTGERFIEGXMZEXIHMRER]
GSQFMREXMSRJVSQEPPXLVIIXSRSRI8LIWIWIPIGXMSRWSZIVVMHIXLI
HIJEYPXFILEZMSYVHIJMRIHMRXLITEVIRXWIUYIRGI



%REP]^MRKE7GLIHYPI

,=7=7LEWEFYMPXMRXSSPJSVEREP]^MRK7GLIHYPIW[LMGLEVIRSX]IXJYPP]
HIJMRIH*VSQXLISequenceZMI[MXMWTSWWMFPIXSEREP]^IER
MRGSQTPIXIWIUYIRGIF]TVIWWMRKXLIAnalyzeFYXXSR[LMGLMWSRP]
EGXMZI[LIRXLI7IUYIRGIMWMRGSQTPIXI
;LIRXLIAnalyzeFYXXSRMWTVIWWIH,=7=7STIRWXLISequence
AnalysisZMI[[LMGLMW1SHEP

2-46

[Link] Page 47 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools

2-47

Figure 2.52

8LMWZMI[HMWTPE]WEQEXVM\[MXLEPMWXSJEPPXLI)ZIRXWXLEXEVIRSXJYPP]
WTIGMJMIH7IPIGXMRKER)ZIRXERHHSYFPIGPMGOMRKMRXLIEventGSPYQR
SVTVIWWMRKXLIAnalyze EventFYXXSR[MPPSTIRXLIEvent AnalysisZMI[
Figure 2.53

8LIEvent AnalysisZMI[TVSZMHIWJIIHFEGOEFSYXXLI)ZIRX8LI
GSRXIRXWSJXLIRequired SpecificationsKVSYT[MPPGLERKIHITIRHMRK
SRXLI)ZIRXWait ForGSRHMXMSR*MIPHWXLEXEVI IQTX]"GERFI
WTIGMJMIHEXXLMWTSMRXSVXLIView EventFYXXSRGERFITVIWWIH
STIRMRKXLIEventZMI[[LIVIXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWGERFIQEHI-JXLI
Total Number of ActionsMW^IVSEXPIEWXSRIJYPP]WTIGMJMIHERHIREFPIH
%GXMSRQYWXFITVSZMHIH%GXMSRWXLEXEVIRSXJYPP]WTIGMJMIH[MPPFI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIIncomplete ActionsQEXVM\(SYFPIGPMGOMRKXLIName
JMIPHMRXLIQEXVM\[MPPSTIRXLI)ZIRXSRXLIAction ListXEF[MXLXLI
%GXMSRWIPIGXIH
3TIRMRKXLIER)ZIRXJVSQXLIEvent AnalysisZMI[[MPPSTIRE1SHEP
)ZIRXZMI[-J]SYTVIWWXLIPinFYXXSRXSQEOIXLIZMI[RSR1SHEP
XLIEGXMZIZMI[[MPPVIXYVRXSXLIEvent AnalysisZMI[[LMGLMWEPWS
1SHEP

2-47

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2-48

Event Scheduler



6YRRMRKE7GLIHYPI

%JXIVE7GLIHYPILEWFIIRJYPP]HIJMRIHIEGL7IUYIRGI[MPPFIMRER
-REGXMZIWXEXI7IUYIRGIWGERFIVYRIMXLIVJVSQXLI7GLIHYPI1EMR
ZMI[SVJVSQXLI7GLIHYPI7XEXYWTERIPWLS[RFIPS[
Figure 2.54

8SEGXMZEXIE7IUYIRGIWIPIGXMXJVSQXLIPMWXERHTVIWWXLIStartFYXXSR
2SXIXLIWXEXYWGLERKIWJVSQInactive XSWaiting3JGSYVWIXLI
MRXIKVEXSVLEWXSFIVYRRMRKJSVIZEPYEXMSRWXSSGGYV%XIZIV]XMQI
WXITER]7IUYIRGIWXLEXEVIMRXLIWaitingWXEXI[MPPLEZIXLIMVGYVVIRX
Events Wait For ConditionIZEPYEXIHMRXLISVHIVXLI]ETTIEVMRXLIPMWX
;LIREGYVVIRX)ZIRXIZEPYEXIWTrueXLIEWWSGMEXIH%GXMSR0MWXMXIQW
EVII\IGYXIHERHTVSZMHIHRS&VERGLMRKFILEZMSYVLEWFIIR
WTIGMJMIHXLIRI\X)ZIRXMRXLIPMWXFIGSQIWXLIGYVVIRXIZIRXERH
IZEPYEXMSRWGSRXMRYI-JXLISequence RunModeMWOne ShotERHXLI
PEWX)ZIRXMRXLIPMWXI\IGYXIWXLIWXEXYWGLERKIWJVSQWaitingXS
CompleteERHXLI7IUYIRGIMWVIWIX



)ZIRX7GLIHYPIV)\EQTPI

8SMPPYWXVEXIXLIYWISJXLIEvent SchedulerEWMQTPI7GLIHYPI
GSRWMWXMRKSJX[SWIUYIRGIW[MPPFIGVIEXIH8LIKSEP[MPPFIJSVXLIJMVWX
WIUYIRGIXSHSYFPIXLIJPS[VEXISJEWITEVEXSVJIIHWXVIEQERHXLIR
WXEVXXLIWIGSRHWIUYIRGI8LIWIGSRHWIUYIRGI[MPPXLIRWXSTXLI
MRXIKVEXSV


2-48

'VIEXIEJPYMHTEGOEKIYWMRKXLIPeng Robinson)37ERHXLI
JSPPS[MRKGSQTSRIRXWM'R'M'R''ERH'

Property Package

Components

Peng Robinson

i-C4, n-C4, i-C5, n-C5, C6, C7

[Link] Page 49 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Dynamic Tools



-RWXEPPXLIWXVIEQFeedERHHIJMRIMXEWJSPPS[W

Name

Feed

Temperature [C]

150

Pressure [kPa]

1500

Molar Flow [kgmole/hr]

100

Comp Mole Frac [i-C4]

0.6

Comp Mole Frac [n-C4]

0.01

Comp Mole Frac [i-C5]

0.01

Comp Mole Frac [n-C5]

0.01

Comp Mole Frac [C6]

0.1

Comp Mole Frac [C7]

0.27



-RWXEPPESEPARATORYRMXSTIVEXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
MRJSVQEXMSR

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

SEPARATOR

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

Feed

Feed

Design [Connections]

Rating [Sizing]



Vapour Outlet

Sep Vap

Liquid Outlet

Sep Liq

Vessel Shape

Cylinder

Vessel Orientation

Vertical

Volume [m3]

16

Diameter [m]

1.8

-RWXEPPEVALVEERHHIJMRIMXEWWLS[RFIPS[

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

Tab [Page]
Design [Connections]
Rating [Sizing]



2-49

VALVE
Input Area

Entry

Feed

Sep Vap

Product

Vap Prod

Pressure Drop [kPa]

10

4VIWWXLISize ValveFYXXSRXSWM^IXLIZEPZI

2-49

[Link] Page 50 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-50

Event Scheduler



-RWXEPPEWIGSRHVALVE[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

Tab [Page]
Design [Connections]
Rating [Sizing]

VALVE
Input Area

Entry

Feed

Sep Liq

Product

Liq Prod

Pressure Drop [kPa]

10



3RXLIRatingsXEFSJXLMW:EPZI
WTVSTIVX]ZMI[TVIWWXLISize
ValveFYXXSRXSWM^IXLIZEPZI



3RXLIDynamicsXEFWSJXLIMVVIWTIGXMZIWXVIEQTVSTIVX]ZMI[W
EWWMKR4VIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWXSWXVIEQWLiq Prod ERHVap Prod



%WWMKRE*PS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRXSXLIFeed WXVIEQ6IQSZIXLI
4VIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR

 7[MXGLXSDynamic QSHI

 3TIRXLIEvent Scheduler.
 3RXLIRatingsXEFSJXLMW:EPZI
WTVSTIVX]ZMI[TVIWWXLIAdd
FYXXSRXSGVIEXIERI[7GLIHYPI
 3RXLISchedule ZMI[TVIWWXLIAddFYXXSRXSGVIEXIERI[
7IUYIRGI
Figure 2.55

2-50

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Dynamic Tools

2-51

 -RXLINameGIPPGLERKIXLI7IUYIRGIREQIJVSQSequence AXS

Start Point
 3RXLISequenceZMI[TVIWWXLIAddFYXXSRXSGVIEXIERI[)ZIRX
 3RXLIConditionXEFSJXLIEventZMI[WIPIGXA Specific
Simulation TimeJVSQXLIWait ForKVSYT
 )RXIVEXMQISJ5 minutesMRXLIWait UntilGIPP
 'LERKIXLIConditionREQIXS5 min
Figure 2.56

 3RXLIAction ListXEFTVIWWXLI AddFYXXSRXSGVIEXIERI[%GXMSR

 8LIHIJEYPX%GXMSRX]TIMWSpecify Variable[LMGLMWGSVVIGXJSVXLMW
EGXMSR
 4VIWWXLISelect TargetFYXXSRERHWIPIGXXLIMolar FlowSJFeedEW
XLI3FNIGX
 -RXLIValueGIPPIRXIVEZEPYISJ200 kgmole/hr

2-51

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2-52

Event Scheduler

 8LIStatus SJXLI)ZIRX[MPPGLERKIJVSQIncompleteXSComplete

Figure 2.57

 'PSWIXLIEvent ZMI[

 8LIGYVVIRXZMI[WLSYPHSRGIEKEMRFIXLISequenceZMI['PSWI
XLMWZMI[XSVIXYVRXSXLIScheduleZMI[
 %GXMZEXIXLIGIPPFIPS[XLI7XEVX4SMRXGIPP4VIWWXLIAddFYXXSRXS
EHHEWIGSRH7IUYIRGIERHVIREQIMXXSEnd Point
 4VIWWXLIAddFYXXSRXSGVIEXIER)ZIRX
 *SVXLMW)ZIRXSRXLIConditions XEFWIPIGXA Specific Simulation
Time SJ10 minutes
 'LERKIXLIConditionREQIXS10 min
 3RXLIAction ListXEFEHHEREGXMSRERHWIPIGXStop Integrator EW
XLI%GXMSR8]TI
 'PSWIXLIZMI[WERHVIXYVRXSXLISchedule ZMI[
 3TIRXLI7IUYIRGIStart PointF]IMXLIVHSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLI
7XEVX4SMRXGIPPSVF]WIPIGXMRKXLI7XEVX4SMRXGIPPERHXLIRTVIWWMRK
XLIViewFYXXSR
 %GXMZEXIXLIGIPPFIPS[)ZIRXERHTVIWWXLIAddFYXXSRXSEHHE
WIGSRH)ZIRXXSXLI7IUYIRGI
 'LERKIXLIConditionNameSJXLI)ZIRXXS7 min
 *SVXLI)ZIRX7 minWIPIGXA Specific Simulation TimeSJ7
minutes
 %HHER%GXMSRSJX]TIStart Sequence

2-52

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Dynamic Tools

2-53

 7IPIGXXLI7IUYIRGIEnd Point

Figure 2.58

 'PSWIXLIZMI[WVIXYVRMRKXSXLISchedule ZMI[

 4VIWWXLIStatus PanelFYXXSR
 7IPIGXXLI7IUYIRGIStart PointERHTVIWWXLIStartFYXXSR8LI
StatusSJStart PointWLSYPHGLERKIJVSQInactiveXSWaitingSR
FSXLXLI7XEXYW4ERIPERHXLI7GLIHYPI:MI[
 7XEVXXLIIntegratorERHPIXMXVYR
Figure 2.59

-J]SY[EXGLXLITrace WindowERHXLIStatus Panel]SY[MPPWIIXLI

VIWYPXWMRTVSKVIWW%XXLIQMRYXIWMQYPEXMSRXMQIEQIWWEKI[MPP
ETTIEVMRXLI8VEGI;MRHS[WXEXMRKXLEXEvent 1SJStart PointLEW
I\IGYXIH%XXLIQMRYXIWMQYPEXMSRXMQIEQIWWEKI[MPPETTIEV
WXEXMRKXLEXEvent 2SJStart PointLEWI\IGYXIH%XXLMWXMQIXLI7XEXYW
SJEnd Point[MPPGLERKIJVSQInactiveXSWaitingERHXLI7XEXYWSJ
Start Point[MPPGLERKIXSComplete*MREPP]EXXLIQMRYXIQEVOE
QIWWEKIXLEX)ZIRXSJEnd PointLEWI\IGYXIH[MPPFIHMWTPE]IH%X
XLMWTSMRXXLIMRXIKVEXSV[MPPWXSTERHXLI7XEXYWSJEnd Point[MPP
GLERKIXSComplete

2-53

[Link] Page 54 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

2-54

Event Scheduler

Figure 2.60

2-54

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Streams

3-1

3 Streams
3.1 Material Stream View ................................................................................... 3
3.1.1 Dynamics Tab .......................................................................................... 3
3.2 Energy Stream View ..................................................................................... 5
3.2.1 Dynamics Tab .......................................................................................... 5

3-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

3-2

3-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Streams




3-3

1EXIVMEP7XVIEQ:MI[
(]REQMGW8EF

8LIDynamicsXEFMRXLIWXVIEQTVSTIVX]ZMI[FIGSQIWMQTSVXERXMR
DynamicQSHI8LIDynamicsXEFHMWTPE]WXLI4VIWWYVI*PS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLIQEXIVMEPWXVIEQ8LIZMI[JSVXLIDynamicsXEFMW
WLS[RMRFigure 3.1
Figure 3.1

%WMRHMGEXIHETVIWWYVIERHEJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFIQEHIJSVXLI
WXVIEQ-JXLIActive FS\MWGLIGOIHJSVEWTIGMJMGEXMSRXLIZEPYISJXLI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRFIGSQIWblueERHGERFIQSHMJMIHF]XLIYWIV-JXLI
EGXMZIFS\MWRSXGLIGOIHXLIZEPYIMWWLS[RMRblackERHMWGEPGYPEXIH
F],=7=7

*IIHERH4VSHYGX&PSGOW
%WXVIEQ[LMGLLEWSRP]SRIYRMXSTIVEXMSREXXEGLIHXSMXMWGEPPIHE
JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQ-JEmaterialWXVIEQMWEJPS[WLIIX
FSYRHEV]WXVIEQEFeeder blockSVProduct blockFYXXSRMWHMWTPE]IH
MRXLIDynamicsXEF%JPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQGERFIXLIJIIHSV
TVSHYGXSJXLIQSHIP(ITIRHMRKSR[LIXLIVXLIJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]
WXVIEQMWEJIIHSVETVSHYGXXLIDynamicsXEFZMI[HMWTPE]WIMXLIVE
Feeder blockFYXXSRSVEProduct blockFYXXSR%Product BlockZMI[SJ

3-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

3-4

Material Stream View

XLIWXVIEQDistillateMWWLS[RMRFigure 3.2
Figure 3.2

8LIFeeder BlockZMI[QE]EPWSFIHMWTPE]IHF]TVIWWMRKXLIPIJX
TSMRXMRKEVVS[FYXXSRView Upstream OperationFYXXSRSRXLI1EMR
WXVIEQZMI[7MQMPEVP]XLIProduct BlockZMI[QE]FIHMWTPE]IHF]
TVIWWMRKXLIVMKLXTSMRXMRKEVVS[FYXXSRView Downstream Operation
FYXXSR(IJEYPXWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVIWLS[RMRred
8LIProduct blockFYXXSRSTIRWEZMI[[LMGLHMWTPE]WJPS[VIZIVWEP
GSRHMXMSRWSJXLIQEXIVMEPWXVIEQ[LMGLXLIYWIVGERWTIGMJ]-J
WMQYPEXMSRGSRHMXMSRWEVIWYGLXLEXXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQJPS[FIGSQIW
RIKEXMZI,=7=7VIGEPPWXLIWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWWXSVIHMRXLIProduct
blockERHTIVJSVQWEVMKSVSYWJPEWLSRXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQXSHIXIVQMRI
XLISXLIVWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRW
;LIRTVSGIWWGSRHMXMSRWMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEYWIXLIJIIHJPS[XS
VIZIVWIXLIJIIHWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVIGEPGYPEXIHF]XLIHS[RWXVIEQ
STIVEXMSR8LIFeed blockMWYWIHXSVIWXSVIHIWMVIHJIIHGSRHMXMSRWERH
GSQTSWMXMSRWMJXLIJIIHWXVIEQVIZIVWIWERHXLIRFIGSQIWJIIHEKEMR
&SXLFeedERHProduct BlocksLEZIWMQMPEVZMI[W8LIYWIVMWEFPIXS

3-4

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Streams

3-5

WTIGMJ]XLIWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEWJSPPS[W
Required Feed and Product Block Specifications
Specify one of:

Conditions Tab

Composition Tab

Temperature
Vapour Fraction
Entropy
Enthalpy

Specify Stream Composition

7MRGIXLITVIWWYVISJXLIWXVIEQVIQEMRWXLIWEQIEJXIVXLITVSHYGX
WXVIEQJPS[VIZIVWIWXLMWZEPYIHSIWRSXRIIHXSFIWTIGMJMIH;MXLXLMW
MRJSVQEXMSRXLIWXVIEQMWEFPIXSTIVJSVQJPEWLGEPGYPEXMSRWSRXLI
SXLIVWXVIEQTVSTIVXMIW
8LIFeedERHProduct blockLEZIX[SFYXXSRWYWIHXSQERMTYPEXIXLI
HMVIGXMSRSJWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWFIX[IIRXLIQEXIVMEPWXVIEQERHXLI
FPSGO
Block Button

Action

Export Conditions to
Stream

Copies stream conditions stored in the block to

the material stream.

Update from Current

Composition

Copies stream composition from the material

stream to the block.




)RIVK]7XVIEQ:MI[
(]REQMGW8EF

-RDynamicQSHIX[SHMJJIVIRXLIEXMRKQIXLSHWGERFIGLSWIRJSVER
IRIVK]WXVIEQ;LIRXLIDirect Q(YX]7SYVGIMWGLSWIREHYX]ZEPYI
GERFIWTIGMJMIHF]XLIYWIV;LIRXLIUtilityFluidVEHMSFYXXSRMW
GLSWIRXLIHYX]MWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQWTIGMJMIHTVSTIVXMIWSJEYXMPMX]JPYMH

3-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

3-6

Energy Stream View

8LIDynamicsXEFSJWXVIEQQ-100MWWLS[RMRFigure 3.3
Figure 3.3

8LIUtility ValveFYXXSRSTIRWXLIFlow Control Valve (FCV)ZMI[JSV

XLIIRIVK]WXVIEQ%HIXEMPIHHIWGVMTXMSRSJXLIDirect QERHUtility
Fluid HeatingQIXLSHWEVIKMZIRMRSection 5.2 - Valve

3-6

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-1

4 Heat Transfer
Equipment
4.1 Air Cooler ...................................................................................................... 3
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4

Theory ...................................................................................................... 3
Rating Tab ................................................................................................ 6
Dynamics Tab .......................................................................................... 9
Air Cooler Example ................................................................................ 12

4.2 Cooler/Heater.............................................................................................. 14
4.2.1 Theory .................................................................................................... 15
4.2.2 Rating Tab .............................................................................................. 17
4.2.3 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 20
4.3 Heat Exchanger .......................................................................................... 26
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4

Theory .................................................................................................... 27
Rating Tab .............................................................................................. 30
Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 49
Dynamic Heat Exchanger Example ....................................................... 58

4.4 LNG.............................................................................................................. 62
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5

Theory .................................................................................................... 63
Rating Tab .............................................................................................. 65
Performance Tab.................................................................................... 71
Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 72
Dynamic LNG Example.......................................................................... 80

4-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-2

4-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-3

%MV'SSPIV

8LIH]REQMGWAir CoolerYRMXSTIVEXMSRI\GLERKIWLIEX[MXLERMHIEP
EMVQM\XYVI-RH]REQMGWXLIEMVJPS[QYWXFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIJER
VEXMRKMRJSVQEXMSR8LIWXIEH]WXEXIERHH]REQMGEMVGSSPIVSTIVEXMSRW
WLEVIXLIWEQIVEXMRKMRJSVQEXMSR

Air Cooler Button

8LIH]REQMGAir CoolerXYFIYRPMOIXLIWXIEH]WXEXIAir CoolerMW

GETEFPISJWXSVMRKMRZIRXSV]PMOISXLIVH]REQMGYRMXSTIVEXMSRW8LI
HMVIGXMSRSJJPS[SJQEXIVMEPXLVSYKLXLI%MV'SSPIVMWKSZIVRIHF]XLI
TVIWWYVIWSJXLIWYVVSYRHMRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
8SMRWXEPPXLIAIR COOLERSTIVEXMSRTVIWW<F12>ERHGLSSWIAir
CoolerJVSQXLIUnitOpsZMI[SVWIPIGXXLI Air Cooler FYXXSRMRXLI
3FNIGX4EPIXXI
8SMKRSVIXLIAIR COOLERWIPIGXXLIIgnoreGLIGOFS\,=7=7[MPP
GSQTPIXIP]HMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRERH[MPPRSXGEPGYPEXIXLISYXPIX
WXVIEQYRXMP]SYVIWXSVIMXXSEREGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLIGLIGOFS\



8LISV]

,IEX8VERWJIV
8LIAIR COOLERYWIWXLIWEQIFEWMGIRIVK]FEPERGIIUYEXMSRWEWXLI
HEAT EXCHANGER YRMXSTIVEXMSR8LIAIR COOLERGEPGYPEXMSRWEVI
FEWIHSRERIRIVK]FEPERGIFIX[IIRXLIEMVERHTVSGIWWWXVIEQW*SVE
GVSWWGYVVIRXEMVGSSPIVXLIIRIVK]FEPERGIMWWLS[REWJSPPS[W
d ( VH out ) process
M process ( H in H out ) process M air ( H in H out ) air = ---------------------------------------dt
where: M

EMV



= Air stream mass flow rate

TVSGIWW

= Process stream mass flow rate

H = Enthalpy
V = Volume of air cooler tube

4-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-4

Air Cooler

8LIAIR COOLERHYX]5GERFIHIJMRIHMRXIVQWSJXLISZIVEPPLIEX
XVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXXLIEVIEEZEMPEFPIJSVLIEXI\GLERKIERHXLIPSK
QIERXIQTIVEXYVIHMJJIVIRGI
Q = -UAT

01



where: U = Overall heat transfer coefficient

A = Surface area available for heat transfer
T

01

= Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

F = correction factor
X

8LI018(GSVVIGXMSRJEGXSV* MWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIKISQIXV]ERH
GSRJMKYVEXMSRSJXLIEMVGSSPIV
X

4VIWWYVI(VST
8LITVIWWYVIHVSTSJXLIAIR COOLERGERFIHIXIVQMRIHMRSRISJX[S
[E]W

Specify the pressure drop.

Define a pressure flow relation in the AIR COOLER by
specifying a k-value.
-JXLITVIWWYVIJPS[STXMSRMWGLSWIRJSVTVIWWYVIHVSTHIXIVQMREXMSRMR
XLIAIR COOLEREk valueMWYWIHXSVIPEXIXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWW
ERHJPS[XLVSYKLXLII\GLERKIV8LMWVIPEXMSRMWWMQMPEVXSXLIKIRIVEP
ZEPZIIUYEXMSR

flow =

density k P 1 P 2



8LMWKIRIVEPJPS[IUYEXMSRYWIWXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLILIEX
I\GLERKIV[MXLSYXER]WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRW8LIUYERXMX]P P 
MWHIJMRIHEWXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWW[LMGLMWYWIHXSlWM^IzXLIAir
Cooler[MXLEk value


4-4

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-5

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
-RKIRIVEPXLVIIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIVIUYMVIHF],=7=7MRSVHIVJSVXLI
Air CoolerYRMXSTIVEXMSRXSJYPP]WSPZI
Dynamic
Specifications

Description

Overall UA

This is the product of the Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient and the total area available for heat
transfer. The Overall UA must be specified in
Dynamic mode. You can specify the value of UA in
the Parameters page of the Design tab.
You must specify the following information in the
Sizing page of the Rating tab:

Fan Rating
Information

Demanded Speed
Design Speed
Design Flow
Max Acceleration (optional)

or
Current Air Flow
Pressure Drop

Either specify an Overall Delta P or an Overall Kvalue for the Air Cooler. These pressure drop
specifications can be made in the Specs page of the
Dynamics tab.

4-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-6

Air Cooler



6EXMRK8EF

8LIRatingXEFGSRXEMRWX[STEKIWXLISizingERHNozzlesTEKI

7M^MRK4EKI
Figure 4.1

-RXLISizingTEKIXLIJSPPS[MRKJERVEXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRMWHMWTPE]IHJSV
XLIAir CoolerSTIVEXMSR

4-6

Fan Data

Description

Number of Fans

Specify the number of fans you want in the air cooler.

Speed

This is the actual speed of the fan in rpm (rotations

per minute).

Demanded Speed

This is the desired speed of the fan. In Dynamic

mode, the demanded speed should either be
specified directly or from a Spreadsheet operation.
If a control structure uses the fan speed as an output
signal, it is the demanded speed which should be
manipulated.

Max Acceleration

This is the rate at which the actual speed moves to

the demanded speed.

Design Speed

This is the reference Air Cooler fan speed. It is used

in the calculation of the actual air flow through the
cooler.

Design Flow

This is the reference Air Cooler air flow. It is used in

the calculation of the actual air flow through the
cooler.

Current Air Flow

This may be calculated or specified by the user. If

the air flow is specified no other fan rating
information needs to be specified.

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-7

8LIEMVJPS[XLVSYKLXLIJERMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKEPMRIEVVIPEXMSR
Speed
Fan Air Flow = ------------------------------------ Design Flow
Design Speed



9RPMOIXLIWXIEH]WXEXIAir CoolerXLIEGXYEPWTIIHSJXLIJER[MPPRSX
EP[E]WIUYEPXLIHIQERHIHWTIIH8LIEGXYEPJERWTIIHEJXIVIEGL
MRXIKVEXMSRXMQIWXITMWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
Actual Speed = ( Max Acceleration )t + Actual Speed o
until Actual Speed = Demanded Speed



)EGLJERMRXLIEMVGSSPIVGSRXVMFYXIWXSXLIEMVJPS[XLVSYKLXLIGSSPIV
8LIXSXEPEMVJPS[MWGEPGYPEXIH

Total Air Flow =

Fan Air Flow



2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 4.2

4-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-8

Air Cooler

8LIIPIZEXMSRWSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLIAIR COOLEREVI
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle ParametersWIGXMSR
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is not currently used with the

AIR COOLER unit operation

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the ground.

Base Elevation
relative to Ground

This is the distance between the bottom of the piece

of equipment and the ground.

-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIMRPIXERHI\MX
RS^^PIWEVIIUYEPJSVXLMWYRMXSTIVEXMSR-J]SY[MWLXSQSHIPWXEXMG
LIEHXLIIRXMVITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXGERFIQSZIHF]QSHMJ]MRKXLI
Base Elevation relative to GroundGIPP

4-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-9

(]REQMGW8EF

8LIDynamicsXEFGSRXEMRWX[STEKIWXLISpecsERHHoldupTEKI

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ
TVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIAir Cooler
Figure 4.3

=SYGERWTIGMJ]LS[XLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIAIR COOLERMW
GEPGYPEXIHMRXLIDynamic SpecificationsKVSYTFS\

The Air Cooler operations, like

other dynamic unit
operations, should use the kvalue specification option as
much as possible to simulate
actual pressure flow relations
in the plant.

Dynamic
Specification

Description

Overall Delta P

A set pressure drop is assumed across the valve

operation with this specification. The flow and the
pressure of either the inlet or exit stream must be
specified or calculated from other operations in the
flowsheet. The flow through the valve is not dependent on
the pressure drop across the Air Cooler. To use the overall
delta P as a dynamic specification, select the
corresponding check box.

Overall k Value

The k-value defines the relationship between the flow

through the AIR COOLER and the pressure of the
surrounding streams. You can either specify the k-value
or have it calculated from the stream conditions
surrounding the AIR COOLER. You can size the cooler
with a k-value by pressing the Calculate k button. Ensure
that there is a non zero pressure drop across the AIR
COOLER before the Calculate k button is pressed. To
use the k-value as a dynamic specification, select the
corresponding check box.

4-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-10

Air Cooler

8LIDynamic ParametersWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLI
LSPHYTSJXLIAir Cooler
Dynamic Parameter

Description

Fluid Volume

Specify the AIR COOLER holdup volume.

Mass Flow

The mass flow of process stream through the Air

Cooler is calculated.

Exit Temperature

This is the exit temperature of the process

stream.

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLILSPHYT
W
TVSTIVXMIWGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRX
Figure 4.4

*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIYRMX
STIVEXMSRXLIJSPPS[MRKMWWTIGMJMIH

4-10

Holdup Details

Description

Holdup Volume

The holdup volume can be specified in this cell.

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

These cells indicate the amount of material in the

holdup for each phase.

Volume

These cells indicate the holdup volume of each

phase.

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-11

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction (of the specific phase in the holdup)
Enthalpy
Density
Molecular Weight

Figure 4.5

4-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-12

Air Cooler

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF
Figure 4.6



%MV'SSPIV)\EQTPI

%RAir Cooler[MPPFIYWIHXSGSSPXSEPMUYMHTVSGIWWWXVIEQ


Dynamics Mode Button

4-12

'VIEXIXLIJSPPS[MRK*PYMH4EGOEKI

Property Package

Components

NRTL

Ethanol, 1-Pentanol



7[MXGLXSDynamicsQSHI



7TIGMJ]WXVIEQFeed[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSTIVXMIW

Name

Feed

Temperature [F]

100.0000

Pressure [psi]

16.0000

Molar Flow [lbmole/hr]

2200.0000

Comp Mole Frac [Ethanol]

0.5

Comp Mole Frac [1-Pentanol]

0.5

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



-RWXEPPXLIAir Cooler[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRRIGXMSRWERH
TEVEQIXIVWEWWLS[RFIPS[

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

AIR COOLER

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Design [Connections]

Design [Parameters]



Entry

Name

AC-100

Feed

Feed

Product

Product

Delta P

1.2 psi

Overall UA

1.52x10 Btu/F-hr

Configuration

1 tube row, 1 pass

Air Intake
Temperature

77 F

3RXLISizingTEKISJXLIRatingsXEFIRXIVXLIJERVEXMRKERH
WTIIHMRJSVQEXMSR9WMRKXLIJSPPS[MRKWTIGMJMGEXMSRW,=7=7MW
EFPIXSGEPGYPEXIXLIEGXYEPZSPYQIXVMGJPS[SJEMV

Tab [Page]

Rating [Sizing]



4-13

Input Area

Entry

Number of Fans

Demanded Speed

60 rpm

Max Acceleration

0.5 rpm

Design Speed

60 rpm

Design Flow

5.434x10 barrel/day

3RXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFGSRJMVQXLEXOverall Delta
PSJXLI%MV'SSPIVMWWTIGMJMIHEWTWM%PWSGSRJMVQXLEXXLIQEWW
JPS[VEXIMRXLIDynamic ParametersWIGXMSRMW\ PFLV
PFQSPILV8LIWITEVEQIXIVWEVIYWIHF],=7=7XS
HIXIVQMRIXLIOZEPYIJSVXLI%MV'SSPIV




'EPGYPEXIXLIOZEPYIF]TVIWWMRKXLICalculate kFYXXSR
(IEGXMZEXIXLIOverall Delta PWTIGMJMGEXMSRERHEGXMZEXIXLI
Overall K valueWTIGMJMGEXMSR
Figure 4.7



3RXLIPF SpecsTEKISJXLIWorksheetXEFHIEGXMZEXIXLI Flow

SpecSJWXVIEQFeedERHEGXMZEXIXLIPressure SpecSJWXVIEQ
Product7TIGMJ]XLITVIWWYVISJWXVIEQProductXSFITWM

4-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-14

Cooler/Heater

Figure 4.8



%XXLMWTSMRXXLIAir CoolerYRMXSTIVEXMSRMWJYPP]WTIGMJMIH6YR
XLI-RXIKVEXSVYRXMPEPPXLIZEVMEFPIWPMRISYX8LIProductWXVIEQ
GSRHMXMSRWEVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLIConditions TEKISJXLIWorksheet
XEF
Figure 4.9

 8LIAir CoolerYRMXSTIVEXMSRTEVEQIXIVWEVIWLS[RMRXLIResults

TEKISJXLIPerformance XEF
Figure 4.10



'SSPIV,IEXIV

8LIH]REQMGCoolerERHHeaterSTIVEXMSRWEVISRIWMHIHLIEX
I\GLERKIVW8LIMRPIXWXVIEQMWGSSPIHSVLIEXIHXSVIUYMVIHI\MX
GSRHMXMSRWERHXLIIRIVK]WXVIEQEFWSVFWSVTVSZMHIWXLIIRIVK]
FIX[IIRXLIX[SWXVIEQW8LIWISTIVEXMSRWEVIYWIJYP[LIR]SYEVI
SRP]MRXIVIWXIHMRLS[QYGLIRIVK]MWVIUYMVIHXSGSSPSVLIEXE
TVSGIWWWXVIEQ[MXLEYXMPMX]FYXEVIRSXMRXIVIWXIHMRXLIGSRHMXMSRWSJ
XLIYXMPMX]MXWIPJ

4-14

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-15

8SMRWXEPPXLICooler/HeaterSTIVEXMSRTVIWW<F12>ERHGLSSWICooler
SV HeaterJVSQXLIUnitOpsZMI[SVWIPIGXXLICooler SV Heater FYXXSR
MRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI
Cooler Button

8SMKRSVIXLICooler/HeaterWIPIGXXLIIgnoreGLIGOFS\,=7=7[MPP
GSQTPIXIP]HMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRERH[MPPRSXGEPGYPEXIXLISYXPIX
WXVIEQYRXMP]SYVIWXSVIMXXSEREGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLIGLIGOFS\

Heater Button



8LISV]

,IEX8VERWJIV
8LICoolerERHHeaterYWIXLIWEQIFEWMGIUYEXMSR8LIGSSPIVHYX]MW
WYFXVEGXIHJVSQXLITVSGIWWLSPHYT[LMPIXLILIEXIVHYX]MWEHHIHXS
XLITVSGIWWLSPHYT
*SVECoolerXLIIRXLEPT]SVLIEXJPS[SJXLIIRIVK]WXVIEQMWVIQSZIH
JVSQXLICoolersTVSGIWWWMHILSPHYT
d ( VH out )
M ( H in H out ) Q cooler = ----------------------dt



*SVEHeaterXLIIRXLEPT]SVLIEXJPS[SJXLIIRIVK]WXVIEQMWEHHIHXS
XLIHeatersTVSGIWWWMHILSPHYT
d ( VHout )
M ( H in H out ) + Q heater = ----------------------dt



where: M = Process fluid flow rate

H = Enthalpy
Q

= Cooler Duty

= Heater Duty

GSSPIV

LIEXIV

V = Volume shell or tube holdup

4-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-16

Cooler/Heater

4VIWWYVI(VST
8LITVIWWYVIHVSTSJXLIGSSPIVLIEXIVGERFIHIXIVQMRIHMRSRISJX[S
[E]W

Specify the pressure drop.

Define a pressure flow relation in the Cooler or Heater by
specifying a k-value.
-JXLITVIWWYVIJPS[STXMSRMWGLSWIRJSVTVIWWYVIHVSTHIXIVQMREXMSRMR
XLICooler SVHeaterEOZEPYIMWYWIHXSVIPEXIXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVI
PSWWERHJPS[XLVSYKLXLIGSSPIVLIEXIV8LMWVIPEXMSRMWWMQMPEVXSXLI
KIRIVEPZEPZIIUYEXMSR

flow =

density k P 1 P 2



8LMWKIRIVEPJPS[IUYEXMSRYWIWXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLILIEX
I\GLERKIV[MXLSYXER]WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRW8LIUYERXMX]4 4 
MWHIJMRIHEWXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWW[LMGLMWYWIHXSlWM^IzXLI
CoolerSVHeater [MXLEOZEPYI


(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
-RKIRIVEPX[SWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIVIUYMVIHF],=7=7MRSVHIVJSVXLI
COOLER/HEATERYRMXSTIVEXMSRXSJYPP]WSPZI
Dynamic
Specifications

Description
The duty applied to the COOLER/HEATER can be
calculated using one of three different models:

Duty Calculation

Supplied Duty
Product Temp Spec
Duty Fluid
Specify the duty model in the Model Details group in
the Specs page of the Dynamics tab.
Either specify an Overall Delta P or an Overall Kvalue for the Air Cooler.

Pressure Drop

4-16

Specify the Pressure Drop calculation in the

Dynamic Specifications group in the Specs page
of the Dynamics tab.

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-17

6EXMRK8EF

8LIRatingXEFGSRXEMRWX[STEKIWXLINozzlesERHHeat LossTEKI

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 4.11

8LIIPIZEXMSRWSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLICooler SVHeaterEVI
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle ParametersWIGXMSR
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is not currently used with the

Cooler or Heater unit operation

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the ground.

Base Elevation
relative to Ground

This is the distance of the piece of equipment from

the ground.

4-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-18

Cooler/Heater

-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIMRPIXERHI\MX
RS^^PIWEVIIUYEPJSVXLMWYRMXSTIVEXMSR-J]SY[MWLXSQSHIPWXEXMG
LIEHXLIIRXMVITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXGERFIQSZIHF]QSHMJ]MRKXLI
Base Elevation relative to GroundGIPP

,IEX0SWW4EKI
8LIHeat LossTEKIGSRXEMRWLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVW[LMGLGLEVEGXIVM^I
XLIEQSYRXSJLIEXPSWXEGVSWWXLIZIWWIP[EPP
=SYGERGLSSWIIMXLIVEDetailedLIEXPSWWQSHIPSVRSLIEXPSWW
XLVSYKLXLIZIWWIP[EPPW

(IXEMPIH,IEX0SWW1SHIP
Figure 4.12

-JXLITemperature Profile VEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJ

XLIJSPPS[MRKWYVJEGIWEVIHMWTPE]IH

Fluid Temperature
Inner Wall
Outer Vessel

4-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-19

-JXLIConductionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHYGXMSR
LIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWEVIHMWTPE]IHJSVFSXLXLIMRWYPEXMSRERHXLI
QIXEP[EPP

Heat Transfer Area

Thickness
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
Density
Conductivity, k

8LILIEXXVERWJIVEVIEMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]8LIVIWX
SJXLILIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWQE]FIQSHMJMIH8LIMRWYPEXMSR
XLMGORIWWGERFIWTIGMJMIHEW^IVSXSQSHIPZIWWIPW[MXLSYXMRWYPEXMSR
8LIQIXEP[EPPQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLEJMRMXIXLMGORIWW
-JXLIConvectionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIH,=7=7HMWTPE]WXLI
GSRZIGXMZILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWJSVLIEXXVERWJIV[MXLMRXLILSPHYT
ERHLIEXXVERWJIVSGGYVVMRKJVSQXLISYXWMHIXLILSPHYTXSXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKW
Figure 4.13

&SXLXLIMRWMHIERHSYXWMHILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWQE]FIQSHMJMIH
JVSQXLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIW
8LIKSZIVRMRKIUYEXMSRWVIPEXMRKLIEXPSWWJVSQXLIZIWWIPERHXLI
(IXEMPIHLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVWWLS[RLIVIEVIHMWGYWWIHMRSection
1.2.4 - Heat Loss ModelMRChapter 1 - Dynamic Theory

4-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-20

Cooler/Heater



(]REQMGW8EF

8LIDynamicsXEFGSRXEMRWXLVIITEKIWXLISpecsDuty FluidERH
HoldupTEKI

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ
TVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLICooler SV Heater
Figure 4.14

>SRI-RJSVQEXMSR
,=7=7LEWXLIEFMPMX]XSTEVXMXMSRXLICOOLERERHHEATERMRXS
HMWGVIXIWIGXMSRWGEPPIH^SRIW&]HMZMHMRKXLMWYRMXSTIVEXMSRMRXS
^SRIWXLIYWIVGERQEOIHMJJIVIRXLIEXXVERWJIVWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSV
MRHMZMHYEP^SRIWERHXLIVIJSVIQSVIEGGYVEXIP]QSHIPXLITL]WMGEP
TVSGIWW,S[IZIVWTIGMJ]MRKXLICOOLER/HEATER[MXLSRI^SRI
TVSZMHIWSTXMQEPWTIIHGSRHMXMSRWERHMWYWYEPP]WYJJMGMIRXMR
QSHIPPMRKEGGYVEXII\MXWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRW-XMWXLIVIJSVIRSXWYKKIWXIH
XSWTIGMJ]XLICOOLERSVHEATER[MXLQSVIXLERSRI^SRI

4-20

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-21

1SHIP(IXEMPW
8LIModel DetailsKVSYTFS\QYWXFIGSQTPIXIHFIJSVIXLIWMQYPEXMSR
GEWI[MPPWSPZI8LIRYQFIVSJ^SRIWERHXLIZSPYQISJECOOLER/
HEATERGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIModel DetailsKVSYT,=7=7GER
GEPGYPEXIXLIHYX]ETTPMIHXSXLILSPHYTJPYMHYWMRKXLVIIHMJJIVIRX
QIXLSHW
Model

Description

Supplied Duty

If the Supplied Duty model is selected, you must

specify the duty applied to the COOLER/HEATER. It
is recommended that the duty supplied to the unit
operation be calculated from a PID Controller or a
Spreadsheet operation that can account for zero
flow conditions.

Product Temp Spec

If the Product Temp Spec model is selected, you

must specify the desired exit temperature. HYSYS
back calculates the required duty to achieve the
specified desired temperature. This method may not
run as fast as the Supplied Duty model.
If the Duty Fluid model is selected, you can model a
simple utility fluid to heat or cool your process
stream. The following parameters must be specified
for the utility fluid in the Duty Fluid page of the
Dynamics tab:

Duty Fluid

Mass Flow
Holdup Mass
Mass Cp
Inlet temperature
Average UA

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
=SYGERWTIGMJ]LS[XLITVIWWYVIHVSTMWGEPGYPEXIHEGVSWWXLI
COOLER/HEATERYRMXSTIVEXMSRMRXLIDynamic Specifications
WIGXMSR

The COOLER/HEATER
operations, like other dynamic
unit operations, should use
the k-value specification
option as much as possible to
simulate actual pressure flow
relations in the plant.

Dynamic
Specification

Description

Overall Delta P

A set pressure drop is assumed across the

COOLER/HEATER operation with this specification.
The flow and the pressure of either the inlet or exit
stream must be specified or calculated from other
unit operations in the flowsheet. The flow through the
valve is not dependent on the pressure drop across
the COOLER/HEATER. To use the overall delta P as
a dynamic specification, select the corresponding
box in the Dynamic specifications section

4-21

[Link] Page 22 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-22

Cooler/Heater

Dynamic
Specification

Description

Overall k Value

The k-value defines the relationship between the

flow through COOLER/HEATER and the pressure of
the surrounding streams. You can either specify the
k-value or have it calculated from the stream
conditions surrounding the unit operation. You can
size the COOLER/HEATER with a k-value by
pressing the Calculate k button. Ensure that there is
a non zero pressure drop across the COOLER/
HEATER before the Calculate k button is pressed.
To use the k-value as a dynamic specification, select
the corresponding box in the Dynamic
specifications section.

>SRI(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
-JXLICOOLER/HEATERSTIVEXMSRMWWTIGMJMIH[MXLQYPXMTPI^SRIW]SY
GERWIPIGXXLISpec ZonesFYXXSRXSHIJMRIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSV
IEGL^SRI
Figure 4.15

-RXLIDelta P Specs and DutiesKVSYTFS\]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLI

JSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVW

4-22

Dynamic
Specification

Description

dP Value

The fixed pressure drop value is specified in this

field.

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

Dynamic
Specification

4-23

Description
This field allows you to either specify or calculate the
pressure drop across the COOLER/HEATER.
Specify the dP Option with one of the following
options:
user specified - The pressure drop across the
zone is specified by the user in the dP Value
field.
non specified - Pressure drop across the zone is
calculated from a pressure flow relationship.
You must specify a k-value and activate the
specification for the zone in the Zone
Conductance Specifications group box.

dP Option

Duty

A fixed duty can be specified across each zone in

the COOLER/HEATER unit operation.

-RXLIZone Conductance SpecificationsKVSYTFS\]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLI

JSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVW
Dynamic
Specification

Description

The k-value for individual zones may be specified in

this field. You can either specify the k-value or have it
calculated by pressing the Calculate k button

Specification

Activate the specification, if the k-value is to be used

to calculate pressure across the zone.

(YX]*PYMH4EKI
8LIDuty FluidTEKIFIGSQIWZMWMFPIMJXLIDuty FluidQSHIPMW
WTIGMJMIHMRXLISpecsTEKI%PPXLIHYX]JPYMHTVSTIVXMIWWTIGMJMIHMR
XLMWTEKIWLSYPHFIWTIGMJMIHMRSVHIVJSV,=7=7XSJYPP]WSPZI

4-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-24

Cooler/Heater

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLICOOLER/
HEATERLSPHYTTVSTIVXMIWGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRX
Figure 4.16

8LIOverall Holdup DetailsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI

COOLER/HEATERLSPHYTTEVEQIXIVW*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH
[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRXLIJSPPS[MRKMW
WTIGMJMIH
Holdup Details

Description

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

These cells indicate the amount of material in the

holdup for each phase.

Volume

These cells indicate the holdup volume of each

phase.

8LIIndividual Zone HoldupsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWHIXEMPIHLSPHYT

TVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLLSPHYTMRXLICOOLER/HEATER-RSVHIVXSZMI[
XLIEHZERGIHTVSTIVXMIWJSVMRHMZMHYEPLSPHYTW]SYQYWXJMVWXGLSSWI
XLIMRHMZMHYEP^SRIMRXLIZoneHVSTHS[RPMWXERHXLIRTVIWWXLI
AdvancedFYXXSR

4-24

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-25

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the specific phase in the holdup
Enthalpy
Density
molecular weight

Figure 4.17

4-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-26

Heat Exchanger

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF
Figure 4.18



,IEX)\GLERKIV

8LIH]REQMGHeat ExchangerTIVJSVQWIRIVK]ERHQEXIVMEPFEPERGIW
MREWLIPPERHXYFILIEXI\GLERKIV0MOIXLIWXIEH]WXEXILIEX
I\GLERKIVXLIH]REQMGLIEXI\GLERKIVGERFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLIMXLIV
HIXEMPIHVEXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRSVWMQTPIHIWMKRWTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LIWXIEH]
WXEXIERHH]REQMGLIEXI\GLERKIVSTIVEXMSRWWLEVIXLIWEQIVEXMRK
MRJSVQEXMSR
Heat Exchanger Button

9RPMOIXLIWXIEH]WXEXILIEXI\GLERKIVXLIWLIPPERHXYFISJXLI
H]REQMGLIEXI\GLERKIVMWGETEFPISJWXSVMRKMRZIRXSV]PMOISXLIV
H]REQMGZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRW8LIHMVIGXMSRSJJPS[SJQEXIVMEPXLVSYKL
XLIH]REQMGLIEXI\GLERKIVMWKSZIVRIHF]XLITVIWWYVIWSJXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
7SQISJXLIQENSVJIEXYVIWMRGPYHIHMRXLIH]REQMGHEAT
EXCHANGERSTIVEXMSRMRGPYHI

A pressure-flow specification option which realistically models

flow through the heat exchanger according to the pressure
network of the plant. Possible flow reversal situations can
therefore be modelled.

4-26

[Link] Page 27 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-27

The choice between a Basic and Detailed heat exchanger

model. Detailed heat exchanger rating information can be
used to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and
pressure drop across the heat exchanger.
A dynamic holdup model which calculates level in the heat
exchanger shell based on its geometry and orientation.
A heat loss model which accounts for the convective and
conductive heat transfer that occurs across the heat exchanger
shell wall.
8SMRWXEPPXLIHeat ExchangerSTIVEXMSRTVIWW<F12>ERHGLSSWIHeat
ExchangerJVSQXLIUnitOpsZMI[SVWIPIGXXLIHeat ExchangerFYXXSR
MRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI
8SMKRSVIXLIHeat ExchangerWIPIGXXLIIgnore GLIGOFS\,=7=7[MPP
GSQTPIXIP]HMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRERH[MPPRSXGEPGYPEXIXLISYXPIX
WXVIEQYRXMP]SYVIWXSVIMXXSEREGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLIGLIGOFS\



8LISV]

,IEX8VERWJIV
8LIHEATEXCHANGERGEPGYPEXMSRWEVIFEWIHSRIRIVK]FEPERGIWJSV
XLILSXERHGSPHJPYMHW8LIJSPPS[MRKKIRIVEPVIPEXMSRETTPMIWXSXLI
WLIPPWMHISJXLI&EWMGQSHIPHeat Exchanger
d ( VH out )shell
M shell ( Hin H out ) shell Q loss + Q = --------------------------------dt



*SVXLIXYFIWMHI
d ( VH out ) tube
M tube ( H in H out ) tube Q = -------------------------------dt
where: M

WLIPP

= Shell fluid flow rate

XYFI

= Tube fluid flow rate



H = Enthalpy
Q

PSWW

= Heat Loss

Q= Heat transfer from the tube side to the shell side

V = Volume shell or tube holdup

4-27

[Link] Page 28 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-28

Heat Exchanger

8LIXIVQQloss VITVIWIRXWXLILIEXPSWXJVSQXLIWLIPPWMHISJXLI
H]REQMGHeat Exchanger*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKLS[QlossMW
GEPGYPEXIHWIISection 1.2.4 - Heat Loss ModelMRXLMWQERYEP
8LIXSXEPLIEXXVERWJIVVIHFIX[IIRXLIXYFIERHWLIPPWMHIWHeat
ExchangerHYX]QE]FIHIJMRIHMRXIVQWSJXLISZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIV
GSIJJMGMIRXXLIEVIEEZEMPEFPIJSVLIEXI\GLERKIERHXLIPSKQIER
XIQTIVEXYVIHMJJIVIRGI
Q = UAT

01



where: U = Overall heat transfer coefficient

A = Surface area available for heat transfer
T

01

= Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

F = LMTD correction factor

X

2SXIXLEXXLILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXERHXLIWYVJEGIEVIEEVI
SJXIRGSQFMRIHJSVGSRZIRMIRGIMRXSEWMRKPIZEVMEFPIVIJIVVIHXS
EW9%

4VIWWYVI(VST
8LITVIWWYVIHVSTSJXLILIEXI\GLERKIVGERFIHIXIVQMRIHMRSRISJ
XLVII[E]W

Specify the pressure drop.

Calculate the pressure drop according to the Heat Exchanger
geometry and configuration.
Define a pressure flow relation in the Heat Exchanger by
specifying a k-value.
-JXLITVIWWYVIJPS[STXMSRMWGLSWIRJSVTVIWWYVIHVSTHIXIVQMREXMSRMR
XLIHeat ExchangerEOZEPYIMWYWIHXSVIPEXIXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVI
PSWWERHJPS[XLVSYKLXLII\GLERKIV8LMWVIPEXMSRMWWMQMPEVXSXLI
KIRIVEPZEPZIIUYEXMSR

f =

density k P1 P 2



8LMWKIRIVEPJPS[IUYEXMSRYWIWXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLILIEX
I\GLERKIV[MXLSYXER]WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRW8LIUYERXMX]P P 
MWHIJMRIHEWXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWW[LMGLMWYWIHXSlWM^IzXLIHeat
Exchanger[MXLEOZEPYI


4-28

[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-29

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEPMWXSJXLIQMRMQYQWTIGMJMGEXMSRWVIUYMVIHJSVXLI
HEAT EXCHANGERYRMXSTIVEXMSRXSWSPZI
8LIBasic,IEX)\GLERKIVQSHIPVIUYMVIWXLIJSPPS[MRKWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
Dynamic
Specifications

Description

Volume

The tube and shell volumes must be specified.

Overall UA

The Overall UA must be specified.

Either specify an Overall Delta P or an Overall Kvalue for the HEAT EXCHANGER.

Pressure Drop

Specify the Pressure Drop calculation method in the

Dynamic Specifications group in the Specs page
of the Dynamics tab. You can also specify the
Overall Delta P values for the shell and tube sides in
the Sizing page of the Rating tab.

8LIDetailed,IEX)\GLERKIVQSHIPVIUYMVIWXLIJSPPS[MRK
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
Dynamic
Specifications

Description

Sizing Data

The tube and shell sides of the HEAT EXCHANGER

must be completely specified in the Sizing page of
the Rating tab. The overall tube/shell volumes and
the heat transfer surface area are calculated from
the shell and tube ratings information.
Either specify an Overall UA or have it calculated
from the Shell and Tube geometry.

Overall UA

Specify the U calculation method in the Parameters

page of the Rating tab. The U calculation method
may also be specified in the Model page of the
Dynamics tab.
Either specify an Overall Delta P or an Overall Kvalue for the HEAT EXCHANGER.

Pressure Drop

Specify the Pressure Drop calculation method in the

Parameters page of the Rating tab. You can also
specify the Pressure Drop calculation method in the
Pressure Flow Specifications group in the Specs
page of the Dynamics tab.

4-29

[Link] Page 30 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-30

Heat Exchanger



6EXMRK8EF

8LIRatingXEFGSRXEMRWJSYVTEKIWXLISizingParametersNozzles
ERHHeat LossTEKI

7M^MRK4EKI
-RXLISizingTEKI]SYGERWTIGMJ]IMXLIVEBasicQSHIPSVEDetailed
QSHIP-RXLIBasicQSHIP]SYGERHIJMRIXLI,IEX)\GLERKIV
WSZIVEPP
9%ERHTVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIWLIPPERHXYFI*SVXLIDetailed
QSHIP]SYGERHIJMRIXLIKISQIXV]ERHLIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWSJ
FSXLXLIWLIPPERHXYFIWMHIMRXLIHeat ExchangerSTIVEXMSR
-RSVHIVJSVIMXLIVXLIBasicSVDetailed Heat ExchangerQSHIPXS
GSQTPIXIP]WSPZIXLISizingTEKIQYWXFIGSQTPIXIH
Figure 4.19

&EWMG1SHIP
8LIDimensionsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR[LMGL
QYWXFIWTIGMJMIHF]XLIYWIV

Tube Volume
Shell Volume
Elevation

4-30

[Link] Page 31 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-31

8LIIPIZEXMSRSJXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXMWWMKRMJMGERXMRXLIGEPGYPEXMSR
SJWXEXMGLIEHEVSYRHERHMRXLILIEXI\GLERKIV
8LIParametersWIGXMSRMRGPYHIWXLIJSPPS[MRK,)%8)<',%2+)6
TEVEQIXIVW
Field

Description

Overall UA

This is the product of the Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient and the Total Area available for heat
transfer. The heat exchanger duty is proportional to
the log mean temperature difference, where UA is
the proportionality factor. The UA must be specified.

Tubeside and
Shellside Delta P

The pressure drops (P) for the tube and shell sides
of the exchanger may be specified here. The P can
also be calculated if both the inlet and exit pressures
of the process stream are supplied.

(IXEMPIH1SHIP
-JXLIOverallVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLISZIVEPPLIEXI\GLERKIV
KISQIXV]MWHMWTPE]IH
Figure 4.20

4-31

[Link] Page 32 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-32

Heat Exchanger

8LIDimensionsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR

Tube Volume
Shell Volume
Heat Transfer Area
Elevation of the base of the Heat Exchanger

8LIXYFIZSPYQIWLIPPZSPYQIERHLIEXXVERWJIVEVIEEVIGEPGYPEXIH
JVSQTEVEQIXIVWHMWTPE]IHF]WIPIGXMRKXLIShellERHTubeVEHMS
FYXXSRW8LIIPIZEXMSRQE]FIYWIHMRDynamicQSHIXSHIXIVQMRIXLI
WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRWSJXLILIEXI\GLERKIV
8LIConfigurationWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR

Shell Passes
Tube Passes
Orientation
TEMA-Type

=SYQE]WTIGMJ]XLIRYQFIVSJXYFIERHWLIPPTEWWIWMRXLIWLIPPSJXLI
LIEXI\GLERKIV-RKIRIVEPEXPIEWXRXYFITEWWIWQYWXFIWTIGMJMIHJSV
IZIV]RWLIPPTEWW8LII\GITXMSRMWEGSYRXIVGYVVIRXJPS[LIEX
I\GLERKIV[LMGLLEWSRIWLIPPTEWWERHSRIXYFITEWW8LISVMIRXEXMSR
QE]FIWTIGMJMIHEWEZIVXMGEPSVLSVM^SRXEPLIEXI\GLERKIV8LI
SVMIRXEXMSRSJXLILIEXI\GLERKIVHSIWRSXMQTEGXXLIWXIEH]WXEXI
WSPZIV,S[IZIVMXMWYWIHMRXLIH]REQMGLIEXI\GLERKIVMRXLI
GEPGYPEXMSRSJPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLIWLIPP

TEMA Type Drop down Lists

8LIWLETISJLIEXI\GLERKIVQE]FIWTIGMJMIHYWMRKXLI8)1%X]TI
HVSTHS[RPMWXW8LIJMVWXPMWXGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJJVSRXIRHWXEXMSREV]LIEH
X]TIWSJXLILIEXI\GLERKIV8LIWIGSRHPMWXGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJWLIPP
X]TIW8LIXLMVHPMWXGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJVIEVIRHLIEHX]TIW
*SVEQSVIHIXEMPIHHMWGYWWMSRSJ8)1%WX]PIWLIPPERHXYFILIEX
I\GLERKIVWVIJIVXSTEKISJXLIPerrys Chemical Engineers
HandbookIHMXMSR 


4-32

[Link] Page 33 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-33

-JXLIShellVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLIWLIPP
GSRJMKYVEXMSRERHXLIFEJJPIEVVERKIQIRXMRIEGLWLIPPGERFI
WTIGMJMIH
Figure 4.21

-RXLIShell DataKVSYT]SYGERWTIGMJ][LIXLIVQYPXMTPIWLIPPW[MPPFI
YWIHMRXLILIEXI\GLERKIVHIWMKR8LIJSPPS[MRKJMIPHWEVIHMWTPE]IH
ERHGERFIQSHMJMIHMRXLIShell DataWIGXMSR
Field

Description
If a multiple number of shells are specified in series,
the configuration is shown as follows:

Shells in Series

If a multiple number of shells are specified in parallel,

the configuration is shown as follows:
Shells in Parallel

Shell Diameter

The diameter of the shell(s) is shown in this field.

Shell Fouling

The shell fouling factor is taken into account in the

calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient,
UA.

4-33

[Link] Page 34 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-34

Heat Exchanger

8LIJSPPS[MRKJMIPHWEVIHMWTPE]IHERHGERFIQSHMJMIHMRXLIShell
BafflesKVSYT
Field

Description
You can choose 4 different baffle types:

Shell Baffle Type

Single
Double
Triple
Grid
For more information regarding, baffle types and
configurations, refer to page 11-42 of the Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook (1997 edition) .


Shell Baffle
Orientation

You can choose whether the baffles are aligned

horizontally or vertically along the inner shell wall.

Baffle cut (Area %)

You can specify the percent area the baffle occupies

relative to the cross sectional area of the shell.

Baffle Spacing

You can specify the space between each baffle.

-JXLITubeVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLIXYFI
KISQIXV]MRIEGLWLIPPGERFIWTIGMJMIH
Figure 4.22

4-34

[Link] Page 35 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-35

-RXLIDimensions and ConfigurationKVSYTXLIJSPPS[MRKXYFI

KISQIXVMGTEVEQIXIVWQE]FIWTIGMJMIH
Field

Description

Outer Tube
Diameter

Two of the three listed parameters must be specified

to characterize the tube width dimensions.

Inner Tube Diameter

Tube Thickness
Tube Length

Number of tubes

This is the tube length of one tube in a single heat

exchanger shell.
This is the number of tubes observed in the cross
section of a heat exchanger shell (or the number of
holes drilled in the tube sheet). Therefore, the
number of tubes to be entered in this field can be
calculated using the following equation:

Tube Passes
# of Tubes = Actual # of Tubes --------------------------------Shell
Pitch

This is the shortest distance between the centers of

two adjacent tubes.
In HYSYS, the tubes in the a single shell may be
arranged in four different symmetrical patterns:
Triangular
Triangular (cleaning lanes)

Tube Layout Angle

Square
Square Rotated

For more information regarding the benefits of

different tube layout angles, refer to page 139 of
Process Heat Transfer by Donald Q. Kern (1965)

-RXLITube PropertiesKVSYTXLIJSPPS[MRKQIXEPXYFILIEXXVERWJIV
TVSTIVXMIWQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH

Tube Fouling Factor

Thermal Conductivity
Wall Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
Wall Density

4-35

[Link] Page 36 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-36

Heat Exchanger

4EVEQIXIVW4EKI
8LIParametersTEKIEPPS[W]SYXSWTIGMJ]XLIZone InformationHeat
TransferERHDeltaP
Figure 4.23

>SRI-RJSVQEXMSR
,=7=7GERTEVXMXMSRXLILIEXI\GLERKIVMRXSHMWGVIXIQYPXMTPIWIGXMSRW
GEPPIH^SRIW&IGEYWIWLIPPERHXYFIWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVIRSXXLI
WEQIEXHMJJIVIRXPSGEXMSRWMRXLILIEXI\GLERKIVXLILIEXXVERWJIV
TEVEQIXIVWEVIRSXXLIWEQIEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLILIEXI\GLERKIV&]
HMZMHMRKXLILIEXI\GLERKIVMRXS^SRIW]SYGERQEOIHMJJIVIRXLIEX
XVERWJIVWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVMRHMZMHYEP^SRIWERHXLIVIJSVIQSVI
EGGYVEXIP]QSHIPEREGXYEPLIEXI\GLERKIV,S[IZIVXLIWTIIHEX
[LMGLXLILIEXI\GLERKIVWSPZIWHIGVIEWIWGSRWMHIVEFP][MXLER
MRGVIEWMRKRYQFIVSJ^SRIW

4-36

[Link] Page 37 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-37

-RXLIZone InformationWIGXMSR]SYQE]WTIGMJ]
Field

Description

Zones per Shell

Pass

Zone Fraction

Enter the number of zones you would like for one

shell pass. The total number of zones in a heat
exchanger shell is calculated as:

Zones
Total Zones = # of Shells ---------------------------Shell Pass
The zone fraction is the fraction of space the zone
occupies relative to the total shell volume. HYSYS
automatically sets each zone to have the same
volume. You may modify the zone fractions to
occupy a larger or smaller proportion of the total
volume. Press the Normalize Zone Fractions
button in order to adjust the sum of fractions to equal
one.

,IEX8VERWJIV
8LIHeat TransferWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI
GEPGYPEXMSRSJXLISZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRX9%ERHPSGEPLIEX
XVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWJSVXLIJPYMHMRXLIXYFIL ERHXLIJPYMH
WYVVSYRHMRKXLIXYFIL 8LILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWGERFI
HIXIVQMRIHMRSRISJX[S[E]W
M

The heat transfer coefficients can be specified using the rating

information provided in the Sizing page and the stream
conditions.
The heat transfer coefficients can be user-specified.
*SVJPYMHW[MXLSYXTLEWIGLERKIXLIPSGEPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXL MW
GEPGYPEXIHEGGSVHMRKXSXLI7MIHIV8EXIGSVVIPEXMSR
M

0.023D i D i Gi 0.8 C p, i i 1 3 i 0.14

h i = ------------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
k m i k m i, w



where: G = Mass velocity of the fluid in the tubes (Velocity* Density)

M

= Viscosity of the fluid in the tube (at bulk temperature)

M

M[

TM

= viscosity of the fluid inside tubes, at the tube wall

= Specific heat capacity of the fluid inside the tube

4-37

[Link] Page 38 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-38

Heat Exchanger

8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLIPSGEPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWERHXLI
SZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXMW

1
U = --------------------------------------------------------------------Do
1
1
----- + r o + r w + ------ r i + ----
Di
h i
ho



where: U = Overall heat transfer coefficient

h = local heat transfer coefficient outside tube
S

h = local heat transfer coefficient inside tube

M

r = fouling factor outside tube

S

r = fouling factor inside tube

M

r = tube wall resistance

[

D = outside diameter of tube

S

D = inside diameter of tube

M

-JXLIOverall ExchangerVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIJSPPS[MRK
MRJSVQEXMSRMWTVSZMHIH
Field

Description

Overall U

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U, may be

specified or calculated.

Heat Transfer Area

The total heat transfer area is calculated from the

heat exchanger geometry and configuration.

Overall UA

This is the product of the Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient and the total area available for heat
transfer.

Heat Transfer
Coefficient
Calculator

4-38

The Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator allows you

to either specify or calculate the Overall Heat
Transfer Coefficient. Specify the cell with one of
following options:
Shell & Tube - The overall heat transfer
coefficient, U, is calculated using the exchanger
rating information.
U specified - The overall heat transfer
coefficient, U, is user-specified.

[Link] Page 39 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-39

-JXLIExchange SidesVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIJSPPS[MRK
MRJSVQEXMSRMWTVSZMHIH
Field

Description

Shell/Tube Heat
Transfer Coefficient

The local Heat Transfer Coefficients, h and h , may

be specified or calculated.

Shell /Tube HT
Coefficient
Calculator

The Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator allows you

to either specify or calculate the local Heat Transfer
Coefficients. Specify the cell with one of following
options:
Shell & Tube - The local heat transfer
coefficients, h and h , are calculated using the
heat exchange rating information and
correlations.
U specified - The local heat transfer
coefficients, h and h , are specified by the user.
S

(IPXE4
8LIDelta PWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ
XLIWLIPPERHXYFITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLII\GLERKIV
8LIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSRMWTVSZMHIHMRXLIDelta PWIGXMSR
Field

Description

Shell/Tube Delta P

The pressure drops across the Shell/Tube side of the

heat exchanger may be specified or calculated.
The Shell/Tube Delta P Calculator allows you to
either specify or calculate the shell/tube pressure
drop across the heat exchanger. Specify the cell with
one of following options:

Shell/Tube Delta P
Calculator

Shell & Tube Delta P Calculator - The

pressure drop is calculated using the heat
exchanger rating information and correlations.
User specified - The pressure drop is specified
by the user.
non specified - Pressure drop across the heat
exchanger is calculated from a pressure flow
relationship. You must specify a k-value and
activate the Pressure Flow Option in the Specs
page of the Dynamics tab if you wish to use this
non specified Delta P calculator.

4-39

[Link] Page 40 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-40

Heat Exchanger

(IXEMPIH,IEX1SHIP4VSTIVXMIW
&]TVIWWMRKXLI Specify Parameters for Individual ZonesFYXXSREZMI[
ETTIEVWHIXEMPMRKLIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWERHLSPHYTGSRHMXMSRWJSV
IEGL^SRI,=7=7YWIWXLIJSPPS[MRKXIVQWXSHIWGVMFIHMJJIVIRX
PSGEXMSRW[MXLMRXLILIEXI\GLERKIV
Location Term

Description

Zone

HYSYS represents the zone using the letter Z.

Zones are numbered starting from 0. For instance, if
there are 3 zones in a heat exchanger, the zones are
labelled: Z0, Z1, and Z2.

Holdup

HYSYS represents the holdup within each zone with

the letter H. Holdups are numbered starting from 0.
Holdup 0 will always be the holdup of the shell
within the zone. Holdups 1 through n will represent
the n tube holdups existing in the zone.

Tube Location

HYSYS represents tube locations using the letters

TH. Tube locations occur at the interface of each
zone. Depending on the number of tube passes per
shell pass, there may be several tube locations
within a particular zone. For instance, 2 tube
locations exist for each zone in a heat exchanger
with 1 shell pass and 2 tube passes. Tube locations
are numbered starting from 1.

'SRWMHIVEWLIPPERHXYFILIEXI\GLERKIV[MXL^SRIWWLIPPTEWWERH
XYFITEWWIW8LIJSPPS[MRKHMEKVEQPEFIPW^SRIWXYFIPSGEXMSRWERH
LSPHYTW[MXLMRXLILIEXI\GLERKIV
Figure 4.24

4-40

[Link] Page 41 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-41

Zone Summary Tab

Figure 4.25

8LIZone SummaryXEFGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLI
LSPHYTWMRIEGL^SRI

Temperature
Average Pressure
Vapour Fraction
Enthalpy
Pressure Drop
Pressure Flow K
Use PF K Values
Pressure Drop Calculator
Holdup Duty (External)
Holdup Level
Holdup Volume

2SXEPPXLILSPHYTTVSTIVXMIWEVIVIPIZERXXSXLIWXIEH]WXEXILIEX
I\GLERKIVQSHIP8LIPressure Flow KUse PF K-ValuesHoldup
LevelERHHoldup VolumeTEVEQIXIVWEVIRSXYWIHF]XLIWXIEH]WXEXI
WSPZIV

4-41

[Link] Page 42 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-42

Heat Exchanger

Heat Transfer (Individual) Tab

Figure 4.26

-RJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLILIEXXVERWJIVIPIQIRXWSJIEGLXYFIPSGEXMSR
MRXLILIEXI\GLERKIVMWHMWTPE]IHSRXLIHeat Transfer (Individual)
XEF,IEXXVERWJIVJVSQXLIJPYMHMRXLIXYFIXSXLIJPYMHMRXLIWLIPP
SGGYVWXLVSYKLEWIVMIWSJLIEXXVERWJIVVIWMWXERGIWSVIPIQIRXW8LIVI
EVIX[SGSRZIGXMZIIPIQIRXWERHSRIGSRHYGXMZIIPIQIRXEWWSGMEXIH
[MXLIEGLXYFIPSGEXMSR
8LMWXEFSVKERM^IWEPPXLILIEXXVERWJIVIPIQIRXWJSVIEGLXYFIPSGEXMSR
MRSRIWTVIEHWLIIX=SYQE]GLSSWI[LIXLIV ConductiveSV
ConvectiveIPIQIRXWEVIXSFIHMWTPE]IHF]WIPIGXMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXI
IPIQIRXX]TIMRXLIHeat Transfer TypeHVSTHS[RPMWX
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEPMWXSJTSWWMFPIIPIQIRXWJSVIEGLXYFIPSGEXMSR

4-42

Heat Transfer
Element

Description

Convective
Elements

The Shell Side element is associated with the local heat

transfer coefficient, h , around the tube. The Tube Side is
associated with the local heat transfer coefficient, h ,
inside the [Link] local heat transfer coefficients may
be calculated by HYSYS or user-modified.

Conductive
Element

This element is associated with the conduction of heat

through the metal wall of the tube. The conductivity of the
tube metal, and the inside and outside metal wall
temperatures are displayed. The conductivity may be
user-modified.

[Link] Page 43 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-43

Heat Transfer (Global) Tab

8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLILIEXXVERWJIVIPIQIRXWJSVXLIIRXMVILIEX
I\GLERKIV=SYQE]GLSSWI[LIXLIV XLISZIVEPPConductiveSV
ConvectiveIPIQIRXWEVIXSFIHMWTPE]IHF]WIPIGXMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXI
IPIQIRXX]TIMRXLIHeat Transfer TypeHVSTHS[RPMWX

Tabular Results Tab

8LITabular ResultsXEFHMWTPE]WXLIJSPPS[MRKWXVIEQTVSTIVXMIWJSVXLI
WLIPPERHXYFIJPYMHJPS[TEXLW8LIJIIHERHI\MXWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVI
HMWTPE]IHJSVIEGL^SRI

Temperature
Pressure
Vapour Fraction
Molar Flow
Enthalpy
Cumulative UA
Cumulative Heat Flow
Length (into heat exchanger)

=SYQE]GLSSWI[LIXLIVXLIJPS[TEXLMWWLIPPSVXYFIWMHIF]WIPIGXMRK
XLIETTVSTVMEXIJPS[TEXLMRXLIDisplay which flowpath?HVSTHS[R
PMWX

Specs (Individual) Tab

8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLITVIWWYVIHVSTWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVIEGLWLIPPERH
XYFILSPHYTMRSRIWTVIEHWLIIX8LIPressure Flow KERHUse Pressure
Flow KGSPYQRWEVIETTPMGEFPISRP]MRDynamicQSHI
=SYQE]GLSSWI[LIXLIVXLIWLIPPSVXYFIWMHIMWHMWTPE]IHF]WIPIGXMRK
XLIDisplay which flowpath?HVSTHS[RPMWX

Specs (Global) Tab

8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLITVIWWYVIHVSTWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLIIRXMVIWLIPP
ERHXYFILSPHYTW8LIPressure Flow KERHUse Pressure Flow K
GSPYQRWEVIETTPMGEFPISRP]MRDynamicsQSHI
=SYQE]GLSSWI[LIXLIVXLIWLIPPSVXYFIWMHIMWHMWTPE]IHF]WIPIGXMRK
XLIDisplay which flowpath?HVSTHS[RPMWX

4-43

[Link] Page 44 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-44

Heat Exchanger

Figure 4.27

Plot Tab
8LIMRJSVQEXMSRHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEFMWEKVETLMGEPVITVIWIRXEXMSRSJ
XLITEVEQIXIVWTVSZMHIHMRXLITabular ResultsXEF=SYGERTPSXXLI
JSPPS[MRKZEVMEFPIWJSVXLIWLIPPERHXYFIWMHISJXLILIEXI\GLERKIV

4-44

Vapour Fraction
Molar Flow
Enthalpy
Cumulative UA
Heat Flow
Length

[Link] Page 45 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-45

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 4.28

8LIIPIZEXMSRWSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXEVI
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLI2S^^PI4EVEQIXIVWWIGXMSR
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is displayed and can be

modified in this cell. The nozzle diameter has
physical meaning in relation to the liquid level in
the holdup. If the liquid level sits across the
nozzle, the phase fraction depends on how far
the level is in relation to nozzle diameter.

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the

ground.

Base Elevation relative

to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above

the ground.

4-45

[Link] Page 46 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-46

Heat Exchanger

8LITPEGIQIRXSJJIIHERHTVSHYGXRS^^PIWSRXLIDetailed Dynamic
HEAT EXCHANGERSTIVEXMSRLEWTL]WMGEPQIERMRK8LII\MXWXVIEQ
W
GSQTSWMXMSRHITIRHWSRXLII\MXWXVIEQRS^^PI
WPSGEXMSRERHHMEQIXIV
MRVIPEXMSRXSXLITL]WMGEPLSPHYTPIZIPMRXLIZIWWIP-JXLITVSHYGX
RS^^PIMWPSGEXIHFIPS[XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLIZIWWIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPP
HVE[QEXIVMEPJVSQXLIPMUYMHLSPHYT-JXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIMWPSGEXIH
EFSZIXLIPMUYMHPIZIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPPHVE[QEXIVMEPJVSQXLI
ZETSYVLSPHYT-JXLIPMUYMHPIZIPWMXWEGVSWWERS^^PIXLIQSPIJVEGXMSR
SJPMUYMHMRXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQZEVMIWPMRIEVP][MXLLS[JEVYTXLI
RS^^PIXLIPMUYMHMW
)WWIRXMEPP]EPPZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRWMR,=7=7EVIXVIEXIHXLIWEQI8LI
GSQTSWMXMSRWERHTLEWIJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTVSHYGXWXVIEQHITIRH
WSPIP]SRXLIVIPEXMZIPIZIPWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTERHXLI
TPEGIQIRXSJXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIW7SEZETSYVTVSHYGXRS^^PIHSIWRSX
RIGIWWEVMP]TVSHYGITYVIZETSYV%TLEWIWITEVEXSVQE]RSXTVSHYGI
X[SHMWXMRGXPMUYMHTLEWITVSHYGXWJVSQMXWTVSHYGXRS^^PIW

,IEX0SWW4EKI
8LIHeat LossTEKIGSRXEMRWLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVW[LMGLGLEVEGXIVM^I
XLIEQSYRXSJLIEXPSWXEGVSWWXLIZIWWIP[EPP
=SYGERGLSSWIIMXLIVEDetailedLIEXPSWWQSHIPSVRSLIEXPSWWNone
XLVSYKLXLIZIWWIP[EPPW

(IXEMPIH,IEX0SWW1SHIP
-JXLITemperature Profile VEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJ
XLIJSPPS[MRKWYVJEGIWEVIHMWTPE]IH

4-46

Fluid Temperature
Inner Wall
Middle Wall
Outer Vessel
External

[Link] Page 47 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-47

Figure 4.29

-JXLIConductionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHYGXMSR
LIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWEVIHMWTPE]IHJSVFSXLXLIMRWYPEXMSRERHXLI
QIXEP[EPP

Heat Transfer Area

Thickness
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
Density
Conductivity, k

8LILIEXXVERWJIVEVIEMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]8LIVIWX
SJXLILIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWQE]FIQSHMJMIH8LIMRWYPEXMSR
XLMGORIWWGERFIWTIGMJMIHEW^IVSXSQSHIPZIWWIPW[MXLSYXMRWYPEXMSR
8LIQIXEP[EPPQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLEJMRMXIXLMGORIWW
-JXLIConvectionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIH,=7=7HMWTPE]WXLI
GSRZIGXMZILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWJSVLIEXXVERWJIV[MXLMRXLILSPHYT
ERHLIEXXVERWJIVSGGYVVMRKJVSQXLISYXWMHIXLILSPHYTXSXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKW

4-47

[Link] Page 48 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-48

Heat Exchanger

Figure 4.30

&SXLXLIMRWMHIERHSYXWMHILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWQE]FIQSHMJMIH
JVSQXLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIW
8LIKSZIVRMRKIUYEXMSRWVIPEXMRKLIEXPSWWJVSQXLIZIWWIPERHXLI
DetailedLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVWWLS[RLIVIEVIHMWGYWWIHMRSection
1.2.4 - Heat Loss ModelMRChapter 1 - Dynamic Theory

4-48

[Link] Page 49 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-49

(]REQMGW8EF

8LIDynamicsXEFGSRXEMRWXLVIITEKIWXLIModelSpecsERHHoldup
TEKI

1SHIP4EKI
-RXLIModelTEKI]SYGERWTIGMJ][LIXLIV,=7=7[MPPYWIEBasicSV
DetailedQSHIP
Figure 4.31

&EWMG1SHIP
8LIModel ParametersWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSRJSV
XLIHeat ExchangerYRMXSTIVEXMSR
Field

Description

Tube/Shell Volume

The volume of the shell and tube must be specified

in the Basic model.

Elevation

The elevation is significant in the calculation of static

head around and in the heat exchanger.

Overall UA

This is the product of the Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient and the Total Area available for heat
transfer. The heat exchanger duty is proportional to
the log mean temperature difference, where UA is
the proportionality factor. The UA must be specified if
the Basic model is used.

4-49

[Link] Page 50 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-50

Heat Exchanger

8LISummaryWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIHYX]SJXLI
LIEXI\GLERKIVWLIPPERHXYFIWMHIW

(IXEMPIH1SHIP
-JXLIDetailed VEHMSFYXXSRHMWTPE]WEWYQQEV]SJXLIVEXMRK
MRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRRatingXEF
Figure 4.32

8LIModel DataWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR

4-50

Field

Description

Tube/Shell Volume

The volume of the shell and tube is calculated from

the Heat Exchanger rating information.

Heat Transfer Area

The heat transfer area is calculated from the Heat

Exchanger rating information.

Elevation

The elevation is significant in the calculation of static

head around and in the heat exchanger.

Shell/Tube Passes

You may specify the number of tube and shell

passes in the shell of the heat exchanger. In general,
at least 2n tube passes must be specified for every n
shell pass. The exception is a counter-current flow
heat exchanger which has 1 shell pass and one tube
pass

[Link] Page 51 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

Field

Description

Orientation

The orientation may be specified as a vertical or

horizontal heat exchanger. The orientation of the
heat exchanger does not impact the steady state
solver. However, it used in the dynamic heat
exchanger in the calculation of liquid level in the
shell.

Zones per Shell

Pass

4-51

Enter the number of zones you would like for one

shell pass. The total number of zones in a heat
exchanger shell is calculated as:

Zones
Total Zones = # of Shells ---------------------------Shell Pass

8LIModel ParametersWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWXLIPSGEPERHSZIVEPPLIEX
XVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWJSVXLIHeat Exchanger(ITIRHMRKSRLS[XLI
Heat Transfer Coefficient CalculatorMWWIXMRXLIParametersTEKISJ
XLIRatingXEFXLIPSGEPERHSZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWQE]
IMXLIVFIGEPGYPEXIHSVWTIGMJMIHMRXLIModel ParametersWIGXMSR
HT Coefficient
Calculator Setting

Description

Shell & Tube

The overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is calculated

using the exchanger rating information.

U Specified

The overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is specified

by the user.

8LIStartup LevelWIGXMSRMWHMWTPE]IHSRP]MJXLIHeat ExchangerMW

WTIGMJMIH[MXLEWMRKPIWLIPPERHSVXYFITEWWLEZMRKSRP]SRI^SRI8LI
7XEVXYTPIZIPGERRSXFIWIXJSVQYPXMTPIWLIPPERHSVXYFITEWW
I\GLERKIVWJSVQYPXMTPIWLIPPSVXYFITEWWIW=SYQE]WTIGMJ]ERMRMXMEP
PMUYMHPIZIPTIVGIRXJSVXLIWLIPPSVXYFILSPHYTW8LMWMRMXMEPPMUYMHPIZIP
TIVGIRXMWYWIHSRP]MJXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWIVIMRMXMEPM^IW

4-51

[Link] Page 52 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-52

Heat Exchanger

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ
TVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIHeat Exchanger
Figure 4.33

8LIJSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVWEVIHMWTPE]IHJSVXLI7LIPP8YFIWMHI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW

The HEAT EXCHANGER unit

operation, like other dynamic
unit operations, should use
the k-value specification
option as much as possible to
simulate actual pressure flow
relations in the plant.

4-52

Dynamic
Specification

Description

Pressure Flow k
Value

The k-value defines the relationship between the flow

through the shell or tube holdup and the pressure of the
surrounding streams. You can either specify the k-value
or have it calculated from the stream conditions
surrounding the Heat [Link] can size the
exchanger with a k-value by pressing the Calculate ks
button. Ensure that there is a non zero pressure drop
across the HEAT EXCHANGER before the Calculate k
button is pressed.

Pressure Flow
Option

Activate this option if you wish to have the Pressure Flow

k value used in the calculation of pressure drop. If the
Pressure Flow Option is chosen, the Shell/Tube Delta P
calculator must also be set to non specified.

Shell/Tube Delta P

The pressure drops across the Shell/Tube side of the heat

exchanger may be specified or calculated.

[Link] Page 53 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

Dynamic
Specification

4-53

Description
The Shell/Tube Delta P Calculator allows you to either
specify or calculate the shell/tube pressure drop across
the heat exchanger. Specify the cell with one of following
options:

Shell/Tube Delta P
Calculator

Shell & Tube Delta P Calculator - The pressure

drop is calculated using the heat exchanger rating
information and correlations.
user specified - The pressure drop is specified by
the user.
non specified - This option is only applicable in
Dynamic mode. Pressure drop across the heat
exchanger is calculated from a pressure flow
relationship. You must specify a k-value and activate
the Pressure Flow Option in the Specs page of the
Dynamics tab if you wish to use this non specified
Delta P calculator.

&]TVIWWMRKXLISpecify Zones Individually FYXXSRXLIDetailed Heat

Model PropertiesZMI[ETTIEVWHIXEMPMRKLIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWERH
LSPHYTGSRHMXMSRWJSVIEGL^SRI*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI
GSRXIRXSJXLMWZMI[WIIXLIDetailed Model Properties,Section 4.3.2 Rating Tab
4VIWWMRKXLIK SummaryFYXXSR[MPPSTIRYTXLIZone SummaryXEFMR
XLIDetailed Model Properties ZMI[8LMWTEKIGSRXEMRWEWYQQEV]SJ
XLIOZEPYIWSJIEGL^SRIJSVIEGLWLIPPERHXYFILSPHYT

4-53

[Link] Page 54 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-54

Heat Exchanger

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIWLIPPERHXYFI
LSPHYT
WTVSTIVXMIWGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRX
Figure 4.34

8LIOverall Holdup DetailsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI

WLIPPERHXYFIWMHILSPHYTTEVEQIXIVW*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH
[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRXLIJSPPS[MRKMW
WTIGMJMIH
Holdup Details

Description

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

These cells indicate the amount of material in the

holdup for each phase.

Volume

These cells indicate the holdup volume of each

phase.

8LISZIVEPPWLIPPSVXYFIWMHILSPHYTTVSTIVXMIWQE]FIXSKKPIHF]
WIPIGXMRKXLIMRPIXWXVIEQREQIXSXLIWLIPPXYFILSPHYTJVSQXLI
Stream SideHVSTHS[RPMWX
8LIIndividual Zone HoldupsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWHIXEMPIHLSPHYT
TVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLLSPHYTMRXLIWLIPPSVXYFI-RSVHIVXSZMI[XLI
EHZERGIHTVSTIVXMIWJSVMRHMZMHYEPLSPHYTW]SYQYWXJMVWXGLSSWIXLI
MRHMZMHYEPLSPHYTERHXLIRTVIWWXLIAdvancedFYXXSR8SGLSSWI
MRHMZMHYEPLSPHYTW]SYQYWXWTIGMJ]XLIShell PassZoneERHHoldup

4-54

[Link] Page 55 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-55

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXIEGLLSPHYTMRXLIWLIPPERHXYFILIEX
I\GLERKIV

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Nozzles Tab
8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzlesTEKISJ
XLIRatingsXEF8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSR[LMGLMWIWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLI
TMIGISJIUYMTQIRXVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH'LERKIWXSRS^^PI
TEVEQIXIVWGERIMXLIVFIQEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLI
RatingsXEF

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 4.35

4-55

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4-56

Heat Exchanger

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW
XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

Essentially, the recycle stream represents the

material already existing in the holdup. Recycle
efficiencies represent how much of the material in
the holdup participates in the flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

4-56

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the specific phase in the holdup
Enthalpy
Density
Molecular Weight

[Link] Page 57 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-57

Figure 4.36

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF
Figure 4.37

4-57

[Link] Page 58 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-58

Heat Exchanger



(]REQMG,IEX)\GLERKIV
)\EQTPI

%L]HVSGEVFSRTVSGIWWWXVIEQ[MPPFIGSSPIHMREHeat ExchangerYRMX
STIVEXMSRYWMRKXLISimple RatingQSHIP8LILIEXI\GLERKIV[MPP
MRMXMEPP]FIFYMPXMRWXIEH]WXEXI%H]REQMGQSHIPSJXLIWEQILIEX
I\GLERKIV[MPPXLIRFIGVIEXIHMRDynamicQSHI


'VIEXIXLIJSPPS[MRK*PYMH4EGOEKI

Property Package

Components

Peng Robinson

C1, C2, C3, i-C4, n-C4, i-C5, n-C5, C6, C7, C8



'VIEXIWXVIEQWProcess FeedERHUtility Feed[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK

TVSTIVXMIW

Stream Name

Process Feed

Utility Feed

Vapour Frac

1.0000

0.0000

Pressure [psia]

145.00

290.00

Molar Flow [lbmole/hr]

23.00

441.00

Comp Mole Frac [Methane]

0.1

0.00

Comp Mole Frac [Ethane]

0.1

0.01

Comp Mole Frac [Propane]

0.1

0.95

Comp Mole Frac [i-Butane]

0.1

0.04

Comp Mole Frac [n-Butane]

0.1

0.00

Comp Mole Frac [i-Pentane]

0.1

0.00

Comp Mole Frac [n-Pentane]

0.1

0.00

Comp Mole Frac [n-Hexane]

0.1

0.00

Comp Mole Frac [n-Heptane]

0.1

0.00

Comp Mole Frac [n-Octane]

0.1

0.00



-RWXEPPEValveSTIVEXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRRIGXMSRW

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

VALVE

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

Name

VLV-100

Feed

Utility Feed

Product

Utility Feed2

Delta P

15 psi

Design [Connections]
Design [Parameters]

4-58

[Link] Page 59 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-59

-RWXEPPXLIHeat ExchangerSTIVEXMSRMRXLIConnectionsTEKISJ
XLIDesignXEF
Figure 4.38



3RXLIParametersTEKISJXLIDesignXEFWTIGMJ]ESimple Rating
ModelMRXLIHeat Exchanger ModelHVSTHS[RPMWX



7TIGMJ]XLIKISQIXV]SJXLILIEXI\GLERKIVMRXLISizing TEKISJ
XLIRatings XEF7IPIGXXLIDetailedVEHMSFYXXSR-RXLI
ConfigurationWIGXMSRWTIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRK

Configuration Parameter

Entry

Shell Passes

Tube Passes

Orientation

Horizontal

TEMA Type

A-E-L

4-59

[Link] Page 60 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-60

Heat Exchanger



7IPIGXXLIShellVEHMSFYXXSR7TIGMJ]XLIVEXMRKMRJSVQEXMSREW
WLS[RMRFigure 4.39
Figure 4.39



7IPIGXXLITubeVEHMSFYXXSR7TIGMJ]XLIVEXMRKMRJSVQEXMSREW
WLS[RMRFigure 4.402SXIXLEXMJ]SYWTIGMJ]FSXLXLIMRRIVERH
SYXIVXYFIHMEQIXIVXLIXYFIXLMGORIWW[MPPFIGEPGYPEXIH
Figure 4.40

4-60

[Link] Page 61 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

For more information

regarding the preparation of
equipment for Dynamic
mode, see Section 1.4.2 Moving from Steady State to
Dynamics

4-61

2SXIXLEXXLIWLIPPHMEQIXIVERHXYFIPIRKXLZEPYIWLEZIFIIRQSHMJMIH
JVSQXLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIW-JIJJIGXMZIPIZIPGSRXVSPMWXSFIEGLMIZIHMXMW
RIGIWWEV]XSWM^IER]ZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRMRGPYHMRKXLIHEAT
EXCHANGER[MXLEVIEWSREFPIPMUYMHVIWMHIRGIXMQI8LMWI\GLERKIV
LEWFIIRWM^IH[MXLEPMUYMHVIWMHIRGIXMQISJQMRYXIW


3RXLIParametersTEKISJXLIRatingXEF]SYGERGLSSWIXLI
QIXLSHYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIXLISZIVEPP,IEX8VERWJIV'SIJJMGMIRX9%
ERHXLI3ZIVEPP4VIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIWLIPPERHXYFIWMHIWSJXLI
Heat Exchanger-RXLIHeat Transfer Coefficient Calculator GIPP
GLSSWIXLIShell & TubeSTXMSR-RFSXLXLIShell and Tube
Pressure Drop CalculatorGIPPWGLSSWIXLIU specifiedSTXMSR
7TIGMJ]XLITVIWWYVIHVSTSJFSXLXLIWLIPPERHXYFIXSFITWM

 8LIWSPYXMSRWLSYPHRS[GSRZIVKI3RGIXLIHeat ExchangerYRMX

STIVEXMSRLEWJMRMWLIHWSPZMRKW[MXGLXSDynamicQSHI

Dynamics Assistant Button

 4VIWWXLIDynamics AssistantFYXXSR%PMWXSJQSHMJMGEXMSRWXSXLI

JPS[WLIIX[MPPFIHMWTPE]IHMRSVHIVXSVYRXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWIMR
(]REQMGW4VIWWXLIMake ChangesFYXXSRMRSVHIVXSMQTPIQIRX
XLIWYKKIWXIHQSHMJMGEXMSRW
 %HHEPID ControllerSTIVEXMSR[LMGL[MPPWIVZIEWXLIHeat
ExchangerPIZIPGSRXVSPPIV7TIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRKHIXEMPW
Tab [Page]

Design [Connections]

Design [Parameters]

Input Area

Entry

Name

HEX LC

Process Variable
Source

E-100,
d_Holduplevel_1

Output Target Object

VLV-100

Action

Reverse

Kp

Ti

5 minutes

PV Minimum

0%

PV Maximum

100%

 *VSQXLIFSXXSQSJXLIPID ControllerTVSTIVX]ZMI[TVIWWXLI

Face PlateFYXXSR3RXLIFace PlateGLERKIXLIGSRXVSPPIVQSHI
XS AutoSRXLIJEGITPEXIERHMRTYXEWIXTSMRXSJ
-RSVHIVXSMQTPIQIRXPIZIPGSRXVSPSRXLIHEAT EXCHANGERMR
,=7=7MXMWRIGIWWEV]XSWIXXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIWSJEPPI\MXMRKWXVIEQWXS
XLIXSTSJXLII\GLERKIV
 -RXLINozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingXEFWIXXLIElevationSJ
LIMKLXXSJSVWXVIEQWProcess OutERHUtility Out

4-61

[Link] Page 62 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-62

LNG

 %XXLMWTSMRXXLIHEAT EXCHANGERYRMXSTIVEXMSRMWJYPP]

WTIGMJMIH6YRXLI-RXIKVEXSVYRXMPEPPXLIZEVMEFPIWPMRISYX8LI
ProductWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLIConditionsTEKISJ
XLIWorksheetXEF
Figure 4.41



02+

8LIH]REQMG LNGI\GLERKIVQSHIPTIVJSVQWIRIVK]ERHQEXIVMEP
FEPERGIWJSVEVEXMRKTPEXIJMRX]TILIEXI\GLERKIVQSHIP8LIH]REQMG
LNGMWGLEVEGXIVM^IHEWLEZMRKELMKLEVIEHIRWMX]X]TMGEPP]EPPS[MRK
LIEXI\GLERKIIZIR[LIRPS[XIQTIVEXYVIKVEHMIRXWERHLIEXXVERWJIV
GSIJJMGMIRXWI\MWXFIX[IIRPE]IVWMRXLILNGSTIVEXMSR
LNG Button

7SQISJXLIQENSVJIEXYVIWMRGPYHIHMRXLIH]REQMGLNGSTIVEXMSR
MRGPYHI

A pressure-flow specification option which realistically models

flow through the LNG operation according to the pressure
network of the plant. Possible flow reversal situations can
therefore be modelled.
A dynamic model which accounts for energy holdup in the
metal walls and material stream layers. Heat transfer between
layers depends on the arrangement of streams, metal
properties, and fin and bypass efficiencies.
Versatile connections between layers in a single or multiple
zone LNG operation. It is possible to model cross and counter
flow, and multipass flow configurations within the LNG
operation.
A heat loss model which accounts for the convective and
conductive heat transfer that occurs across the wall of the LNG
operation.
8SMRWXEPPXLILNGSTIVEXMSRTVIWW<F12>ERHGLSSWILNGJVSQXLI
UnitOpsZMI[SVWIPIGXXLILNGFYXXSRMRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI

4-62

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Heat Transfer Equipment

4-63

8SMKRSVIXLILNGWIPIGXXLIIgnoreGLIGOFS\,=7=7[MPPGSQTPIXIP]
HMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRERH[MPPRSXGEPGYPEXIXLISYXPIXWXVIEQYRXMP
]SYVIWXSVIMXXSEREGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLIGLIGOFS\



8LISV]

,IEX8VERWJIV
8LILNGGEPGYPEXMSRWEVIFEWIHSRIRIVK]FEPERGIWJSVXLILSXERHGSPH
JPYMHW8LIJSPPS[MRKKIRIVEPVIPEXMSRETTPMIWER]PE]IVMRXLILNG YRMX
STIVEXMSR
d ( VH out )
M ( H in H out ) + Q internal + Q external = ----------------------dt



where: M = Fluid flow rate in the layer

H = Enthalpy
Q

= Heat gained from the surrounding layers

= Heat gained from the external surroundings

MRXIVREP

I\XIVREP

V = Volume shell or tube holdup

4VIWWYVI(VST
8LITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWER]PE]IVMRXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSRGERFI
HIXIVQMRIHMRSRISJX[S[E]W

Specify the pressure drop.

Define a pressure flow relation for each layer by specifying a kvalue.
-JXLITVIWWYVIJPS[STXMSRMWGLSWIRJSVTVIWWYVIHVSTHIXIVQMREXMSRMR
XLILNGEOZEPYIMWYWIHXSVIPEXIXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWERHJPS[
XLVSYKLXLII\GLERKIV8LMWVIPEXMSRMWWMQMPEVXSXLIKIRIVEPZEPZI
IUYEXMSR

f =

density k P1 P 2



8LMWKIRIVEPJPS[IUYEXMSRYWIWXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLILIEX
I\GLERKIV[MXLSYXER]WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRW8LIUYERXMX]P P 


4-63

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4-64

LNG

MWHIJMRIHEWXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWW[LMGLMWYWIHXSlWM^IzXLILNG
[MXLEOZEPYI

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEPMWXSJXLIQMRMQYQWTIGMJMGEXMSRWVIUYMVIHJSVXLI
LNGYRMXSTIVEXMSRXSWSPZI
Dynamic
Specifications

Description

Zone Sizing

The dimensions of each zone in the LNG operation

must be specified. All information in the Sizing page
of the Rating tab must be completed. You can
modify the number of zones in the Model page of the
Dynamics tab.

Layer Rating

The individual layer rating parameters for each zone

must be specified. All information in the Layers page
of the Rating tab must be completed.

Heat Transfer

Pressure Drop

Layer Connections

4-64

Specify an Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U, or

Overall UA.
These specifications can be made in the Heat
Transfer page of the Rating tab.
Either specify an Overall Delta P or an Overall Kvalue for the LNG.
Specify the Pressure Drop calculation method in the
Specs page of the Dynamics tab.
Every layer in each zone must be specified with one
feed and one product. Complete the Connections
group for each zone in the Model page of the
Dynamics tab.

[Link] Page 65 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-65

6EXMRK8EF

8LIRatingXEFGSRXEMRWXLVIITEKIWXLISizingLayersERH Heat
TransferTEKI

7M^MRK4EKI
-RXLISizingTEKI]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLIKISQIXV]SJIEGL^SRIMRXLI
LNGYRMXSTIVEXMSR
Figure 4.42

=SYEVIEFPIXSTEVXMXMSRXLII\GLERKIVMRXSERYQFIVSJ^SRIWEPSRKMXW
PIRKXL)EGL^SRIJIEXYVIWEWXEGOMRKTEXXIVR[MXLSRIJIIHERHSRI
TVSHYGXGSRRIGXIHXSIEGLVITVIWIRXEXMZIPE]IVMRXLITEXXIVR
-RTVEGXMGIETPEXIJMRLIEXI\GLERKIVQE]LEZIEVITIEXMRKTEXXIVRSJ
PE]IVWMREWMRKPII\GLERKIVFPSGO%setMWHIJMRIHEWEWMRKPITEXXIVRSJ
layersXLEXQE]FIVITIEXIHSZIVXLILIMKLXSJERI\GLERKIVFPSGO
)EGL^SRIGERFIGLEVEGXIVM^IH[MXLEQYPXMTPIRYQFIVSJWIXWIEGL
[MXLXLIWEQIVITIEXMRKTEXXIVRSJPE]IVWFigure 4.43HMWTPE]WERLNG
I\GLERKIVFPSGO^SRI[MXLWIXWIEGLGSRXEMRMRKPE]IVW

4-65

[Link] Page 66 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-66

LNG

Figure 4.43

8LIZone Sizing and ConfigurationKVSYTGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSR

VIKEVHMRKXLIKISQIXV]LIEXXVERWJIVTVSTIVXMIWERHGSRJMKYVEXMSRSJ
IEGL^SRIMRXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSR8SIHMXE^SRILMKLPMKLXXLI
MRHMZMHYEP^SRIMRZoneKVSYTERHQEOIXLIRIGIWWEV]GLERKIWXSXLI
SXLIVKVSYTFS\IW
8LIZone GeometryKVSYTFS\HMWTPE]WXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR
VIKEVHMRKXLIHMQIRWMSRWSJIEGL^SRI

Width
Length
8LMWPIRKXLVIJIVWXSXLIEGXYEPPIRKXLSJXLII\GLERKIV[LMGLMWYWIHJSV
LIEXXVERWJIV8LIVIQEMRHIVMWXEOIRYTF]XLIJPS[HMWXVMFYXSVW8LI
JPS[SJQEXIVMEPXVEZIPWMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIPIRKXLSJXLII\GLERKIV
FPSGO8LIJMRW[MXLMRIEGLPE]IVEVIWMXYEXIHEGVSWWXLI[MHXLSJXLI
I\GLERKIVFPSGO
8LIZone Metal PropertiesKVSYTFS\GSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRK
XLIQIXEPLIEXXVERWJIVTVSTIVXMIW

Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
Density

4-66

[Link] Page 67 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-67

8LIZone LayersKVSYTFS\GSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR
VIKEVHMRKXLIGSRJMKYVEXMSRSJPE]IVWMRXLI^SRI

Number of Layers in a Set

Repeated Sets

0E]IVW4EKI
8LILayersTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLITPEXIERHJMR
KISQIXV]
Figure 4.44

)EGLSJXLIJSPPS[MRKTPEXIERHJMRTVSTIVXMIWWLSYPHFIWTIGMJMIHJSV
IZIV]PE]IVMRIEGL^SRIMJXLILNGSTIVEXMSRMWXSWSPZI
Plate and Fin Property

Description

Fin Perforation

The perforation percentage represents the area

of perforation relative to the total fin area.
Increasing the Fin Perforation decreases the
heat transfer area.

Height

This is the height of the individual layers. This

affects the volume of each layer holdup.

Pitch

The pitch is defined as the fin density of each

layer. The pitch can be defined as the number
of fins per unit width of layer.

Fin thickness

The thickness of the fin in the layer.

Plate thickness

The thickness of the plate.

4-67

[Link] Page 68 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-68

LNG

8LICopy First Layer Properties to AllFYXXSRGERFITVIWWIHMJ]SY[MWL

XSWTIGMJ]EPPXLIPE]IVWMRXLI^SRI[MXLXLIWEQITPEXIERHJMR
TVSTIVXMIW

,IEX8VERWJIV4EKI
8LIHeat Transfer TEKIHMWTPE]WXLILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXW
EWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIMRHMZMHYEPPE]IVWSJXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSR
-JXLIInternalVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIMRXIVREPLIEXXVERWJIV
GSIJJMGMIRXEWWSGMEXIH[MXLIEGLPE]IVMWHMWTPE]IH
Figure 4.45

,=7=7EGGSYRXWJSVXLILIEXMRKERHGSSPMRKSJXLIQIXEPJMRWERHTPEXIW
MRXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSR8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJLIEXEGGYQYPEXMSRMRXLI
QIXEPMWFEWIHSRXLIGSRHYGXMZILIEXXVERWJIVTVSTIVXMIWJMR
IJJMGMIRGMIWERHZEVMSYWSXLIVGSVVIGXMSRJEGXSVW%RMRMXMEPQIXEP
XIQTIVEXYVIQE]FIWYTTPMIHJSVIEGL^SRIMRXLIInitial Metal
TemperatureJMIPH
7MRGIEVITIEXMRKWXEGOMRKTEXXIVRMWYWIHXLIXSTQSWXPE]IVSJEWIXMW
EWWYQIHXSI\GLERKILIEX[MXLXLIFSXXSQPE]IVSJXLIWIXEFSZI

4-68

[Link] Page 69 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-69

'YVVIRXP]XLIMRXIVREPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRX9SVXLISZIVEPP9%
QYWXFIWTIGMJMIHJSVXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSR,=7=7GERRSXGEPGYPEXI
XLILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXJVSQXLIKISQIXV]GSRJMKYVEXMSRSJXLI
TPEXIWERHJMRW8LIInternal Heat TransferKVSYTFS\GSRXEMRWXLI
JSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVW
Internal Heat
Transfer Parameter

Description

U Calculator

There is only one heat transfer calculator currently

available in HYSYS: user specified. You must
specify the internal heat transfer coefficient, U.

The internal heat transfer coefficient is specified in

this cell.

Override UA

The overall UA may be specified if the Override UA

check box is activated. The specified UA value is
used without the consideration or back calculation of
the internal heat transfer coefficient, U.

UA

The overall UA is specified in this cell.

-JXLIExternalVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLISZIVEPP9%EWWSGMEXIH[MXL
LIEXPSWWXSXLIEXQSWTLIVIMWHMWTPE]IH
Figure 4.46

4-69

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4-70

LNG

0MOIXLIMRXIVREPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWXLII\XIVREPSZIVEPP9%QYWX
FIWTIGMJMIH8LIExternal Heat TransferKVSYTFS\GSRXEMRWXLI
JSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVW

4-70

External Heat
Transfer Parameter

Description

External T

The ambient temperature surrounding the plate-fin

heat exchanger. This parameter may be specified or
can remain at its default value.

UA

The overall UA is specified in this field. The heat

gained from the ambient conditions is calculated
using the overall UA.

Q1

Q1 is calculated from the overall UA and the ambient

temperature. If heat is gained in the holdup, Q1 is
positive; if heat is lost, Q1 is negative.

Qfixed

A fixed heat value can be added to each layer in the

LNG unit operation. Since Qfixed does not vary, a
constant heat source or sink is implied (e.g. electrical
tracing). If heat is gained in the holdup, Qfixed is
positive; if heat is lost, Qfixed is negative.

[Link] Page 71 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-71

4IVJSVQERGI8EF

8LIPerformanceXEFGSRXEMRWX[STEKIW[LMGLTIVXEMRXSXLIH]REQMG
WMQYPEXMSRSJXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSRXLIDynamicERHLayersTEKI

(]REQMG4EKI
8LIDynamic TEKIHMWTPE]WXLIVIWYPXWSJXLIH]REQMG LNGYRMX
STIVEXMSRGEPGYPEXMSRW
Figure 4.47

-RXLIDynamicTEKIXLIJSPPS[MRK^SRITVSTIVXMIWEVIHMWTPE]IHJSV
IEGLPE]IV

If the Combined Layers option

is checked in the Model page
of the Dynamics tab, some
parameters in the Dynamic
page in the Performance page
may include contributions
from multiple layers.

Inlet Temperature
Exit Temperature
Inlet Enthalpy
Exit Enthalpy
Fluid Duty
Fluid Volume
Surface Area

8LIFluid DutyMWHIJMRIHEWXLIIRIVK]WYTTPMIHXSXLILSPHYT-JXLI
JPYMHHYX]MWTSWMXMZIXLIPE]IVKEMRWIRIVK]JVSQMXWWYVVSYRHMRKWMJXLI
JPYMHHYX]MWRIKEXMZIXLIPE]IVPSWIWIRIVK]XSMXWWYVVSYRHMRKW

4-71

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4-72

LNG

0E]IVW4EKI
8LILayersTEKIHMWTPE]WMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKPSGEPLIEXXVERWJIVERH
JPYMHTVSTIVXMIWEXIRHTSMRXPSGEXMSRWMRIEGLPE]IV8LIMRJSVQEXMSR
HMWTPE]IHMRXLMWTEKIMWRSXGIRXVEPXSXLITIVJSVQERGISJXLILNG
STIVEXMSR



(]REQMGW8EF

8LIDynamicsXEFGSRXEMRWJSYVTEKIWXLIModelSpecsHoldupERH
EstimatesTEKI

1SHIP4EKI
-RXLIModelTEKI]SYGERWTIGMJ]LS[IEGLPE]IVMREQYPXM^SRILNG
YRMXSTIVEXMSRMWGSRRIGXIH
Figure 4.48

4-72

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Heat Transfer Equipment

4-73

1EMR7IXXMRKW
8LIMain SettingsKVSYTFS\HMWTPE]WXLIJSPPS[MRKLNGQSHIP
TEVEQIXIVW
Main Setting Parameter

Description

Number of Zones

The number of zones in a LNG unit operation can

be specified in this cell.

Elevation

The elevation is significant in the calculation of

static head in and around the LNG unit operation.

Combine Layers
Check box

With the Combine Layers box selected,

individual layers (holdups) carrying the same
stream in a single zone will be calculated using a
single holdup. The Combine Layers option
increases the speed of the Dynamic solver. (The
Combine Layers option usually yields results
that are similar to a case not using the option.)

'SRRIGXMSRW+VSYT
8LIConnectionsKVSYTFS\HMWTPE]WXLIJIIHERHTVSHYGXWXVIEQWSJ
IEGLPE]IVJSVIZIV]^SRIMRXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSR)ZIV]PE]IVQYWX
LEZISRIJIIHWXVIEQERHSRITVSHYGXWXVIEQMRSVHIVJSVXLILNG
STIVEXMSRXSWSPZI%PE]IV
WJIIHSVTVSHYGXWXVIEQQE]SVMKMREXI
MRXIVREPP]JVSQERSXLIVPE]IVSVI\XIVREPP]JVSQEQEXIVMEPWXVIEQMR
XLIWMQYPEXMSRJPS[WLIIX8LYWZEVMSYWHMJJIVIRXGSRRIGXMSRWGERFI
QEHIEPPS[MRKJSVXLIQSHIPPMRKSJQYPXMTEWWWXVIEQWMREWMRKPI^SRI
Figure 4.49

4-73

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4-74

LNG

)ZIV]^SRIMRXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSRMWPMWXIHMRXLIZoneHVSTHS[R
PMWXMRXLIConnectionsKVSYT%PPXLIPE]IVWMRXLIWIPIGXIH^SRIMRSRI
WIXEVIHMWTPE]IH*SVIZIV]PE]IV
WJIIHERHTVSHYGX]SYQYWXWTIGMJ]
SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK

An external material stream

The zone and layer of an internal inlet or exit stream
An example of a LNG
operation with a counter
current flow configuration is
provided in Section 4.4.5 Dynamic LNG Example.

=SYQE]WTIGMJ]XLIVIPEXMZIHMVIGXMSRSJJPS[MRIEGLPE]IVMRXLI^SRI
0E]IVWQE]JPS[GSYRXIVMRXLISTTSWMXIHMVIGXMSRSVEGVSWWXLI
HMVIGXMSRSJEVIJIVIRGIWXVIEQ8LIVIJIVIRGIWXVIEQMWHIJMRIHEWE
WXVIEQ[LMGLHSIWRSXLEZIIMXLIVXLICounterSVCrossGLIGOFS\
WIPIGXIHMRXLIConnectionsKVSYTFS\8LIJSPPS[MRKXEFPIPMWXWXLVII
TSWWMFPIJPS[GSRJMKYVEXMSRW

Description

Flow Direction

Flow Setting

Counter Current Flow

Parallel Flow

Cross Flow

8SMQTPIQIRXGSYRXIVGYVVIRXJPS[JSVX[SWXVIEQWMREWMRKPI
I\GLERKIVFPSGOIRWYVIXLEXXLICounterGLIGOFS\MWWIPIGXIHJSV
SRP]SRISJXLIWXVIEQW-JXLICounterGLIGOFS\MWWIPIGXIHJSV
FSXLWXVIEQWXLIJPS[GSRJMKYVEXMSR[MPPWXMPPFITEVEPPIPERHMRXLI
STTSWMXIHMVIGXMSR

4-74

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Heat Transfer Equipment

4-75

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ
TVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLILNG YRMXSTIVEXMSR
Figure 4.50

8LIJSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVWEVIHMWTPE]IHJSVIZIV]PE]IVMRIEGL^SRIMR
XLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSRMRXLIDynamic SpecificationKVSYTW
Dynamic
Specification

Description
The Delta P Calculator allows you to either specify or
calculate the pressure drop across the layer in the LNG
operation. Specify the cell with one of following options:

Delta P
Calculator

user specified - The pressure drop is specified by

the user.
non specified - Pressure drop across the layer is
calculated from a pressure flow relationship. You
must specify a k-value and activate the Flow Eqn
option in the Specs page of the Dynamics tab if you
wish to use this non specified Delta P calculator.

Delta P

The pressure drop across the layer of the LNG operation

may be specified or calculated.

Flow eqn

Activate this option if you wish to have the Pressure Flow

k value used in the calculation of pressure drop. If the
Flow Eqn option is chosen, the Delta P calculator must
also be set to non specified.

Laminar

HYSYS is able to model laminar flow conditions in the

layer. Select the Laminar check box if the flow through
the layer is in the laminar flow regime.

4-75

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4-76

LNG

The LNG unit operation, like

other dynamic unit
operations, should use the kvalue specification option as
much as possible to simulate
actual pressure flow relations
in the plant.

Dynamic
Specification

Description

Pressure Flow
k Value

The k-value defines the relationship between the flow

through layer and the pressure of the surrounding
streams. You can either specify the k-value or have it
calculated from the stream conditions surrounding the
layer. You can size each layer in the zone with a k-value
by pressing the Calculate ks button. Ensure that there is
a non zero pressure drop across the LNG layer before the
Calculate k button is pressed. Each zone layer can be
specified with a flow and set pressure drop by pressing
the Generate Estimates button.

4VIWWMRKXLIGenerate EstimatesFYXXSRGEPGYPEXIWMRMXMEPTVIWWYVIJPS[
GSRHMXMSRWJSVIEGLPE]IV,=7=7[MPPKIRIVEXIIWXMQEXIWYWMRKXLI
EWWYQTXMSRXLEXXLIJPS[SJETEVXMGYPEVWXVIEQIRXIVMRKXLII\GLERKIV
FPSGO^SRI[MPPFIHMWXVMFYXIHIUYEPP]EQSRKXLIPE]IVW8LI
KIRIVEXIHIWXMQEXIWEVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLIEstimatesTEKISJXLI
DynamicsXEF-XMWRIGIWWEV]XSGSQTPIXIXLIEstimatesTEKIMRSVHIV
JSVXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSRXSWSPZI
-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEX]SYWTIGMJ]XLIWEQITVIWWYVIHVST
GEPGYPEXSVJSVPE]IVWXLEXEVIGSRRIGXIHXSKIXLIVMRXLIWEQII\GLERKIV
FPSGOSVEGVSWWEHNEGIRXI\GLERKIVFPSGOW'SQTPMGEXMSRW[MPPEVMWIMR
XLITVIWWYVIJPS[WSPZIVMJEWXVIEQ
WJPS[MWWIXMRSRIPE]IVERH
GEPGYPEXIHMRXLIRIMKLFSYVMRKPE]IV

4-76

[Link] Page 77 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-77

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKIEGLPE]IV
WLSPHYT
W
TVSTIVXMIWGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRX
Figure 4.51

8LIOverall Holdup DetailsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI

WLIPPERHXYFIWMHILSPHYTTEVEQIXIVW*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH
[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRXLIJSPPS[MRKMW
WTIGMJMIH
Holdup Details

Description

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

These cells indicate the amount of material in the

holdup for each phase.

Volume

These cells indicate the holdup volume of each

phase.

8LIIndividual Zone HoldupsWIGXMSRGSRXEMRWHIXEMPIHLSPHYT

TVSTIVXMIWJSVIZIV]PE]IVMRIEGL^SRISJXLILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSR-R
SVHIVXSZMI[XLIEHZERGIHTVSTIVXMIWJSVMRHMZMHYEPLSPHYTW]SYQYWX
JMVWXGLSSWIXLIMRHMZMHYEPLSPHYTERHXLIRTVIWWXLIAdvancedFYXXSR
8SGLSSWIMRHMZMHYEPLSPHYTW]SYQYWXWTIGMJ]XLIZone ERH Layer MR
XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKHVSTHS[RPMWXW

4-77

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4-78

LNG

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXIEGLLSPHYTMRXLILNGSTIVEXMSR

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the specific phase in the holdup
Enthalpy
Density
molecular weight

Figure 4.52

4-78

[Link] Page 79 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-79

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF
Figure 4.53

)WXMQEXIW4EKI
8LIEstimatesTEKIGSRXEMRWTVIWWYVIJPS[MRJSVQEXMSRWYVVSYRHMRK
IEGLPE]IVMRXLI02+YRMXSTIVEXMSR
Figure 4.54

4-79

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4-80

LNG

8LIJSPPS[MRKTVIWWYVIJPS[MRJSVQEXMSRMWHMWTPE]IHMRXLIEstimates
TEKI

Delta P
Inlet Pressure
Exit Pressure
Inlet Flow
Exit Flow

-XMWRIGIWWEV]XSGSQTPIXIXLIEstimatesTEKIMRSVHIVJSVXLILNGYRMX
STIVEXMSRXSGSQTPIXIP]WSPZI8LIWMQTPIWXQIXLSHSJWTIGMJ]MRKXLI
EstimatesTEKI[MXLTVIWWYVIJPS[ZEPYIWMWLEZMRK,=7=7IWXMQEXI
XLIWIZEPYIWJSV]SY8LMWMWEGLMIZIHF]TVIWWMRKXLIGenerate
EstimatesFYXXSRMRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEF,=7=7[MPP
KIRIVEXIIWXMQEXIWYWMRKXLIEWWYQTXMSRXLEXXLIJPS[SJETEVXMGYPEV
WXVIEQIRXIVMRKXLII\GLERKIVFPSGO^SRI[MPPFIHMWXVMFYXIHIUYEPP]
EQSRKXLIPE]IVW



(]REQMG02+)\EQTPI

%LSXERHGSPHL]HVSGEVFSRWXVIEQ[MPPI\GLERKILIEXMRERLNGYRMX
STIVEXMSRYWMRKXLISimple RatingQSHIP8LILNGSTIVEXMSR[MPPFI
FYMPXHMVIGXP]MRDynamicQSHI


'VIEXIXLIJSPPS[MRK*PYMH4EGOEKI

Property Package

Components

Wilson

Ethanol, 1-Pentanol



7[MXGLXSDynamicQSHI



'VIEXIWXVIEQWHot FeedERHCold Feed[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK

TVSTIVXMIW

Stream Name

4-80

Hot Feed

Cold Feed

Temperature [C]

40.00

20.00

Pressure [kPa]

111.00

111.00

Molar Flow [kgmole/hr]

1000.00

1398.00

Comp Mole Frac [Ethanol]

0.5

0.8

Comp Mole Frac [1-Pentanol]

0.5

0.2

[Link] Page 81 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment



4-81

-RWXEPPXLILNGSTIVEXMSRMRXLIConnectionsTEKISJXLIDesign
XEFEWJSPPS[W
Figure 4.55



3RXLIModelTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFWTIGMJ]^SRIWMRXLI
Number of ZonesJMIPHSJXLIMain SettingsKVSYTFS\



7TIGMJ]XLIHMQIRWMSRWSJXLIX[S^SRIWMRXLISizingTEKISJXLI
RatingXEF&SXL^SRIWEVIXSFIWTIGMJMIHI\EGXP]XLIWEQI

Zone Sizing and Configuration

Parameter

Entry

Zone Width (m)

1.00

Zone Length (m)

1.00

Zone Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)

160

Specific Heat Capacity (kJ/kg-C)

0.8800

Number of Layers in Set

Repeated Sets

4-81

[Link] Page 82 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-82

LNG



7TIGMJ]XLITPEXIERHJMRTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLPE]IVMRFSXL^SRIWMR
XLILayersTEKIMRXLIRatingXEF7TIGMJ]FSXL^SRIW[MXLXLI
WEQIMRJSVQEXMSR

Plate and Fin Properties

Entry

Perforation (%)

Height (m)

0.05

Pitch (fins/m)

530

Fin Thickness (m)

0.000419

Plate Thickness (m)

0.00122



7IPIGXXLIInternalVEHMSFYXXSRMRXLIHeat TransferTEKISJXLI
RatingXEF7TIGMJ]XLI9ZEPYISJIEGLPE]IVJSVFSXL^SRIWXSFI
O.LQ'



7IPIGXXLIExternalVEHMSFYXXSR%WWYQIXLEXXLIVIMWRSLIEXPSWX
XSXLIIRZMVSRQIRXJVSQXLILNGSTIVEXMSR7TIGMJ]XLIOverall
UAJSVIEGLPE]IVMRFSXL^SRIWXSFIO.'L

 4VIWWXLIAuto ConnectFYXXSRMRXLIModelTEKISJXLIDynamics

XEF)RWYVIXLEXXLIJSPPS[MRK^SRIGSRRIGXMSRWEVIIRXIVIHMRXLI
'SRRIGXMSRWKVSYTFS\
Figure 4.56

 -RXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFWTIGMJ]ETVIWWYVIHVSTSJ
O4EJSVIEGLPE]IVMRFSXL^SRIW4VIWWXLICalculate ks FYXXSR
,=7=7GEPGYPEXIWOZEPYIWJSVEPPXLIPE]IVWMRXLILNGSTIVEXMSR
 7TIGMJ]XLIDelta P CalculatorJSVIEGLPE]IVMRFSXL^SRIWEWnot
specified7IPIGXXLIFlow EqnGLIGOFS\JSVIEGLPE]IVMRFSXL
^SRIW
 -RXLIPF SpecsTEKISJXLIWorksheetXEFdeactivateXLIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVWXVIEQWHot FeedERHCold FeedActivateXLI
TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVWXVIEQWHot ProductERHCold Product

4-82

[Link] Page 83 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Heat Transfer Equipment

4-83

 6YRXLI-RXIKVEXSVYRXMPXLII\MXZEVMEFPIWPMRISYXETTVS\MQEXIP]

MRXIKVEXMSRQMRYXIW8LILNGYRMXSTIVEXMSRMWGSRJMKYVIHJSV
4EVEPPIPJPS[-XMWHIWMVIHXSGLERKIXLILNGSTIVEXMSRJPS[
GSRJMKYVEXMSRXSGSYRXIVGYVVIRX
 -RXLIConnectionsKVSYTFS\MRXLIModelTEKISJXLIDynamics
XEFHIPIXIXLIWXVIEQWERH^SRIPE]IVWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSV0E]IV
'SQTPIXI0E]IVEWJSPPS[W
Figure 4.57

2SXIXLEXGSYRXIVGYVVIRXJPS[MWMQTPIQIRXIHF]WIPIGXMRKXLI
CounterGLIGOFS\JSV0E]IVMRFSXL^SRIWERHGLERKMRKXLIJIIHERH
TVSHYGXWXVIEQWGSRRIGXMSRW8SMQTPIQIRXGSYRXIVGYVVIRXJPS[XLI
Hot FeedWXVIEQQYWXIRXIV>SRIERHXLICold FeedWXVIEQQYWX
IRXIV>SRI3FWIVZIEPWSXLEXXLICounterGLIGOFS\MWRSXWIPIGXIH
JSV0E]IVMRIMXLIV^SRI7IPIGXCounterJPS[JSVSRP]SRIWXVIEQMJ
GSYRXIVGYVVIRXJPS[MWHIWMVIH
 6YRXLI-RXIKVEXSVYRXMPEPPXLIZEVMEFPIWPMRISYX8LIHot Product
ERH Cold ProductWXVIEQWEVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLIConditionsTEKISJ
XLIWorksheetXEF
Figure 4.58

4-83

[Link] Page 84 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

4-84

References



6IJIVIRGIW

4IVV]6,ERH(;+VIIR4IVV]
W'LIQMGEP)RKMRIIVW
,ERHFSSO
7IZIRXL)HMXMSR1G+VE[,MPPT


4IVV]6,ERH(;+VIIR4IVV]
W'LIQMGEP)RKMRIIVW
,ERHFSSO
7IZIRXL)HMXMSR1G+VE[,MPPT




4-84

/IVR(SREPH54VSGIWW,IEX8VERWJIV1G+VE[,MPP-RXIVREXMSREP
)HMXMSRW'LIQMGEP)RKMRIIVMRK7IVMIW7MRKETSVIT

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-1

5 Piping Equipment
5.1 Mixer .............................................................................................................. 3
5.1.1 Rating Tab ................................................................................................ 3
5.1.2 Dynamics Tab .......................................................................................... 4
5.2 Valve .............................................................................................................. 9
5.2.1 Rating Tab ................................................................................................ 9
5.2.2 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 15
5.3 Tee ............................................................................................................... 26
5.3.1 Rating Tab .............................................................................................. 26
5.3.2 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 27
5.4 Relief Valve ................................................................................................. 32
5.4.1 Ratings Tab ............................................................................................ 32
5.4.2 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 37
5.4.3 Relief Valve Example ............................................................................. 39

5-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-2

5-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment



Mixer Button

5-3

1M\IV

9RHIVRSVQEPSTIVEXMSRXLIH]REQMGMIXERSTIVEXMSRGSQFMRIWX[S
SVQSVIMRPIXWXVIEQWXSTVSHYGIEWMRKPISYXPIXWXVIEQ8LIH]REQMG
MIXERSTIVEXMSRJYRGXMSRWZIV]WMQMPEVP]XSXLIWXIEH]WXEXIQM\IV
STIVEXMSR,S[IZIVXLIIRLERGIHLSPHYTQSHIPERHXLIGSRGITXSJ
RS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWGERFIETTPMIHXSXLIH]REQMGQM\IV*PS[VIZIVWEP
MWEPWSTSWWMFPIMRXLIQM\IVHITIRHMRKSRXLITVIWWYVIJPS[GSRHMXMSRW
SJXLIWYVVSYRHMRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
8SMRWXEPPXLIMIXER STIVEXMSRTVIWW<F12>ERHGLSSWIMIXERSV
WIPIGXXLIMixerFYXXSRMRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI

 6EXMRK8EF
2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 5.1

8LIIPIZEXMSRWSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXEVI
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.

5-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-4

Mixer

8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle Parameters KVSYT

Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is not currently used with the

MIXER unit operation

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the ground.

Base Elevation
relative to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above the

ground.

-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIMRPIXERHI\MX
RS^^PIWEVIIUYEPJSVXLMWYRMXSTIVEXMSR-J]SY[MWLXSQSHIPWXEXMG
LIEHXLIIRXMVITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXGERFIQSZIHF]QSHMJ]MRKXLI
Base Elevation relative to GroundGIPP

 (]REQMGW8EF
8LIDynamics XEF TVSZMHIWEGGIWWXSX[STEKIWXLISpecsERHHoldup
TEKIW

7TIGW4EKI
8LIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWSJXLIQM\IVGERFIWTIGMJMIHSRXLISpecs
TEKI
Figure 5.2

5-4

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-5

-RDynamicQSHIXLIVIEVIX[STSWWMFPIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRW]SY
GERGLSSWIXSGLEVEGXIVM^IXLIQM\IVSTIVEXMSR
-JXLIEqualize AllVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLITVIWWYVISJXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKWXVIEQWSJXLIQM\IVEVIIUYEPMJWXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRW
EVIRSXGSRWMHIVIH8LMWMWEVIEPMWXMGWMXYEXMSRWMRGIXLIMRPIXWXVIEQ
TVIWWYVIWXSEQM\IVMREREGXYEPTPERXQYWXFIXLIWEQI;MXLXLMW
WTIGMJMGEXMSRJPS[XSERHJVSQXLIQM\IVMWHIXIVQMRIHF]XLITVIWWYVI
JPS[RIX[SVO8LIlSRI4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRTIVJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]
WXVIEQzVYPIETTPMIWXSXLIQM\IVSTIVEXMSRMJXLIEqualize AllSTXMSRMW
GLSWIR-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEX]SYYWIXLIEqualize All
STXMSRMRSVHIVXSVIEPMWXMGEPP]QSHIPJPS[FILEZMSYVMREH]REQMG
WMQYPEXMSRGEWI
-JXLISet Outlet to Lowest Inlet VEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIH,=7=7WIXWXLI
TVIWWYVISJXLII\MXWXVIEQSJXLIQM\IVXSXLIPS[IWXMRPIXWXVIEQ
TVIWWYVI8LMWWMXYEXMSRMWRSXVIGSQQIRHIHWMRGIX[SSVQSVI
WXVIEQWGERIRXIVXLIQM\IVEXHMJJIVIRXTVIWWYVIW[LMGLMWRSXVIEPMWXMG
;MXLXLMWWTIGMJMGEXMSRJPS[XSERHJVSQXLIQM\IVMWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
YTWXVIEQJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWERHRSXJVSQXLIWYVVSYRHMRKTVIWWYVI
RIX[SVOSJXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI-JXLMWSTXMSRMWYWIHnQSVITVIWWYVI
JPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIVIUYMVIHF]XLI4*WSPZIVXLERMJXLIEqualize All
STXMSRMWYWIH8LIZEVMEFPInMWXLIRYQFIVSJMRPIXWXVIEQWXSXLI
QM\IV

The volume of the MIXER is

assumed to be zero.

6IZIVWIJPS[GSRHMXMSRWGERSGGYVMRXLIQM\IVSTIVEXMSRMJXLI
Equalize All FS\MWYRGLIGOIH-JJPS[VIZIVWIWMRXLIQM\IVMX
IWWIRXMEPP]EGXWPMOIEH]REQMGXII[MXLXLIUse Splits as Dynamic Specs
FS\YRGLIGOIH-RH]REQMGWXLIWIX[SYRMXSTIVEXMSRWEVIZIV]
WMQMPEV

,SPHYT4EKI
)EGLYRMXSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7LEWXLIGETEGMX]XSWXSVIQEXIVMEPERH
IRIVK]8]TMGEPQM\IVWMREGXYEPTPERXWYWYEPP]LEZIWMKRMJMGERXP]PIWW
LSPHYTXLERSXLIVYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRETPERX8LIVIJSVIXLIZSPYQISJ
XLIMIXERSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7GERRSXFIWTIGMJMIHERHMWEWWYQIHXS
FI^IVS7MRGIXLIVIMWRSLSPHYTEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIQM\IVSTIVEXMSR
XLILSPHYT
WUYERXMX]ERHZSPYQIEVIWLS[REW^IVSMRXLIHoldup
TEKI

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LI AdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI

5-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-6

Mixer

HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Nozzles Tab
8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzlesTEKISJ
XLIRatingsXEF8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSR[LMGLMWIWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLI
TMIGIIUYMTQIRXVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH'LERKIWXSRS^^PITEVEQIXIVW
GERIMXLIVFIQEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 5.3

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG] , MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW

5-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-7

XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

Essentially, the recycle stream represents the

material already existing in the holdup. Recycle
efficiencies represent how much of the material in
the holdup participates in the flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP
*VMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWIWGEREPWSFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLTVSHYGXRS^^PI
MRXLINozzle dPWIGXMSRSJXLIEfficienciesXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF-RXLIGEWISJXLIMIXERXLIQM\IH
JPYMHTVSTIVXMIWEVIWLS[R

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the total holdup
Enthalpy
Density
Molecular Weight

5-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-8

Mixer

Figure 5.4

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF-RXLIGEWISJXLIQM\IVXLIQM\IH
JPYMHGSQTSWMXMSRMWWLS[R
Figure 5.5

5-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment



5-9

:EPZI

8LIVIEVIERYQFIVSJRI[JIEXYVIWXLEXEVIEZEMPEFPI[MXLXLIVALVE
STIVEXMSR8LIZEPZIMWEFEWMGFYMPHMRKFPSGOMR,=7=7H]REQMGGEWIW
8LIRI[ZEPZISTIVEXMSRQSHIPWGSRXVSPZEPZIWQYGLQSVIVIEPMWXMGEPP]
8LIHMVIGXMSRSJJPS[XLVSYKLEZEPZIMWHITIRHIRXSRXLITVIWWYVIWSJ
XLIWYVVSYRHMRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRW0MOIXLIWXIEH]WXEXIVALVEXLI
H]REQMGWVALVESTIVEXMSRMWMWIRXLEPTMG
7SQISJXLIRI[JIEXYVIWMRGPYHIHMRXLIVALVESTIVEXMSRMRGPYHI

A pressure-flow specification option that realistically models

flow through the valve according to the pressure network of the
plant. Possible flow reversal situations can therefore be
modelled.
A pipe segment contribution that can model pressure losses
caused by an attached pipes roughness and diameter.
A new valve equation that incorporates static head and
frictional losses from the valve and/or pipe segment.
A model incorporating valve dynamics such as the stickiness in
the valve and dynamic behaviour in the actuator.
Different valve types such as linear, equal percentage, and
quick opening valves.
Built-in sizing features that determine valve parameters used in
the valve equation.
8LIXSXEPZEPZITVIWWYVIHVSTVIJIVWXSXLIXSXEPTVIWWYVIHMJJIVIRGI
FIX[IIRXLIMRPIXWXVIEQTVIWWYVIERHXLII\MXWXVIEQTVIWWYVI8LI
XSXEPTVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIZEPZIMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIJVMGXMSREP
TVIWWYVIPSWWSJXLIZEPZIERHXLITVIWWYVIPSWWJVSQWXEXMGLIEH
GSRXVMFYXMSRW
Valve Button

8SMRWXEPPXLIVALVESTIVEXMSRTVIWW<F12>ERHGLSSWIValveJVSQXLI
Unit OpsZMI[SVWIPIGXXLIValveFYXXSRMRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI
8SMKRSVIXLIVALVESTIVEXMSRHYVMRKGEPGYPEXMSRWEGXMZEXIXLI
IgnoredGLIGOFS\,=7=7[MPPHMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRYRXMP]SYGPIEV
XLIGLIGOFS\

 6EXMRK8EF
8LIRatingXEFTVSZMHIWEGGIWWXSX[STEKIWXLISizingTEKIERHXLI
NozzlesTEKI

5-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-10

Valve

Figure 5.6

7M^MRK4EKI
3RXLISizingTEKIXLIWM^MRKGSRHMXMSRWXLIZEPZIX]TIERHXLIWM^MRK
QIXLSHEVIHMWTPE]IH

7M^MRK'SRHMXMSRW
8LIGYVVIRXWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWSJXLIZEPZIQE]FIHMWTPE]IHF]GPMGOMRK
SRXLICurrentVEHMSFYXXSR,=7=7YWIWXLIWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRW
TVSZMHIHMRXLMWJMIPHXSGEPGYPEXIZEPZITEVEQIXIVW[LMGLEVIYWIHMR
XLIZEPZIIUYEXMSR-J]SY[MWLXSMRTYX]SYVS[RWM^MRKGSRHMXMSRWXLI
User InputVEHMSFYXXSRWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIH
8LIJSPPS[MRKWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVIHMWTPE]IHERHGERRSXFIQSHMJMIH

Inlet Pressure
Molecular Weight
8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPZIERHWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVIHMWTPE]IHERHGERFI
QSHMJMIHMRXLIWM^MRKGEPGYPEXMSR

Valve % Opening
Delta P
Mass Flow Rate

5-10

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-11

:EPZI8]TI
-R,=7=7XLVIIHMJJIVIRXX]TIWSJZEPZIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHYWMRKXLI
:EPZISTIVEXMSR

Linear
Quick Opening
Equal Percentage
8LIJPS[VEXIXLVSYKLEGSRXVSPZEPZIHITIRHWSRXLIEGXYEPZEPZI
TSWMXMSR-JXLIJPS[GERFII\TVIWWIHMRXIVQWSJ' VITVIWIRXMRK
RSJPS[GSRHMXMSRWERHVITVIWIRXIHQE\MQYQJPS[GSRHMXMSRW
XLIRXLIZEPZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJEGSRXVSPZEPZIMWHIJMRIHEWXLI
HITIRHIRGISRXLIUYERXMX]SJ'ZEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIEGXYEPZEPZI
TIVGIRXSTIRMRK
Z

-R,=7=7]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLVIIHMJJIVIRXZEPZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWJSVER]
GSRXVSPZEPZIMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI
Valve Type

Description

Linear

A control valve with linear valve characteristics has a

flow which is directly proportional to the valve %
opening.

Quick Opening

A control valve with quick opening valve

characteristics obtains larger flows initially at lower
valve openings. As the valve opens further, the flow
increases at a smaller rate.

Equal Percentage

A control valve with equal percentage valve

characteristics initially obtains very small flows at
lower valve openings. However, the flow increases
rapidly as the valve opens to its full position.

5-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-12

Valve

8LIZEPZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWEVIWLS[RKVETLMGEPP]MRFigure 5.7
Figure 5.7
CONTROL VALVE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
100

Quick Opening
80

Linear

60
% Cv
40

Equal
Percentage

20

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

% Valve Position

7M^MRK1IXLSH
8[SHMJJIVIRXWM^MRKQIXLSHWGERFIMQTPIQIRXIHMR,=7=7=SYGER
YWIIMXLIVE'ZSVOX]TIVIWMWXERGIIUYEXMSRXSGEPGYPEXIJPS[
-JXLICvQIXLSHMWGLSWIRX[SSJXLIJSPPS[MRKTEVEQIXIVWQE]FI
WTIGMJMIHMRSVHIVXSJYPP]HIJMRIXLIZEPZI

C1, Km, Cv, and Cg

Cv Method Parameters

C1ERHKmGERRSXFSXLFIWTIGMJMIHF]XLIYWIV
-JHIWMVIHEWMRKPIZEPZITEVEQIXIVGERFIWTIGMJMIH[LMPI,=7=7
GEPGYPEXIWXLIVIQEMRMRKTEVEQIXIVWJVSQXLIWXVIEQERHZEPZI
GSRHMXMSRWHMWTPE]IHMRXLISizing Conditions JMIPH 8LMWMWEGLMIZIHF]
TVIWWMRKXLISize ValveFYXXSR,=7=7TVSZMHIWEC1HIJEYPXZEPYISJ

5-12

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-13

8LICvQIXLSHGEPGYPEXIHXLIJPS[XLVSYKLXLIZEPZIYWMRKXLI
JSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR

P2
59.64

f ( lb hr ) = 1.06Cg ( lb ft 3 ) sin ------------- 1 ------ cpfac

P1
C1



where:

cpfac =

0.4839
----------------------------------------



2 --------- 1
1 -----------
1+

= Cp C v



Km = 0.001434C1



Cg
C1 = ------Cv



where: P = the pressure of the inlet stream



P =the pressure of the exit stream without static head

contributions


-JXLIkQIXLSHMWGLSWIR]SYGERIMXLIVWTIGMJ]OSVLEZIMXGEPGYPEXIH
JVSQXLIWXVIEQERHZEPZIGSRHMXMSRWHMWTPE]IHMRXLISizing
Conditions JMIPH,=7=7GERGEPGYPEXIOF]TVIWWMRKXLISize Valve
FYXXSR8LI k QIXLSHGEPGYPEXIWXLIJPS[XLVSYKLXLIZEPZIYWMRKXLI
JSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR

f =

density k P1 P 2



8LIKIRIVEPZEPZIJPS[IUYEXMSRYWIWXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIZEPZI
[MXLSYXER]WXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRW8LIUYERXMX]P P MWHIJMRIH
EWXLIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWW[LMGLMWYWIHMRXLIZEPZIWM^MRK
GEPGYPEXMSR


5-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-14

Valve

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 5.8

8LIIPIZEXMSRWSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXMW
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle ParametersKVSYT

5-14

Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is displayed and can be

modified in this cell. The nozzle diameter has
physical meaning in relation to the liquid level in
the holdup. If the liquid level sits across the
nozzle, the phase fraction depends on how far
the level is in relation to nozzle diameter.

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the

ground.

Base Elevation relative

to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above

the ground.

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-15

 (]REQMGW8EF
8LIDynamics XEF TVSZMHIWEGGIWWXSJSYVTEKIWXLISpecsPipe
HoldupERHActuatorTEKIW

7TIGW4EKI
8LIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWERHTEVEQIXIVWSJXLIZEPZIGERFI
WTIGMJMIHSRXLISizingTEKI
Figure 5.9

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
-RH]REQMGWQSHIXLIVIEVIX[STSWWMFPIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRW]SY
GERGLSSWIXSGLEVEGXIVM^IXLIZEPZISTIVEXMSR
-JXLITotal Delta PFS\MWGLIGOIHEWIXTVIWWYVIHVSTMWEWWYQIH
EGVSWWXLIZEPZISTIVEXMSR;MXLXLMWWTIGMJMGEXMSRXLIJPS[ERHXLI
TVIWWYVISJIMXLIVXLIMRPIXSVI\MXWXVIEQQYWXFIWTIGMJMIHSV
GEPGYPEXIHJVSQSXLIVSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIJPS[WLIIX8LIJPS[XLVSYKLXLI
ZEPZIMWRSXHITIRHIRXSRXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWXLIZEPZI
-JXLIPressure Flow RelationFS\MWGLIGOIHX[SSJXLIJSPPS[MRK
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWQYWXIMXLIVFIWTIGMJMIHSVGEPGYPEXIHF]
XLISXLIVYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIJPS[WLIIX

Inlet Stream Pressure

Exit Stream Pressure
Flow through the valve

5-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-16

Valve

8LIJPS[VEXIXLVSYKLXLIZEPZIMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZEPZIIUYEXMSR
ERHXLITVIWWYVISJXLIWXVIEQWIRXIVMRKERHI\MXMRKXLIZEPZI
-RH]REQMGWXLIWYKKIWXIHQSHISJSTIVEXMSRJSVXLIZEPZIMWXLI
Pressure Flow WTIGMJMGEXMSR8LITVIWWYVIHVSTSTXMSRMWTVSZMHIHJSV
WXIEH]WXEXIGSQTEXMFMPMX]QSWXP]ERHXSEPPS[HMJJMGYPXWMQYPEXMSRWXS
GSRZIVKIQSVIIEWMP],S[IZIVMXYWYEPP]MWRSXEWIRWMFPIWTIGMJMGEXMSR
WMRGIMXEPPS[WETVIWWYVIHVSTXSI\MWX[MXL^IVSJPS[

(]REQMG4EVEQIXIVW
8LIDynamic ParametersWIGXMSRPMWXWXLIWEQIWXVIEQERHZEPZI
GSRHMXMSRWVIUYMVIHXSWM^IXLIZEPZIEWMRXLISizing Conditions
WIGXMSR8LI:EPZI3TIRMRKERHXLI'SRHYGXERGI'ZSVOEVI
HMWTPE]IHERHGERFIQSHMJMIHMRXLIWIGXMSR8LIGSRHYGXERGISJXLI
ZEPZIGERFIGEPGYPEXIHF]TVIWWMRKXLIQuick SizeFYXXSR
8LICheck ValveFS\GERFIGLIGOIHMJ]SYHSRSX[ERXJPS[VIZIVWEPXS
SGGYVMRXLIZEPZI

4MTI4EKI
8LIZEPZIQSHYPIWYTTSVXWETMTIGSRXVMFYXMSRMRXLITVIWWYVIJPS[
IUYEXMSR8LMWGERFIYWIHXSQSHIPETMTIWIKQIRXMRXLIJIIHXSXLI
ZEPZIFYXMXMWEPWSTSWWMFPIXSHMWEFPIXLIZEPZIGSRXVMFYXMSRERHLEZI
XLIZEPZIYRMXSTIVEXMSREGXEWEWMQTPITMTIWIKQIRXSRP]8LI
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRLEWXSFIIREFPIHMRSVHIVJSVXLITMTI
WIKQIRXXSFIQSHIPPIH
Figure 5.10

5-16

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-17

8LIJSPPS[MRKTMTIQSHIPPMRKTEVEQIXIVWEVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWWIGXMSR

Material
Roughness
Pipe length
Feed diameter
Darcy friction factor
Pipe k
Velocity
Reynolds number

,=7=7[MPPHIXIVQMRIXLITMTIVSYKLRIWWMJXLITMTIQEXIVMEPMW
WTIGMJMIH8LITMTIVSYKLRIWWQE]EPWSFIHMVIGXP]WTIGMJMIH8LIJIIH
HMEQIXIVERHTMTIPIRKXLQYWXFIWTIGMJMIHEW[IPP8LIWI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLI(EVG]JVMGXMSRJEGXSV
2SXIXLEXXLI(EVG]JVMGXMSRJEGXSVMWGSQTYXIHJSVJYPP]HIZIPSTIH
XYVFYPIRXJPS[SRP]ERH[MPPRSXFIGSVVIGXMJXLIJPS[MWPEQMREV
8LIJVMGXMSRJEGXSVMWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W

Note: The pipe segments only

calculate frictional losses. They do
not automatically calculate holdup
volume. You must enter this on the
Holdup page of the Dynamics tab.

where: f

(EVG]

3.707D
1
---------------------- = 2.457 ln ------------------

ffriction



f Darcy = 8 ffriction



= the Darcy friction factor

D = the pipe diameter

= the pipe roughness
%TMTIOZEPYIMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLI(EVG]JVMGXMSRJEGXSVERHXLITMTI
HMEQIXIV8LITMTIOZEPYIMWMRGSVTSVEXIHMRXSXLIKIRIVEPZEPZI
IUYEXMSR2SXIXLEXXLMWTMTIOMWMRHITIRHIRXSJXLIJPS[VEXISV
TVIWWYVISJXLIJPYMHMRXLIZEPZI

5-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-18

Valve

,SPHYT4EKI
)EGLYRMXSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7LEWXLIGETEGMX]XSWXSVIQEXIVMEPERH
IRIVK]8]TMGEPZEPZIWYWYEPP]LEZIWMKRMJMGERXP]PIWWLSPHYTXLERSXLIV
YRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRETPERX8LIVIJSVIXLIZSPYQISJXLI:EPZISTIVEXMSR
MR,=7=7MWHIJEYPXIHXSFI^IVS
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLILSPHYT
TVSTIVXMIWGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRX
Figure 5.11

*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIYRMX
STIVEXMSRXLIJSPPS[MRKMWWTIGMJMIH
Holdup Details

Description

Holdup Volume

The holdup volume can be specified in this cell.

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

These cells indicate the amount of material in the

holdup for each phase.

Volume

These cells indicate the holdup volume of each

phase.

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[XLEXTVSZMHIWQSVIHIXEMPIH
MRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

5-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-19

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Nozzles Tab
8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzlesTEKISJ
XLIRatingsXEF8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSR[LMGLMWIWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLI
TMIGIIUYMTQIRXVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH'LERKIWXSRS^^PITEVEQIXIVW
GERIMXLIVFIQEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 5.12

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW
XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ

5-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-20

Valve

Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

Essentially, the recycle stream represents the

material already existing in the holdup. Recycle
efficiencies represent how much of the material in
the holdup participates in the flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP
*VMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWIWGEREPWSFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLTVSHYGXRS^^PI
MRXLINozzle dPWIGXMSRSJXLIEfficienciesXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

5-20

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the total holdup
Enthalpy
Density
molecular weight

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-21

Figure 5.13

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF
Figure 5.14

5-21

[Link] Page 22 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-22

Valve

%GXYEXSV4EKI
8LIActuatorTEKIEPPS[W]SYXSQSHIPZEPZIH]REQMGWMRXLIZEPZI
STIVEXMSR8LIActuatorTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI
H]REQMGTEVEQIXIVWSJXLIZEPZIERHXLISTIRTSWMXMSRWSJXLI
EGXYEXSVERHXLIZEPZI
Figure 5.15

%GSRXVSPZEPZIMR,=7=7GSRWMWXWSJEZEPZIERHEREGXYEXSV8LI]EVI
HIJMRIHEWJSPPS[W
Valve component

Description

Actuator

An actuator is a device which applies the force

required to cause movement in the valve.

Valve

The valve opening has a direct impact on the flow

through the valve. This relationship is a function of
the valve type and the pressure of the surrounding
pieces of equipment.

-RVIEPMX]GLERKIWXLEXSGGYVMRXLIEGXYEXSVEVIRSXSFWIVZIH
MRWXERXERISYWP]MRXLIZEPZI1SVISZIVGLERKIWMRXLISYXTYXWMKREPSJ
EGSRXVSPPIV34HSRSXMRWXERXERISYWP]XVERWPEXIXSGLERKIWMRXLI
EGXYEXSV&IGEYWIXLIEGXYEXSVERHZEPZIEVITL]WMGEPMXIQWXLI]XEOI
XMQIXSQSZIXSXLIMVVIWTIGXMZIHIWMVIHTSWMXMSRW8LMWGEYWIWH]REQMG
FILEZMSYVMREGXYEPGSRXVSPZEPZIW

5-22

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-23

:EPZI1SHI
8LIZEPZIQSHIHIJMRIWXLIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLIHIWMVIHEGXYEXSV
TSWMXMSRERHGYVVIRXEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSR8LIHIWMVIHEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSR
GERFIWIXF]EPID ControllerSVSPREADSHEETSTIVEXMSR%
GSRXVSPPIV
WSYXTYX34JSVMRWXERGIMWI\TSVXIHXSXLIHIWMVIHEGXYEXSV
TSWMXMSR(ITIRHMRKSRXLIZEPZIQSHIXLIGYVVIRXEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSR
GERFILEZIMRSRISJXLVII[E]W

Instantaneous Mode
-RXLMWQSHIXLIEGXYEXSVQSZIWMRWXERXERISYWP]XSXLIHIWMVIH
EGXYEXSVTSWMXMSRHIJMRIHF]XLIGSRXVSPPIV8LIIUYEXMSRHIJMRMRKXLI
VIPEXMSRWLMTMW
Act % = Act

(IWMVIH



First Order Mode

%JMVWXSVHIVPEKGERFIQSHIPPIHMRXLIVIWTSRWISJXLIEGXYEXSV
TSWMXMSRXSGLERKIWMRXLIHIWMVIHEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSR8LIQSZIQIRXSJ
XLIEGXYEXSVMWHIJMRIHF]XLIWSPYXMSRSJXLIJSPPS[MRKHMJJIVIRXMEP
IUYEXMSR
d ( Act% )
---------------------- + Act% = Act Desired %
dt



8LIEGXYEXSVXMQIGSRWXERX MREquation (5.10)GERFIWTIGMJMIHMR

XLIActuator Time Constant GIPP

Linear Mode
8LIEGXYEXSVGERFIQSHIPPIHXSQSZIXSXLIHIWMVIHEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSR
EXEGSRWXERXVEXI8LIEGXYEXSVQSZIWEGGSVHMRKXSXLIJSPPS[MRK
IUYEXMSRMJXLIHIWMVIHEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSRMWEFSZIXLIGYVVIRXEGXYEXSV
TSWMXMSR

Act% = ( Actuator Linear Rate )t + Act o %

until Act% = Act Desired %



5-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-24

Valve

8LIPMRIEVVEXIGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIActuator Linear RateGIPP8]TMGEP

WXVSOIXMQIWGPSWYVIVEXIWEVIEWJSPPS[W


Electric-Hydraulic ActuatorsETTVS\MQEXIP]MRGLIWQMRYXI



Piston Actuators1SXSV(VMZIRYRHIVMRGLIWQMRYXI

Valve Stickiness
-RVIEPMX]XLIZEPZIHSIWRSXVIWTSRHMRWXERXERISYWP]XSGLERKIWMRXLI
EGXYEXSV%JMVWXSVHIVPEKGERFIQSHIPPIHMRXLIVIWTSRWISJXLIEGXYEP
ZEPZITSWMXMSRXSGLERKIWMRXLIEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSR8LIFILEZMSYVSJXLI
ZEPZITIVGIRXSTIRMRKEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIEGXYEXSVTSWMXMSRMWWLS[REW
JSPPS[W
d ( Valve% )
sticky ---------------------------- + Valve% = Act%+ Offset
dt



8LIZEPZIWXMGOMRIWWXMQIGSRWXERXMWWTIGMJMIHMRXLIValve Stickiness
Time ConstantGIPP8LISJJWIXGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIValve Position
WIGXMSR-JXLIZEPZIWXMGOMRIWWXMQIGSRWXERXMWPIJXIQTX]XLIXMQI
GSRWXERXZEPYIMWEWWYQIHXSFI^IVS
-JXLIValve has Worn TrimGLIGOFS\LEWFIIRWIPIGXIHESJJWIXMW
EHHIHXSXLIVMKLXLERHWMHISJEquation (5.12)8LMWSJJWIXHMWEPPS[W
XLIZEPZITIVGIRXSTIRMRKXSJYPP]GPSWI

*EMP1SHIW
%GXYEXSVWYWYEPP]LEZIEJEMPWEJIJYRGXMSR-JXLIVIMWEHMWVYTXMSRXSXLI
TS[IVWSYVGIHVMZMRKXLIZEPZIXLIEGXYEXSV[MPPTPEGIXLIZEPZIMRE
WEJITSWMXMSRIMXLIVJEMPSTIRSVJEMPGPSWI*EMPQSHIWGERFIWTIGMJMIH
F]TVIWWMRKXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKVEHMSFYXXSRMRXLIValve Position
WIGXMSR8LIZEPZIGERFIQSHIPPIHXSJEMPF]EGXMZEXMRKXLI Actuator has
failed GLIGOFS\

5-24

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-25

Fail Open
-RXLIIZIRXXLEXXLIWMKREPJVSQXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWGYXSJJJVSQXLIZEPZI
XLIZEPZI[MPPFIGSQI[MHISTIR-R,=7=7MJXLIFail OpenVEHMS
FYXXSRMRWIPIGXIHXLIWMKREPVIGIMZIHF]XLIZEPZIMWQSHMJMIHF]XLI
ZEPZIEWJSPPS[W
Act

(IWMVIH

% = 100% - Act

(IWMVIH

% (from controller)



2SXIXLEXMJ%GX
JVSQGSRXVSPPIVFIGSQIW^IVSMRXLIIZIRXSJE
WMKREPJEMPYVIXLIEGXYEXSVFIGSQIWJYPP]STIR8LIJEGXXLEXXLIWMKREP
JVSQXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWQSHMJMIHF]XLIZEPZISTIVEXMSRYWMRKEquation
(5.13)LEWMQTPMGEXMSRWSRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIGSRXVSPPIV-JXLIFail
OpenQSHIMWGLSWIRJSVXLIZEPZIVIZIVWIEGXMRKGSRXVSPPIVWRIIHXS
FIXSKKPIHEWHMVIGXEGXMRKERHHMVIGXEGXMRKGSRXVSPPIVWRIIHXSFI
XSKKPIHEWVIZIVWIEGXMRK
(IWMVIH

Fail Shut
-RXLIIZIRXXLEXXLIWMKREPJVSQXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWGYXSJJJVSQXLIZEPZI
XLIZEPZIFIGSQIWJYPP]GPSWIH,=7=7HSIWRSXQSHMJ]XLIWMKREPJVSQ
XLIGSRXVSPPIVEW[MXLXLIFail OpenQSHI-JXLIWMKREPJVSQXLI
GSRXVSPPIVFIGSQIW^IVSWS[MPPXLI%GX
ZEPYI7MRGIXLIWMKREP
JVSQXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWRSXQSHMJMIHF]XLIZEPZIXLIGSRXVSPPIV
W
HMVIGXMSRHSIWRSXLEZIXSFIGLERKIH
(IWMVIH

:EPZI4SWMXMSR
:EVMSYWZEPZITSWMXMSRTEVEQIXIVWJSVXLIEGXYEXSVERHXLIZEPZIEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIValve PositionWIGXMSR
Valve Position Parameter

Definition

Minimum

The minimum position the actuator or valve

can physically achieve. Leaky valves can be
modelled by specifying a non-zero value for
the minimum valve position.

Maximum

The maximum position the actuator or valve

can physically achieve.

Current

The actual position of the actuator or valve in

time.

Desired

The desired actuator position set by a PID

Controller operation or imported from a
Spreadsheet operation.

Offset

The Offset defined in Equation (5.12) can be

specified in this cell.

5-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-26

Tee



8II

8LIH]REQMGTEESTIVEXMSRWTPMXWSRIJIIHWXVIEQMRXSQYPXMTPI
TVSHYGXWXVIEQW[MXLXLIWEQIGSQTSWMXMSRWERHGSRHMXMSRWEWXLI
JIIHWXVIEQ8LIH]REQMGTEESTIVEXMSRJYRGXMSRWZIV]WMQMPEVP]XSXLI
WXIEH]WXEXIXIISTIVEXMSR,S[IZIVXLIIRLERGIHLSPHYTQSHIPERH
XLIGSRGITXSJRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWGERFIETTPMIHXSXLIH]REQMGXII
*PS[VIZIVWEPMWEPWSTSWWMFPIMRXLIXIIHITIRHMRKSRXLITVIWWYVIJPS[
GSRHMXMSRWSJXLIWYVVSYRHMRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
8SMRWXEPPXLITEE STIVEXMSRTVIWW <F12>ERHGLSSWI TeeSVWIPIGXXLI
TeeFYXXSRMRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI
Tee Button

 6EXMRK8EF
2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 5.16

8LIIPIZEXMSRWIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXMW
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.

5-26

[Link] Page 27 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-27

8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLI Nozzle ParametersWIGXMSR

Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is not currently used with

the TEE unit operation

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the

ground.

Base Elevation relative

to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above

the ground.

-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIMRPIXERHI\MX
RS^^PIWEVIIUYEPJSVXLMWYRMXSTIVEXMSR-J]SY[MWLXSQSHIPWXEXMG
LIEHXLIIRXMVITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXGERFIQSZIHF]QSHMJ]MRKXLI
Base Elevation relative to GroundGIPP

 (]REQMGW8EF
8LIDynamics XEF TVSZMHIWEGGIWWXSX[STEKIWXLISpecsERHHoldup
TEKIW

7TIGW4EKI
8LIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWSJXLIXIIGERFIWTIGMJMIHSRXLISpecs
TEKI
Figure 5.17

5-27

[Link] Page 28 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-28

Tee

-RDynamicsQSHIXLIVIEVIX[SWTIGMJMGEXMSRW]SYGERGLSSWIXS
GLEVEGXIVM^IXLITEE STIVEXMSR
-JXLIUse Splits as Dynamic Flow SpecsFS\MWGLIGOIHXLII\MXJPS[W
WXVIEQWJVSQXLIXIIEVIYWIVHIJMRIH=SYGERHIJMRIXLIQSPEVJPS[
JSVIEGLI\MXWXVIEQF]WTIGMJ]MRKXLIWTIGMJMGZEPZISTIRMRKWJSVIEGL
I\MXWXVIEQJVSQXLIXII8LMWWMXYEXMSRMWnot recommendedWMRGIXLI
JPS[JVSQXLIXIIMWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQWTPMXJVEGXMSRWERHRSXJVSQXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKTVIWWYVIRIX[SVOSJXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI-JXLMWSTXMSRMW
YWIHXLIZEPZISTIRMRKJMIPHWWLSYPHFIWTIGMJMIHEPPTEE I\MXWXVIEQW
-REHHMXMSREWMRKPITVIWWYVIERHWMRKPIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSREVIVIUYMVIH
F]XLI4*WSPZIV
-JXLIUse Splits as Dynamic Flow SpecsFS\MWRSXGLIGOIHXLIJPS[
VEXIWSJXLII\MXWXVIEQWEVIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQXLITVIWWYVIRIX[SVO-J
XLMWSTXMSRMWWIXXLIH]REQMGXIIEGXWWMQMPEVXSEQM\IVWIX[MXLXLI
Equalize AllSTXMSR8LIlSRI4*WTIGMJMGEXMSRTIVJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]
WXVIEQzVYPIETTPMIWXSXLIXIISTIVEXMSRMJXLIUse Splits FS\ MWRSX
GLIGOIH-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEX]SYYRGLIGOXLIUse Splits
FS\MRSVHIVXSVIEPMWXMGEPP]QSHIPJPS[FILEZMSYVMR]SYVH]REQMG
WMQYPEXMSRGEWI
6IZIVWIJPS[GSRHMXMSRWGERSGGYVMRXLIXIISTIVEXMSRMJXLIUse Splits
FS\MWYRGLIGOIH-JJPS[VIZIVWIWMRXLIXIIMXEGXWIWWIRXMEPP]PMOIE
H]REQMGQM\IV[MXLXLIEqualize All STXMSR-RH]REQMGWXLIWIX[S
YRMXSTIVEXMSRWEVIZIV]WMQMPEV

,SPHYT4EKI
)EGLYRMXSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7LEWXLIGETEGMX]XSWXSVIQEXIVMEPERH
IRIVK]8]TMGEPXIIWMREGXYEPTPERXWYWYEPP]LEZIWMKRMJMGERXP]PIWW
LSPHYTXLERSXLIVYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRETPERX8LIVIJSVIXLIZSPYQISJ
XLITeeSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7GERRSXFIWTIGMJMIHERHMWEWWYQIHXSFI
^IVS7MRGIXLIVIMWRSLSPHYTEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIXIISTIVEXMSRXLI
LSPHYT
WUYERXMX]ERHZSPYQIEVIWLS[REW^IVSMRXLIHoldupTEKI

5-28

[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-29

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LI AdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Nozzles Tab
8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzlesTEKISJ
XLIRatingsXEF8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSR[LMGLMWIWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLI
TMIGIIUYMTQIRXVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH'LERKIWXSRS^^PITEVEQIXIVW
GERIMXLIVFIQEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 5.18

5-29

[Link] Page 30 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-30

Tee

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW
XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

Essentially, the recycle stream represents the

material already existing in the holdup. Recycle
efficiencies represent the amount of material in the
holdup that participates in the flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP
*VMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWIWGEREPWSFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLTVSHYGXRS^^PI
MRXLINozzle dPWIGXMSRSJXLIEfficienciesXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF-RXLIGEWISJXLIXIIXLITVSTIVXMIW
WLS[REVISJXLIIRXIVMRKJPYMH

5-30

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the total holdup
Enthalpy
Density
Molecular Weight

[Link] Page 31 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-31

Figure 5.19

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF-RXLIGEWISJXLIXIIXLIMRPIXJPYMH
TVSTIVXMIWEVIWLS[R
Figure 5.20

5-31

[Link] Page 32 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-32

Relief Valve



6IPMIJ:EPZI

8LIRELIEF VALVESTIVEXMSRMWYWIHMRQER]WMXYEXMSRWMR[LMGLXLIVI
LEWFIIRI\GIWWTVIWWYVIFYMPHYT%PXLSYKLMXMWEZEMPEFPIMRSteady
State QSHIMXWTYVTSWIMWXSEZIVXWMXYEXMSRWXLEXSGGYVMREH]REQMG
IRZMVSRQIRX
Relief Valve Button

8SMRWXEPPXLIRELIEF VALVE STIVEXMSRTVIWW<F12>ERHGLSSWIRelief

ValveSVWIPIGXXLIRelief ValveFYXXSRMRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI

 6EXMRKW8EF
8LIRatingXEFTVSZMHIWEGGIWWXSX[STEKIWXLISizingTEKIERHXLI
NozzlesTEKI

7M^MRK4EKI
3RXLISizingTEKI]SYQE]WTIGMJ]XLIValve TypeERHXLICapacity
Correction Factors and Parameters
Figure 5.21

5-32

[Link] Page 33 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-33

:EPZI8]TI
-R,=7=7]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLVIIHMJJIVIRXZEPZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWJSVER]
VIPMIJZEPZIMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI
Valve Type

Description

Linear

A relief valve with linear valve characteristics has a

flow which is directly proportional to the valve %
opening.

Quick Opening

A relief valve with quick opening valve

characteristics obtains larger flows initially at lower
valve openings. As the valve opens further, the flow
increases at a smaller rate.

Equal Percentage

A relief valve with equal percentage valve

characteristics initially obtains very small flows at
lower valve openings. However, the flow increases
rapidly as the valve opens to its full position.

'ETEGMX]'SVVIGXMSR*EGXSVWERH4EVEQIXIVW
8LICapacity Correction FactorsERHParametersKVSYTGSRWMWXWSJJMZI
TEVEQIXIVWSJXLIJPS[IUYEXMSRW=SYGERWIX

Viscosity Coefficient (KV)

Discharge Coefficient (KD)
Back Pressure Coefficient (KB)
Valve Head Differential Coefficient
Orifice Area (A)

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRXLIJYRGXMSRSJXLIWITEVEQIXIVWGSRWYPXXLI
JSPPS[MRKWIGXMSRSRJPS[XLVSYKLXLI6IPMIJ:EPZI

*PS[8LVSYKL6IPMIJ:EPZI
8LIQEWWJPS[VEXIXLVSYKLXLIVIPMIJZEPZIZEVMIWHITIRHMRKSRXLI
ZETSYVJVEGXMSRERHXLITVIWWYVIVEXMSEGVSWWXLIZEPZI*SVX[STLEWI
JPS[XLIJPS[WEVITVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIZETSYVJVEGXMSRERHGERFI
GEPGYPEXIHWITEVEXIP]ERHXLIRGSQFMRIHJSVXLIXSXEPJPS[

5-33

[Link] Page 34 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-34

Relief Valve

:ETSYV*PS[-R:EPZI
*SVKEWIWERHZETSYVWJPS[QE]FIGLSOIHSVRSRGLSOIH-JXLI
TVIWWYVIVEXMSMWKVIEXIVXLERXLIGVMXMGEPXLIJPS[[MPPNOTFI'LSOIH

P2
2
------ ------------P1
K+1

K
------------K1



where: P2 = Downstream Pressure

K = Ratio of Specific Heats
*SV'LSOIHZETSYVJPS[XLIQEWWJPS[VEXIMWKMZIRF]XLIJSPPS[MRK
VIPEXMSRWLMT

P1 K 2
W = AK L K D K B ---------- ------------V1 K + 1

1
K + 1 --------------- 2
K1



where: W= Mass flow rate

A = Relief valve orifice area
KL = Capacity correction factor for valve lift
KD = Coefficient of Discharge
KB = Back Pressure Coefficient
V = Specific Volume of the upstream fluid
*SVRSR'LSOIHZETSYVJPS[XLIQEWWJPS[VEXIMWKMZIRF]

K+1

---------------P
P2 K P 2 K
1 2K
W = AK L KD ------ ------------- ------ ------
P 1
V 1 K 1 P1

5-34

1
---



[Link] Page 35 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-35

0MUYMH*PS[-R:EPZI
Liquid FlowXLVSYKLXLIZEPZIMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIJSPPS[MRK
IUYEXMSR

W = AKL K D K V [ 2 ( P 1 P 2 ) 1 ]

1
--2



where: 1 = Density of upstream fluid

KV = Viscosity correction factor

Capacity Correction Factor (KL)

8LICapacity Correction FactorJSVFEGOTVIWWYVIMWX]TMGEPP]PMRIEV
[MXLMRGVIEWMRKFEGOTVIWWYVI8LIGSVVIGXZEPYISJXLIJEGXSVWLSYPHFI
YWIVWYTTPMIH-XQE]FISFXEMRIHJVSQXLIZEPZIQERYJEGXYVIV8LI
GETEGMX]GSVVIGXMSRJEGXSVJSVZEPZIPMJXGSQTIRWEXIWJSVXLIGSRHMXMSRW
[LIRXLIVIPMIJZEPZIMWRSXGSQTPIXIP]STIR-RGVIEWMRKWIRWMXMZMX]
ZEPZIWLEZIXLIJSPPS[MRKJPS[GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW
2

L
K L = -------------------------------------------4 12
[ a + ( 1 a )L ]



0MRIEVERHHIGVIEWMRKWIRWMXMZMX]ZEPZIWLEZIXLIJSPPS[MRKJPS[
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW
2

L
K L = -------------------------------------------2 12
[ a + ( 1 a )L ]



valve head differential a maximum flow

a = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------valve head differential at zero flow



where:

8LIZEPZILIEHHMJJIVIRXMEPXIVQEPPS[WJSVGYWXSQM^EXMSRSJXLIJPS[
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW[MXLVIWTIGXXSWXIQXVEZIP-XWZEPYIGERVERKIFIX[IIR
ERH

5-35

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5-36

Relief Valve

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 5.22

8LIIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXEVI
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle ParametersWIGXMSR

5-36

Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is displayed and can be

modified in this cell. The nozzle diameter has
physical meaning in relation to the liquid level in the
holdup. If the liquid level sits across the nozzle, the
phase fraction depends on how far the level is in
relation to nozzle diameter.

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the ground.

Base Elevation
relative to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above the

ground.

[Link] Page 37 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-37

 (]REQMGW8EF
Figure 5.23

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRWMWXWSJX[SKVSYTWXLIDynamic ParametersERH
Hysterysis ParametersKVSYTW

5-37

[Link] Page 38 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-38

Relief Valve

(]REQMG4EVEQIXIVW+VSYT
8LIDynamic Parameters KVSYT GSRWMWXWSJXLVIITEVEQIXIVW
Parameter

Descriptions

Delta P

Pressure drop across the valve.

The relief valve lift. It is calculated using one of the
two following formulas:
If inlet pressure is increasing:

P 1 P OPEN
L = --------------------------------------P FULL P OPEN
where:



P1 = upstream pressure
POPEN = Set Pressure

Valve Lift

PFULL= Full Open Pressure

If inlet pressure is decreasing:

P 1 PRESEAT
L = -----------------------------------------P CLOSE P OPEN
where:



P1 = upstream pressure
PRESEAT = Reseating Pressure
PCLOSE = Closing Pressure

Percentage Open

The Valve Lift in percentage.

,]WXIV]WMW4EVEQIXIVW+VSYT
;LIRXLIEnable Valve Hysterysis GLIGOFS\MWEGXMZEXIHXLI
Hysterysis ParametersKVSYTFS\FIGSQIWZMWMFPI8LMWKVSYTGSRXEMRW
X[SJMIPHW
Field

Descriptions

Closing Pressure

Pressure at which the valve begins to close after

reaching the full lift pressure (i.e. the value entered in
the full pressure cell on the Parameters page of the
Design tab).

Reseating Pressure

The pressure at which the valve reseats after

discharge.

,SPHYT4EKI
*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLI,SPHYTTEKIXLMWSTIVEXMSRWGSRWYPXXLI
:%0:)STIVEXMSRWHoldup PageSection 5.2.2 - Dynamics Tab

5-38

[Link] Page 39 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment

5-39

 6IPMIJ:EPZI)\EQTPI
-RXLMWI\EQTPI]SYMRWXEPPERELIEF VALVESREJPEWLHVYQ


-RWXEPPXLIJSPPS[MRK4VSTIVX]4EGOEKIERHGSQTSRIRXW

Property Package

Components

Peng Robinson

Methane, Ethane, Propane, i-Butane, n-Butane

and i-Pentane.



)RXIVXLIMain Simulation Environment ERHEHHXLIJSPPS[MRK

FeedWXVIEQ

Stream Name

Feed

Temperature [C]

-30

Pressure [kPa]

460

Molar Flow [kgmol/hr]

100

Comp Mole Frac [Methane]

0.0500

Comp Mole Frac [Ethane]

0.1500

Comp Mole Frac [Propane]

0.3500

Comp Mole Frac [i-Butane]

0.2100

Comp Mole Frac [n-Butane]

0.1200

Comp Mole Frac [i-Pentane]

0.1200



2S[EHHXLIJSPPS[MRKSEPARATORSTIVEXMSR

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

SEPARATOR

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

Name

V-100

Feed

Feed

Design [Connections]



Vapour Outlet

Sepvap

Liquid Outlet

Sepliq

%XXEGLXLIJSPPS[MRKVALVEXSXLISepliqWXVIEQ

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

Tab [Page]

Design [Connections]
Design [Parameters]

VALVE
Input Area

Entry

Name

VLV-100

Feed

Sepliq

Product

Prod

Delta P

30 kpa

5-39

[Link] Page 40 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-40

Relief Valve



2S[EXXEGLXLIRELIEF VALVEXSXLISepvapWXVIEQ

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

Tab [Page]

Design [Connections]

Design [Parameters]



Dynamics Mode Button

5-40

Input Area

Entry

Name

RV-100

Feed

Sepvap

Product

Relief Out

Set Pressure

475 kPa

Full Open Pressure

480 kPa

-RIMXLIVXLI;SVOFSSOSVXLIWorksheetXEFSJ6:TVSTIVX]
ZMI[WIXXLITVIWWYVISJXLIRelief OutWXVIEQXSO4E



7[MXGLXSDynamicQSHI



7IPIGXXLIDynamic AssistantFYXXSR8LMWWLSYPHSTIRXLI
Dynamic AssistantTVSTIVX]ZMI[
Figure 5.24

Dynamic Assistant Button

RELIEF VALVE

[Link] Page 41 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Piping Equipment



5-41

+SXSXLIStreamsXEFSJXLIDynamic Assistant TVSTIVX]ZMI[8LI

%WWMWXERXQEOIWXLIJSPPS[MRKVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
Figure 5.25

3RXLIUnknown SizesXEFXLI%WWMWXERX[MPPVIGSQQIRHXLIWM^MRK
TEVEQIXIVWJSVXLIYRMXW:ERH:0:
Figure 5.26

'LERKIXLIVIWMHIRGIXMQIMR:JVSQXLIWYKKIWXIHQMRWXS
QMRYXIW7IPIGXXLIMake ChangesFYXXSR

5-41

[Link] Page 42 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

5-42

Relief Valve

 %HHXLIJSPPS[MRK4-('SRXVSPPIVXSXLIJPS[WLIIX
UNIT OPERATION TYPE
Tab [Page]

Connections

On the Parameters tab, specify

the PV Range before setting the
Mode or SP.
Parameters
[Configuration]

CONTROLLER
Input Area

Entry

Name

FIC-100

PV Source Object

Sepliq

PV Source Variable

Molar Flow

Output Target Object

VLV-100

Action

Reverse

Mode

Auto

SP

100 kgmole/hr

Kp

PV Minimum

0 kgmole/hr

PV Maximum

200 kgmole/hr

 -J]SY[IVIXSFIKMRXLIIntegratorEXXLMWTSMRX]SY[SYPHKIXXLI
JSPPS[MRK[EVRMRKQIWWEKI
Figure 5.27

8LI6IPMIJ:EPZIVIUYMVIWEZEPYIJSVXLI3VMJMGI%VIEXSMRMXMEPM^I+SXS
XLISizingTEKISJXLI6IPMIJ:EPZIRatingsXEFERHIRXIVQ
 2S[VYRXLI-RXIKVEXSV;EXGLXLI6IPMIJ:EPZIMXWLSYPHVIQEMR
6IHMRGSPSYV8LMWMRHMGEXIWXLEXXLIZEPZIMWGPSWIH%WXLI
TVIWWYVIMRXLIZIWWIPMRGVIEWIWXSXLI6IPMIJ:EPZI[MPPSTIR
8LMW[MPPFIMRHMGEXIHF]EVIXYVRXSXLIHIJEYPXKVI]GSPSYV[MXL
]IPPS[SYXPMRI3RGIXLIZIWWIPTVIWWYVILEWFIIRVIHYGIHXLI
6IPMIJ:EPZI[MPPEKEMRGPSWI

5-42

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-1

6 Rotating Equipment
6.1 Compressor/Expander................................................................................. 3
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Theory ...................................................................................................... 4
Design Tab ............................................................................................... 5
Ratings Tab .............................................................................................. 7
Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 15
Linked Compressor Example ................................................................. 25

6.2 Pump ........................................................................................................... 27

6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5

Theory .................................................................................................... 28
Design Tab ............................................................................................. 29
Ratings Tab ............................................................................................ 30
Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 39
Pump Example....................................................................................... 45

6-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-2

6-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment


All information in this section
applies to the COMPRESSOR
and EXPANDER unit
operations, unless indicated
otherwise

6-3

'SQTVIWWSV)\TERHIV

8LIH]REQMGWCOMPRESSORSTIVEXMSRMWYWIHXSMRGVIEWIXLI
TVIWWYVISJERMRPIXKEWWXVIEQF]TVSZMHMRKIRIVK]MRXLIJSVQSJWLEJX
[SVOXSXLIW]WXIQ
8LIH]REQMGWEXPANDERSTIVEXMSRMWYWIHXSHIGVIEWIERMRPIXKEW
WXVIEQ
WTVIWWYVI8LII\TERWMSRSJXLIKEWMRZSPZIWGSRZIVXMRKXLI
MRXIVREPIRIVK]SJXLIKEWXSOMRIXMGIRIVK]MRXLIJSVQSJWLEJX[SVO
7SQISJXLIJIEXYVIWMRGPYHIHMRXLI(]REQMGCOMPRESSORERH
EXPANDERSTIVEXMSRWMRGPYHI

Dynamic Modelling of friction loss and inertia in the

COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER.
Dynamic Modelling which supports shutdown and startup
behaviour.
Multiple head and efficiency curves.
Modelling of Stonewall and Surge conditions of the
COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER.
A dedicated surge controller which feature quick opening
capabilities.
Handling of phase changes that may occur in the unit operation
(e.g. expanders producing liquid).
Linking capabilities with other rotational equipment operating at
the same speed with one total power.

Compressor Button

Expander Button

8SMRWXEPPXLICOMPRESSORSVEXPANDER STIVEXMSRTVIWW F12"ERH

GLSSWIXLIGSQTVIWWSVSVI\TERHIVJVSQXLI9RMX3TWZMI[SVWIPIGX
XLICompressorSVExpander FYXXSRMRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI
8SMKRSVIXLICOMPRESSORSVEXPANDERWIPIGXXLIIgnoreGLIGO
FS\,=7=7[MPPHMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRERH[MPPRSXGEPGYPEXIXLI
SYXPIXWXVIEQYRXMP]SYVIWXSVIMXXSEREGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLI
GLIGOFS\

6-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-4

Compressor/Expander



8LISV]

%RIWWIRXMEPGSRGITXEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLICOMPRESSORERH
EXPANDERSTIVEXMSRWMWXLIMWIRXVSTMGERHTSP]XVSTMGTS[IV8LI
GEPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWITEVEQIXIVWERHSXLIVUYERXMXMIWEVIXEOIRJVSQ
l'SQTVIWWSVWERH)\LEYWXIVW4S[IV8IWX'SHIWzJVSQXLI%QIVMGER
7SGMIX]SJ1IGLERMGEP)RKMRIIVW8LIMWIRXVSTMGSVTSP]XVSTMGTS[IV
;GERFIGEPGYPEXIHJVSQ

-
P1
P2 ----------n
n
W = F 1 ( MW ) ------------ CF ------ ------
1
n1
1
P1
n1



where: n = the volume exponent

CF = the correction factor
P = pressure of the inlet stream


P = pressure of the exit stream



1 = density of the inlet stream

F = molar flow rate of the inlet stream


MW = molecular weight of the gas

-WIRXVSTMGTS[IVMWGEPGYPEXIHF]HIJMRMRKXLIZSPYQII\TSRIRXEW
ln ( P2 P 1 )
n = --------------------------ln ( 2 1 )



where: 2 = density of the exit stream corresponding to the inlet

entropy
4SP]XVSTMGTS[IVMWGEPGYPEXIHF]HIJMRMRKXLIZSPYQII\TSRIRXEW
ln ( P2 P 1 )
n = -------------------------ln ( 2 1 )
where: 2 = density of the exit stream

6-4



[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-5

8LIGSVVIGXMSRJEGXSVMWGEPGYPEXIHEW

h2 h 1
CF = ------------------------------------------n P 2 P1
----------- ------ ----- n 1 ' 2 1



where: h 2 = enthalpy of the exit stream corresponding to the inlet

entropy
h = enthalpy of the inlet stream


%RMWIRXVSTMGJPEWLMWTIVJSVQIHXSGEPGYPEXIXLIZEPYIWSJ h 2 ERH 2 .
,=7=7GEPGYPEXIWXLIGSQTVIWWMSRSVI\TERWMSRVMKSVSYWP]F]
JSPPS[MRKXLIMWIRXVSTMGPMRIJVSQXLIMRPIXXSXLII\MXTVIWWYVI8LI
TEXLSJETSP]XVSTMGTVSGIWWMWRIMXLIVEHMEFEXMGRSVMWSXLIVQEP8LI
SRP]GSRHMXMSRMWXLEXXLITSP]XVSTMGTVSGIWWMWVIZIVWMFPI



(IWMKR8EF

0MROW4EKI
'SQTVIWWSVWERHI\TERHIVWQSHIPPIHMR,=7=7GERLEZIWLEJXW[LMGL
EVITL]WMGEPP]GSRRIGXIH0MROMRKGSQTVIWWSVWSVI\TERHIVWMR,=7=7
QIERW

The speed of each linked unit operation is the same.

The Sum of Duties of each linked compressor/expander +
The Total Power Loss = 0. The Total Power Loss is located in
the Links page of the Design tab.
8LIVSXEXMSREPIUYMTQIRXPMROIVSTIVEXIWFSXLMRSteady StateERH
DynamicsQSHI

6-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-6

Compressor/Expander

Figure 6.1

%PMWXSJEZEMPEFPICOMPRESSORS/EXPANDERSGERFIHMWTPE]IHF]
TVIWWMRKXLIHVSTHS[RFYXXSRMRXLIDownstream LinksJMIPHSVF]
TVIWWMRKXLI F2"OI][LMPIXLIGYVWSVMWMRXLIJMIPHFigure 6.1WLS[WE
GSQTVIWWSV/[LMGLMWPMROIHXSGSQTVIWWSV/-XMWRSX
WMKRMJMGERX[LMGLSVHIVXLIGSQTVIWWSVWI\TERHIVWEVIPMROIH8LI
RSXMSRSJYTWXVIEQERHHS[RWXVIEQPMROWMWEVFMXVEV]ERHHIXIVQMRIH
F]XLIYWIV
%XPIEWXSRIGYVZIQYWXFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLICurvesTEKISJXLIRating
XEFJSVIEGLPMROIHYRMXSTIVEXMSR-HIEPP]EWIXSJPMROIHGSQTVIWWSV SV
I\TERHIVWWLSYPHSRP]LEZIXLIUse the Characteristic CurvesFS\
WIPIGXIHMRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEF-REHHMXMSRXLIXSXEP
TS[IVPSWWJSVXLIPMROIHSTIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFIWTIGMJMIH-RXLIGEWISJ
PMROIHGSQTVIWWSVWMXGERFIYWIHXSTVSZMHIXLIXSXEPTS[IVF]
WIXXMRK
Total Power Input = - Total Power Loss



9WYEPP]XSXEPTS[IVMRTYXXSXLIPMROIHGSQTVIWWSVWI\TERHIVWMW
GEPGYPEXIHMRESpreadsheetSTIVEXMSRERHWTIGMJMIHF]XLI]SYMRXLI
Total Power LossJMIPH
-XMWEPWSTSWWMFPIXSPMROERI\TERHIVXSEGSQTVIWWSVERHYWIXLI
I\TERHIVXSKIRIVEXIOMRIXMGIRIVK]XSHVMZIXLIGSQTVIWWSV-JXLMW
STXMSRMWGLSWIRXLIXSXEPTS[IVPSWWMWX]TMGEPP]WTIGMJMIHEW^IVS

6-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment



6-7

6EXMRKW8EF

'YVZIW4EKI
3RISVQSVIGSQTVIWWSVI\TERHIVGYVZIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHSRXLI
CurvesTEKI=SYGERGVIEXIEHMEFEXMGSVTSP]XVSTMGTPSXWJSVZEPYIWSJ
IJJMGMIRG]ERHLIEH8LIIJJMGMIRG]ERHLIEHJSVEWTIGMJMIHWTIIHGER
FITPSXXIHEKEMRWXXLIGETEGMX]SJXLIGSQTVIWWSVI\TERHIV1YPXMTPI
GYVZIWGERFITPSXXIHXSWLS[XLIHITIRHIRGISJIJJMGMIRG]ERHLIEH
SRXLIWTIIHSJGSQTVIWWSVWI\TERHIVW
Figure 6.2

8SWYTTP]HEXEJSVEGYVZIJSPPS[XLMWTVSGIHYVI


7IPIGXXLIEnable CurvesGLIGOFS\



'LSSWIEREfficiency8]TIVEHMSFYXXSRIMXLIVAdiabaticSV
Polytropic8LMWHIXIVQMRIWXLIFEWMWSJ]SYVMRTYXIJJMGMIRG]
ZEPYIW



4VIWWXLIAdd CurveFYXXSRXSEGGIWWECurveZMI[

6-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-8

Compressor/Expander



3RXLICurveZMI[]SYQE]EHHFlowHeadERH%EfficiencyHEXE
TSMRXWEW[IPPEWESpeedZEPYIJSVEWMRKPIGYVZI
Figure 6.3


Each curve is named and has
as associated Activate check
box. You can turn individual
curves on and off.

*SVIEGLEHHMXMSREPGYVZIVITIEXWXITWERH8LI)JJMGMIRG]
VEHMSFYXXSRQYWXFIXLIWEQIJSVMRTYX'YVZIW

,=7=7[MPPYWIXLIGYVZIWXSHIXIVQMRIXLIETTVSTVMEXIIJJMGMIRG]JSV
]SYVSTIVEXMSREPGSRHMXMSRW-J]SYWYTTP]GYVZIWIRWYVIXLI)JJMGMIRG]
ZEPYIWSRXLIParametersTEKIEVIIQTX]SVEGSRWMWXIRG]IVVSV[MPPFI
KIRIVEXIH
3RGIEGYVZILEWFIIRGVIEXIHXLIView CurveDelete CurveERHPlot
CurvesFYXXSRW[MPPFIGSQIEZEMPEFPI&]YWMRKXLIWIX[SFYXXSRW
VIWTIGXMZIP]]SYGERIMXLIVEGGIWWXLICurveZMI[XSIHMX]SYVMRTYX
HEXESVWMQTP]HIPIXIXLILMKLPMKLXIHGYVZIJVSQXLIWMQYPEXMSR%PWS
JSVIEGLGYVZIERActivateGLIGOFS\[MPPFITVIWIRX8SVIQSZIE
WTIGMJMGGYVZIJVSQXLIGEPGYPEXMSRW]SYGERHIEGXMZEXIMXWGLIGOFS\
8LICurveZMI[MWEGGIWWIHZMEXLIAdd CurveSVView CurveFYXXSR
=SYGERWYTTP]XLIJSPPS[MRKHEXE

Name - Name of this Curve.

Speed - The rotation speed of the COMPRESSOR or
EXPANDER. Unlike steady state, this specification is always
required if you supply one curve or multiple curves.
Flow Units / Head Units - Units for the Flow and Head (In
Volume/Time and Length units, respectively).
Flow / Head / Efficiency - Enter any number of data points for
the Curve.

6-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-9

;LIR]SYGLSSWIXLIErase selectedFYXXSRXLIGYVVIRXVS[*PS[

,IEHSV)JJMGMIRG][MPPFIHIPIXIH'LSSWIXLIErase AllFYXXSRXS
HIPIXIEPP*PS[,IEHERH)JJMGMIRG]HEXEJSVXLI'YVZI
,=7=7GERMRXIVTSPEXIZEPYIWJSVXLIIJJMGMIRG]ERHLIEHSJXLI
GSQTVIWWSVI\TERHIVJSVWTIIHWXLEXEVIRSXTPSXXIH
-RSVHIVXSVYREWXEFPIERHVIEPMWXMGH]REQMGQSHIP,=7=7VIUYMVIW
]SYXSMRTYXVIEWSREFPIGYVZIW-JGSQTVIWWSVWI\TERHIVW EVIPMROIHMX
MWEKSSHMHIEXSIRWYVIXLEXXLIGYVZIWTPSXXIHJSVIEGLYRMXSTIVEXMSR
WTEREGSQQSRWTIIHERHGETEGMX]VERKI8]TMGEPGYVZIWEVITPSXXIHMR
Figure 6.4ERHFigure 6.5
Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

6-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-10

Compressor/Expander

*SVEREXPANDERXLILIEHMWSRP]^IVS[LIRXLIWTIIHERHGETEGMX]
EVI^IVS
2SXIXLEXECOMPRESSORQE]EPWSFIYWIHXSVITVIWIRXEPUMP
STIVEXMSR[LIREQSVIVMKSVSYWTYQTGEPGYPEXMSRMWVIUYMVIH8LI
PUMPSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7EWWYQIWXLEXXLIPMUYMHMWMRGSQTVIWWMFPI
8LIVIJSVIMJ]SY[MWLXSTYQTEJPYMHRIEVMXWGVMXMGEPTSMRX[LIVIMX
FIGSQIWGSQTVIWWMFPI]SYQE]HSWSF]VITVIWIRXMRKXLIPUMP[MXL
ECOMPRESSOR8LICOMPRESSORSTIVEXMSRXEOIWMRXSEGGSYRXXLI
GSQTVIWWMFMPMX]SJXLIPMUYMHXLYWTIVJSVQMRKEQSVIVMKSVSYW
GEPGYPEXMSR

*PS[0MQMXW4EKI
8LIVIMWEGIVXEMRVERKIXLEXXLIH]REQMGCOMPRESSORS/
EXPANDERSGERSTIVEXIMRHITIRHMRKSRMXWSTIVEXMRKWTIIH8LI
PS[IVJPS[PMQMXSJEGSQTVIWWSVMWGEPPIHXLIWYVKIPMQMX[LIVIEWXLI
YTTIVJPS[PMQMXMWGEPPIHXLIWXSRI[EPPPMQMX-R,=7=7]SYGERWTIGMJ]
XLIJPS[PMQMXWSJEGSQTVIWWSVSVI\TERHIVF]TPSXXMRKWYVKIERH
WXSRI[EPPGYVZIW
Figure 6.6

*VSQXLIFlow LimitsTEKIMXMWTSWWMFPIXSEHHSurgeSVStonewall
GYVZIWJSVXLIGSQTVIWWSV8SEHHSVIHMXESurge GYVZIJSPPS[XLMW
TVSGIHYVI

6-10

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment



6-11

4VIWWXLISurge CurveFYXXSR



7IPIGXXLIVIUYMVIHYRMXWJSVSpeedERHFlow



%HHSpeedERHFlowHEXETSMRXWJSVXLIGYVZI



8SVIQSZIEGIVXEMRHEXETSMRXWLMKLPMKLXIMXLIVXLISpeed SVFlow
GIPPWERHTVIWWXLIErase selectedFYXXSR



8SVIQSZIEPPXLIHEXETSMRXWTVIWWXLIErase AllFYXXSR
Figure 6.7

8LITVSGIHYVIJSVEHHMRKSVIHMXMRK StonewallGYVZIWMWMHIRXMGEP
;LIREH]REQMGGSQTVIWWSVVIEGLIWMXWWXSRI[EPPPMQMX,=7=7[MPPJM\
XLIJPS[EXXLEXGSQTVIWWSVWTIIH;LIREGSQTVIWWSVVIEGLIWXLI
WYVKIPMQMXXLIJPS[VIZIVWIWERHG]GPIWGSRXMRYSYWP]GEYWMRKHEQEKI
XSXLIGSQTVIWWSV8LMWTLIRSQIRSRMWQSHIPPIHMR,=7=7F]GEYWMRK
XLIJPS[VEXIXLVSYKLXLIGSQTVIWWSVXSJPYGXYEXIVERHSQP]FIPS[XLI
WYVKIJPS[

6-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-12

Compressor/Expander

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 6.8

8LIIPIZEXMSRWSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXMW
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle ParametersKVSYT
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is not currently used with

the COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER unit operation

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the

ground.

Base Elevation relative

to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above

the ground.

-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIMRPIXERHI\MX
RS^^PIWEVIIUYEPJSVXLMWYRMXSTIVEXMSR-J]SY[MWLXSQSHIPWXEXMG
LIEHXLIIRXMVITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXGERFIQSZIHF]QSHMJ]MRKXLI
Base Elevation relative to GroundGIPP

6-12

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-13

-RIVXME4EKI
8LIMRIVXMEQSHIPPMRKTEVEQIXIVWERHXLIJVMGXMSREPPSWWEWWSGMEXIH
[MXLXLIMQTIPPIVMRXLICOMPRESSORGERFIWTIGMJMIHSRXLIInertia
TEKI
Figure 6.9

2SXEPPSJXLIIRIVK]WYTTPMIHXSEH]REQMGGSQTVIWWSVMWXVERWJIVVIHXS
XLIJPYMH0MOI[MWIRSXEPPXLIIRIVK]TVSZMHIHF]ERI\TERHIV
XVERWPEXIWXSOMRIXMGIRIVK]8LIVIEVIJVMGXMSREPPSWWIWEWWSGMEXIH[MXL
XLIQSZMRKTEVXWSJXLIWIYRMXSTIVEXMSRW-REGSQTVIWWSVTS[IVMW
EPWSVIUYMVIHXSEGGIPIVEXIXLIVSXEXMRKMQTIPPIVERHWLEJX-RKIRIVEP
XLIXSXEPTS[IVSVHYX]WYTTPMIHXSSVTVSZMHIHJVSQEGSQTVIWWSVSV
I\TERHIVLEWXLVIITEVXW

Rate of energy imparted to or provided by the fluid.

Rate of energy required to accelerate the rotational speed
of the shaft.
Rate of energy lost due to mechanical friction loss.
8LIVEXISJIRIVK]WYTTPMIHXSXLIJPYMHGERFISFWIVZIHMRXLIIRXLEPT]
GLERKIFIX[IIRXLIMRPIXERHI\MXWXVIEQW*SVEGSQTVIWWSVXLMWMW
Rate of energy imparted to the fluid =
F1(MW)(h2 - h1)



where: h = the enthalpy of the exit stream



h = the enthalpy of the inlet stream



MW = the molecular weight

6-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-14

Compressor/Expander

-RIVXMEP1SHIPPMRK4EVEQIXIVW
8LIVEXISJIRIVK]VIUYMVIHXSEGGIPIVEXIXLIWTIIHSJEGSQTVIWWSVMWE
JYRGXMSRSJXLIVSXEXMSREPMRIVXMESJXLIMQTIPPIVERHXLIVSXEXMSREP
WTIIH8LIVSXEXMSREPMRIVXME-MWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W

I = MR 2



where: M = the mass of the impeller and rotating shaft

R = the radius of gyration
8LIQEWWERHVEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIInertial
Modelling Parameters WIGXMSR8LITS[IVVIUYMVIHXSEGGIPIVEXIXLI
MQTIPPIV) GERFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
-

d
E I = I ------dt



where: = the rotation speed

*VMGXMSR0SWW
8LIVEXISJIRIVK]PSWXJVSQQIGLERMGEPMRIJJMGMIRGMIWHITIRHWSRXLI
JVMGXMSREPTS[IVPSWWJEGXSVJ [LMGLGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIFriction
LossWIGXMSR8LIJVMGXMSREP[SVO) GERFIGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
JVMG

Ef = ffric
%X]TMGEPZEPYIJSVJ

JVMG

6-14

MW



[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment



6-15

(]REQMGW8EF

7TIGW4EKI
8LIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWSJXLICOMPRESSOR/EXPANDERGERFI
WTIGMJMIHSRXLISpecsTEKI
Figure 6.10

-RKIRIVEPX[SWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIVIUYMVIHMRXLI Dynamics
Specifications KVSYT=SYWLSYPHFIE[EVISJWTIGMJMGEXMSRW[LMGLQE]
GEYWIGSQTPMGEXMSRWSVWMRKYPEVMX]MRXLITVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\7SQI
I\EQTPIWSJWYGLGEWIWEVI

The Pressure Increase box should not be selected if the inlet

and exit stream pressures are specified.
The Speed box should not be selected if the Use
Characteristic Curves check box is not selected.
8LITSWWMFPIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIEWJSPPS[W

6-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-16

Compressor/Expander

(YX]
8LIHYX]MWHIJMRIHMRXLIGEWISJXLICOMPRESSORSTIVEXMSREWXLI
TS[IVVIUYMVIHXSVSXEXIXLIWLEJXERHTVSZMHIIRIVK]XSXLIJPYMH8LI
HYX]LEWXLVIIGSQTSRIRXW
Duty = Power imparted to the fluid + Power required to
change the rotational speed of the shaft + Power
lost due to mechanical friction loss



8LIHYX]MREGSQTVIWWSVWLSYPHFIWTIGMJMIHSRP]MJXLIVIMWEJM\IH
TS[IVEZEMPEFPIXSFIYWIHXSHVMZIXLIWLEJX

)JJMGMIRG]%HMEFEXMGERH4SP]XVSTMG
*SVEH]REQMGGSQTVIWWSVXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWKMZIREWXLIVEXMSSJXLI
MWIRXVSTMGTS[IVVIUYMVIHJSVGSQTVIWWMSRXSXLIEGXYEPIRIVK]
MQTEVXIHXSXLIJPYMH8LIIJJMGMIRG]MWHIJMRIHEW
W ( to system )
= ----------------------------------------F1 ( MW ) ( h 2 h 1 )



*SVEH]REQMGI\TERHIVXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWHIJMRIHEW
F1 ( MW ) ( h 1 h 2 )
= -----------------------------------------W ( from system )



-JETSP]XVSTMGIJJMGMIRG]HIJMRMXMSRMWVIUYMVIHXLITSP]XVSTMG[SVO
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMREquation (6.11)SVEquation (6.12)-JER
EHMEFEXMGIJJMGMIRG]HIJMRMXMSRMWVIUYMVIHXLIMWIRXVSTMG[SVOWLSYPH
FITVSZMHIH
2SXIXLEXXLIKIRIVEPHIJMRMXMSRSJXLIIJJMGMIRG]HSIWRSXMRGPYHIXLI
PSWWIWHYIXSXLIVSXEXMSREPEGGIPIVEXMSRSJXLIWLEJXERHWIEPPSWWIW
8LIVIJSVIXLIIJJMGMIRG]IUYEXMSRWMRH]REQMGWEVIRSXHMJJIVIRXJVSQ
XLIKIRIVEPIJJMGMIRG]IUYEXMSRWHIJMRIHMRSection 5.1.1 - TheoryMRXLI
Steady State ModellingQERYEP8LMWMWXVYIWMRGIXLIEGXYEP[SVO
VIUYMVIHF]EWXIEH]WXEXIGSQTVIWWSVMWXLIWEQIEWXLIIRIVK]
MQTEVXIHXSXLIJPYMH
-JGSQTVIWWSVSVI\TERHIVGYVZIWEVITVSZMHIHMRXLICurvesTEKISJ
XLIRatingsXEFXLIMWIRXVSTMGSVTSP]XVSTMGIJJMGMIRG]GERFI

6-16

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-17

MRXIVTSPEXIHJVSQXLIJPS[SJKEWERHXLIWTIIHSJXLIGSQTVIWWSV
I\TERHIV

4VIWWYVI-RGVIEWI
%Pressure IncreaseWTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFIWIPIGXIHMJXLITVIWWYVIHVST
EGVSWWXLIGSQTVIWWSVMWGSRWXERX

,IEH
8LIMWIRXVSTMGSVTSP]XVSTMGLIEHLGERFIHIJMRIHEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLI
MWIRXVSTMGSVTSP]XVSTMG[SVO8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTMW

W = ( MW )F 1 ( CF )gh



where: W = the isentropic or polytropic power

MW = the molecular weight of the gas
CF = the correction factor
F = the molar flow rate of the inlet gas stream


g = gravity acceleration
-JCOMPRESSORSVEXPANDERGYVZIWEVITVSZMHIHMRXLICurvesTEKI
SJXLIRatingsXEFXLIMWIRXVSTMGSVTSP]XVSTMGLIEHGERFI
MRXIVTSPEXIHJVSQXLIJPS[SJKEWERHXLIWTIIHSJXLIGSQTVIWWSV
I\TERHIV

'ETEGMX]
8LIGETEGMX]MWHIJMRIHEWXLIEGXYEPZSPYQIXVMGJPS[VEXIIRXIVMRKXLI
COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER%GETEGMX]WTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFIWIPIGXIHMJ
XLIZSPYQIXVMGJPS[XSXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRMWGSRWXERX

7TIIH
8LIVSXEXMSREPWTIIHSJXLIWLEJXHVMZMRKXLIGSQTVIWWSVSVFIMRK
HVMZIRF]XLII\TERHIVGERFIWTIGMJMIH

6-17

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6-18

Compressor/Expander

9WI'LEVEGXIVMWXMG'YVZIW
7IPIGXXLIUse Characteristic CurvesGLIGOFS\MJ]SY[MWLXSYWIXLI
GYVZIWWTIGMJMIHMRXLICurvesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF-JEWMRKPIGYVZI
MWWTIGMJMIHMREH]REQMGWGSQTVIWWSVXLIWTIIHSJXLIGSQTVIWWSVMW
RSXEYXSQEXMGEPP]WIXXSXLIWTIIHSJXLIGYVZIYRPMOIXLIWXIEH]WXEXI
COMPRESSOR/EXPANDERYRMXSTIVEXMSR%HMJJIVIRXWTIIHQE]FI
WTIGMJMIHERH,=7=7[MPPI\XVETSPEXIZEPYIWJSVLIEHERHIJJMGMIRG]

7YVKI'SRXVSP
8LICreate Surge ControlFYXXSRSTIRWESurge ControlZMI[[LMGLMW
S[RIHF]XLIGSQTVIWWSV-J]SYHIGMHIXSHIPIXIXLIGSQTVIWWSVXLI
WYVKIGSRXVSPPIVEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIGSQTVIWWSVMWHIPIXIHEW[IPP
7YVKIGSRXVSPEPWS[SVOWI\GPYWMZIP][MXLGSQTVIWWSVERHI\TERHIV
YRMXSTIVEXMSRW
Figure 6.11

%WQIRXMSRIHEGSQTVIWWSV[MPPWYVKIMJMXWGETEGMX]JEPPWFIPS[XLI
WYVKIPMQMX8LIWYVKIGSRXVSPPIVHIXIVQMRIWEQMRMQYQZSPYQIXVMG
JPS[VEXIXLEXXLIGSQTVIWWSVWLSYPHSTIVEXIEX[MXLSYXWYVKMRK8LMWMW
GEPPIHXLIWYVKIJPS[8LIWYVKIGSRXVSPPIVXLIREXXIQTXWXSGSRXVSPXLI
JPS[XSXLIGSQTVIWWSVEXWSQITIVGIRXEFSZIXLIWYVKIJPS[X]TMGEPP]
8LIWYVKIGSRXVSPPIVIWWIRXMEPP]EGXWPMOIPID Controller
STIVEXMSRW8LIGSRXVSPEPKSVMXLQWYWIHXSTVIZIRXGSQTVIWWSVWJVSQ
WYVKMRKEVII\XIRWMSRWSJXLI4-(EPKSVMXLQ8LIVIEVIX[SQENSV

6-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-19

HMJJIVIRGIW[LMGLHMWXMRKYMWLEWYVKIGSRXVSPPIVERHEVIKYPEV
GSRXVSPPIV

The setpoint of the surge controller is calculated and not

set.
More aggressive action is taken by the surge controller if
the compressor is close to surging.

'SRRIGXMSRW8EF
8LIConnections TabMWZIV]WMQMPEVXSE4-(GSRXVSPPIV
WGSRRIGXMSR
XEF*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIMRHMZMHYEPTEVEQIXIVW[LMGLQEOIYT
XLIConnections TabWIIChapter 10 - Logical Operations8LIMRPIX
ZSPYQIXVMGJPS[XSXLIGSQTVIWWSVMWEYXSQEXMGEPP]HIJEYPXIHEWXLI
TVSGIWWZEVMEFPI4:XSFIQIEWYVIH=SYQYWXGLSSWIECONTROL
VALVESTIVEXMSREWERSTIVEXMRKZEVMEFPI34[LMGLLEWEHMVIGXIJJIGX
SRXLIMRPIXJPS[XSXLIGSQTVIWWSV
8LIUpstream Surge Controller OutputJMIPHGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJXLISXLIV
WYVKIGSRXVSPPIVWMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRJPS[WLIIX-J]SYWIPIGXERYTWXVIEQ
WYVKIGSRXVSPPIVYWMRKXLIUpstream Surge Controller OutputJMIPH
,=7=7[MPPIRWYVIXLEXXLISYXTYXWMKREPSJXLIGSQTVIWWSV
WWYVKI
GSRXVSPPIVMWRSXPS[IVXLERERYTWXVIEQWYVKIGSRXVSPPIV
WSYXTYX
WMKREP'SRWMHIVEWMXYEXMSRMR[LMGLX[SGSQTVIWWSVWEVIGSRRIGXIHMR
WIVMIW
Figure 6.12

%WWLS[RMRFigure 6.12FSXLWYVKIGSRXVSPPIVWQYWXYWIXLIWEQI
ZEPZIJSVWYVKIGSRXVSP-JXLIWYVKIGSRXVSPPIVWEVIGSRRIGXIHMRXLMW
QERRIV,=7=7EYXSWIPIGXWXLIPEVKIWXGSRXVSPPIVSYXTYX8LMWMWHSRIXS
IRWYVIXLEXWYVKIGSRXVSPMWEHIUYEXIP]TVSZMHIHJSVFSXLGSQTVIWWSVW

6-19

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6-20

Compressor/Expander

4EVEQIXIVW8EF

Configuration Page
-JXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI4:MWSTIVEXMRKEFSZIEGIVXEMRQEVKMRSZIVXLI
WYVKIJPS[PMQMXXLIWYVKIGSRXVSPPIVSTIVEXIWI\EGXP]EWEPID
Controller8LIVIJSVI4-(GSRXVSPTEVEQIXIVWWLSYPHFIWIXSRXLI
ConfigurationTEKI8LITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIVERKIXLIGSRXVSPPIVEGXMSR
STIVEXMSRQSHIERHXLIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWSJXLIGSRXVSPPIVGERFIWIX
MRXLMWTEKI*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIMRHMZMHYEPJMIPHWMRXLI
ConfigurationTEKIWIISection 10.2 - PID Controller

Surge Control Page

:EVMSYWWYVKIGSRXVSPTEVEQIXIVWGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLISurge Control
TEKI
Figure 6.13

%LIEHZIVWYWUYEHVEXMGJPS[I\TVIWWMSRVIPEXIWXLIWYVKIJPS[XSXLI
LIEHSJXLIGSQTVIWWSV8LIWYVKIJPS[* MWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
7

FS ( m 3 s ) =

6-20

h(m ) A
---------------------B



[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-21

=SYGERIRXIVWYVKIJPS[TEVEQIXIVW%ERH&MRSVHIVXSGLEVEGXIVM^I
XLIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRWYVKIJPS[ERHLIEH
8LIRI\XXLVIITEVEQIXIVWMRXLI7YVKI'SRXVSP4EVEQIXIVWWIGXMSREVI
HIJMRIHEWJSPPS[W
Surge Control Parameter

Description

Control Line (%)

The control line is the primary setpoint for the

surge controller. This line is defaulted at 10%
above the surge flow. If the flow is above the
backup line then the surge controller acts as a
normal PID controller.

Backup Line (%)

The backup line is set somewhere between

the control line and the surge flow. This line is
defaulted at 5% above the surge flow. If the
flow to the compressor falls below the backup
line, more aggressive action is taken by the
controller to prevent a surge condition.

Quick Opening (%/sec)

Aggressive action is taken by increasing the

desired actuator opening at a rate specified in
this field until the volumetric flow to the
compressor rises above the backup line.

,SPHYT4EKI
8]TMGEPGSQTVIWWSVWERHI\TERHIVWMREGXYEPTPERXWYWYEPP]LEZI
WMKRMJMGERXP]PIWWLSPHYTXLERQSWXSXLIVYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRETPERX
8LIVIJSVIXLIZSPYQISJXLICOMPRESSOR/EXPANDER STIVEXMSRMR
,=7=7GERRSXFIWTIGMJMIHERHMWEWWYQIHXSFI^IVSSRXLIHoldup
TEKI

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LIHMWGLEVKITVIWWYVISJXLIGSQTVIWWSVMWEPWS
HMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

6-21

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6-22

Compressor/Expander

Nozzles Tab
8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzlesTEKISJ
XLIRatingsXEF8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSR[LMGLMWIWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLI
TMIGIIUYMTQIRXVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH'LERKIWXSRS^^PITEVEQIXIVW
GERIMXLIVFIQEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 6.14

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW

6-22

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-23

XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

Essentially, the recycle stream represents the

material already existing in the holdup. Recycle
efficiencies represent how much of the material in
the holdup participates in the flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP
*VMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWIWGEREPWSFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLTVSHYGXRS^^PI
MRXLINozzle dPWIGXMSRSJXLIEfficienciesXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF-RXLIGEWISJXLICOMPRESSOR/
EXPANDERXLITVSTIVXMIWWLS[REVISJXLII\MXMRKWXVIEQ

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the specific phase in the holdup
Enthalpy
Density

6-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-24

Compressor/Expander

Molecular weight
Figure 6.15

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF-RXLIGEWISJXLICOMPRESSOR/
EXPANDERXLIGSQTSWMXMSRWLS[RMWSJXLII\MXWXVIEQ
Figure 6.16

6-24

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment



6-25

0MROIH'SQTVIWWSV
)\EQTPI

8[SGSQTVIWWSVW[MPPFIFYMPXERHTL]WMGEPP]PMROIHMRDynamics
QSHI8LIGSQTVIWWSVW[MPPJMVWXFIFYMPXMRWXIEH]WXEXIQSHIERHXLIR
QSHMJMIHWPMKLXP]MR(]REQMGWQSHI'SRWMHIVXLI04KEWJVSQER3MP
4VSHYGXMSRJEGMPMX]EWEFEEDXSEGSQTVIWWSVWXEXMSR
'VIEXIEJPYMHTEGOEKIYWMRKXLISour PRTVSTIVX]TEGOEKIERHEHHXLI
JSPPS[MRKGSQTSRIRXW,3,7'3'''M'ERHR'
Property Package

Components

Sour PR

H2O, H2S, CO2, C1, C2, C3, i-C4, nC4



-RWXEPPXLIWXVIEQFEEDERHHIJMRIMXEWJSPPS[W

Name

Feed

Temperature [C]

69.000

Pressure [kPa]

120.00

Molar Flow [kgmole/hr]

500.00

Comp Mole Frac [H2O]

0.2376

Comp Mole Frac [H2S]

0.0727

Comp Mole Frac [CO2]

0.0607

Comp Mole Frac [C1]

0.0430

Comp Mole Frac [C2]

0.1072

Comp Mole Frac [C3]

0.2522

Comp Mole Frac [i-C4]

0.0765

Comp Mole Frac [n-C4]

0.1502



-RWXEPPECOMPRESSORYRMXSTIVEXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
MRJSVQEXMSR

Tab [Page]

Design [Connections]



Input Area

Entry

Name

K-100

Inlet

Feed

Outlet

Discharge

Energy

Comp Duty

3RXLIParametersTEKIHIPIXIXLIHIJEYPXAdiabatic Efficiency
ZEPYI&SXLXLI%HMEFEXMGERH4SP]XVSTMGIJJMGMIRGMIWWLSYPHVIEH
<empty>XSEZSMHEGSRWMWXIRG]IVVSVSVEGSQTVIWWSV
SZIVWTIGMJMGEXMSR

6-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-26

Compressor/Expander



7[MXGLXSXLIRatingXEFCurvesTEKI



)RWYVIXLEXXLIAdiabatic VEHMSFYXXSRMRXLIEfficiency KVSYTMW

WIPIGXIH



'LIGOXLIEnable CurvesFS\ERHTVIWWXLIAdd CurveFYXXSR



'SQTPIXIXLIGYVZIEWWLS[RMRFigure 6.177MRGIXLMWGSQTVIWWSV
[MPPFIIZIRXYEPP]FISTIVEXMRKMR(]REQMGWQSHI]SYQYWXIRXIV
XLIWTIIHSJXLIGSQTVIWWSV
Figure 6.17



'PSWIXLICurve ZMI[ERHGLIGOXLIActivate FS\JSVXLIGYVZI

[LMGL[EWNYWXGVIEXIH



-RWXEPPERSXLIVCOMPRESSORYRMXSTIVEXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
MRJSVQEXMSR

Tab [Page]

Design [Connections]

Input Area

Entry

Name

K-101

Inlet

Discharge

Outlet

Out

Energy

Comp Duty2

 7TIGMJ]XLIWIGSRHGSQTVIWWSVXLIWEQIEWXLIJMVWXF]VITIEXMRK
WXITWXS
Dynamics Mode Button

Dynamics Assistant Button

6-26

 7[MXGLXSDynamicsQSHI
 3TIRXLIDynamics AssistantERHTVIWWXLIMake ChangesFYXXSR
 8LIDynamics Assistant[MPPWTIGMJ]XLIGSQTVIWWSVSTIVEXMSRW
[MXLETSP]XVSTMGIJJMGMIRG]ERHEHYX],S[IZIVXLIGSQTVIWWSV
GYVZIWEVIVIUYMVIHF],=7=7MRSVHIVXSPMROXLIGSQTVIWWSVW
(IEGXMZEXIXLI4SP]XVSTMGIJJMGMIRG]ERH(YX]WTIGMJMGEXMSRERH

[Link] Page 27 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-27

EGXMZEXIXLIUse Characteristic CurvesWTIGMJMGEXMSRMRXLISpecs

TEKISJXLIDynamicsXEF'LERKIXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVFSXL
GSQTVIWWSVW
Figure 6.18

 3RXLILinksTEKISJXLIDesignXEFMRXLI/GSQTVIWWSV
EGXMZEXIXLIDownstream LinkHVSTHS[RPMWXMRXLIK-100
GSQTVIWWSV7IPIGXXLIK-101GSQTVIWWSVMRXLIHVSTHS[RPMWX
 -RXLITotal Power LossGIPPMRXLILinksTEKISJXLIDesignXEF
WTIGMJ]EZEPYISJ\ O.L


Downstream link drop down

list

 6YRXLIMRXIKVEXSVYRXMPXLIGSQTVIWWSVW]WXIQVIEGLIWWXIEH]
WXEXIGSRHMXMSRWETTVS\MQEXIP]QMRYXIWMRXIKVEXMSRXMQI
 8LIGSRHMXMSRWSJWXVIEQOUTEXWXIEH]WXEXIGSRHMXMSRWEVI
HMWTPE]IHEWJSPPS[W
Name

Out

Vapour Fraction

1.0000

Temperature [C]

625.4958

Pressure [kPa]

484.1

Molar Flow [kgmole/hr]

55.44

Mass Flow [kg/hr]

2086.71

Liq Vol Flow [m3/hr]

3.7069

Heat Flow [kJ/hr]

-5.1858e+06



4YQT

8LIH]REQMGWPUMPSTIVEXMSRMWYWIHXSMRGVIEWIXLITVIWWYVISJER

6-27

[Link] Page 28 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

6-28

Pump

MRPIXPMUYMHWXVIEQF]TVSZMHMRKIRIVK]MRXLIJSVQSJWLEJX[SVOXSXLI
W]WXIQ
8LIH]REQMGWPUMPSTIVEXMSRMWWMQMPEVXSXLICOMPRESSOR
STIVEXMSRMRXLEXMXMRGVIEWIWXLITVIWWYVISJMXWMRPIXWXVIEQ8LIPUMP
STIVEXMSREWWYQIWXLEXXLIMRPIXJPYMHMWMRGSQTVIWWMFPI
7SQISJXLIJIEXYVIWMRGPYHIHMRXLI(]REQMGPUMPMRGPYHI

Dynamic Modelling of friction loss and inertia in the

COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER.
Dynamic Modelling which supports shutdown and startup
behaviour.
Multiple head and efficiency curves.
Modelling of cavitation if Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is
less than a calculated NPSH limit.
Linking capabilities with other rotational equipment operating at
the same speed with one total power.
8LIOnW[MXGLMRXLIPUMPSTIVEXMSRZMI[EGXMZEXIWERHHIEGXMZEXIW
XLITYQT-JXLMWFS\MWWIPIGXIHXLITYQTMWSRERH[SVOWRSVQEPP]-J
XLMWFS\MWRSXWIPIGXIH,=7=7WIXWXLITS[IVXSXLITYQTXS^IVS-R
SVHIVXSW[MXGLSJJXLITYQTXLIWTIIHERHSVTS[IVXSXLITYQT
QYWXFIWTIGMJMIH
8SMRWXEPPXLIPUMPSTIVEXMSRTVIWW F12"ERHGLSSWIXLIPUMP
JVSQXLIUnit OpsZMI[SVWIPIGXXLIPUMPFYXXSRMRXLI3FNIGX4EPIXXI
Pump Button

8SMKRSVIXLIPUMPWIPIGXXLIIgnoreGLIGOFS\,=7=7[MPP
GSQTPIXIP]HMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRERH[MPPRSXGEPGYPEXIXLISYXPIX
WXVIEQYRXMP]SYVIWXSVIMXXSEREGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLIGLIGOFS\



8LISV]

8LIMHIEPTS[IVVIUYMVIH;XSMRGVIEWIXLITVIWWYVISJER
MRGSQTVIWWMFPIJPYMHMW
( P 2 P 1 )F ( MW )
W = -----------------------------------------
where: P = pressure of the inlet stream


P = pressure of the exit stream



= density of the inlet stream

6-28



[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment

6-29

F = molar flow rate of the stream

MW = the molecular weight of the fluid
2SXIXLEXJSVETYQTMXMWEWWYQIHXLEXXLIIRXIVMRKPMUYMHWXVIEQMW
MRGSQTVIWWMFPI8LIVIJSVIXLIMHIEP[SVOHIJMRIHMREquation
(6.15)HSIWRSXGSVVIWTSRHXSEXVYIMWIRXVSTMGGSQTVIWWMSRSJXLI
PMUYMH(IWTMXIXLMWXLITYQTIJJMGMIRG]MWHIJMRIHMRXIVQWSJXLIMHIEP
[SVOERHRSXXLIMWIRXVSTMG[SVO
-RGSQTVIWWMFMPMX]MWXLIYWYEPEWWYQTXMSRJSVPMUYMHW[IPPVIQSZIH
JVSQXLIGVMXMGEPTSMRXERHXLIWXERHEVHTYQTIUYEXMSRTVSZMHIHMR
Equation (6.15)MWKIRIVEPP]EGGITXIHJSVGEPGYPEXMRKXLITS[IV
VIUYMVIQIRX,S[IZIVMJ]SY[MWLXSTIVJSVQEQSVIVMKSVSYW
GEPGYPEXMSRJSVTYQTMRKEGSQTVIWWMFPIPMUYMHMISRIRIEVXLIGVMXMGEP
TSMRX]SYWLSYPHMRWXEPPECOMPRESSORSTIVEXMSRMRWXIEHSJE
PUMP



(IWMKR8EF

0MROW4EKI
-R,=7=7TYQTWGERLEZIWLEJXW[LMGLEVITL]WMGEPP]GSRRIGXIH8LI
VSXEXMSREPIUYMTQIRXPMROIVSTIVEXIWFSXLMRWXIEH]WXEXIERH
H]REQMGWQSHI
Figure 6.19

%PMWXSJEZEMPEFPITYQTWGERFIHMWTPE]IHF]TVIWWMRKXLIHVSTHS[R

6-29

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6-30

Pump

FYXXSRMRXLIDownstream LinksJMIPHSVF]TVIWWMRKXLI F2"OI][LMPI

XLIGYVWSVMWMRXLIJMIPH-XMWRSXWMKRMJMGERX[LMGLSVHIVXLITYQTWEVI
PMROIH8LIRSXMSRSJYTWXVIEQERHHS[RWXVIEQPMROWMWEVFMXVEV]ERH
HIXIVQMRIHF]]SYXLIYWIV
0MROIHPUMP STIVEXMSRWVIUYMVIGYVZIW8SJYPP]HIJMRIEWIXSJPMROIH
TYQTW]SYQYWXGLIGOXLIUse the Characteristic CurvesFS\JSVIEGL
SJXLIPMROIHTYQTWMRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEF3RI
EHHMXMSREPH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIUYMVIHJSVXLIWIX9WYEPP]XLI
XSXEPTS[IVPSWWJVSQXLIPMROIHSTIVEXMSRWMWWTIGMJMIH*SVEWIVMIWSJ
PMROIHTYQTWMXMWHIWMVIHXSMRTYXEXSXEPTS[IV
Total Power Input = - Total Power Loss



8SXEPTS[IVPSWWSVMRTYXXSXLIPMROIHTYQTSTIVEXMSRWGERFI
WTIGMJMIHF]]SYMRXLITotal Power LossJMIPH

-XMWTSWWMFPIXSPMROETYQTXSEGSQTVIWWSVERHYWIXLITYQTEWE
XYVFMRIXSKIRIVEXIOMRIXMGIRIVK]XSHVMZIXLIGSQTVIWWSV-JXLMW
STXMSRMWGLSWIRXLIXSXEPTS[IVPSWWMWX]TMGEPP]WTIGMJMIHEW^IVS



6EXMRKW8EF

'YVZIW4EKI
3RISVQSVITYQTGYVZIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHSRXLICurvesTEKI8LI
GYVZIWYWIHSRXLMWTEKI[SVOI\GPYWMZIP]MRDynamicQSHI4YQT
GYVZIWJSVWXIEH]WXEXISTIVEXMSREVIWTIGMJMIHMRXLICurvesTEKISJXLI
DesignXEF8LIIJJMGMIRG]ERHLIEHJSVEWTIGMJMIHWTIIHGERFITPSXXIH
EKEMRWXXLIGETEGMX]SJXLITYQT1YPXMTPIGYVZIWGERFITPSXXIHXS

6-30

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Rotating Equipment

6-31

WLS[XLIHITIRHIRGISJIJJMGMIRG]ERHLIEHSRXLIWTIIHSJTYQT
Figure 6.20

6-31

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6-32

Pump

8SWYTTP]HEXEJSVEGYVZIJSPPS[XLITVSGIHYVISYXPMRIHFIPS[


4VIWWXLIAdd CurveFYXXSRXSEGGIWWECurveZMI[



3RXLICurveZMI[]SYQE]EHHFlowHeadERH%EfficiencyHEXE
TSMRXWEW[IPPEWESpeedZEPYIJSVEWMRKPIGYVZI
Figure 6.21



*SVIEGLEHHMXMSREPGYVZIVITIEXWXITWERH

,=7=7[MPPYWIXLIGYVZIWXSHIXIVQMRIXLIETTVSTVMEXIIJJMGMIRG]JSV
]SYVSTIVEXMSREPGSRHMXMSRW-J]SYWYTTP]GYVZIWIRWYVIXLI)JJMGMIRG]
ZEPYIWSRXLIParametersTEKIEVIIQTX]SVEGSRWMWXIRG]IVVSV[MPPFI
KIRIVEXIH
3RGIEGYVZILEWFIIRGVIEXIHXLIView CurveDelete CurveERHPlot
CurvesFYXXSRW[MPPFIGSQIEZEMPEFPI&]YWMRKXLIWIXLVIIFYXXSRW
VIWTIGXMZIP]]SYGERIMXLIVEGGIWWXLI'YVZIZMI[XSIHMX]SYVMRTYX
HEXESVWMQTP]HIPIXIXLILMKLPMKLXIHGYVZIJVSQXLIWMQYPEXMSR
8LICurveZMI[MWEGGIWWIHZMEXLIAdd CurveSVView CurveFYXXSR
=SYGERWYTTP]XLIJSPPS[MRKHEXE

Name - Name of this Curve.

Speed - The rotation speed of the PUMP. This is optional if you
supply only one curve.
Flow Units / Head Units - Units for the Flow and Head (In
Volume/Time and Length units, respectively)
Flow / Head / Efficiency - Enter any number of data points for
the Curve.
;LIR]SYGLSSWIXLIErase SelectedFYXXSRXLIGYVVIRXVS[*PS[
,IEHSV)JJMGMIRG][MPPFIHIPIXIH'LSSWIXLIErase AllFYXXSRXS
HIPIXIEPP*PS[,IEHERH)JJMGMIRG]HEXEJSVXLIGYVZI

6-32

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Rotating Equipment

6-33

,=7=7GERMRXIVTSPEXIZEPYIWJSVXLIIJJMGMIRG]ERHLIEHSJXLI
GSQTVIWWSVI\TERHIVJSVWTIIHWXLEXEVIRSXTPSXXIH
-RSVHIVXSVYREWXEFPIERHVIEPMWXMGH]REQMGQSHIP,=7=7VIUYMVIW
]SYXSMRTYXVIEWSREFPIGYVZIW-JGSQTVIWWSVWI\TERHIVWEVIPMROIHMX
MWEKSSHMHIEXSIRWYVIXLEXXLIGYVZIWTPSXXIHJSVIEGLYRMXSTIVEXMSR
WTEREGSQQSRWTIIHERHGETEGMX]VERKI8]TMGEPGYVZIWEVITPSXXIHMR
Figure 6.22
Figure 6.22

247,4EKI
2IX4SWMXMZI7YGXMSR,IEH247,MWERMQTSVXERXJEGXSVXSGSRWMHIV
[LIRGLSSWMRKETYQT7YJJMGMIRX247,MWVIUYMVIHEXXLIMRPIXSJXLI
TYQTXSTVIZIRXXLIJSVQEXMSRSJWQEPPFYFFPIWMRXLITYQTGEWMRK
[LMGLGERHEQEKIXLITYQT8LMWMWORS[REWGEZMXEXMSR*SVEKMZIR
TYQTXLIRIXTSWMXMZIWYGXMSRLIEHVIUYMVIHXSTVIZIRXGEZMXEXMSR
247,
MWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIGETEGMX]ZSPYQIXVMGJPS[VEXIERH
WTIIHSJXLITYQT
VIUYMVIH

6-33

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6-34

Pump

-R,=7=7247,GYVZIWGERFIWTIGMJMIHPMOIVIKYPEVTYQTGYVZIW
Figure 6.23

8SEHHSVIHMXENPSH GYVZIJVSQXLI247,TEKIJSPPS[XLMW
TVSGIHYVI


7IPIGXXLIEnable NPSH curvesGLIGOFS\



4VIWWXLIAdd CurveFYXXSRXSEGGIWWXLIGYVZIZMI[



%HHESpeedJSVIEGLGYVZI



)RXIVEGETEGMX]ERH247,JSVX[STSMRXWSRXLIGYVZI3RP]X[S
TSMRXWEVIVIUYMVIHJSV247,GYVZIWWMRGI
log ( NPSH required ) log ( capacity )



8SVIQSZIEPPXLIHEXETSMRXWTVIWWXLIErase AllFYXXSR
Figure 6.24

6-34



[Link] Page 35 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment



6-35

*SVIEGLEHHMXMSREPGYVZIVITIEXWXITWXS

ZEPYIGERIMXLIVFIXEOIRJVSQXLI247,GYVZIWSV
8LI247,
WTIGMJMIHHMVIGXP]MRXLINPSH requiredGIPP8SHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLI
247,
]SYQYWXJMVWXHIWIPIGXXLIEnable NPSH curvesGLIGO
FS\
VIUYMVIH

VIUYMVIH

247,
GERFII\TPMGMXP]GEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIJPS[WLIIXGSRHMXMSRW
F]TVIWWMRKXLICalculate HeadFYXXSR8LI247,
MWGEPGYPEXIH
EWJSPPS[W
EZEMPEFPI

EZEMPEFPI

V1 2
P1 P vap
NPSH available = ----------------------- + ------
2g
g



where: P = inlet stream pressure to the pump



ZET

= vapour pressure of the inlet stream

= the density of the fluid

V = the velocity of the inlet stream


g = the gravity constant

QYWXFIEFSZIXLI
8STVIZIRXTYQTGEZMXEXMSRXLI247,
247,
-JETYQTGEZMXEXIWMR,=7=7MX[MPPFIQSHIPPIHF]
WGEPMRKXLIHIRWMX]SJXLIJPYMHVERHSQP]FIX[IIR^IVSERHSRI
EZEMPEFPI

VIUYMVIH

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW

6-35

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6-36

Pump

Figure 6.25

8LIIPIZEXMSRWSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXEVI
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLI2S^^PI4EVEQIXIVWWIGXMSR
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is not currently used with

the PUMP unit operation.

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment).

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the

ground.

Base Elevation relative

to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above

the ground.

-XMWWXVSRKP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIMRPIXERHI\MX
RS^^PIWEVIIUYEPJSVXLMWYRMXSTIVEXMSR-J]SY[MWLXSQSHIPWXEXMG
LIEHXLIIRXMVITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXGERFIQSZIHF]QSHMJ]MRKXLI
Base Elevation relative to GroundGIPP

6-36

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Rotating Equipment

6-37

-RIVXME4EKI
8LIMRIVXMEQSHIPPMRKTEVEQIXIVWERHXLIJVMGXMSREPPSWWEWWSGMEXIH
[MXLXLIMQTIPPIVMRXLITYQTGERFIWTIGMJMIHSRXLIInertiaTEKI
Figure 6.26

2SXEPPSJXLIIRIVK]WYTTPMIHXSEH]REQMGPUMPMWXVERWJIVVIHXSXLI
JPYMH0MOI[MWIRSXEPPXLIIRIVK]TVSZMHIHF]ERTYQTEGXMRKEWE
XYVFMRIMWXVERWPEXIHXSOMRIXMGIRIVK]8LIVIEVIJVMGXMSREPPSWWIW
EWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIQSZMRKTEVXWSJXLIWIYRMXSTIVEXMSRW-RETYQT
TS[IVMWEPWSVIUYMVIHXSEGGIPIVEXIXLIVSXEXMRKMQTIPPIVERHWLEJX-R
KIRIVEPXLIXSXEPTS[IVSVHYX]WYTTPMIHXSXLITYQTLEWXLVIITEVXW

Power imparted to the fluid.

Power required to accelerate the rotational speed of the
shaft.
Power lost due to mechanical friction loss.
8LIVEXISJIRIVK]WYTTPMIHXSXLIJPYMHGERFISFWIVZIHMRXLIIRXLEPT]
GLERKIFIX[IIRXLIMRPIXERHI\MXWXVIEQW8LMWGERFII\TVIWWIHEW
Rate of energy imparted to the fluid =
F(MW)(h2 - h1)



where: h = the enthalpy of the exit stream



h = the enthalpy of the inlet stream



MW = molecular weight
F = molar flow rate of the stream

6-37

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6-38

Pump

-RIVXMEP1SHIPPMRK4EVEQIXIVW
8LIVEXISJIRIVK]VIUYMVIHXSEGGIPIVEXIWTIIHSJETYQTMWEJYRGXMSR
SJXLIVSXEXMSREPMRIVXMESJXLIMQTIPPIVERHXLIVSXEXMSREPWTIIH8LI
VSXEXMSREPMRIVXME-MWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
I = MR 2



where: M = the mass of the impeller and rotating shaft

R = the radius of gyration
8LIQEWWERHVEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIInertial
Modelling Parameters WIGXMSR8LIVEXISJIRIVK]VIUYMVIHXS
EGGIPIVEXIXLIMQTIPPIV) GERFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
-

d
E I = I ------dt



where: = the rotation speed

*VMGXMSR0SWW
8LIVEXISJIRIVK]PSWXJVSQQIGLERMGEPMRIJJMGMIRGMIWHITIRHWSRXLI
JVMGXMSREPTS[IVPSWWJEGXSVJ [LMGLGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIFriction
LossWIGXMSR8LIJVMGXMSREP[SVO) GERFIGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
JVMG

Ef = ffric
8]TMGEPZEPYIWJSVJ

6-38

JVMG

WLSYPHFIEVSYRH



[Link] Page 39 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Rotating Equipment



6-39

(]REQMGW8EF

7TIGW4EKI
8LIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWSJXLIPUMPGERFIWTIGMJMIHSRXLISpecs
TEKI
Figure 6.27

-RKIRIVEPX[SWTIGMJMGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIHMRXLIDynamics
SpecificationsKVSYTMRSVHIVJSVXLITYQTSTIVEXMSRXSJYPP]WSPZI=SY
WLSYPHFIE[EVISJWTIGMJMGEXMSRW[LMGLQE]GEYWIGSQTPMGEXMSRWSV
WMRKYPEVMX]MRXLITVIWWYVIJPS[QEXVM\7SQII\EQTPIWSJWYGLGEWIW
EVI

The Pressure Increase box should not be selected if the inlet

and exit stream pressures are specified.
The Speed box should not be selected if the Use
Characteristic Curves check box is not selected.
8LITSWWMFPIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIEWJSPPS[W

6-39

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6-40

Pump

,IEH
8LIMHIEPLIEHLGERIEWMP]FIHIJMRIHEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIMWIRXVSTMG
SVTSP]XVSTMG[SVO8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTMW

W = ( MW )Fgh



where: W = the ideal pump power

MW = the molecular weight of the gas
F = the molar flow rate of the inlet stream
g = gravity acceleration
SVYWMRKEquation (6.15)XLILIEHMWHIJMRIHEW
P 2 P1
h = -----------------g



-JTYQTGYVZIWEVITVSZMHIHMRXLICurvesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEFXLI
MHIEPLIEHGERFIMRXIVTSPEXIHJVSQXLIJPS[SJKEWERHXLIWTIIHSJXLI
TYQT

7TIIH
8LIVSXEXMSREPWTIIHSJXLIWLEJXHVMZMRKXLITYQTGERFIWTIGMJMIH

)JJMGMIRG]
8LIIJJMGMIRG]MWKMZIREWXLIVEXMSSJXLIMHIEPTS[IVVIUYMVIHF]XLI
TYQTXSXLIEGXYEPIRIVK]MQTEVXIHXSXLIJPYMH8LIIJJMGMIRG]MW
HIJMRIHEW
W
= --------------------------------------F ( MW ) ( h 2 h 1 )



8LIMHIEPTS[IVVIUYMVIHF]XLITYQTMWTVSZMHIHMREquation (6.15)
2SXIXLEXXLIKIRIVEPHIJMRMXMSRSJXLIIJJMGMIRG]HSIWRSXMRGPYHIXLI
PSWWIWHYIXSXLIVSXEXMSREPEGGIPIVEXMSRSJXLIWLEJXERHWIEPPSWWIW
8LIVIJSVIXLIIJJMGMIRG]IUYEXMSRWMRH]REQMGWEVIRSXHMJJIVIRXEXEPP
JVSQXLIKIRIVEPIJJMGMIRG]IUYEXMSRWHIJMRIHMRSection 5.2.1 - Theory

6-40

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Rotating Equipment

6-41

MRSection 6.2 - PumpSJXLISteady State ModellingKYMHI

-JTYQTGYVZIWEVITVSZMHIHMRXLICurvesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEFXLI
IJJMGMIRG]GERFIMRXIVTSPEXIHJVSQXLIJPS[SJKEWERHXLIWTIIHSJXLI
GSQTVIWWSVI\TERHIV

4VIWWYVI6MWI
%Pressure RiseWTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFIWIPIGXIHMJXLITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWW
XLITYQTMWGSRWXERX

4S[IV
8LIHYX]MWHIJMRIHEWXLITS[IVVIUYMVIHXSVSXEXIXLIWLEJXERH
TVSZMHIIRIVK]XSXLIJPYMH8LIHYX]LEWXLVIIGSQTSRIRXW
Duty = Power supplied to the fluid + Power required to change the
rotational speed of the shaft + Power lost due to mechanical
friction loss



8LIHYX]WLSYPHFIWTIGMJMIHSRP]MJXLIVIMWEJM\IHVEXISJIRIVK]
EZEMPEFPIXSFIYWIHXSHVMZIXLIWLEJX

'ETEGMX]
8LIGETEGMX]MWHIJMRIHEWXLIEGXYEPZSPYQIXVMGJPS[VEXIIRXIVMRKXLI
TYQT

9WI'LEVEGXIVMWXMG'YVZIW
7IPIGXXLIUse Characteristic CurvesGLIGOFS\MJ]SY[MWLXSYWIXLI
GYVZIWWTIGMJMIHMRXLICurvesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF-JEWMRKPIGYVZI
MWWTIGMJMIHMREH]REQMGWTYQTXLIWTIIHSJXLITYQTMWRSX
EYXSQEXMGEPP]WIXXSXLIWTIIHSJXLIGYVZI%HMJJIVIRXWTIIHQE]FI
WTIGMJMIHERH,=7=7[MPPI\XVETSPEXIZEPYIWJSVLIEHERHIJJMGMIRG]

,SPHYT4EKI
8]TMGEPTYQTWMREGXYEPTPERXWYWYEPP]LEZIWMKRMJMGERXP]PIWWLSPHYT
XLERQSWXSXLIVYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRETPERX8LIVIJSVIXLIZSPYQISJXLI
PUMPSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7GERRSXFIWTIGMJMIHERHMWEWWYQIHXSFI
^IVSSRXLIHoldupTEKI

6-41

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6-42

Pump

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LIHMWGLEVKITVIWWYVISJXLITYQTMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMR
XLMWXEF

Nozzles Tab
8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzles4EKISJ
XLIRatingsXEF8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSR[LMGLMWIWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLI
TMIGIIUYMTQIRXVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH'LERKIWXSRS^^PITEVEQIXIVW
GERIMXLIVFIQEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 6.28

6-42

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Rotating Equipment

6-43

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW
XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

Essentially, the recycle stream represents the

material already existing in the holdup. Recycle
efficiencies represent how much of the material in
the holdup participates in the flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium Flash
*VMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWIWGEREPWSFIWTIGMJMIHJSVIEGLTVSHYGXRS^^PI
MRXLINozzle dPWIGXMSRSJXLIEfficienciesXEF

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF-RXLIGEWISJETYQTXLITVSTIVXMIW
WLS[REVISJXLII\MXMRKWXVIEQ

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the specific phase in the holdup
Enthalpy
Density
Molecular Weight

6-43

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6-44

Pump

Figure 6.29

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF-RXLIGEWISJTYQTXLI
GSQTSWMXMSRWLS[RMWSJXLII\MXMRKWXVIEQ
Figure 6.30

6-44

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Rotating Equipment



6-45

4YQT)\EQTPI

8SMPPYWXVEXIXLIYWISJXLIPUMP3TIVEXMSRWXVIEQFEED[MPPFI
TYQTIHJVSQTWMEXSTWME8LITYQTIJJMGMIRG]MWTIVGIRX


'VIEXIEJPYMHTEGOEKIYWMRKXLIPeng Robinson EOSERHXLI

JSPPS[MRKGSQTSRIRXW'''M'R''R'R'R
'R'

Property Package

Components

Peng Robinson

C1, C2, C3, i-C4, n-C4, i-C5, n-C5, nC6, n-C7, n-C8



7[MXGLXSDynamicQSHI



'VIEXIEWXVIEQREQIHFeedERHHIJMRIMXEWJSPPS[W

Name

FEED

Temperature [F]

250.0000

Pressure [psia]

455.0000

Molar Flow [lbmole/hr]

300.0000

Comp Mole Frac [Methane]

0.0000

Comp Mole Frac [Ethane]

0.0001

Comp Mole Frac [Propane]

0.0200

Comp Mole Frac [i-Butane]

0.1859

Comp Mole Frac [n-Butane]

0.1748

Comp Mole Frac [i-Pentane]

0.1592

Comp Mole Frac [n-Pentane]

0.1372

Comp Mole Frac [n-Hexane]

0.1613

Comp Mole Frac [n-Heptane]

0.0923

Comp Mole Frac [n-Octane]

0.0692



2S[MRWXEPPXLIPUMPYRMXSTIVEXMSRERHTVSZMHIXLIJSPPS[MRK
MRJSVQEXMSR

Tab [Page]
Design [Connections]

Input Area

Entry

Inlet

Feed

Outlet

Outlet

Energy

P-100 Energy



7[MXGLXSXLICurvesTEKISRXLIRatingXEF



4VIWWXLIAdd CurveFYXXSR



'SQTPIXIXLIGYVZIEWWLS[RMRFigure 6.31

6-45

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6-46

Pump

Figure 6.31



'PSWIXLICurve ZMI[(IEGXMZEXIXLIEfficiencyERHPressure Rise

WTIGMJMGEXMSRWMRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEF%GXMZEXIXLI
Use Characteristic CurvesERHXLIPowerWTIGMJMGEXMSRW7TIGMJ]E
TYQTTS[IVSJ&XYLV



6YRXLI-RXIKVEXSVYRXMPXLITYQTVIEGLIWWXIEH]WXEXIGSRHMXMSRW
ETTVS\MQEXIP]QMRYXIWMRXIKVEXMSRXMQI

8LIVIWYPXWEVIWLS[RMRXLIJSPPS[MRKXEFPI
Name

OUTLET

P-100 DUTY

Vapour Frac

0.0000

<empty>

Temperature [F]

252.3087

<empty>

Pressure [psia]

606.5

<empty>

Molar Flow [lbmole/hr]

300.000

<empty>

Mass Flow [lb/hr]

22287.0308

<empty>

Liq Vol Flow [barrel/day]

2427.8569

<empty>

Heat Flow [Btu/hr]

-2.0741e+07

29750

2SXIXLEXMJ]SYGPIEVXLIOn Pump SwitchGLIGOFS\XLIGSRHMXMSRWSJ

WXVIEQFEEDEVIHMVIGXP]TEWWIHXSOUTLET

6-46

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-1

7 Separation
Operations
7.1 Vessels .......................................................................................................... 3
7.1.1 Rating Tab ................................................................................................ 4
7.1.2 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 10
7.1.3 Separator Example ................................................................................ 20

7-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-2

7-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations



All information in this section

applies to every vessel
operation unless others
indicated.

7-3

:IWWIPW

-RDynamicsQSHIXLIJSPPS[MRKYRMXSTIVEXMSRWEPPYWIXLILSPHYT
QSHIPERHXLIVIJSVILEZIQER]SJXLIWEQITVSTIVXMIW:IWWIP
STIVEXMSRWMR,=7=7LEZIXLIEFMPMX]XSWXSVIWMKRMJMGERXEQSYRXSJ
LSPHYT8LIOI]HMJJIVIRGIWMRXLIZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRWEVISYXPMRIHEW
JSPPS[W
Unit Operation

Description

Separator

The separator can have multiple feeds. There are 2

product nozzles: liquid and vapour.

3-Phase Separator

The 3-phase separator can have multiple feeds.

There are 3 product nozzles: light liquid, heavy
liquid, and vapour.

Tank

The tank can have multiple feeds. There is a single

product nozzle which normally removes liquid from
the tank.

Condenser

The condenser has one vapour inlet stream. The

number and phase of each exit stream depends on
the type of condenser. The condenser has a unique
method of calculating the duty applied to its holdup.

Reboiler

The reboiler has one liquid inlet stream. The reboiler

can have a number of liquid and vapour exit streams.

Reactors

REACTOR operations can have multiple inlet and

exit streams.

Heat Exchanger
(Simple Rating
Model, Detailed)

A shell or tube with a single pass in the HEAT

EXCHANGER unit operation can be modelled with a
liquid level. Both the shell and tube sides of the
HEAT EXCHANGER have one inlet and one exit
stream.

)ZIV]H]REQMGZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7LEWWSQIGSQQSRJIEXYVIW
MRGPYHMRK

The geometry of the vessel and the placement and diameter of

the attached feed and product nozzles have physical meaning.
A heat loss model which accounts for the convective and
conductive heat transfer that occurs across the vessel wall.
Various initialization modes which allow you to initialize the
vessel at user-specified holdup conditions before running the
integrator.
Various Heater types which determine the way in which heat is
transferred to the vessel operation.
8SMKRSVIEZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRWIPIGXXLIIgnoreGLIGOFS\,=7=7[MPP
HMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRERH[MPPRSXGEPGYPEXIXLISYXPIXWXVIEQYRXMP
]SYVIWXSVIMXXSEREGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLIGLIGOFS\

7-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-4

Vessels



6EXMRK8EF

7M^MRK4EKI
8LISizingTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIKISQIXV]SJXLI
ZIWWIPERHXLIFSSX
Figure 7.1

:IWWIP+ISQIXV]
8LIZIWWIPZSPYQIERHWLETIGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIGeometryKVSYT
8LIKISQIXV]SJXLIZIWWIPMWMQTSVXERXMRHIXIVQMRMRKXLIPMUYMH
LIMKLXMRXLIZIWWIP8LIVIEVIX[STSWWMFPIZIWWIPWLETIWEWHIWGVMFIH
MRXLIXEFPIFIPS[
Vessel Shape

Description

Sphere

The shape of the vessel is a sphere. You can either

specify the total volume or the diameter of the sphere.
A horizontal or vertical cylindrical vessel can be specified.
You can either specify the total volume or any two of the
following for the vessel:

Cylinder

7-4

the diameter
the height (length)
the total volume
If only the total cylindrical volume of the vessel is
specified, the height to diameter ratio is defaulted as 3:2.

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-5

8LIPMUYMHLIMKLXMREZIVXMGEPG]PMRHVMGEPZIWWIPZEVMIWPMRIEVP][MXLXLI
PMUYMHZSPYQI8LIVIMWERSRPMRIEVVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLIPMUYMH
LIMKLXERHXLIPMUYMHZSPYQIMRLSVM^SRXEPG]PMRHVMGEPERHWTLIVMGEP
ZIWWIPW

&SSX+ISQIXV]
%R]ZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRGERFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLEFSSX%FSSXMWX]TMGEPP]
EHHIH[LIRX[SPMUYMHTLEWIWEVITVIWIRXMRXLILSPHYT2SVQEPP]XLI
LIEZ]PMUYMHI\MXWJVSQXLIFSSXI\MXRS^^PI8LIPMKLXIVPMUYMHGERI\MX
JVSQERSXLIVI\MXRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLIZIWWIPMXWIPJ-R,=7=7EFSSX
GERFIEHHIHXSXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]F]WIPIGXMRKXLIThis Separator
has a BootGLIGOFS\8LIFSSXLIMKLXMWHIJEYPXIHXSFISRIXLMVHXLI
ZIWWIPLIMKLX8LIFSSXHMEQIXIVMWHIJEYPXIHXSFISRIXLMVHXLIZIWWIP
HMEQIXIV

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 7.2

7-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-6

Vessels

8LIIPIZEXMSRSJIEGLRS^^PIEXXEGLIHXSXLITMIGISJIUYMTQIRXMW
HMWTPE]IHVIPEXMZIXSWIZIVEPVIJIVIRGITSMRXW

The Ground is a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle ParametersKVSYT
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is displayed and can be

modified in this cell. The nozzle diameter has
physical meaning in relation to the liquid level in
the holdup. If the liquid level sits across the
nozzle, the phase fraction depends on how far
the level is in relation to nozzle diameter.

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the piece of equipment)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the

ground.

Base Elevation relative

to Ground

This is how far the piece of equipment is above

the ground.

9RPMOIWXIEH]WXEXIZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRWXLITPEGIQIRXSJJIIHERH
TVSHYGXRS^^PIWSREH]REQMGZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRLEWTL]WMGEPQIERMRK
8LII\MXWXVIEQ
WGSQTSWMXMSRHITIRHWSRXLII\MXWXVIEQRS^^PI
W
PSGEXMSRERHHMEQIXIVMRVIPEXMSRXSXLITL]WMGEPLSPHYTPIZIPMRXLI
ZIWWIP-JXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIMWPSGEXIHFIPS[XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLI
ZIWWIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPPHVE[QEXIVMEPJVSQXLIPMUYMHLSPHYT-JXLI
TVSHYGXRS^^PIMWPSGEXIHEFSZIXLIPMUYMHPIZIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPP
HVE[QEXIVMEPJVSQXLIZETSYVLSPHYT-JXLIPMUYMHPIZIPWMXWEGVSWWE
RS^^PIXLIQSPIJVEGXMSRSJPMUYMHMRXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQZEVMIWPMRIEVP]
[MXLLS[JEVYTXLIRS^^PIXLIPMUYMHMW
)WWIRXMEPP]EPPZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRWMR,=7=7EVIXVIEXIHXLIWEQI8LI
GSQTSWMXMSRWERHTLEWIJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTVSHYGXWXVIEQHITIRH
WSPIP]SRXLIVIPEXMZIPIZIPWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTERHXLI
TPEGIQIRXSJXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIW7SEZETSYVTVSHYGXRS^^PIHSIWRSX
RIGIWWEVMP]TVSHYGITYVIZETSYV%TLEWIWITEVEXSVQMKLXRSX
TVSHYGIX[SHMWXMRGXPMUYMHTLEWITVSHYGXWJVSQMXWTVSHYGXRS^^PIW

,IEX0SWW4EKI
8LIHeat LossTEKIGSRXEMRWLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVW[LMGLGLEVEGXIVM^I
XLIEQSYRXSJLIEXPSWXEGVSWWXLIZIWWIP[EPP

7-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-7

=SYGERGLSSWIIMXLIVESimpleSVDetailedLIEXPSWWQSHIPSVRSLIEX
PSWWXLVSYKLXLIZIWWIP[EPPW

7MQTPI,IEX0SWW1SHIP
Figure 7.3

8LIWMQTPILIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVWEVI

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Ambient Temperature
Overall Heat Transfer Area
Heat Flow

8LI,IEX*PS[MWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
Heat Flow = UA(T

%QF

- T)



where: U = the overall heat transfer coefficient

A = the heat transfer area
T

%QF

= the ambient temperature

T = holdup temperature
%WWLS[R,IEX*PS[MWHIJMRIHEWXLILIEXJPS[MRKMRXSXLIZIWWIP8LI
LIEXXVERWJIVEVIEMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]8LIEQFMIRX
XIQTIVEXYVI8
ERHSZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRX9QE]FI
QSHMJMIHJVSQXLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIWWLS[RMRVIH
%QF

7-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-8

Vessels

(IXEMPIH,IEX0SWW1SHIP
Figure 7.4

-JXLITemperature Profile VEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJ

XLIJSPPS[MRKWYVJEGIWEVIHMWTPE]IH

Fluid
Inner Wall
Outer Vessel
Outer Insulation
Ambient

-JXLIConductionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHYGXMSR
LIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWEVIHMWTPE]IHJSVFSXLXLIMRWYPEXMSRERHXLI
QIXEP[EPP

Heat Transfer Area

Thickness
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
Density
Conductivity, k

8LILIEXXVERWJIVEVIEMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]8LIVIWX
SJXLILIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWQE]FIQSHMJMIH8LIMRWYPEXMSR
XLMGORIWWGERFIWTIGMJMIHEW^IVSXSQSHIPZIWWIPW[MXLSYXMRWYPEXMSR
8LIQIXEP[EPPQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLEJMRMXIXLMGORIWW

7-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-9

-JXLIConvectionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIH,=7=7HMWTPE]WXLI
GSRZIGXMZILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWJSVLIEXXVERWJIV[MXLMRXLILSPHYT
ERHLIEXXVERWJIVSGGYVVMRKJVSQXLISYXWMHIXLILSPHYTXSXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKW
Figure 7.5

&SXLXLIMRWMHIERHSYXWMHILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWQE]FIQSHMJMIH
JVSQXLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIW
8LIKSZIVRMRKIUYEXMSRWVIPEXMRKLIEXPSWWJVSQXLIZIWWIPERHXLI
DetailedLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVWWLS[RLIVIEVIHMWGYWWIHMRSection
1.2.4 - Heat Loss ModelMRChapter 1 - Dynamic Theory

7-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-10

Vessels



(]REQMGW8EF

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKMRMXMEPM^EXMSRQSHIW
ZIWWIPKISQIXV]ERHZIWWIPH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
Figure 7.6

1SHIP(IXEMPW
=SYGERHIXIVQMRIXLIGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRXSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLI
ZIWWIPLSPHYTF]WTIGMJ]MRKHMJJIVIRXMRMXMEPM^EXMSRQSHIW,=7=7
JSVGIWXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWIXSVIMRMXMEPM^I[LIRIZIVXLIMRMXMEPM^EXMSR
QSHIMWGLERKIH8LI]EVIHMWGYWWIHMRXLIXEFPIFIPS[

7-10

Initialization Mode

Description

Initialize from
Products

The composition of the holdup is calculated from a

weighted average of all products exiting the holdup.
A PT flash is performed to determine other holdup
conditions. The liquid level is set to the value
indicated in the Liq Volume Percent cell.

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

Initialization Mode

Description

Dry Startup

The composition of the holdup is calculated from a

weighted average of all feeds entering the holdup. A
PT flash is performed to determine other holdup
conditions. The liquid level in the Liq Volume
Percent cell is set to zero.

Initialize from User

The composition of the liquid holdup in the vessel is

user specified. The molar composition of the liquid
holdup can be specified by pressing the Init Holdup
button. The liquid level is set to the value indicated in
the Liq Volume Percent cell.

7-11

8LIZIWWIPKISQIXV]GERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIModel DetailsWIGXMSR8LI
JSPPS[MRKZIWWIPKISQIXV]TEVEQIXIVWGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIWEQI
QERRIVEWXLIGeometryWIGXMSRMRSizingTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Vessel Volume
Vessel Diameter
Vessel Height (Length)
Vessel Geometry (Level Calculator)

Liquid Level Percent

8LIPMUYMHPIZIPTIVGIRXMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWWIGXMSR=SYGERQSHMJ]
XLIPIZIPMRXLIZIWWIPEXER]XMQI,=7=7[MPPXLIRYWIXLEXPIZIPEWER
MRMXMEPZEPYI[LIRXLIMRXIKVEXSVMWVYR

Fraction Calculator
8LI*VEGXMSR'EPGYPEXSVHIXIVQMRIWLS[XLIPIZIPMRXLIXEROERHXLI
IPIZEXMSRERHHMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIEJJIGXWXLITVSHYGXGSQTSWMXMSR
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEHIWGVMTXMSRSJIEGL*VEGXMSR'EPGYPEXSVSTXMSR
Fraction Calculator Mode

Description

Use Levels and Nozzles

The nozzle location and vessel liquid level

affect the product composition as detailed in
Nozzles in Section 7.1.1 - Rating Tab.

Emulsion Liquids

This setting is used only in tray section

holdups. It should not be used anywhere else.

Trivial

This setting is used only in unit operations

with negligible holdup such as a valve or
pump operation. It should not be used
anywhere else.

8LI*VEGXMSR'EPGYPEXSVMWEPVIEH]GSVVIGXP]WIXJSVEPPYRMXSTIVEXMSRW
ERHWLSYPHRSXFIQSHMJMIHF]]SYXLIYWIV

7-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-12

Vessels

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWEXXLIJIIHRS^^PIMWEH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSR
MR,=7=7-XGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIFeed Delta PGIPP8LIJVMGXMSREP
TVIWWYVIPSWWIWEXIEGLTVSHYGXRS^^PIEVIEYXSQEXMGEPP]WIXXS^IVSF]
,=7=7
-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEX]SYIRXIVEZEPYISJ^IVSMRXLIFeed Delta PGIPP
FIGEYWIEJM\IHTVIWWYVIHVSTMRXLIZIWWIPMWRSXVIEPMWXMGJSVEPPJPS[W-J
]SY[MWLXSQSHIPJVMGXMSRPSWWEXXLIMRPIXERHI\MXWXVIEQMXMW
WYKKIWXIH]SYEHHVALVE STIVEXMSRW-RXLMWGEWIJPS[MRXSERHSYXSJ
XLIZIWWIP[MPPVIEPMWXMGEPP]FIQSHIPPIH
8LIZIWWIPTVIWWYVIGEREPWSFIWTIGMJMIH8LMWWTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFI
QEHIEGXMZIF]GLIGOMRKXLIFS\FIWMHIXLIVessel PressureGIPP8LMW
WTIGMJMGEXMSRMWX]TMGEPP]RSXWIXWMRGIXLITVIWWYVISJXLIZIWWIPMW
YWYEPP]ZEVMEFPIERHHIXIVQMRIHJVSQXLIWYVVSYRHMRKTMIGIWSJ
IUYMTQIRX

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLILSPHYT
W
TVSTIVXMIWGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRX
Figure 7.7

7-12

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-13

*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIYRMX
STIVEXMSRXLIJSPPS[MRKMWWTIGMJMIH
Holdup Details

Description

Holdup Volume

The holdup volume can be specified in this cell.

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

These cells indicate the amount of material in the

holdup for each phase.

Volume

These cells indicate the holdup volume of each

phase.

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Nozzles Tab
Figure 7.8

7-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-14

Vessels

8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWMQMPEVMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzlesTEKI
SJXLIRatingsXEF,S[IZIVXLISVKERM^EXMSRSJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRMW
WPMKLXP]HMJJIVIRX8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSRElevation H[LMGLMWIWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWI
IPIZEXMSRElevation GSJXLITMIGIIUYMTQIRXVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH
'LERKIWXSRS^^PITEVEQIXIVWGERIMXLIVFIQEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLI
NozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 7.9

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW

7-14

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-15

XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

Essentially, the recycle stream represents the

material already existing in the holdup. Recycle
efficiencies represent how much of the material in
the holdup participates in the flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Molar Fraction of the specific phase in the holdup
Enthalpy
Density

7-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-16

Vessels

molecular weight
Figure 7.10

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF
Figure 7.11

The Duty page will only be

visible if a duty stream has
been attached to the vessel on
the Connections page of the
Design tab.

7-16

(YX]4EKI
8LIDutyTEKISTIRWEPMWXSJEZEMPEFPILIEXMRKQIXLSHWJSVXLIZIWWIP
STIVEXMSR

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-17

Figure 7.12

(YX]7SYVGI
=SYGERGLSSWI[LIXLIV,=7=7GEPGYPEXIWXLIHYX]ETTPMIHXSXLI
ZIWWIPJVSQEDirect QSTXMSRSVEUtility FluidSTXMSRF]WIPIGXMRKXLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRKVEHMSFYXXSR
-JXLIDirect QWSYVGIMWGLSWIR]SYQE]HMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIHYX]
ETTPMIHXSXLILSPHYTMRXLISPGIPP-JXLIUtility FluidWSYVGIMWGLSWIR
]SYQE]WTIGMJ]XLIJPS[SJXLIYXMPMX]JPYMH8LIHYX]MWXLIRGEPGYPEXIH
YWMRKXLIPSGEPSZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXXLIMRPIXJPYMH
GSRHMXMSRWERHXLITVSGIWWGSRHMXMSRW8LIGEPGYPEXIHHYX]MWXLIR
HMWTPE]IHMRXLISPGIPP*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKLS[XLIYXMPMX]
JPYMHSTXMSRGEPGYPEXIWHYX]WIIChapter 10 - Logical Operations
-JXLIHeatingVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIHYX]WLS[RMRXLISPJMIPH
[MPPFIEHHIHXSXLILSPHYT-JXLICoolingVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLI
HYX][MPPFIWYFXVEGXIHJVSQXLILSPHYT

,IEXIV8]TI
8LIVIEVIX[SLIEXMRKQIXLSHWEZEMPEFPIXSXLIKIRIVEPZIWWIP
STIVEXMSR
-JEVessel HeaterMWGLSWIRSJXLIHYX]WTIGMJMIHSVGEPGYPEXIHMR

7-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-18

Vessels

XLISPGIPPMWETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIP
WLSPHYT8LEXMW
Q = QTotal



where: Q = the total heat applied to the holdup

QTotal = the duty calculated from the Duty Source
-JELiquid HeaterMWGLSWIRXLIHYX]ETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIPHITIRHWSR
XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLIXERO8LILIEXIVLIMKLXQYWXFIWTIGMJMIHMJXLI
0MUYMHLIEXIVMWGLSWIR8LILIEXIVLIMKLXMWI\TVIWWIHEWETIVGIRXEKI
SJXLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLIZIWWIPSTIVEXMSR8LIHIJEYPXZEPYIWEVIJSV
XLIXSTSJXLILIEXIVERHJSVXLIFSXXSQSJXLILIEXIV8LIWIZEPYIW
EVIYWIHXSWGEPIXLIEQSYRXSJHYX]XLEXMWETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIP
GSRXIRXW
Q = 0

(L < B)

LB
Q = ------------- Q Total
TB

(B L T)

Q = Q Total

( L > T)



where: L = Liquid Percent Level (%)

T = Top of Heater (%)
B = Bottom of Heater (%)
8LI4IVGIRX,IEX%TTPMIHQE]FIGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W

Q
Percent Heat Applied = --------------- 100%
Q Total



-XMWWLS[RXLEXXLITIVGIRXSJLIEXETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIP
WLSPHYT

7-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-19

HMVIGXP]ZEVMIW[MXLXLIWYVJEGIEVIESJPMUYMHGSRXEGXMRKXLILIEXIV
Figure 7.13

Percent of Heat Applied

100
80
60
40
20
B

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Liquid Percent Level, L

Percent Heat Applied for a Liquid Heater

%0MUYMH,IEXIVLS[IZIVMWRSXWYMXEFPIMRXLICONDENSER
STIVEXMSR8LMWMWFIGEYWIXLILIEXXVERWJIVXSXLIGSRHIRWIVHITIRHW
QSVISRXLIWYVJEGIEVIESJXLIZETSYVGSRXEGXMRKXLIGSSPMRKGSMPW
XLERXLIPMUYMH8LIVIJSVIMRXLICONDENSERSTIVEXMSRXLILIEX
ETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIPLSPHYTMWI\TVIWWIHEWJSPPS[W

Q = ( 2 0.02L )Q Total



where: L= Liquid Percent Level

8LILIEXETTPMIHXSXLICONDENSERSTIVEXMSRHMVIGXP]ZEVMIW[MXLXLI

7-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-20

Vessels

WYVJEGIEVIESJZETSYVGSRXEGXMRKXLIZIWWIP[EPP
Figure 7.14

Percent of Heat Applied

200
160
120
80
40
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Liquid Percent Level, L

Percent Heat Applied to Condenser

8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLILIEXMRKTEVEQIXIVWJSVIEGLZIWWIP
STIVEXMSR
Vessel Operation

Description

Reboiler

The reboiler can only use a liquid heater.

Condenser

The condenser uses its own method of calculating

the heat applied to the holdup.

Separators/ Tank/
Reactors

These unit operations can use a vessel heater or a

liquid heater.



7ITEVEXSV)\EQTPI

%WMQTPISEPARATORYRMXSTIVEXMSR[MPPFIYWIHXSHIQSRWXVEXIXLI
WMKRMJMGERGISJI\MXWXVIEQRS^^PIPSGEXMSRWSRTVSHYGXGSQTSWMXMSR
ERHPIZIPGSRXVSP8LISEPARATORSTIVEXMSR[MPPJMVWXFIGVIEXIHMR
Steady StateQSHI8LI(]REQMG%WWMWXERX[MPPFIYWIHXSWM^IXLI
ZIWWIP


7-20

'VIEXIXLIJSPPS[MRK*PYMH4EGOEKI

Property Package

Components

Peng Robinson

iC4, nC4, iC5, nC5, C6, C7, C8, C9

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations



'VIEXIEFeedWXVIEQ[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSTIVXMIW

Stream Name

Feed

Temperature [C]

180.00

Pressure [kPa]

2300.00

Molar Flow [kgmole/hr]

1200.00

Comp Mole Frac [i-Butane]

0.04

Comp Mole Frac [n-Butane]

0.2

Comp Mole Frac [i-Pentane]

0.1

Comp Mole Frac [n-Pentane]

0.3

Comp Mole Frac [n-Hexane]

0.25

Comp Mole Frac [n-Heptane]

0.04

Comp Mole Frac [n-Octane]

0.03

Comp Mole Frac [n-Nonane]

0.04



-RWXEPPESEPARATORSTIVEXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRRIGXMSRW

Tab [Page]

Design [Connections]



Design [Connections]
Design [Parameters]

Dynamics Assistant Button

Input Area

Entry

Name

Separator

Feed

Feed

Vapour Outlet

Ovhd

Liquid Outlet

Bttms

-RWXEPPEVALVESTIVEXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRRIGXMSRW

Tab [Page]

Dynamics Mode Button

7-21

Input Area

Entry

Name

Valve

Feed

Bttms

Product

Product

Delta P

20 kPa



7[MXGLXSDynamicsQSHI



4VIWWXLIDynamics AssistantFYXXSR

%PMWXSJQSHMJMGEXMSRWXSXLIJPS[WLIIX[MPPFIHMWTPE]IHMRSVHIVXSVYR
XLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWIMRDynamics QSHI%WWYQIXLEXXLMWWITEVEXSVMW
I\TSWIHXSEGSRWXERXTVIWWYVIWSYVGIWYGLEWXLIEXQSWTLIVI
8LIVIJSVIETVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWLSYPHFIQEHISRXLIOvhd
WXVIEQ8LIDynamics Assistant[MPPWYKKIWXXLEXEZEPZIFIMRWIVXIHSR
XLIOvhdWXVIEQ,S[IZIV]SYGERMRWXVYGXXLIAssistantXSRSXQEOI
XLEXGLERKI

7-21

[Link] Page 22 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-22

Vessels



7IPIGXXLIInsert ValvesTEKISRXLIStreamsXEF(IWIPIGXXLIOK
FS\JSVXLIOvhdWXVIEQ4VIWWXLIMake ChangesFYXXSRSRGIMR
SVHIVXSMQTPIQIRXXLISXLIVWYKKIWXIHQSHMJMGEXMSRW'PSWIXLI
Dynamics AssistantZMI[



%TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIUYMVIHSRWXVIEQOvhd)RXIVXLI
OvhdWXVIEQTVSTIVX]ZMI[F]HSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIWXVIEQMRXLI
WMQYPEXMSR4*(-RXLIDynamicsXEFEGXMZEXIXLITVIWWYVI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRF]WIPIGXMRKXLIActiveGLIGOFS\



%HHEPID ControllerSTIVEXMSR[LMGL[MPPWIVZIEWXLI
SEPARATOR PIZIPGSRXVSPPIV7TIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRKHIXEMPW

Tab [Page]

Connections

Parameters
[Configuration]

Input Area

Entry

Name

SEP LC

Process Variable
Source

Separator, Liquid
Percent Level

Output Target Object

Valve

Action

Direct

Kp

Ti

5 minutes

PV Minimum

0%

PV Maximum

100%

 4VIWWXLIFace PlateFYXXSR'LERKIXLIGSRXVSPPIVQSHIXS Auto

SRXLIJEGITPEXI-RTYXEWIXTSMRXSPSJSRXLI
ConfigurationTEKISJXLIParametersXEF6YRXLI-RXIKVEXSVYRXMP
XLIWITEVEXSVPIZIPPVVIEGLIWMXWWIXTSMRX
8SI\EQMRIXLIIJJIGXSJRS^^PIPSGEXMSRSRTVSHYGXGSQTSWMXMSREHHE
7XVMTGLEVXGSRXEMRMRKXLI:ETSYV*VEGXMSRSJXLIBttmsWXVIEQERHXLI
0MUYMH4IVGIRX0IZIPSJXLISeparator
 %GGIWWXLIDatabookF]TVIWWMRK<Ctrl><D>4VIWWXLIInsert
FYXXSRSRXLIVariablesXEFXSSTIRXLI:EVMEFPI2EZMKEXSV*VSQ
XLIFlowsheetKVSYTWIPIGXXLILiquid Percent LevelSJXLI
SeparatorSTIVEXMSR4VIWWXLIInsertFYXXSREKEMRERHWIPIGXXLI
Vapour FractionSJWXVIEQBttms-RWIVXXLIWIXTSMRXSPSJXLI
SEP LC'SRXVSPPIV

7-22

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-23

 -RXLIStrip ChartsXEFWIPIGXXLIAddFYXXSRMRXLIAvailable Strip

ChartsKVSYT%GXMZEXIXLIActiveGLIGOFS\JSVXLIXLVIIPMWXIH
ZEVMEFPIW
Figure 7.15

 4VIWWXLIStrip ChartFYXXSRXSEGGIWWXLIStrip Chart ZMI[

 -RSVHIVXSQSHMJ]XLIHMWTPE]IHVERKISJXLI7XVMTGLEVXZEVMEFPIW
HSYFPIGPMGOSRER]EVIE[MXLMRXLI7XVMT'LEVXZMI[-RXLI
Numerical Line Properties XEFSJXLIStrip Chart SetupTVSTIVX]
ZMI[QSHMJ]XLIWXVMTGLEVXEWJSPPS[W
Tab [Page]

Numerical Line
Properties

Object [Variable]

Line Minimum

Line
Maximum

SEP LC [Setpoint]

50

Separator

50

[Liquid Percent
Level]
Bttms
[Vapour Fraction]

 6YRXLI-RXIKVEXSVJSVETTVS\MQEXIP]MRXIKVEXMSRQMRYXIWSV
YRXMPEPPXLIZEVMEFPIWPMRISYX8LMWGERIEWMP]FISFWIVZIHMRXLI
WXVMTGLEVX

7-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-24

Vessels

 2S[QSHMJ]XLIBttmsI\MXWXVIEQPSGEXMSRJVSQXLISeparator
ZIWWIP)RXIVXLISeparatorTVSTIVX]ZMI[8LII\MXWXVIEQRS^^PI
PSGEXMSRWEVIHMWTPE]IHSRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLI RatingXEF-R
XLI2S^^PI4EVEQIXIVWKVSYTFS\QSHMJ]XLIElevation (% of
Height)JMIPHSJWXVIEQBttmsJVSQXS
Figure 7.16

 6YRXLI-RXIKVEXSV8LIPIZIPTIVGIRXPIZIPSJXLISeparatorGERRSX
FIQEMRXEMRIHEXXLIWIXTSMRXHIQERHIHF]XLILC SEP
'SRXVSPPIV8LMWMWFIGEYWIXLIRS^^PIPSGEXMSRMWEFSZIXLIHIWMVIH
PMUYMHPIZIPSJXLISeparator8LIWXVMTGLEVXMWEWHMWTPE]IHEW
JSPPS[W
Figure 7.17

Bttms Stream
Vapour Fraction

Actual Liquid
Percent Level

Desired Liquid
Percent Level
(Setpoint)

8LIZETSYVJVEGXMSRSJWXVIEQBttmsMRGVIEWIWMQQIHMEXIP]XSSRIEJXIV
XLIMRXIKVEXSVMWVYR7MRGIXLIMRMXMEPPMUYMHPIZIPMWFIPS[XLIBttms
RS^^PIPSGEXMSRSRP]ZETSYVMWHVE[R&IGEYWIXLIRS^^PIPSGEXMSRMW
PSGEXIHEFSZIXLIWIXTSMRXXLISEP LC'SRXVSPPIVGERRSXQEMRXEMRE
PMUYMHPIZIPSJ8LIValveSTIVEXMSRMWHVMZIRXSSTIRMRKERH
XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLISeparatorGSQIWXSIUYMPMFVMYQEX

7-24

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Separation Operations

7-25

 8LIBttms ERH Ovhd WXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWEVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLI

ConditionsTEKISJXLIWorksheetXEF
Figure 7.18

7-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

7-26

7-26

Vessels

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-1

8 Column Operation
8.1 Theory ........................................................................................................... 3
8.2 Pressure Flow............................................................................................... 5
8.2.1 Columns ................................................................................................... 5
8.2.2 Condensers and Reboiler ........................................................................ 7
8.3 Column Runner ............................................................................................ 9
8.3.1 Parameters Tab........................................................................................ 9
8.3.2 Rating Tab .............................................................................................. 10
8.3.3 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 12
8.4 Tray Section ................................................................................................ 13
8.4.1 Rating Tab .............................................................................................. 13
8.4.2 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 16
8.5 Stage Property View................................................................................... 18
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.5.4
8.5.5

General Tab ........................................................................................... 18

Nozzles Tab ........................................................................................... 18
Efficiencies Tab ...................................................................................... 19
Properties Tab ........................................................................................ 20
Composition Tab .................................................................................... 20

8.6 A Column Tutorial ...................................................................................... 21

8.6.1
8.6.2
8.6.3
8.6.4

Beginning the Simulation ....................................................................... 22

Dynamic Specifications .......................................................................... 24
Setting up the Controllers ...................................................................... 32
Monitoring in Dynamics.......................................................................... 34

8-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-2

8-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

For more information

regarding the Column
Template, Refer to the Steady
State Modelling Guide,
Chapter 7 - Column.

8-3

8LIVIEVIWIZIVEPQENSVHMJJIVIRGIWFIX[IIRXLIH]REQMGGSPYQR
STIVEXMSRERHXLIWXIEH]WXEXIGSPYQRSTIVEXMSR3RISJXLIQEMR
HMJJIVIRGIWMWXLI[E]MR[LMGLXLI'SPYQR7YFJPS[WLIIXWSPZIW-R
WXIEH]WXEXIMJ]SYEVIMRXLI'SPYQR7YFJPS[WLIIXGEPGYPEXMSRWMRXLI
1EMRJPS[WLIIXEVITYXMR,SPHYRXMPXLIJSGYWMWVIXYVRIHXSXLI1EMR
JPS[WLIIX;LIRVYRRMRKMR(]REQMGWGEPGYPEXMSRWMRXLI1EMR
*PS[WLIIXTVSGIIHEXXLIWEQIXMQIEWXLSWIMRXLI'SPYQR
7YFJPS[WLIIX
%RSXLIVHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRXLIWXIEH]WXEXIGSPYQRERHXLIH]REQMG
GSPYQRMW[MXLXLIGSPYQRWTIGMJMGEXMSRW7XIEH]WXEXIGSPYQR
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIMKRSVIHMRH]REQMGW8SEGLMIZIXLIGSPYQR
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW[LIRYWMRKH]REQMGWGSRXVSPWGLIQIWQYWXFIEHHIH
XSXLIGSPYQR
*MREPP]EPXLSYKLMXMWTSWWMFPIXSXYVRSJJWXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRWJSVE
WMQYPEXMSRXLMWSTXMSRHSIWRSXETTP]XSXLIGSPYQR;LIRVYRRMRKE
GSPYQRMRDynamicQSHIXLIWXEXMGLIEHGSRXVMFYXMSRWEVIEP[E]W
YWIHMRXLIGSPYQRGEPGYPEXMSRW



8LISV]

8LIGSPYQRMWYRMUYIEQSRKXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIQIXLSHWYWIH
JSVGEPGYPEXMSRW8LIVIEVIWIZIVEPEHHMXMSREPYRHIVP]MRKIUYEXMSRW
[LMGLEVIYWIHMRXLIGSPYQR
8LI*VERGMW;IMVIUYEXMSRMWXLIWXEVXMRKTSMRXJSVGEPGYPEXMRKXLIPMUYMH
JPS[VEXIPIEZMRKEXVE]

L N = Cl w h

1.5



where: L =Liquid flowrate leaving tray N

2

C = Units conversion constant

= Density of liquid on tray
l = Weir length
[

h = Height of liquid above weir

8-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-4

Theory

8LIZETSYVJPS[VEXIPIEZMRKEXVE]MWHIXIVQMRIHF]XLIVIWMWXERGI
IUYEXMSR
Fvap = k Pfriction



where: Fvap= Vapour flowrate leaving tray N

k = conductance, which is a constant representing the
reciprocal of resistance to flow
P friction = Dry hole pressure drop
*SVGSPYQRWXLIGSRHYGXERGIkMWTVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIWUYEVISJXLI
GSPYQRHMEQIXIV
8LITVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWEWXEKIMWHIXIVQMRIHF]WYQQMRKXLIWXEXMG
LIEHERHXLIJVMGXMSREPPSWWIW
-XMWTSWWMFPIXSYWIGSPYQRWXEKIIJJMGMIRGMIW[LIRVYRRMRKEGSPYQR
MRH]REQMGW8LIIJJMGMIRG]MWIUYMZEPIRXXSF]TEWWMRKETSVXMSRSJXLI
ZETSYVEVSYRHXLIPMUYMHTLEWIEWWLS[RMRFigure 8.1[LIVInMWXLI
WTIGMJMIHIJJMGMIRG]
Figure 8.1

,=7=74PERXLEWXLIEFMPMX]XSQSHIPFSXL[IITMRKERHJPSSHMRKMRWMHI
XLIGSPYQR-J P friction MWZIV]WQEPPXLIWXEKI[MPPI\LMFMX[IITMRK
8LIVIJSVIMXMWTSWWMFPIXSLEZIEPMUYMHJPS[XSXLIWXEKIFIPS[IZIRMJ
XLIPMUYMHLIMKLXSZIVXLI[IMVMW^IVS

8-4

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-5

*SVXLIJPSSHMRKGSRHMXMSRXLIFYPOPMUYMHZSPYQI[MPPETTVSEGLXLI
XVE]ZSPYQI8LMWGERFISFWIVZIHSRXLIHoldupTEKIMRXLI
Dynamics XEFSJIMXLIVXLI'SPYQR6YRRIVSVXLI8VE]7IGXMSR
TVSTIVX]ZMI[



4VIWWYVI*PS[

-RXLIJSPPS[MRKWIGXMSRWXLITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWTVIWIRXIHEVI
XLIVIGSQQIRHIHGSRJMKYVEXMSRWMJRSSXLIVIUYMTQIRXMWGSRRIGXIH
3XLIVGSQFMREXMSRWSJTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVITSWWMFPI
LS[IZIVXLI]QE]PIEHXSPIWWWXEFPIGSRJMKYVEXMSRW
6IKEVHPIWWSJXLITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRGSRJMKYVEXMSR[LIR
TIVJSVQMRKHIXEMPIHH]REQMGQSHIPPMRKMXMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXEXPIEWX
ZEPZIWFIEHHIHXSEPPFSYRHEV]WXVIEQW3RGIZEPZIWLEZIFIIREHHIH
XLIVIWYPXMRKFSYRHEV]WXVIEQWGEREPPFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLTVIWWYVI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWERH[LIVIRIGIWWEV]JPS[GSRXVSPPIH[MXLJPS[
GSRXVSPPIVW



'SPYQRW

%FWSVFIV
8LIFEWMGAbsorberGSPYQRLEWX[SMRPIXERHX[SI\MXWXVIEQW;LIR
YWIHEPSRIXLIAbsorberLEWJSYVFSYRHEV]WXVIEQWERHWSVIUYMVIW
JSYV4VIWWYVI*PS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW%TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPEP[E]W
FIVIUYMVIHJSVXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGXWXVIEQPIEZMRKXLIFSXXSQSJXLI
GSPYQR%WIGSRHTVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIZETSYV
TVSHYGXSJXLIGSPYQR[MXLXLIX[SJIIHWXVIEQWLEZMRKJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LIGSPYQRXSXLIPIJXWLS[WXLIVIGSQQIRHIHTVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVEWXERHEPSRIEFWSVFIVGSPYQR
-JXLIVIEVIHS[RWXVIEQYRMXSTIVEXMSRWEXXEGLIHXSXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGX
WXVIEQXLIREGSPYQRWYQT[MPPRIIHXSFIWMQYPEXIH8LIVIEVI
WIZIVEPQIXLSHWJSVWMQYPEXMRKXLIGSPYQRWYQT%WMQTPIWSPYXMSRMW
XSYWIEVIFSMPIHEFWSVFIV[MXLXLIVIFSMPIVHYX]WXVIEQWTIGMJMIHEW
^IVSMRTPEGISJXLIEFWSVFIV%RSXLIVSTXMSRMWXSJIIHXLIPMUYMH
TVSHYGXWXVIEQHMVIGXP]MRXSEWITEVEXSVERHVIXYVRXLIWITEVEXSV
ZETSYVTVSHYGXXSXLIFSXXSQWXEKISJXLIGSPYQR

8-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-6

Pressure Flow

6IJPY\IH%FWSVFIV
8LIFEWMGRefluxed AbsorberGSPYQRLEWEWMRKPIMRPIXERHX[SSVXLVII
I\MXWXVIEQWHITIRHMRKSRXLIGSRHIRWIVGSRJMKYVEXMSR;LIRYWIH
EPSRIXLIRefluxed AbsorberLEWXLVIISVJSYVFSYRHEV]WXVIEQW
HITIRHMRKSRXLIGSRHIRWIVERHVIUYMVIWJSYVSVJMZITVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWKIRIVEPP]X[STVIWWYVIERHXLVIIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW%
TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPEP[E]WFIVIUYMVIHJSVXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGX
WXVIEQPIEZMRKXLIFSXXSQSJXLIGSPYQR8LII\XVEWTIGMJMGEXMSRMW
VIUYMVIHHYIXSXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQERHMWHMWGYWWIHMRSection 8.2.2 Condensers and Reboiler
8LIGSPYQRXSXLIPIJXWLS[WXLIVIGSQQIRHIHTVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVEWXERHEPSRIVIJPY\IHEFWSVFIV[MXLETEVXMEP
GSRHIRWIV
-JXLIVIEVIHS[RWXVIEQYRMXSTIVEXMSRWEXXEGLIHXSXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGX
WXVIEQXLIREGSPYQRWYQT[MPPRIIHXSFIWMQYPEXIH8LIVIEVI
WIZIVEP[E]WQIXLSHWJSVWMQYPEXMRKXLIGSPYQRWYQT%WMQTPI
WSPYXMSRMWXSYWIEHMWXMPPEXMSRGSPYQR[MXLXLIVIFSMPIVHYX]WXVIEQ
WTIGMJMIHEW^IVSMRTPEGISJXLIVIJPY\IHEFWSVFIV%RSXLIVSTXMSRMWXS
JIIHXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGXWXVIEQHMVIGXP]MRXSEWITEVEXSVERHVIXYVRXLI
WITEVEXSVZETSYVTVSHYGXXSXLIFSXXSQWXEKISJXLIGSPYQR

6IFSMPIH%FWSVFIV
%Reboiled AbsorberGSPYQRLEWEWMRKPIMRPIXERHX[SI\MXWXVIEQW
;LIRYWIHEPSRIXLIReboiled AbsorberLEWXLVIIFSYRHEV]WXVIEQW
ERHWSVIUYMVIWXLVII4VIWWYVI*PS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWSRITVIWWYVIERH
X[SJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW%TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPEP[E]WFIVIUYMVIH
JSVXLIZETSYVTVSHYGXPIEZMRKXLIGSPYQR
8LIGSPYQRXSXLIPIJXWLS[WXLIVIGSQQIRHIHTVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVEWXERHEPSRIVIFSMPIHEFWSVFIV

8-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-7

(MWXMPPEXMSR'SPYQR
8LIFEWMGDistillationGSPYQRLEWSRIMRPIXERHX[SSVXLVIII\MX
WXVIEQWHITIRHMRKSRXLIGSRHIRWIVGSRJMKYVEXMSR;LIRYWIHEPSRI
XLIDistillation GSPYQRLEWXLVIISVJSYVFSYRHEV]WXVIEQWFYX
VIUYMVIWJSYVSVJMZITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWKIRIVEPP]SRI
TVIWWYVIERHXLVIISVJSYVJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LII\XVETVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIUYMVIHHYIXSXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQERHMWHMWGYWWIHMR
Section 8.2.2 - Condensers and Reboiler
8LIGSPYQRXSXLIPIJXWLS[WXLIVIGSQQIRHIHTVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVEWXERHEPSRIHMWXMPPEXMSRGSPYQR[MXLETEVXMEP
GSRHIRWIV



'SRHIRWIVWERH6IFSMPIV

8LIJSPPS[MRKWIGXMSRWTVSZMHIWSQIVIGSQQIRHIHTVIWWYVIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVWMQTPIH]REQMGQSHIPPMRKSRP]8LIYWISJJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWSRVIJPY\WXVIEQWMWRSXVIGSQQIRHIHJSVHIXEMPIH
QSHIPPMRK-JXLIGSRHIRWIVPMUYMHPIZIPKSIWXS^IVSEQEWWJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPVIWYPXMREPEVKIZSPYQIXVMGJPS[FIGEYWIXLIWXVIEQMW
EZETSYV
-XMWLMKLP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLITVSTIVIUYMTQIRXFIEHHIHXSXLI
VIJPY\WXVIEQIKTYQTWZEPZIWIXG-REPPGEWIWPIZIPGSRXVSPJSVXLI
GSRHIRWIVWLSYPHFIYWIHXSIRWYVIETVSTIVPMUYMHPIZIP

4EVXMEP'SRHIRWIV
8LITEVXMEPGSRHIRWIVLEWXLVIII\MXWXVIEQWXLISZIVLIEHZETSYV
WXVIEQXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQERHXLIHMWXMPPEXIWXVIEQ%PPXLVIII\MX
WXVIEQWQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH[LIREXXEGLIHXSXLIQEMRXVE]WIGXMSR3RI
TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRMWVIGSQQIRHIHJSVXLIZETSYVWXVIEQERHSRI
JPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRJSVIMXLIVSJXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGXWXVIEQW8LIJMREP
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRQE]FIEWIGSRHJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLI
VIQEMRMRKPMUYMHTVSHYGXWXVIEQSVXLIReflux Flow/Total Liquid Flow
ZEPYISRXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEFSJXLIGSRHIRWIVQE]FI
WTIGMJMIH

8-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-8

Pressure Flow

*YPP]6IJPY\IH'SRHIRWIV
8LI*YPP]6IJPY\IHGSRHIRWIVLEWX[SI\MXWXVIEQWXLISZIVLIEH
ZETSYVWXVIEQERHXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQ%TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRMW
VIUYMVIHJSVXLISZIVLIEHZETSYVWXVIEQERHEJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRMW
VIUYMVIHJSVXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQ

*YPP]'SRHIRWIH'SRHIRWIV
%*YPP]'SRHIRWIHGSRHIRWIVLEWX[SI\MXWXVIEQWXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQ
ERHXLIHMWXMPPEXIWXVIEQ8LIVIEVIWIZIVEPTSWWMFPIGSRJMKYVEXMSRWSJ
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLMWX]TISJGSRHIRWIV%JPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFIYWIHJSVXLIVIJPY\WXVIEQERHETVIWWYVIJPS[WTIG
GERFIYWIHJSVXLIHMWXMPPEXIWXVIEQ8[SJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWGERFI
YWIHLS[IZIVMXMWWYKKIWXIHXLEXEZIWWIPTVIWWYVIGSRXVSPPIVFIWIXYT
[MXLXLIGSRHIRWIVHYX]EWXLISTIVEXMRKZEVMEFPI

6IFSMPIV
8LI6IFSMPIVLEWX[SI\MXWXVIEQXLIFSMPYTZETSYVWXVIEQERHXLI
FSXXSQWPMUYMHWXVIEQ3RP]SRII\MXWXVIEQGERFIWTIGMJMIH-JE
TVIWWYVIGSRWXVEMRXMWWTIGMJMIHIPWI[LIVIMRXLIGSPYQRXLMWI\MX
WXVIEQQYWXFIWTIGMJMIH[MXLEJPS[VEXI

8-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation



8-9

'SPYQR6YRRIV

8LI'SPYQR6YRRIVTVSTIVX]ZMI[GSRXEMRWEWYQQEV]SJXLIQSWX
MQTSVXERXHIXEMPWSJXLIGSPYQRXLEXEVIVIUYMVIHJSVEWXEFPIH]REQMG
QSHIP1SVIHIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSRMREZEMPEFPIMRXLI8VE]7IGXMSR
TVSTIVX]ZMI[HMWGYWWIHMRSection 8.4 - Tray SectionERHXLI
'SRHIRWIVERH6IFSMPIVTVSTIVX]ZMI[WHMWGYWWIHMRChapter 7 Separation OperationsXLIDynamic Modelling Guide



4EVEQIXIVW8EF

4VSJMPIW4EKI
Figure 8.2

%PXLSYKLXLIProfilesTEKIMWQEMRP]YWIHJSVWXIEH]WXEXIWMQYPEXMSRMX
HSIWGSRXEMRZMXEPMRJSVQEXMSRJSVVYRRMRKEGSPYQRMRH]REQMGW3RI
SJXLIQSWXMQTSVXERXEWTIGXWSJVYRRMRKEGSPYQRMRH]REQMGWMWXLI
TVIWWYVITVSJMPI;LMPIEWXIEH]WXEXIGSPYQRGERVYR[MXL^IVS
TVIWWYVIHVSTEGVSWWEXVE]WIGXMSRXLIH]REQMGGSPYQRVIUYMVIWE
TVIWWYVIHVST-RH]REQMGWERMRMXMEPTVIWWYVITVSJMPIMWVIUYMVIH
FIJSVIXLIGSPYQRGERVYR8LMWTVSJMPIGERFIJVSQXLIWXIEH]WXEXI
QSHIPSVGERFIEHHIHMRH]REQMGW-JERI[XVE]WIGXMSRMWGVIEXIHMR
H]REQMGWQSHIXLITVIWWYVITVSJMPIGERFISFXEMRIHJVSQXLIWXVIEQW

8-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-10

Column Runner

MJRSXHMVIGXP]WYTTPMIH-RIMXLIVGEWIXLIGPSWIVXLIMRMXMEPTVIWWYVI
TVSJMPIMWXSXLISRIGEPGYPEXIH[LMPIVYRRMRKMRH]REQMGWXLIJI[IV
TVSFPIQW]SY[MPPIRGSYRXIV



6EXMRK8EF

8VE]7IGXMSRW4EKI
Figure 8.3

The required size information

for the tray section can be
calculated using the Tray
Sizing utility.

8LITray SectionsTEKIGSRXEMRWEPPXLIVIUYMVIHMRJSVQEXMSRJSV
GSVVIGXP]WM^MRKXLIGSPYQRXVE]WIGXMSRW8LIXVE]WIGXMSRHMEQIXIV
[IMVPIRKXL[IMVLIMKLXERHXLIXVE]WTEGMRKEVIVIUYMVIHJSVER
EGGYVEXIERHWXEFPIH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR=SYQYWXWYTTP]EPPXLI
MRJSVQEXMSRSRXLMWTEKI;MXLXLII\GITXMSRSJXLI8VE]:SPYQIRS
SXLIVGEPGYPEXMSRWEVITIVJSVQIHSRXLMWTEKI
*SVQYPXMTEWWXVE]WWMQTP]IRXIVXLIGSPYQRHMEQIXIVERHXLI
ETTVSTVMEXIXSXEP[IMVPIRKXL

:IWWIPW4EKI
8LIVesselsTEKIGSRXEMRWXLIRIGIWWEV]WM^MRKMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLI
HMJJIVIRXZIWWIPWMRXLIGSPYQRWYFJPS[WLIIX

8-10

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-11

Figure 8.4

)UYMTQIRX4EKI
8LIEquipmentTEKIGSRXEMRWEPMWXSJEPPXLIEHHMXMSREPIUYMTQIRX
[LMGLMWTEVXSJXLIGSPYQRWYFJPS[WLIIX8LIPMWXHSIWRSXGSRXEMR
IUYMTQIRX[LMGLMWTEVXSJXLISVMKMREPXIQTPEXI%R]I\XVEIUYMTQIRX
[LMGLMWEHHIHXSXLIWYFJPS[WLIIXTYQTEVSYRHWWMHIWXVMTTIVWIXG
MWPMWXIHLIVI(SYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIIUYMTQIRXREQI[MPPSTIRMX
W
TVSTIVX]ZMI[SRXLIRatingsXEF

8-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-12

Column Runner



(]REQMGW8EF

:IWWIPW4EKI
Figure 8.5

8LIVesselsTEKIGSRXEMRWEWYQQEV]SJXLIWM^MRKMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLI
HMJJIVIRXZIWWIPWGSRXEMRIHMRXLIGSPYQRWYFJPS[WLIIX-REHHMXMSRMX
GSRXEMRWXLITSWWMFPIH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLIWIZIWWIPW

)UYMTQIRX4EKI
8LIEquipmentTEKISRXLIDynamicsXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQI
MRJSVQEXMSREWXLIEquipmentTEKISRXLIRatingsXEF8LIHMJJIVIRGI
MWXLEXHSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLIIUYMTQIRXREQI[MPPSTIRMXWTVSTIVX]
ZMI[SRXLI DynamicsXEF

8-12

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-13

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWEWYQQEV]SJXLIH]REQMGMRJSVQEXMSR
GEPGYPEXIHF],=7=7
Column

Description

Pressure

Displays the calculated stage pressure.

Total Volume

Displays the stage volume.

Bulk Liq Volume

Displays the liquid volume occupying the stage.




8VE]7IGXMSR
6EXMRK8EF

7M^MRK4EKI
Figure 8.6

8LISizingTEKIGSRXEMRWEPPXLIVIUYMVIHMRJSVQEXMSRJSVGSVVIGXP]
WM^MRKXLIGSPYQRXVE]WIGXMSRW8LIXVE]WIGXMSRHMEQIXIV[IMVPIRKXL
[IMVLIMKLXERHXLIXVE]WTEGMRKEVIVIUYMVIHJSVEREGGYVEXIERH
WXEFPIH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR=SYQYWXWYTTP]EPPXLIMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLMW
TEKI,=7=7[MPPSRP]GEPGYPEXIXLIXVE]ZSPYQIFEWIHSRXLI[IMV
PIRKXLXVE]WTEGMRKERHXVE]HMEQIXIV

8-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-14

Tray Section

The required size information

for the tray section can be
calculated using the Tray
Sizing utility.

*SVQYPXMTEWWXVE]WWMQTP]IRXIVXLIGSPYQRHMEQIXIVERHXLI
ETTVSTVMEXIXSXEP[IMVPIRKXL
;LIRWMQYPEXMRKW[IHKIHGSPYQRWXLIGSPYQRQYWXFIWMQYPEXIH
[MXLQYPXMTPIXVE]WIGXMSRW%XVE]WIGXMSRGERSRP]LEZISRIHMEQIXIV
[IMVPIRKXLERH[IMVLIMKLX8LIVIJSVI[LIRWMQYPEXMRKEW[IHKIH
GSPYQRERI[XVE]WIGXMSR[MPPRIIHXSFIMRWXEPPIHJSVIEGLGSPYQR
HMEQIXIV

2S^^PIW4EKI
Figure 8.7

8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWXLIIPIZEXMSRWEX[LMGLZETSYVERHPMUYMH
IRXIVSVPIEZIXLIXVE]WIGXMSR8LIMRJSVQEXMSRMWEZEMPEFPIJSVQEXIVMEP
IRXIVMRKSVPIEZMRKXLIXVE]WIGXMSRERHXLIMRHMZMHYEPWXEKIW

8-14

Object

Description

Traysection
Elevation Relative to
Ground

In this cell, you can specify the height of the tray

section above the ground. The height is measured
as the distance between the ground to the bottom
tray.

Holdup RG

This column gives the height of each tray relative to

the ground. The values are dependent on the tray
spacing and the value entered in the Traysection
Elevation Relative to Ground cell.

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

Object

Description

VToAbove

This column gives the elevation for vapour leaving

the tray relative to the tray. By default this value is
the tray spacing.

LToBelow

This column gives the elevation for liquid leaving the

tray relative to the tray. By default this value is zero.

Feed

The first column displays the name of the feed

stream. The second displays the location of the feed
inlet relative to the tray.

Prod

The first column displays the name of the product

stream. The second displays the location of the
product outlet relative to the tray.

8-15

,IEX0SWW4EKI
Figure 8.8

8LIHeat LossTEKIEPPS[W]SYXSWTIGMJ]XLILIEXPSWWJVSQMRHMZMHYEP
XVE]WMRXLIXVE]WIGXMSR=SYGERIREFPILIEXPSWWJSVEPPXLIWXEKIWSV
SRP]JSVGIVXEMRWXEKIW)REFPMRKSVHMWEFPMRKEWXEKIJVSQER]SJXLI
ZMI[WEZEMPEFPIXLVSYKLXLIJSYVVEHMSFYXXSRW[MPPEJJIGXXLEXWXEKIMR
EPPXLSWIZMI[W

8-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-16

Tray Section

)JJMGMIRGMIW4EKI
%W[MXLWXIEH]WXEXI]SYGERWTIGMJ]XVE]IJJMGMIRGMIWJSVGSPYQRWMR
H]REQMGW,S[IZIV]SYGERSRP]WTIGMJ]XLISZIVEPPXVE]IJJMGMIRG]
GSQTSRIRXXVE]IJJMGMIRGMIWEVISRP]EZEMPEFPIMRWXIEH]WXEXI
Figure 8.9



(]REQMGW8EF

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRXEMRWXLINozzle Pressure Flow k FactorsJSVEPPXLI
XVE]WMRXLIXVE]WIGXMSR=SYGERWIPIGXXSLEZI,=7=7GEPGYPEXIXLIO
ZEPYIJSVEPPXLIXVE]WF]TVIWWMRKXLIAll StagesFYXXSR-J]SY[ERX
,=7=7XSGEPGYPEXIXLIOZEPYIWJSVGIVXEMRXVE]WSRP]LMKLPMKLXXLI
HIWMVIHXVE]WERHTVIWWXLISelected StagesFYXXSR,=7=7[MPPSRP]
GEPGYPEXIXLIOZEPYIWJSVXLIWIPIGXIHWXEKIW
8LIPerform dry start upGLIGOFS\EPPS[W]SYXSWMQYPEXIEHV]WXEVX
YT'LIGOMRKXLMWFS\[MPPVIQSZIEPPXLIPMUYMHJVSQEPPXLIXVE]W[LIR
XLIMRXIKVEXSVMWWXEVXIH

8-16

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-17

Figure 8.10

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldup TEKIGSRXEMRWEWYQQEV]SJXLIH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR
VIWYPXWJSVXLIGSPYQR8LI,SPHYTTVIWWYVI8SXEPZSPYQIERH&YPO
0MUYMHZSPYQIVIWYPXWSREXVE]FEWMWEVIGSRXEMRIHMRXLMWZMI[(SYFPI
GPMGOMRKSREEWXEKIREQIMRXLI,SPHYTGSPYQR[MPPSTIRXLIWXEKI
TVSTIVX]ZMI[[LMGLMWHMWGYWWIHMRXLIJSPPS[MRKWIGXMSR

8-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-18

Stage Property View




7XEKI4VSTIVX]:MI[
+IRIVEP8EF

Figure 8.11

8LIGeneralXEFGSRXEMRWLSPHYTMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLIWXEKISRETLEWI
FEWMW
Object

Description

Accumulation

This column displays the amount of material that is

accumulating in the stage. Positive values indicate
that the material is accumulating, while negative
values indicate that the material is leaving the stage.

Moles

The column displays the current amount of material

contained in the stage in terms of moles.

Volume

This column displays the current amount of material

contained in the stage in terms of volume.

Duty

This column displays the amount of energy in the

stage.

8LIGeneralGIPPHMWTPE]WXLIWXEKITVIWWYVI



2S^^PIW8EF

8LINozzles XEFEPPS[W]SYXSIHMXXLIPSGEXMSRERHWM^ISJXLIRS^^PIW
EXXEGLIHXSXLIWXEKI-XMWKIRIVEPP]VIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIWIZEPYIWFI
PIJXEXXLIMVHIJEYPX

8-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-19

Figure 8.12



)JJMGMIRGMIW8EF

Figure 8.13

8LIEfficienciesXEFEPPS[W]SYXSGLERKIXLIHMJJIVIRXIJJMGMIRG]ZEPYIW
JSVXLIWXEKI-JEWXEKIIJJMGMIRG]MWEHHIHMRIMXLIVXLI'SPYQR6YRRIV
SVXLI8VE]7IGXMSRTVSTIVX]ZMI[XLIIJJMGMIRG]MWHMWTPE]IHMREPPXLI
Vapour GIPPW*SVEWXEKIIJJMGMIRG]SJ0.5XLIVIWYPXMRKEfficiencies XEF
SJXLI7XEKI4VSTIVX]ZMI[[SYPHFIEWWLS[RFigure 8.14

8-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-20

Stage Property View

Figure 8.14



4VSTIVXMIW8EF

8LIPropertiesXEFHMWTPE]WEWYQQEV]SJXLITL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWSJXLI
QEXIVMEPSRXLIWXEKIF]TLEWI
Figure 8.15



'SQTSWMXMSR8EF

8LICompositionXEFHMWTPE]WEWYQQEV]SJXLIGSQTSWMXMSRSJXLI
QEXIVMEPSRXLIWXEKIF]TLEWI

8-20

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-21

Figure 8.16



%'SPYQR8YXSVMEP

8LI(I&YXERM^IVGSPYQRWIXYTMRXLMWXYXSVMEPTVIWIRXWEKIRIVEP
TVSGIHYVIJSVWMQYPEXMRKXS[IVWERHGERFIEHETXIHXSQSHIPSXLIV
X]TIWERHGSRJMKYVEXMSRWSJGSPYQRWMR[Link]%QSVIHIXEMPIH
H]REQMGWMQYPEXMSRSJXLMWGSPYQRMWTVIWIRXIHMRDynamic
Debutanizer TutorialMRXLITutorial Book
Figure 8.17

8-21

[Link] Page 22 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-22

A Column Tutorial

Figure 8.18




7XEVXERI[GEWI



'VIEXIEJPYMHTEGOEKIYWMRKXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSTIVX]TEGOEKIERH
GSQTSRIRXW

Property Package

Components

Peng Robinson

Propane, i-Butane, n-Butane, isobutene, i-Pentane,

n-Pentane, n-Hexane, n-Heptane, n-Octane



8-22

&IKMRRMRKXLI7MQYPEXMSR

)RXIVXLI7MQYPEXMSR)RZMVSRQIRX

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation



'VIEXIXLIX[SJIIHWXVIEQWXSXLIXS[IV

Stream Name

Feed 1

Feed 2

Temperature [F]

300.0

140.0

Pressure [psia]

220

350

Mass Flow [lb/hr]

18000

9000

Mass Fraction [propane]

0.012

0.020

Mass Fraction [i-butane]

0.170

0.190

Mass Fraction [n-butane]

0.170

0.200

Mass Fraction [i-butene]

0.008

0.220

Mass Fraction [i-pentane]

0.140

0.160

Mass Fraction [n-pentane]

0.140

0.210

Mass Fraction [n-hexane]

0.110

0.000

Mass Fraction [n-heptane]

0.130

0.000

Mass Fraction [n-octane]

0.120

0.000



8-23

%HHEDISTILLATION COLUMNXSXLIGEWI4VSZMHIXLIJSPPS[MRK
MRJSVQEXMSR

Tab [Page]

Design [Connections]

Design [Monitor]

Input Area

Entry

Column Name

DeButanizer

Number of Stages

15

Feed Stream (Feed Stage)

Feed 2 (4)

Feed Stream (Feed Stage)

Feed 1 (8)

Condenser Type

Partial

Ovhd Vapour

Vent Control

Ovhd Liquid

Butanes

Bottoms Liquid

C5+

Reboiler Duty

Reb Q

Condenser Duty

Cond Q

Condenser Pressure [psia]

205

Condenser Delta P [psi]

Reboiler Pressure [psia]

215

Ovhd Vap Rate Specified

Value [lbmole/hr]



3RXLISpecsTEKISJXLIDeButanizerTVSTIVX]ZMI[EHHE
Component FractionsWTIGMJMGEXMSRERHEComponent Recovery
WTIGMJMGEXMSR8LIGSQTPIXIHZMI[WJSVXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVI
WLS[RMRFigure 8.19



3RXLIMonitorTEKISJXLIDebutanizerTVSTIVX]ZMI[HIEGXMZEXI
XLIActiveGLIGOFS\JSVFSXLXLIReflux RatioERHDistillate Rate
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW

8-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-24

A Column Tutorial

Figure 8.19



%GXMZEXIXLIActiveGLIGOFS\JSVFSXLRI[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWC5s in
TopERHButane Recovery

8LIGSPYQR[MPPFIKMRWSPZMRK


8MKLXIRXLITYVMXMIWSRXLIXS[IVF]GLERKMRKXLIWTIGMJMIHZEPYIW
SJC5s in TopERHButane RecoveryXSERHVIWTIGXMZIP]

8LIXS[IVMWTVSHYGMRKELMKLIVTYVMX]TVSHYGXFYXXLIXVEHISJJMW
MRGVIEWIHSTIVEXMRKGSWXWEVMWMRKJVSQLMKLIVGSRHIRWIVERHVIFSMPIV
HYXMIW3RXLIMonitorTEKISJXLIDesignXEFRSXIXLIWXIEH]WXEXI
VIJPY\VEXMS
 7EZIXLIGEWIEW[Link]


Dynamic Mode Button

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW



3TIRXLIGEWI[Link]MJMXMWRSXEPVIEH]STIR



7[MXGLXSH]REQMGQSHI



3TIRXLIGEWI[Link]MJMXMWRSXEPVIEH]STIR



7[MXGLXSDynamicQSHI

8SWYQQEVM^IXLITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVXLMWGEWISRI
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPFIWIXEVSYRHXLIGSRHIRWIVERHSRI
[MPPFIWIXSRIEGLSJXLIJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQW
A condenser for a refluxed
tower increases the flowsheet
degrees of freedom by one and
thus, requires an additional
pressure-flow specification.

8-24

Feed 1
Feed 2
Vent Control
Butanes
C5+

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-25

-REHHMXMSRXLIGSRHIRWIVVIFSMPIVERHXVE]WIGXMSR[MPPFIWM^IHYWMRK
XLIWXIEH]WXEXIJPS[WJSVXLIHIWMKR

'SRHIRWIV7TIGMJMGEXMSR
*SVXLIJPS[WLIIXGVIEXIHMRXLMWI\EQTPIXLIPMUYMHTVSHYGXWXVIEQ
JVSQXLIGSRHIRWIVButanesMWEJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQERH[MPP
LEZIEJPS[VEXIWTIGMJMGEXMSR;MXLXLMWMRQMRHSRISXLIVGSRHIRWIV
WTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPHIJMRIXLITVIWWYVIJPS[VIPEXMSRWLMT[MXLMRXLI
GSRHIRWIV=SYLEZIX[SSTXMSRWJSVXLMWWTIGMJMGEXMSR

Flow of the stream Reflux

Reflux Rate as a ratio of total liquid from the unit
*SVXLMWGEWIXLIVIJPY\VEXIEWEVEXMSSJXSXEPPMUYMH[MPPFIWTIGMJMIH


3TIRXLIObject NavigatorF]TVIWWMRK F3"



7IPIGXXLIUnitOpsVEHMSFYXXSRMRXLIFilterKVSYT



7IPIGXDeButanizerMRXLIFlowsheetsKVSYTERHCondenserMRXLI
Unit OperationsKVSYT
Figure 8.20



4VIWWXLIViewFYXXSR



3RXLICondenserTVSTIVX]ZMI[WIPIGXXLIDynamicsXEFSpecs
TEKI

7MRGIXLIWXIEH]WXEXIVIJPY\VEXMS[EWETTVS\MQEXIP]XLIVEXISJ
Reflux[EWXMQIWXLIVEXISJButanes8LIVI[EWRSSZIVLIEH
ZETSYVWSXLIVIJPY\VEXMSGSQTEVIWSRP]XLIX[SPMUYMHWXVIEQW&]
HMZMHMRKXLIVIJPY\VEXIEWEVEXMSSJXSXEPPMUYMHJPS[MWSFXEMRIH


*SVXLIReflux flow/total liq flowWTIGMJMGEXMSREGXMZEXIXLI

GSVVIWTSRHMRKGLIGOFS\ERHMRTYX0.82

8-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-26

A Column Tutorial

7M^MRKXLI'SRHIRWIV
9WMRKXLIJPS[WXLEX[IVIGEPGYPEXIHMRWXIEH]WXEXIEWEHIWMKRFEWMW
XLIGSRHIRWIV[MPPRS[FIWM^IH


7IPIGXXLIWorksheetXEFConditionsTEKISRXLICondenser
TVSTIVX]ZMI[ERHQEOIERSXISJXLIPMUYMHZSPYQIJPS[SJXLI
WXVIEQTo Condenser

*SVEUYMGOWM^MRKGEPGYPEXMSRYWIEJPS[SJJXLVEQMRYXI
VIWMHIRGIXMQIERHEPMUYMHSTIVEXMRKPIZIPSJ
You can change the barrel/day
unit by cloning the Field unit
set and changing the Liquid
Volume Flow unit to ft3/hr.

ft3
1hr
1
1750 ------- ---------------- 20min ------- = 1167ft3
hr 60min
0.5
 3RXLIDynamicsXEFSpecsTEKISJXLICondenserTVSTIVX]ZMI[
HIPIXIXLIHIJEYPXVolume
 -RTYXEDiameterSJJXERHELengthSJJXXSSFXEMREZIWWIP
ZSPYQIXLEXETTVSEGLIWJX
8LIGSQTPIXIHSpecsTEKIWLSYPHETTIEVEWWLS[R
Figure 8.21

'SRHIRWIV9XMPMX]:EPZI
 7IPIGXXLIDuty TEKISRXLIDynamicsXEFSJXLICondenser
TVSTIVX]ZMI[

8-26

[Link] Page 27 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-27

 4VIWWXLIInitialise Duty ValveFYXXSR

8LMWMRMXMEPM^EXMSRTVSZMHIWE9%ZEPYIEJPS[VERKIJSVXLIYXMPMX]JPYMH
ERHERMRPIXXIQTIVEXYVIJSVXLIJPYMHEGGSVHMRKXSXLIGYVVIRXJPS[SJ
QEXIVMEPMRXSXLIGSRHIRWIV

&SYRHEV]7XVIEQ7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
*SVXLIWXVIEQFeed 1WIXEH]REQMGJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRSREZSPYQI
FEWMWEWJSPPS[W
 3TIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVFeed 1
 7IPIGXXLIDynamicsXEF
 (IEGXMZEXIXLIPressureWTIGMJMGEXMSR
 'LERKIXLIFlow WTIGMJMGEXMSRFEWMWXS Std LiqVolF]WIPIGXMRKXLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRKVEHMSFYXXSR
8LIDynamicsXEFWLSYPHETTIEVEWMRFigure 8.22
Figure 8.22

 6ITIEXWXITWXSJSVFeed 2
2S[]SYGERWIXEZSPYQIFEWMWH]REQMGJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRSRWXVIEQ
Butanes4VSGIIHXLVSYKLXLIJSPPS[MRKWXITW
 3TIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVWXVIEQButanes

8-27

[Link] Page 28 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-28

A Column Tutorial

 'LSSWIXLIDynamicsXEF
7MRGIXLITVIWWYVIERHJPS[SJWXVIEQButanes[IVIRSXWTIGMJMIHMR
WXIEH]WXEXIRIMXLIVMWYWIHEWEREGXMZITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSR
 %GXMZEXIXLIFlow WTIGMJMGEXMSRERHWIPIGXStd LiqVolEWXLIJPS[
FEWMW
8LIDynamicsXEFWLSYPHETTIEVEWWLS[RMRFigure 8.23
Figure 8.23

 6ITIEXWXITWERHJSVXLIWXVIEQC5+
8LIPEWXTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSR[MPPFIEH]REQMGTVIWWYVI
WTIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLIWXVIEQVent Control
 3TIRXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLIWXVIEQVent Control
 7IPIGXXLIDynamicsXEF
 %GXMZEXIXLIPressureWTIGMJMGEXMSR
-J]SYSTIRXLIWorkbookXSXLIMaterial StreamsXEF]SY[MPPRSXMGI
XLEXXLISRP]TVIWWYVIERHJPS[ZEPYIWXLEXEVIWLS[RMRFPYIEVIXLI
SRIWXLEX[IVINYWXWIPIGXIHEWH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRW

8-28

[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-29

6IFSMPIV7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
9WMRKXLIJPS[WXLEX[IVIGEPGYPEXIHMRWXIEH]WXEXIEWEHIWMKRFEWMW
XLIVIFSMPIV[MPPRS[FIWM^IH
 4VIWW<F3>XSSTIRXLIObject Navigator
 -RXLIFlowsheetsKVSYTWIPIGXDeButanizer
 -RXLIUnit OperationsKVSYTGLSSWIReboiler
 4VIWWXLIViewFYXXSR
 7IPIGXXLIWorksheetXEFConditionsTEKISRXLIReboiler
TVSTIVX]ZMI[ERHQEOIERSXISJXLIPMUYMHZSPYQIJPS[SJXLI
WXVIEQTo Reboiler
*SVEUYMGOWM^MRKGEPGYPEXMSRYWIEJPS[SJJXLVEQMRYXI
VIWMHIRGIXMQIERHEPMUYMHSTIVEXMRKPIZIPSJ
ft3
1hr
1
1800 ------- ---------------- 10min ------- = 600ft3
hr 60min
0.5
 3RXLIDynamicsXEFSpecsTEKISJXLIReboilerTVSTIVX]ZMI[
HIPIXIXLIHIJEYPXVolume8LMW[MPPIREFPI]SYXSMRTYXEHMEQIXIV
ERHEPIRKXLERHLEZI,=7=7GEPGYPEXIXLIZSPYQI
 8SSFXEMREZSPYQISJETTVS\MQEXIP]JXMRTYXEDiameterSJ
JXERHELengthSJJX
 %LSVM^SRXEPYRMX[MPPFIYWIHJSVXLIReboiler)RWYVIXLEX
Horizontal cylinderMWWIPIGXIHJSVXLILevel Calculator
Figure 8.24

8-29

[Link] Page 30 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-30

A Column Tutorial

8IWXXLI1SHIP
%XXLMWTSMRXXLIGSRHIRWIVERHVIFSMPIVLEZIFSXLFIIRWM^IHERH
IRSYKLTVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWLEZIFIIRWIXXSVIHYGIXLI
HIKVIIWSJJVIIHSQXS^IVS=SYGERGSRJMVQXLEXEPPXLIRIGIWWEV]
TVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWLEZIFIIREHHIHF]WIPIGXMRKEquation
View SummaryJVSQXLISimulationQIRY
 4VIWWXLIFull AnalysisFYXXSRXSGSRJMVQXLEXXLIGEWIMWTVSTIVP]
HIJMRIHJSVH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR

8VE]7IGXMSR
*SVXLIWM^MRKSJXLIXVE]WIGXMSREUYMGOAuto-Section[MPPFI
TIVJSVQIHYWMRKXLITray SizingYXMPMX],=7=7[MPPHIXIVQMRIEXVE]
HMEQIXIVFEWIHSR+PMXWGLHIWMKRTEVEQIXIVWJSVZEPZIXVE]W

9WMRKXLI8VE]7M^MRK9XMPMX]
 9WIXLILSXOI]GSQFMREXMSR<Ctrl><U>XSSTIRXLIUtilitiesZMI[
 7IPIGXTray SizingJVSQXLIPMWXSJYXMPMXMIWERHTVIWWXLIAdd Utility
FYXXSR
 3RXLITray SizingTVSTIVX]ZMI[TVIWWXLISelect TSFYXXSRXS
EXXEGLXLIDeButanizerXVE]WIGXMSR
 7IPIGXDeButanizerJVSQXLIFlowsheetKVSYTERHMain TSJVSQ
XLIObjectKVSYTSRXLISelect Tray SectionHMEPSK
Figure 8.25

 4VIWWXLIOKFYXXSR
 4VIWWXLIAuto SectionFYXXSRSRXLITray SizingTVSTIVX]ZMI[

8-30

[Link] Page 31 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-31

*SVXLMWXVE]WM^MRKEREP]WMWEPP,=7=7HIJEYPXW[MPPFIYWIH8LMW[MPP
TVSZMHIEKSSHMRMXMEPIWXMQEXISJXLIXVE]HMEQIXIVVIUYMVIHJSVXLI
DeButanizerXS[IV
 4VIWWXLINextFYXXSRSRXLIAuto Section InformationHMEPSK
=SYGERVIZMI[XLIHIJEYPXHIWMKRTEVEQIXIVWSRXLITray Section
InformationZMI[8LITEVEQIXIVWEVIKVSYTIHSRXLIX[SXEFWSetup
ERHSizing
 7MRGIEPPHIJEYPXHIWMKRTEVEQIXIVW[MPPFIYWIHJSVXLMWEREP]WMW
TVIWWXLIComplete AutoSectionFYXXSR
 3RXLIResultsXEF]SY[MPPRSXMGIXLISection Pressure DropXLEX
,=7=7LEWGEPGYPEXIH8LMWZEPYIMWPIWWXLERXLISVMKMREPTVIWWYVI
TVSJMPIMRTYXJSVXLIXS[IVDeButanizer=SY[MPPQSHMJ]XLMWPEXIV
Figure 8.26

 7IPIGXXLIGeometryVEHMSFYXXSRMRXLITrayed Section Results

KVSYT2SXMGIXLEX,=7=7LEWGEPGYPEXIHEWIGXMSRHMEQIXIVSJ
JIIX
Figure 8.27

1SHMJ]MRKXLI8VE]7IGXMSR4EVEQIXIVW
 4VIWW<F3>XSSTIRXLIObject Navigator
 -RXLIFlowsheetsKVSYTWIPIGXDeButanizer
 -RXLIUnit OperationsKVSYTGLSSWIMain TS

8-31

[Link] Page 32 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-32

A Column Tutorial

 4VIWWXLIViewFYXXSR
 3RXLIMain TSTVSTIVX]ZMI[WIPIGXXLIRatingXEFSizingTEKI
 7YTTP]EXVE]DiameterSJJIIXMRXLITray DimensionsKVSYT
8LITVIWWYVITVSJMPISJXLIXVE]WIGXMSR[MPPFIQSHMJMIHXSQSVIGPSWIP]
QEXGLXLIVIWYPXWSFXEMRIHJVSQXLIXVE]WM^MRKYXMPMX]
 3TIRXLIDeButanizerTVSTIVX]ZMI[ERHWIPIGXXLIProfiles TEKI
SJXLIParametersXEF
 'LERKIXLITVIWWYVIMRXLIReboilerXSTWME
 'LERKIXLITVIWWYVISJtray 15XSTWME



7IXXMRKYTXLI'SRXVSPPIVW

'SRXVSPPIVW[MPPFIEHHIHXSXLIJPS[WLIIXXSGSRXVSPXLIPIZIPWMRXLI
GSRHIRWIVERHVIFSMPIV%PXLSYKLXLIWIGSRXVSPPIVWEVIRSXVIUYMVIHXS
VYRMRH]REQMGQSHIXLI][MPPMRGVIEWIXLIVIEPMWQERHTVSZMHIQSVI
QSHIPWXEFMPMX]
 %HHEPID CONTROLLER[LMGL[MPPWIVZIEWXLIGSRHIRWIVPIZIP
GSRXVSPPIVERHWTIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRKHIXEMPW
Tab [Page]

Connections

Parameters [Configuration]

Input Area

Entry

Name

Cond LC

Process Variable
Source

Condenser@COL1 Liquid Percent Level

Output Target Object

Butanes@COL1

Action

Direct

Kp

Ti

5 minutes

PV Minimum

0%

PV Maximum

100%

 4VIWWXLIFace PlateFYXXSR

 4VIWWXLIControl ValveFYXXSRSRXLICond LCTVSTIVX]ZMI[
 -RXLIValve SizingKVSYTSRXLIFCV for Butanes@COL1ZMI[
WTIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRK

8-32

Input Area

Entry

Flow Type

LiqVolFlow

Min Flow

0 ft3/hr

Max Flow

660 ft3/hr

[Link] Page 33 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Column Operation

8-33

 'LERKIXLIGSRXVSPPIVQSHIXSAutoSRXLIJEGITPEXI
 -RTYXEWIXTSMRXSJ
Figure 8.28

 %HHEPID CONTROLLER[LMGL[MPPWIVZIEWXLIVIFSMPIVPIZIP

GSRXVSPPIVERHWTIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRKHIXEMPW
Tab [Page]

Connections

Parameters [Configuration]

Input Area

Entry

Name

Reb LC

Process Variable
Source

Reboiler@COL1 Liquid Percent Level

Output Target Object

C5+@COL1

Action

Direct

Kp

Ti

5 minutes

PV Minimum

0%

PV Maximum

100%

 4VIWWXLIFace PlateFYXXSR

 4VIWWXLIControl ValveFYXXSRSRXLICond LCTVSTIVX]ZMI[
 -RXLIValve SizingKVSYTSRXLIFCV for C5+@COL1ZMI[WTIGMJ]
XLIJSPPS[MRK
Input Area

Entry

Flow Type

LiqVolFlow

Min Flow

0 ft3/hr

Max Flow

750 ft3/hr

 'LERKIXLIGSRXVSPPIVQSHIXSAutoSRXLIJEGITPEXI
 -RTYXEWIXTSMRXSJ
 =SYQE]LEZIXSVIMRMXMEPM^IFSXLGSRXVSPPIVWF]W[MXGLMRKXLI
QSHIWXS1ERYEPERHXLIRFEGOXS%YXSQEXMG

8-33

[Link] Page 34 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

8-34

A Column Tutorial

 9WIXLISave As GSQQERHJVSQ*MPI1IRY&EVXSWEZIXLIGEWIEW

[Link]
8LMWGEWI[MPPFIYWIHEWXLIWXEVXMRKTSMRXJSVXLIVEXMRKH]REQMGW
WIGXMSR



1SRMXSVMRKMR(]REQMGW

2S[XLEXXLIQSHIPMWVIEH]XSVYRMRDynamicQSHIEWXVMTGLEVXGER
FIGVIEXIHXSQSRMXSVXLIKIRIVEPXVIRHWSJOI]ZEVMEFPIW
 3TIRXLI(EXEFSSOF]YWMRKXLILSXOI]GSQFMREXMSR Ctrl" D"
 3RXLIVariablesXEFTVIWWXLIInsertFYXXSR
 %HHEPPSJXLIZEVMEFPIWXLEX]SY[SYPHPMOIXSQSRMXSV
%PMWXSJWYKKIWXIHZEVMEFPIWMWKMZIRFIPS[
Variables To Manipulate

Variables To Monitor

Pressure of Vent Control

Condenser Liquid Percent Level

Liquid Volume Flowrate of Feed 1

Reboiler Liquid Percent Level

Liquid Volume Flowrate of Feed 2

Liquid Volume Flowrate of Butanes

SP for Cond LC and/or Reb LC

Liquid Volume Flowrate of C5+

 %JXIVEPPZEVMEFPIWLEZIFIIREHHIHGPSWIXLI:EVMEFPI2EZMKEXSV
 7IPIGXXLIStrip ChartsXEFJVSQXLI(EXEFSSOZMI[
 4VIWWXLIAddFYXXSR
 'LIGOXLIActiveGLIGOFS\JSVIEGLSJXLIZEVMEFPIWXLEX]SY[SYPH
PMOIXSQSRMXSV
 -JVIUYMVIHEHHQSVIWXVMTGLEVXW
 'LERKIXLIGSRJMKYVEXMSRSJIEGLWXVMTGLEVXF]TVIWWMRKXLISetup
FYXXSR
 3RXLIStrip ChartsXEFMRXLI(EXEFSSOTVIWWXLIStrip Chart
FYXXSRXSZMI[IEGLWXVMTGLEVX
 7XEVXXLIMRXIKVEXSVERHEPPS[XLIZEVMEFPIWXSPMRISYX
 4IVJSVQEREREP]WMWF]QERMTYPEXMRKZEVMEFPIWERHZMI[MRKXLI
VIWTSRWIWSJXLISXLIVZEVMEFPIW

8-34

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-1

9 Reactors
9.1 CSTR and General Reactors ....................................................................... 3
9.1.1 Rating Tab ................................................................................................ 3
9.1.2 Dynamics Tab .........................................................................................11
9.1.3 CSTR Dynamics Example...................................................................... 19
9.2 Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics .................................................................... 25
9.2.1 Rating Tab .............................................................................................. 25
9.2.2 Dynamics Tab ........................................................................................ 28

9-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-2

9-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-3

-RDynamicsQSHIXLI'SRXMRYSYWP]7XMVVIH8ERO6IEGXSVCSTRERH

XLI+IRIVEP6IEGXSVWCONVERSIONEQUILIBRIUMERHGIBBS
6IEGXSVWEPPVIUYMVIWMQMPEVWTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LMWGLETXIV[MPPHIWGVMFI
XLIRatingERHDynamicsXEFWJSVXLIWIWMQMPEVVIEGXSVWGSRKVYIRXP]
8LI4PYK*PS[6IEGXSVPFRVIUYMVIWUYMXIHMJJIVIRX6EXMRKWERH
(]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRW%WEVIWYPXXLMWVIEGXSV[MPPFIHIWGVMFIHMR
Section 9.2 - Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics




'786ERH+IRIVEP
6IEGXSVW
6EXMRK8EF

7M^MRK4EKI
3RXLISizingTEKI]SYGERHIJMRIXLIKISQIXV]SJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSR
-XEPWSEPPS[WJSVXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRSJEBootMJXLIZIWWIPGSRXEMRWSRI
Figure 9.1

9-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-4

CSTR and General Reactors

8LIZMI[GSRWMWXWSJXLVIIQEMRSFNIGXW
Object

Description

Geometry

Allows for the specification of the vessel geometry

This Reactor has a

Boot

When activated, displays the Boot Dimensions

group.

Boot Dimensions

Allows you to specify the dimensions of the vessels

boot.

+ISQIXV]+VSYT
8LMWKVSYTGSRXEMRWSFNIGXW[LMGLEMHMRXLIWTIGMJMGEXMSRSJXLI
ZIWWIPZSPYQI
Object

Description
Toggles the shape of the vessel between Sphere
and Cylinder. This will affect the number of
specifications required as well as the method of
volume calculation.
If Cylinder is selected and a diameter and height
have been specified, the vessel volume will be
calculated as:
2

Diameter
V reactor = --------------------------- Height + V boot 

4
Cylinder / Sphere

If Sphere is selected and either the height or

diameter have been specified, the vessel volume is
calculated as:
3

( Height or Diameter )
V reactor = ---------------------------------------------------------- + V boot 
6
where:

Vreactor = the Volume of the reactor

Vboot = the volume of the boot
Height, Diameter = the values taken from the
respective fields

You may choose the orientation of the vessel as

either:
Orientation

9-4

Horizontal - the ends of the vessel are

horizontally orientated.
Vertical - the ends of the vessel are vertically
orientated.

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

Object

9-5

Description
Contains the total volume of the vessel.
There are three possibilities for value in this field:
If the height and/or diameter have been entered,
this field will display the value calculated using
either Equation (9.1) or Equation (9.2).
If you enter a value into this field and either the
Height (Length) or Diameter is specified,
HYSYS will back calculated the other parameter
using Equation (9.1) for cylindrical vessels. For
spherical vessels, Height and Diameter will be
back calculated as the Height will be equal to
the Diameter.
If you enter a value into this field (and only this
field) both the Height (Length) and Diameter
will be calculated assuming a ratio of 3:2 (i.e.
Height:Diameter).

Volume

Diameter

Holds the diameter of the vessel. If the vessel is a

Sphere, then the Diameter will be the same as the
Height (Length).

Height / Length

Holds the height or length of a Cylindrical vessel

depending on the vessels orientation (horizontal or
vertical). If the vessel is a Sphere, the Height/Length
will be the same as the Diameter.

&SSX(MQIRWMSRW
-JXLIVIEGXSV]SYEVIVEXMRKLEWE&SSX]SYQE]MRGPYHIMXWZSPYQIMR
XLIXSXEPZIWWIPZSPYQIF]EGXMZEXMRKXLIThis Reactor has a BootGLIGO
FS\8LMW[MPPQEOIXLIBoot DimensionsKVSYTFS\ZMWMFPI8LIBoot
DimensionsKVSYTGSRWMWXWSJX[SJMIPHW
Field

Description

Boot Diameter

This is the diameter of the boot. The default value for

this field is usually one third of the reactor diameter.

Boot Height

This is the height of the boot. The default value for

this field is half the reactor diameter.

8LIZSPYQISJXLIFSSXMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKEG]PMRHVMGEPZSPYQI
GEPGYPEXMSR

Boot Diameter 2
V Boot = ----------------------------------- Boot Height



9-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-6

CSTR and General Reactors

8LIVIJSVIXLIHIJEYPXFSSXZSPYQIMW
Diameter 2 Diameter
V Boot = ------------------------- ------------------------

6
2
3

( Diameter )
= -----------------------------------72



where: Diameter = the Reactor Diameter

8LMWQIERWXLEXXLI&SSX:SPYQIGERFIIWXMQEXIHF]IRXIVMRKXLIXSXEP
6IEGXSV:SPYQI

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 9.2

8LIIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLRS^^PIGERFIEXXEGLIHXSWIZIVEPTSMRXWSRXLI
VIEGXSVVIPEXMZIXS

The Ground, a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base, defined as the bottom of the reactor.

9-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-7

-RXLIVessel DimensionsKVSYTXLISRP]newWTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIHMW
XLIBase Elevation relative to Ground Level JMIPH8LMWMWXLIIPIZEXMSRSJ
XLIIUYMTQIRXFEWIVIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH=SYQE]EPWSWTIGMJ]XLI
ZIWWIP(MEQIXIVERH,IMKLXMRXLIETTVSTVMEXIJMIPHW
8LI2S^^PI4EVEQIXIVWKVSYTVIUYMVIWXLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSRJSV
IZIV]QEXIVMEPWXVIEQGSRRIGXIHXSXLIZIWWIP
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is displayed and can be modified

in this cell. The nozzle diameter has physical meaning
in relation to the liquid level in the holdup. If the liquid
level lies across the nozzle, the phase fraction of the
particular stream depends on how far the level is in
relation to nozzle diameter.

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base (the

bottom of the piece of equipment).

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the ground.

Elevation [ % of
Height]

This the height of the nozzle as a percentage of the

Base Elevation (i.e. 0% = vessel base, 100% = roof).

9RPMOIWXIEH]WXEXIZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRWXLITPEGIQIRXSJJIIHERH
TVSHYGXRS^^PIWSREH]REQMGVIEGXSVSTIVEXMSRLEWTL]WMGEPQIERMRK
8LII\MXWXVIEQ
WGSQTSWMXMSRHITIRHWSRXLII\MXWXVIEQRS^^PI
W
PSGEXMSRERHHMEQIXIVMRVIPEXMSRXSXLITL]WMGEPLSPHYTPIZIPMRXLI
ZIWWIP-JXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIMWPSGEXIHFIPS[XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLI
ZIWWIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPPHVE[QEXIVMEPJVSQXLIPMUYMHLSPHYT-JXLI
TVSHYGXRS^^PIMWPSGEXIHEFSZIXLIPMUYMHPIZIPXLII\MXWXVIEQ[MPP
HVE[QEXIVMEPJVSQXLIZETSYVLSPHYT-JXLIPMUYMHPIZIPPMIWEGVSWWE
RS^^PIXLITLEWIJVEGXMSRSJPMUYMHMRXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQZEVMIWPMRIEVP]
[MXLLS[JEVYTXLIRS^^PIXLIPMUYMHMW
)WWIRXMEPP]EPPZIWWIPSTIVEXMSRWMR,=7=7EVIXVIEXIHWMQMPEVP]8LI
GSQTSWMXMSRERHTLEWIJVEGXMSRWMIJVEGXMSRSJIEGLTLEWISJIZIV]
TVSHYGXWXVIEQHITIRHWWSPIP]SRXLIVIPEXMZIPIZIPWSJIEGLTLEWIMR
XLILSPHYTERHXLIPSGEXMSRXLITVSHYGXRS^^PIW8LIVIJSVIEZETSYV
TVSHYGXRS^^PIHSIWRSXRIGIWWEVMP]TVSHYGITYVIZETSYVERHE
TLEWIWITEVEXSVQE]RSXTVSHYGIX[SHMWXMRGXPMUYMHTLEWITVSHYGXW
JVSQMXWTVSHYGXRS^^PIW

,IEX0SWW4EKI
8LIHeat LossTEKIGSRXEMRWLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVW[LMGLGLEVEGXIVM^I
XLIEQSYRXSJLIEXPSWXEGVSWWXLIZIWWIP[EPP

9-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-8

CSTR and General Reactors

=SYGERGLSSWIXLIQSHIPJSVLIEXPSWWXLVSYKLXLIZIWWIP[EPPWEW
IMXLIVNoneMIRSLIEXPSWWSimpleSVDetailed

7MQTPI,IEX0SWW1SHIP
Figure 9.3

8LISimple Heat Loss ParametersEVI

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

Ambient Temperature
Overall Heat Transfer Area
Heat Flow

8LI,IEX*PS[MWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
Heat Flow = UA(T

%QF

- T)



where: U = the overall heat transfer coefficient

A = the overall heat transfer area
T

%QF

= the ambient temperature

T = holdup temperature
%WWLS[R,IEX*PS[MWHIJMRIHEWXLILIEXJPS[MRKMRXSXLIZIWWIP8LI
LIEXXVERWJIVEVIEMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]8LIEQFMIRX
XIQTIVEXYVIT
ERHSZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXUQE]FI
QSHMJMIHF]XLIYWIVJVSQXLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIWWLS[RMRVIH
%QF

9-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-9

(IXEMPIH,IEX0SWW1SHIP
Figure 9.4

-JXLITemperature Profile VEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJ

XLIJSPPS[MRKWYVJEGIWEVIHMWTPE]IH

Fluid
Inner Wall
Outer Vessel
Outer Insulation
Ambient

Figure 9.5

-JXLIConductionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHYGXMSR
LIEXXVERWJIVTEVEQIXIVWEVIHMWTPE]IHJSVFSXLXLIMRWYPEXMSRERHXLI
QIXEP[EPP

(Heat Transfer) Area

Thickness
(Specific Heat Capacity), Cp
Density
Conductivity, k

9-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-10

CSTR and General Reactors

8LILIEXXVERWJIVEVIEMWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIZIWWIPKISQIXV]8LISXLIV
LIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVWQE]FIQSHMJMIH8LIMRWYPEXMSRXLMGORIWWGERFI
WTIGMJMIHEW^IVSXSQSHIPZIWWIPW[MXLSYXMRWYPEXMSR8LIQIXEP[EPP
QYWXFIWTIGMJMIHF]EJMRMXIXLMGORIWW
-JXLIConvectionVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIH,=7=7HMWTPE]WXLI
GSRZIGXMZILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWJSVLIEXXVERWJIV[MXLMRXLILSPHYT
ERHLIEXXVERWJIVSGGYVVMRKJVSQSYXWMHIXLILSPHYTXSXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKW
Figure 9.6

&SXLXLIMRWMHIERHSYXWMHILIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXWQE]FIQSHMJMIH
JVSQXLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIW
8LIKSZIVRMRKIUYEXMSRWVIPEXMRKLIEXPSWWJVSQXLIZIWWIPERHXLI
DetailedLIEXPSWWTEVEQIXIVWWLS[RLIVIEVIHMWGYWWIHMRSection
1.2.4 - Heat Loss ModelMRChapter 1 - Dynamic Theory

9-10

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors



9-11

(]REQMGW8EF

7TIGW4EKI
8LISpecsTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKMRMXMEPM^EXMSRQSHIW
ZIWWIPKISQIXV]ERHZIWWIPH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
Figure 9.7

1SHIP(IXEMPW
=SYGERHIXIVQMRIXLIGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRXSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLI
ZIWWIPLSPHYTF]WTIGMJ]MRKHMJJIVIRXMRMXMEPM^EXMSRQSHIW,=7=7
JSVGIWXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWIXSVIMRMXMEPM^I[LIRIZIVXLIMRMXMEPM^EXMSR
QSHIMWGLERKIH
Initialization Mode

Description

Initialize from Products

The composition of the holdup is calculated from

a weighted average of all products exiting the
holdup. A PT flash is performed to determine
other holdup conditions. The liquid level is set to
the value indicated in the Liquid Volume
Percent cell.

Dry Startup

The composition of the holdup is calculated from

a weighted average of all feeds entering the
holdup. A PT flash is performed to determine
other holdup conditions. The liquid level in the
Liquid Volume Percent cell is set to zero.

9-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-12

CSTR and General Reactors

Initialization Mode

Description

Initialize from User

The composition of the liquid holdup in the vessel

is user specified. The molar composition of the
liquid holdup can be specified by pressing the Init
Holdup button. The liquid level is set to the value
indicated in the Liq Volume Percent cell.

8LIZIWWIPKISQIXV]GERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIModel DetailsWIGXMSR8LI
JSPPS[MRKZIWWIPKISQIXV]TEVEQIXIVWGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIWEQI
QERRIVEWXLIGeometryWIGXMSRMRSizingTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

Vessel Volume
Vessel Diameter
(Vessel) Height (Length)
(Vessel Geometry) Level Calculator

Liquid Volume Percent

8LILiquid Level PercentMWHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWWIGXMSR=SYGERQSHMJ]
XLIPIZIPMRXLIZIWWIPEXER]XMQI,=7=7[MPPXLIRYWIXLMWPIZIPEWER
MRMXMEPZEPYI[LIRXLI-RXIKVEXSVMWWXEVXIH

Fraction Calculator
8LIFraction CalculatorHIXIVQMRIWLS[XLIPIZIPMRXLIXEROERHXLI
IPIZEXMSRERHHMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIEJJIGXWXLITVSHYGXGSQTSWMXMSR
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEHIWGVMTXMSRSJIEGL*VEGXMSR'EPGYPEXSVSTXMSR
Fraction Calculator Mode

Description

Use Levels and Nozzles

The nozzle location and vessel liquid level

affect the product composition as detailed in
Nozzles, Section 9.1.1 - Rating Tab.

Emulsion Liquid

This setting is used only in tray section

holdups. It should not be used anywhere else.

Trivial

This setting is used only in unit operations

with negligible holdup such as a valve or
pump operation. It should not be used
anywhere else.

8LIFraction CalculatorHIJEYPXWXSXLIGSVVIGXQSHIJSVEPPYRMX
STIVEXMSRWERHHSIWRSXX]TMGEPP]VIUYMVIGLERKMRK

9-12

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-13

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LIJVMGXMSREPTVIWWYVIPSWWEXXLIJIIHRS^^PIMWEH]REQMGWTIGMJMGEXMSR
MR,=7=7-XGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIFeed Delta PGIPP8LIJVMGXMSREP
TVIWWYVIPSWWIWEXIEGLTVSHYGXRS^^PIEVIEYXSQEXMGEPP]WIXXS^IVSF]
,=7=7
-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEX]SYIRXIVEZEPYISJ^IVSMRXLIFeed Delta PGIPP
WMRGIEJM\IHTVIWWYVIHVSTMRXLIZIWWIPMWRSXVIEPMWXMGJSVEPPJPS[W-J
]SY[MWLXSQSHIPJVMGXMSRPSWWEXXLIMRPIXERHI\MXWXVIEQMXMW
WYKKIWXIH]SYEHHValve STIVEXMSRW-RXLMWGEWIJPS[MRXSERHSYXSJ
XLIZIWWIP[MPPFIVIEPMWXMGEPP]QSHIPPIH
8LIZIWWIPTVIWWYVIGEREPWSFIWTIGMJMIH8LMWWTIGMJMGEXMSRGERFI
QEHIEGXMZIF]GLIGOMRKXLIFS\FIWMHIXLIVessel PressureGIPP8LMW
WTIGMJMGEXMSRMWX]TMGEPP]RSXWIXWMRGIXLITVIWWYVISJXLIZIWWIPMW
YWYEPP]ZEVMEFPIERHHIXIVQMRIHJVSQXLIWYVVSYRHMRKTMIGIWSJ
IUYMTQIRX

,SPHYT4EKI
8LIHoldupTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLILSPHYT
W
TVSTIVXMIWGSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRX
Figure 9.8

9-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-14

CSTR and General Reactors

Vessel Levels Group

*SVIEGLTSWWMFPITLEWIMRXLIZIWWIPZETSYVEUYISYWERHPMUYMHXLI
Vessel Levels KVSYT[MPPHMWTPE]
Vessel Levels

Description

Level

The cumulative height of the phase.

Percentage Level

The cumulative height of the phase as percentage of

the vessel height.

Volume

Total volume of the phase.

Holdup Details Group

*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIYRMX
STIVEXMSRXLIJSPPS[MRKMWWTIGMJMIH
Holdup Details

Description

Phase

The phase of the holdup volume.

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

Indicate the amount of material in the holdup for each

phase.

Volume

Indicate the holdup volume of each phase.

%HZERGIH,SPHYT4VSTIVXMIW
8LIAdvancedFYXXSRSTIRWERSXLIVZMI[[LMGLTVSZMHIWQSVI
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLILSPHYT

General Tab
8LMWXEFTVSZMHIWXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLIHoldupTEKISJ
XLIDynamicsXEF8LIEGGYQYPEXMSRQSPIWERHZSPYQISJXLILSPHYT
EVIHMWTPE]IH8LILSPHYTTVIWWYVIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHMRXLMWXEF

Nozzles Tab
8LMWXEFHMWTPE]WXLIWEQIMRJSVQEXMSREWWLS[RMRXLINozzlesTEKISJ
XLIRatingsXEF8LIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERHIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLWXVIEQ
EXXEGLIHXSXLILSPHYTEVIHMWTPE]IH8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLI
LSPHYTIPIZEXMSR[LMGLMWIUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIVIEGXSV
VIPEXMZIXSXLIKVSYRH'LERKIWXSRS^^PITEVEQIXIVWGERIMXLIVFI
QEHIMRXLMWXEFSVMRXLINozzlesTEKISJXLIRatingsXEF

9-14

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-15

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGXRS^^PI
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 9.9

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW
XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ
Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

The recycle stream represents the material already

existing in the holdup. Recycle efficiencies represent
how much material in the holdup participates in the
flash.

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP

9-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-16

CSTR and General Reactors

Properties Tab
8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

Temperature (T)
Pressure
Flow
(Molar) Fraction (of the total holdup)
Enthalpy
Density
Molecular Weight (MW)

Figure 9.10

9-16

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-17

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositionsXEF
Figure 9.11

(YX]4EKI
8LIDutyTEKISTIRWEPMWXSJEZEMPEFPILIEXMRKQIXLSHWJSVXLIZIWWIP
STIVEXMSR
Figure 9.12

9-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-18

CSTR and General Reactors

(YX]7SYVGI
=SYGERGLSSWI[LIXLIV,=7=7GEPGYPEXIWXLIHYX]ETTPMIHXSXLI
ZIWWIPJVSQEDirect QSTXMSRSVEUtility FluidSTXMSRF]WIPIGXMRKXLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRKVEHMSFYXXSR
-JXLIDirect QWSYVGIMWGLSWIR]SYQE]HMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIHYX]
ETTPMIHXSXLILSPHYTMRXLIWIXTSMRXSPGIPP-JXLIUtility FluidWSYVGI
MWGLSWIR]SYQE]WTIGMJ]XLIJPS[SJXLIYXMPMX]JPYMH8LIHYX]MWXLIR
GEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIPSGEPSZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXXLIMRPIXJPYMH
GSRHMXMSRWERHXLITVSGIWWGSRHMXMSRW8LIGEPGYPEXIHHYX]MWXLIR
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIHeat FlowGIPP*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKLS[
XLIYXMPMX]JPYMHSTXMSRGEPGYPEXIWHYX]WIIChapter 10 - Logical
Operations
-JXLIHeatingVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIHYX]WLS[RMRXLISPSVHeat
FlowJMIPHW[MPPFIEHHIHXSXLILSPHYT-JXLICooling VEHMSFYXXSRMW
WIPIGXIHXLIHYX][MPPFIWYFXVEGXIHJVSQXLILSPHYT

,IEXIV8]TI
8LIVIEVIX[SLIEXMRKQIXLSHWEZEMPEFPIXSXLIKIRIVEPZIWWIP
STIVEXMSR
-JEVessel HeaterMWGLSWIRSJXLIHYX]WTIGMJMIHSVGEPGYPEXIHMR
XLISPGIPPMWETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIP
WLSPHYT
Q=Q

8SXEP



where: Q = the total heat applied to the holdup

Q

8SXEP

= the duty calculated from the Duty Source

-JELiquid HeaterMWGLSWIRXLIHYX]ETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIPHITIRHWSR
XLIPMUYMHPIZIPMRXLIXERO8LILIEXIVLIMKLXQYWXFIWTIGMJMIHMJXLI
Liquid HeaterMWGLSWIR8LILIEXIVLIMKLXMWI\TVIWWIHEWETIVGIRXEKI
SJXLIZIWWIPZSPYQI8LIHIJEYPXZEPYIWEVIJSVXLITop of the Heater
ERHJSVXLIBottom of the Heater8LIWIZEPYIWEVIYWIHXSWGEPIXLI
EQSYRXSJHYX]XLEXMWETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIPGSRXIRXW

9-18

Q = 0

(L < B)

LB
Q = ------------- Q Total
TB

(B L T)

Q = Q Total

( L > T)



[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-19

where: L = Liquid Percent Level (%)

T = Top of Heater (%)
B = Bottom of Heater (%)
8LI4IVGIRX,IEX%TTPMIHQE]FIGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W

Q
Percent Heat Applied = --------------- 100%
Q Total



-XMWWLS[RXLEXXLITIVGIRXSJLIEXETTPMIHXSXLIZIWWIP
WLSPHYT
HMVIGXP]ZEVMIW[MXLXLIWYVJEGIEVIESJPMUYMHGSRXEGXMRKXLILIEXIV
Figure 9.13

Percent of Heat Applied

100
80
60
40
20
B

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Liquid Percent Level, L

Percent Heat Applied for a Liquid Heater



'786(]REQMGW)\EQTPI

-RXLMWI\EQTPIEWMQTPI'786[MPPFIQSHIPPIHMRH]REQMGW


&IKMRF]GVIEXMRKERI[GEWI



'VIEXIXLIJSPPS[MRK*PYMH4EGOEKI

Property Package

Components

UNIQUAC

H2O, 12C3Oxide (Propylene Oxide), 12-C3diol

(Propylene Glycol) and Nitrogen.

9-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-20

CSTR and General Reactors



3RXLIBinary CoeffsXEFIWXMQEXIXLIYRORS[RFMREV]
GSIJJMGMIRXWYWMRKXLIUNIFAC VLEGSIJJMGMIRXIWXMQEXMSRQIXLSH



+SXSXLIReactionsXEFSJXLI&EWMW1EREKIVERHWIPIGXXLIAdd
CompsFYXXSR-RXLIReaction Components SelectionZMI[WIPIGX
XLIFPkg PoolVEHMSFYXXSRERHGPMGOXLIAdd this Group of
ComponentsFYXXSR



%HHEKinetic Reaction7TIGMJ]XLIKinetic ReactionTVSTIVX]ZMI[

EWWLS[MRFigure 9.14
Figure 9.14

1. On the Stoichiometry tab, you must specify the

components and their stoichiometric coefficients.
2. On the Basis tab, you must set the Base Component and
Reaction Phase (Rxn Phase).
3. On the Parameters tab, set the rate constant parameters.



9-20

%HHXLI+PSFEP6IEGXMSR7IXXSXLI*PYMH4EGOEKI]SYGVIEXIH
IEVPMIVERHIRXIVXLI7MQYPEXMSR)RZMVSRQIRX

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors



%HHXLIJSPPS[MRK1EXIVMEPWXVIEQWXSXLI*PS[WLIIX

Stream Name

Feed

Make Up

Temperature [C]

25

60

Pressure [kPa]

130

130

Molar Flow [kgmole/hr]

350

Comp Mole Frac [H2O]

0.8

Comp Mole Frac [12C3Oxide]

0.2

Comp Mole Frac [12-C3diol]

Comp Mole Frac [Nitrogen]


You can add a CSTR by either
selecting the CSTR button on
the Object Palette or press the
<F12> and from the Unit Ops
dialogue select the Cont.
Stirred Tank Reactor.

2S[MRWXEPPE'7866IEGXSV[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKWTIGMJMGEXMSRW

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

CONTINUOUSLY STIRRED TANK REACTOR

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

Name

CSTR-100

Feeds

Feed

Liquid Outlet

Reactor Out

Energy

Coolant

Delta P

Make Up

Design [Connections]

Duty

Reactions [Details]



0 kJ/hr
Cooling

Design [Parameters]
Liquid Level

50

Volume

8 m3

Reactions Set

Global Rxn Set

-RWXEPPEVALVE STIVEXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRRIGXMSRW

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

VALVE

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Design [Connections]

Dynamics Mode Button

9-21

Design [Parameters]

Entry

Name

VLV-100

Feed

Reactor Out

Product

Product

Delta P

68 kPa

 7[MXGLXSDynamics QSHI

 4VIWWXLIDynamics AssistantFYXXSR
Dynamic Assistant Button

%PMWXSJQSHMJMGEXMSRWXSXLI*PS[WLIIX[MPPFIHMWTPE]IHMRSVHIVXSVYR
XLIGEWIMRDynamics QSHI2SXIXLEXXLI(]REQMG%WWMWXERXTVIWIRXW
WYKKIWXMSRWJSVWIXXMRKYTH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSRW-XWWYKKIWXMSRWQE]

9-21

[Link] Page 22 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-22

CSTR and General Reactors

RSXEP[E]WFIGSQTEXMFPI[MXLXLIW]WXIQ]SYEVIXV]MRKXSQSHIP*SV
XLMWQSHIPXLI%WWMWXERX[MPPQEOIWYKKIWXMSRWEFSYXEHHMRKERH
VIQSZMRKTVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEW[IPPEWWM^MRKXLIZEPZI%PPXLI
WYKKIWXMSRWEVIYWIJYPI\GITXJSVXLIWYKKIWXMSRJSVVIQSZMRKXLI
TVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLIMake UpWXVIEQ7MRGIXLMWWXVIEQ
WWSPI
JYRGXMSRMWXSQEMRXEMRTVIWWYVIMRXLIVIEGXSVMXVIUYMVIWETVIWWYVI
WTIGMJMGEXMSR8LI%WWMWXERXGERFIMRWXVYGXIHRSXXSQEOIEGLERKI
 3RXLIPressure SpecsTEKISJXLIStreams XEF[LIVIXLI%WWMWXERX
WYKKIWXWXSVIQSZIXLITVIWWYVIWTIGMJMGEXMSRSRXLIMake Up
WXVIEQHIWIPIGXXLIOKGLIGOFS\8LISXLIVX[SWYKKIWXMSRWEVI
ETTPMGEFPIJSVXLMWWTIGMJMGQSHIP
 3RXLI Unknown SizeWXEFXLIVIMWXLI:EPZI:4VIWWXLI
Make Changes FYXXSRMRSVHIVXSWM^IXLIZEPZIERHMQTPIQIRXXLI
GLERKIWWYKKIWXIHMRWXIT
 %WQIRXMSRIHIEVPMIVXLIMake UpWXVIEQ[MPPFIYWIHXSQEMRXEMR
XLITVIWWYVISJXLIVIEGXSV3TIRXLIMake UpWXVIEQTVSTIVX]
ZMI[ERHKSXSXLIDynamics XEF2S[disableXLIJPS[
WTIGMJMGEXMSRSJXLMWWXVIEQ7IPIGXXLIFeeder blockFYXXSRXLI
Feeder BlockHMEPSKYI[MPPETTIEVEWJSPPS[W
Figure 9.15

 +SXSXLINozzlesTEKIMRXLIVIEGXSV
WRatingsXEF)RWYVIXLEXXLI
RS^^PI)PIZEXMSR4EVEQIXIVWJSVIEGLWXVIEQETTIEVEWWLS[R
FIPS[

9-22

Elevation Parameter

Feed

Make Up

Elevation [% Height]

85%

100%

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-23

 -RSVHIVXSQEMRXEMRXLIVIEGXSVXIQTIVEXYVIEX'EGSRXVSPPIV
QYWXFIEXXEGLIHXSXLICoolantWXVIEQ&IJSVI]SYEHHXLI
'SRXVSPPIVMXMWWYKKIWXIH]SYJMVWXWM^IXLI'SRXVSP:EPZI3TIRXLI
CoolantWXVIEQTVSTIVX]ZMI[ERHSRXLIDynamicsXEFWIPIGXXLI
Utility Valve FYXXSR8LMW[MPPSTIRXLIFCV for CoolantZMI[
'SQTPIXIXLIZMI[EWWLS[MRFigure 9.16
Figure 9.16

 %HHXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRXVSPPIVW

On the Parameters tab, you

must specify the PV Range
before setting the Mode or SP.

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

CONTROLLER

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

PV Source Object

Reactor Out

Connections

Parameters
[Configuration]

PV Source Variable

Temperature

Output Target Object

Coolant

Action

Direct

Mode

Auto

SP

60 C

Kp

Ti

PV Minimum

20 C

PV Maximum

150 C

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

CONTROLLER

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

PV Source Object

CSTR-100

Connections

PV Source Variable

Liquid Percent Level

Output Target Object

VLV-100

9-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-24

CSTR and General Reactors

On the Parameters tab, you

must specify the PV Range
before setting the Mode or SP.

UNIT OPERATION TYPE

CONTROLLER

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

Action

Direct

Mode

Auto

Parameters
[Configuration]

SP

85

Kp

Ti

10

PV Minimum

0%

PV Maximum

100%

 -RXLI(EXE&SSOWIPIGXXLIJSPPS[MRKZEVMEFPIW
Object

Variable

Make Up

Molar Flow

Coolant

Heat Flow

Product

Comp Mole Frac

12-C3diol

Product

Comp Mole Frac

Nitrogen

Product

Molar Flow

CSTR-100

Liquid Percent Level

Reactor Out

Temperature

Variable Specifics

 %HHE7XVMT'LEVXERHEXXEGLXLIZEVMEFPIWWTIGMJMIHEFSZIXSXLI
GLEVX
 7XEVXXLI-RXIKVEXSV
%WXLI(]REQMGWMQYPEXMSRGSRXMRYIW]SY[MPPWIIXLIEPPXLIZEVMEFPIW
MRXLIWXVMTGLEVXFIKMRXSPIZIPSYX)ZIRXYEPP]EPPXLIZEVMEFPIW[MPP
VIEGLXLIMVWXIEH]WXEXIZEPYIW

9-24

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors



9-25

4PYK*PS[6IEGXSV
(]REQMGW



6EXMRK8EF

8LIRating XEFGSRWMWXWSJX[STEKIW SizingERHNozzles

7M^MRK4EKI
Figure 9.17

3RXLISizingTEKI]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLITube DimensionsERHXLITube
PackingMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLIMVVIWTIGXMZIKVSYTW

8YFI(MQIRWMSRW
*SVXLIXYFIHMQIRWMSRW]SY[MPPRIIHXSWTIGMJ]ER]XLVIISJXLI
JSPPS[MRKJSYVTEVEQIXIVW
Tube Dimension

Description

Total Volume

The total volume of the PFR.

Length

The total length of the of an individual tube.

Diameter

The diameter of an individual tube.

9-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-26

Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics

Tube Dimension

Description

Number of tubes.

The total number of tubes required. This will always

be calculated to the nearest integer value.

;LIRXLVIISJXLIWIHMQIRWMSRWEVIWTIGMJMIHXLIJSYVXL[MPP
EYXSQEXMGEPP]FIGEPGYPEXIH2SXIXLEXXLITotal VolumeVIJIVWXSXLI
GSQFMRIHZSPYQISJEPPXYFIW
&]HIJEYPXXLIRYQFIVSJXYFIWMWWIXXS%PXLSYKLXLIRYQFIVSJ
XYFIWMWKIRIVEPP]WTIGMJMIH]SYQE]WIXXLMWTEVEQIXIVEWEGEPGYPEXIH
ZEPYIF]WIPIGXMRKXLINumber of TubesJMIPHERHTVIWWMRKXLI<Delete>
OI]8LIRYQFIVSJXYFIW[MPPEP[E]WFIGEPGYPEXIHEWERMRXIKIVZEPYI
-XMWTSWWMFPIXSSFXEMREVSYRHIHZEPYISJEWXLIRYQFIVSJXYFIW
HITIRHMRKSR[LEX]SYWTIGMJMIHJSVXLIXYFIHMQIRWMSRW-RXLMWGEWI
]SY[MPPLEZIXSVIWTIGMJ]XLIXYFIHMQIRWMSRW
8LITube Wall Thickness QE]EPWSFIWTIGMJMIH
The void volume is used to
calculate the spatial velocity, which
impacts the rate of reaction.

8YFI4EGOMRK
8LMWKVSYTGSRWMWXWSJX[SJMIPHWVoid FractionERHVoid Volume8LI
Void FractionMWF]HIJEYPXWIXXSMR[LMGLGEWIXLIVIMWRSGEXEP]WX
TVIWIRXMRXLIVIEGXSV8LIVIWYPXMRKVoid Volume[MPPFIIUYEPXSXLI
VIEGXSVZSPYQI
%X:SMH*VEGXMSRWPIWWXLERXLIVoid VolumeMWXLITVSHYGXSJXLI
Total VolumeERHVoid Fraction-RXLMWGEWI]SY[MPPEPWSFIVIUYMVIH
XSTVSZMHIMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIOverallTEKISJXLIReactions XEF8LMW
MRJSVQEXMSRMWYWIHXSGEPGYPEXITVIWWYVIHVSTVIEGXSVLIEXGETEGMX]
ERHWTEXMEPZIPSGMX]SJXLIJPYMHXVEZIPPMRKHS[RXLIVIEGXSV

9-26

[Link] Page 27 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-27

2S^^PIW4EKI
8LINozzlesTEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIIPIZEXMSRERH
HMEQIXIVSJXLIRS^^PIW
Figure 9.18

8LITEKIGSRWMWXWSJX[SKVSYTFS\IWDimensions ERHNozzle
Parameters

(MQIRWMSRW+VSYT
8LIDimensions KVSYTHMWTPE]WKIRIVEPMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLI4*6
WYGLEWXLIDiameterERHLengthSJXLIVIEGXSV=SYGERWIXXLIBase
Elevation from the GroundJSVXLIVIEGXSVMRXLIETTVSTVMEXIP]REQIH
JMIPH

2S^^PI4EVEQIXIVW+VSYT
8LIIPIZEXMSRWJSVIEGLRS^^PIGERFIEXXEGLIHXSWIZIVEPTSMRXWSRXLI
VIEGXSVVIPEXMZIXS

The Ground, a common reference point from which all

equipment elevations can be measured.
The Base, defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.

9-27

[Link] Page 28 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-28

Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics

8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEWYQQEV]SJXLINozzle ParametersKVSYT
Nozzle Parameter

Description

Diameter

The nozzle diameter is displayed and can be

modified in this cell. The nozzle diameter has
physical meaning in relation to the liquid level in
the holdup. If the liquid level lies across the
nozzle, the phase fraction depends on how far
the level is in relation to nozzle diameter.

Elevation (Base)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base

(the bottom of the PFR)

Elevation (Ground)

This is the elevation of the nozzle above the

ground.



(]REQMGW8EF

8LIDynamics XEFGSRXEMRWTEKIWSpecsHoldupERHDuty

7TIGW4EKI
Figure 9.19

9-28

[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-29

(]REQMG7TIGMJMGEXMSRW+VSYT
8LIDynamic Specifications KVSYTGSRWMWXWSJSFNIGXW
Objects

Description

Initialize from
Products

The composition of the holdup is calculated from a

weighted average of all products exiting the holdup.
A PT flash is performed to determine other holdup
conditions.

Dry Startup

The composition of the holdup is calculated from a

weighted average of all feeds entering the holdup. A
PT flash is performed to determine other holdup
conditions.

Laminar Flow

Assumes laminar flow in the PFR.

Flow Equation

Uses the flow equation to calculate the pressure

gradient across the PFR. You are required to either
estimate k values in steady-state (by pressing the
Calculate Ks button) or providing your own values
in Pressure Flow Relation group.

Fixed Delta P

Assumes a constant pressure drop across the PFR.

Does not require k values.

PFR Elevation

The height above ground that the PFR is currently

positioned.

4VIWWYVI*PS[6IPEXMSR+VSYT
8LIPressure Flow RelationKVSYTGSRWMWXWQEMRP]SJEXEFPISJXLIO
ZEPYIWJSVIEGLWIKQIRXMRXLI4*6=SYQE]IRXIV]SYVS[ROZEPYIW
MRXSXLMWXEFPISV[LMPI]SYEVIMRSteady State QSHI]SYGERTVIWWXLI
Calculate Ks FYXXSRERH,=7=7[MPPGEPGYPEXIXLIOZEPYIWYWMRKXLI
WXIEH]WXEXIHEXE

9-29

[Link] Page 30 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-30

Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics

,SPHYT4EKI
Figure 9.20

8LIHoldup TEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLITVSTIVXMIW
GSQTSWMXMSRERHEQSYRXSJXLILSPHYTMRIEGLTLEWIMRXLI4*68LI
TEKIGSRWMWXWSJX[SKVSYTWOverall Holdup DetailsERHSegment
Holdup Details

3ZIVEPP,SPHYT(IXEMPW+VSYT
*SVIEGLTLEWIGSRXEMRIH[MXLMRXLIZSPYQIWTEGISJXLIPFRXLI
JSPPS[MRKMWHMWTPE]IH
Holdup Details

Description

Phase

The phase of the holdup volume.

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

Indicate the amount of material in the holdup for

each phase.

Volume

Indicate the holdup volume of each phase.

7IKQIRX,SPHYT(IXEMPW+VSYT
8LISegment Holdup Details KVSYTGSRWMWXWSJSegmentHoldupPMWX
FS\ERHXLIAdvancedFYXXSR=SYGERZMI[LSPHYTHIXEMPWJSVIEGL
WIKQIRXSJXLI4*6F]WIPIGXMRKXLITEVXMGYPEVWIKQIRXERHGPMGOMRKXLI

9-30

[Link] Page 31 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-31

AdvancedFYXXSR8LMW[MPPSTIRXLISegment Holdup Details TVSTIVX]

ZMI[8LITVSTIVX]ZMI[GSRWMWXWSJJMZIXEFW

General Tab
Figure 9.21

8LIGeneral XEFGSRXEMRWKIRIVEPEGGYQYPEXMSRHEXEJSVIEGLTLEWIMR
XLIWIPIGXIH4*6WIKQIRX
Holdup Details

Description

Phase

The phase of the holdup volume.

Accumulation

The accumulation refers to the rate of change of

material in the holdup for each phase.

Moles

Amount of material in the holdup for each phase.

Volume

Holdup volume of each phase.

Duty

The duty consumed or generated by this segment.

8LIGeneralKVSYTFS\HMWTPE]WXLI,SPHYTTVIWWYVIJSVXLIWIKQIRX

Nozzles Tab
8LINozzles TEKIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLIRS^^PIHMEQIXIVWERH
IPIZEXMSRWJSVXLI*IIHERH4VSHYGXRS^^PIWSJXLIWIPIGXIHWIKQIRXIH
8LMWWIGXMSREPWSHMWTPE]WXLIWIKQIRX,SPHYT)PIZEXMSR[LMGLMW
IWWIRXMEPP]IUYEPXSXLIFEWIIPIZEXMSRSJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRVIPEXMZIXS
XLIKVSYRH

9-31

[Link] Page 32 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-32

Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics

Figure 9.22

Efficiencies Tab
8LIRS^^PIIJJMGMIRGMIWQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMRXLMWXEF-R,=7=7]SYGER
MRHMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRKXLEXSGGYVWFIX[IIRXLIJIIH
TLEWIWERHI\MWXMRKLSPHYTYWMRKJIIHVIG]GPIERHTVSHYGX
IJJMGMIRGMIW
Figure 9.23

%JPEWLIJJMGMIRG], MWXLIJVEGXMSRSJJIIHWXVIEQXLEXTEVXMGMTEXIWMR
XLIVMKSVSYWJPEWL-JXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWWTIGMJMIHEWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQ
TEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIJPEWLMJXLIIJJMGMIRG]MWXLIIRXMVIWXVIEQF]TEWWIW
XLIJPEWLERHMWQM\IH[MXLXLITVSHYGXWXVIEQ

9-32

[Link] Page 33 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

Nozzle Efficiency

Description

Feed Nozzle
Efficiency

The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream

into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These
efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there
is flow reversal in the feed streams.

Product Nozzle
Efficiency

Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there

is flow reversal in the product streams. In this
situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed
nozzles.

Recycle Efficiency

The recycle stream represents the material already

existing in the holdup. Recycle efficiencies represent
how much of the material in the holdup participates
in the flash.

9-33

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKJIIHTVSHYGXERHVIG]GPIIJJMGMIRGMIW
WIISection 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium FlashMRXLMWQERYEP

Properties Tab
Figure 9.24

8LIJSPPS[MRKJPYMHTVSTIVXMIWJSVIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIPropertiesXEF

(Temperature) T
Pressure
Flow
(Molar) Fraction (of the total holdup)
Enthalpy

9-33

[Link] Page 34 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-34

Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics

Density
(Molecular Weight) MW

Compositions Tab
8LIGSQTSWMXMSREPQSPEVJVEGXMSRWSJIEGLTLEWIMRXLILSPHYTMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLICompositions XEF
Figure 9.25

9-34

[Link] Page 35 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Reactors

9-35

(YX]4EKI
Figure 9.26

=SYGERGLSSWI[LIXLIV,=7=7GEPGYPEXIWXLIHYX]ETTPMIHXSXLI
ZIWWIPJVSQEDirect QSTXMSRSVEUtility FluidSTXMSRF]WIPIGXMRKXLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRKVEHMSFYXXSR
-JXLIDirect QWSYVGIMWGLSWIR]SYQE]HMVIGXP]WTIGMJ]XLIHYX]
ETTPMIHXSXLILSPHYTMRXLISPGIPP-JXLIUtility FluidWSYVGIMWGLSWIR
]SYQE]WTIGMJ]XLIJPS[SJXLIYXMPMX]JPYMH8LIHYX]MWXLIRGEPGYPEXIH
YWMRKXLIPSGEPSZIVEPPLIEXXVERWJIVGSIJJMGMIRXXLIMRPIXJPYMH
GSRHMXMSRWERHXLITVSGIWWGSRHMXMSRW8LIGEPGYPEXIHHYX]MWXLIR
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIHeat FlowGIPP*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKLS[
XLIYXMPMX]JPYMHSTXMSRGEPGYPEXIWHYX]WIIChapter 10 - Logical
Operations
-JXLIHeatingVEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLIHYX]WLS[RMRXLISPJMIPH
[MPPFIEHHIHXSXLILSPHYT-JXLICooling VEHMSFYXXSRMWWIPIGXIHXLI
HYX][MPPFIWYFXVEGXIHJVSQXLILSPHYT

9-35

[Link] Page 36 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

9-36

9-36

Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-1

10 Logical Operations
10.1 Digital Point ................................................................................................ 3
10.1.1 Connections Tab .................................................................................... 3
10.1.2 Parameters Tab...................................................................................... 4
10.1.3 Face Plate .............................................................................................. 5
10.2 PID Controller ............................................................................................. 6
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
10.2.4
10.2.5

Connections Tab .................................................................................... 7

Control Valve.......................................................................................... 9
Parameters Tab.................................................................................... 12
Controller Face Plate ........................................................................... 18
ATV Tuning Technique ......................................................................... 20

10.3 Selector Block .......................................................................................... 22

10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.4

Connections Tab .................................................................................. 22

Parameters Tab.................................................................................... 23
Monitor Tab .......................................................................................... 24
Face Plate ............................................................................................ 25

10.4 Set.............................................................................................................. 26
10.4.1 Connections Tab .................................................................................. 27
10.4.2 Parameters Tab.................................................................................... 28
10.5 Spreadsheet.............................................................................................. 28
10.5.1 Spreadsheet Functions ........................................................................ 30
10.5.2 Spreadsheet Interface.......................................................................... 33
10.5.3 Spreadsheet Tabs ................................................................................ 37
10.6 Transfer Function ..................................................................................... 41
10.6.1 Connections Tab .................................................................................. 43
10.6.2 Parameters Tab.................................................................................... 44

10-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-2

10-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations


The PV is optional; if you do
not attach a Process Variable
Source, the Digital Point will
operate in Manual mode.

10-3

(MKMXEP4SMRX

8LIDIGITAL POINTMWER3R3JJ'SRXVSPPIV=SYWTIGMJ]XLI4VSGIWW
:EVMEFPI4:]SY[MWLXSQSRMXSVERHXLIWXVIEQ[LMGL]SYEVI
GSRXVSPPMRK34;LIRXLI4:VIEGLIWEWTIGMJMIHXLVIWLSPHZEPYIXLI
(MKMXEP4SMRX[MPPIMXLIVXYVRXLI343RSV3JJHITIRHMRKSRLS[]SY
LEZIWIXYTXLI(MKMXEP4SMRX
8SMRWXEPPXLIDIGITAL POINTSTIVEXMSRGLSSWIAdd OperationJVSQ
XLIFlowsheet 1IRYERHWIPIGXDigital Control Point%PXIVREXMZIP]
WIPIGXXLIDigital Control PointFYXXSRMRXLI4EPIXXI

Digital Control Point Button



'SRRIGXMSRW8EF

9WIXLI Select PV FYXXSRXSEGGIWWXLIVariable Navigator[LMGLEPPS[W

]SYXSWMQYPXERISYWP]XEVKIXXLI4:3FNIGXERH:EVMEFPI7MQMPEVP]YWI
XLISelect OPFYXXSRXSGLSSWIXLIOutput Target
Figure 10.1

The Process Variable

object (stream or
operation) that owns the
variable you wish to
control

The Process
Variable you wish
to control

The Output object is the

stream which is
controlled by the Digital
Point

View the Controller Face

Plate

Refer to Section 10.2 - PID

Controller for more
information on the
Connections tab

View the Control

Valve view

2SXIXLEXXLIJPS[SJXLI343YXTYXMWQERMTYPEXIHF]XLI(MKMXEP4SMRX
'SRXVSPPIV*SVERI\TPEREXMSRSJXLI34VIJIVXSXLI'SRXVSPPIV

10-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-4

Digital Point



4EVEQIXIVW8EF

8LIParametersXEFSJXLIDigital PointTVSTIVX]ZMI[GSRWMWXWSJX[S
QEMRKVSYTFS\Faceplate PV ConfigurationERHOperational
Parameters.
Figure 10.2

*EGITPEXI4:'SRJMKYVEXMSR
Input Required

Description

PV Minimum and
Maximum

This is the range shown on the Digital Control Face

Plate.

3TIVEXMSREP4EVEQIXIVW

10-4

Parameter

Definition

PV

This is the actual value of the PV (Process Variable).

Threshold

This is the value of the PV which determines when

the controller switches the OP On or Off.

OP is ON when

This is defined in one of two ways: when the PV is

greater than the Threshold, or when the PV is less
than the Threshold.

[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

Parameter

10-5

Definition
This can be set as: Auto, Manual or Off.
Auto - HYSYS will automatically operate the Digital
Point, setting the OP State OFF or ON when required,
using the information you provided for the Threshold
and OP ON/OFF status.
Manual - You will be able to adjust the OP State from
the Faceplate or Parameters tab.

Digital Point Mode

Off - You will not be able to adjust the OP State. Note

that if you turn the controller Off while running the
simulation, it will retain the current OP State (Off or
On). Thus, turning the Controller off is not necessarily
the same as leaving the Controller out of the
simulation.

Manual OP State



This displays the current state of the OP, either OFF

or ON. Note that the OP State is updated only in
Dynamic mode.

*EGI4PEXI

=SYGERZMI[XLI*EGI4PEXIJSVXLMWGSRXVSPPIVF]GLSSWMRKXLIFace
PlateFYXXSRMRXLIDigital PointZMI[SVF]WIPIGXMRK*EGI4PEXIWJVSQ
XLI8SSPW1IRY<Ctrl>-FERHWIPIGXMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXI(MKMXEP4SMRX
'SRXVSPPIV-J]SYWIPIGXXLISetupFYXXSRXLIParametersXEFSJXLI
(MKMXEP4SMRX'SRXVSPPIVMWWLS[R
Figure 10.3
Move the Marker

"Nudge" the PV

Position cursor over the

marker ... a two-sided arrow
appears ... hold the primary
mouse button and move to
change the PVThreshold.

The Face Plate displays the

Operation name, the PV, the
OP State, and the OP mode.

The right arrow appears

here ... click once to
nudge the PV
Threshold.

Enter a value

Double-click in the PV
field; Type in a new
value.

=SYQE]IHMXXLI4:8LVIWLSPHJVSQXLMWZMI[7MQTP]QSZIXLIQEVOIV
YWMRKXLITVMQEV]QSYWIFYXXSR=SYQE]EPWSRYHKIXLIQEVOIVF]
TSWMXMSRMRKXLIGYVWSVYRXMPIMXLIVEPIJXSVVMKLXEVVS[ETTIEVWERH
GPMGOMRKXLITVMQEV]QSYWIFYXXSR*MREPP]]SYQE]HMVIGXP]IRXIVE
ZEPYIF]HSYFPIGPMGOMRKXLI4:JMIPHERHX]TMRKXLIRI[4:8LVIWLSPH
2SXIXLEX]SYQE]EPWSWIXXLI4:8LVIWLSPHJVSQXLIParametersXEF
SJXLIDigital Point Control ZMI[

10-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-6

PID Controller



4-('SRXVSPPIV

8LICONTROLLER STIVEXMSRMWXLITVMQEV]QIERWSJQERMTYPEXMRKXLI
QSHIPMRDynamicQSHI-XEHNYWXWEWXVIEQ34JPS[XSQEMRXEMRE
WTIGMJMG*PS[WLIIXZEVMEFPI4:EXEGIVXEMRZEPYI74
8LICONTROLLERGERGVSWWXLIFSYRHEVMIWFIX[IIR*PS[WLIIXW
IREFPMRK]SYXSWIRWIETVSGIWWZEVMEFPIMRSRI*PS[WLIIXERHGSRXVSP
EZEPZIMRERSXLIV
Figure 10.4

8SMRWXEPPXLICONTROLLER STIVEXMSRGLSSWIAdd OperationJVSQ

XLIFlowsheetQIRYERHWIPIGXController%PXIVREXMZIP]WIPIGXXLI
Controller FYXXSRMRXLI4EPIXXI
Controller Button

10-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations



10-7

'SRRIGXMSRW8EF

8LI ConnectionsXEFEPPS[W]SYXSWIPIGXFSXLXLI4:ERH34-XMW
GSQTVMWIHSJSFNIGXW
Object

Description

Name

This field contains the name of the controller. It can

be edited by selecting the field and entering the new
name in the Edit Bar.

Process Variable
Source Object

This field contains the Process Variable Object

(stream or operation) that owns the variable you
wish to control. It is specified via the Variable
Navigator.

Process Variable

This field contains the Process Variable you wish to

control.

Output Target
Object

The Output Target Object field is the stream or valve

which is controlled by the PID Controller operation

Select PV/OP

These two buttons open the Variable Navigator

which selects the Process Variable and the Output
Target Object respectively.

Cascaded SP
Source

If you are using Cascade control, select the

Cascaded SP Source associated with the Master
controller

4VSGIWW:EVMEFPI7SYVGI
8LI4VSGIWW:EVMEFPISV4:MWXLIZEVMEFPIXLEXQYWXFI
QEMRXEMRIHSVGSRXVSPPIHEXEHIWMVIHZEPYI
'SQQSRI\EQTPIWSJ4:WMRGPYHIZIWWIPTVIWWYVIERHPMUYMHPIZIPEW
[IPPEWWXVIEQGSRHMXMSRWWYGLEWJPS[VEXISVXIQTIVEXYVI
The Variable Navigator allows
you to simultaneously select
the Object and Variable.

8SEXXEGLXLIProcess Variable SourceGLSSWIXLISelect PVFYXXSR

=SYXLIRWIPIGXXLIETTVSTVMEXISFNIGXERHZEVMEFPIWMQYPXERISYWP]
YWMRKXLIVariable NavigatorFigure 10.5*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRWII
Section 5.2 - NavigationSJXLIUsers Guide

A Spreadsheet cell can also be

a Cascade Source.

'EWGEHIH747SYVGI

For a more detailed

description of Cascade Control
see Chapter 11 - Control
Theory.

-RXLIGEWISJ'EWGEHIGSRXVSPXLITVMQEV]SVMaster'SRXVSPPIV

GLIGOWXLITVMQEV]ZEVMEFPIERHGSQTEVIWMXXSXLIWIXTSMRX8LI
SYXTYXJVSQXLIMaster ControllerXLIRFIGSQIWXLIWIXTSMRXJSVXLI
WIGSRHEV]SVSlave Controller
-RXLMWGEWIXLIMaster ControllersOutput Target Object MWXLI Slave
Controller8LIVI[MPPFIRS'SRXVSP:EPZIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIMaster

10-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-8

PID Controller

Figure 10.5

1. Select flowsheet
or subflowsheet
2. Then select the
Object within the
respective flowsheet
3. Then select the
object Variable (and
the Variable Specific
when appropriate).

Controller3RXLISlave Controller]SY[MPPGSRRIGXXLIProcess
Variable SourceERHOutput Target ObjectEWYWYEPERHWM^IXLI
'SRXVSP:EPZI&]WIPIGXMRKXLIMaster ControllerEWXLICascade SP
SourceXLIGSRRIGXMSRFIX[IIRXLIX[SGSRXVSPPIVWMWQEHI

3YXTYX8EVKIX3FNIGX
8LI3YXTYXSJXLI'SRXVSPPIVMWXLIGSRXVSPZEPZI[LMGLXLI
'SRXVSPPIVQERMTYPEXIWMRSVHIVXSVIEGLXLIWIXTSMRX8LI
SYXTYXWMKREPSV34MWXLIHIWMVIHTIVGIRXSTIRMRKSJXLI
GSRXVSPZEPZIFEWIHSRXLISTIVEXMRKVERKI[LMGL]SYHIJMRIMR
XLIControl ValveZMI[
8LI'SRXVSPPIVGSQTEVIWXLI4VSGIWW:EVMEFPIXSXLI7IX4SMRXERH
TVSHYGIWERSYXTYXWMKREP[LMGLGEYWIWXLIGSRXVSPZEPZIXSSTIRSV
GPSWIETTVSTVMEXIP]
7IPIGXMRKXLIOutput Target ObjectMWHSRIMREWMQMPEVQERRIVXS
WIPIGXMRKXLIProcess Variable Source-RXLMWGEWILS[IZIV]SYEVI
SRP]WIPIGXMRKXLI3FNIGX3RP]3FNIGXW[MXL'SRXVSP:EPZIWRSX
GYVVIRXP]EXXEGLIHXSERSXLIV'SRXVSPPIV[MPPFIEGGIWWMFPI
8LIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLI:EPZIWM^MRKMWGSRXEMRIHSRE7YF:MI[
EGGIWWIHZMEXLIControl ValveFYXXSRJSYRHEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLIPID
ControllerTVSTIVX]ZMI[

10-8

[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations



10-9

'SRXVSP:EPZI

8LIMRJSVQEXMSRWLS[RSRXLIControl ValveZMI[MWWTIGMJMGXSXLI
EWWSGMEXIHZEPZI*SVMRWXERGIXLIMRJSVQEXMSRJSVE:ETSYV:EPZIMW
HMJJIVIRXXLERXLEXJSVER)RIVK]7XVIEQ

*':JSVE0MUYMH:ETSYV4VSHYGX7XVIEQ
JVSQE:IWWIP
Figure 10.6

8LIFCVZMI[JSVEQEXIVMEPWXVIEQGSRWMWXWSJX[SKVSYTFS\IWValve
Parameters ERHValve Sizing. 8LIValve Parameters KVSYTGSRXEMRW
JPS[VEXIMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLIWXVIEQ[MXL[LMGLXLI'SRXVSP:EPZIMW
EWWSGMEXIH8LIValve Sizing KVSYTMWYWYEPP]TEVXSJXLIZMI[XLEX
VIUYMVIWWTIGMJMGEXMSR8LIKVSYTFS\GSRXEMRWXLVIIJMIPHW
Field

Description

Flow Type

The type of flow you wish to specify: molar flow, mass

flow, liquid volume flow, or actual volume flow.

Min. Flow

The Minimum flow through the control valve.

Max. Flow

The Maximum flow through the valve.

8LI1MRMQYQERH1E\MQYQJPS[ZEPYIWHIJMRIXLIWM^ISJXLIZEPZI
8SWMQYPEXIEPIEO]ZEPZIWTIGMJ]E1MRMQYQJPS[KVIEXIVXLER^IVS
8LIEGXYEPSYXTYXJPS[XLVSYKLXLI'SRXVSP:EPZIMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
XLI34WMKREPZEPZISTIRMRK
OP ( % )
Flow = ------------------ ( Maximum Minimum ) + Minimum
100



10-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-10

PID Controller

*SVI\EQTPIMJXLI'SRXVSPPIV34MWXLI'SRXVSP:EPZIMWSTIR
ERHMWTEWWMRKEJPS[GSVVIWTSRHMRKXSSJMXWSTIVEXMRKWTER-RXLI
GEWISJEPMUYMHZEPZIMJXLI1MRMQYQERH1E\MQYQJPS[ZEPYIWEVI
ERHOKQSPILVIWTIGXMZIP]XLIEGXYEPJPS[XLVSYKLXLIZEPZIMW
SJXLIVERKISVOKQSPIL

*':JSV)RIVK]7XVIEQ
8LIFCVZMI[XLEX[MPPETTIEV[MPPFIHITIRHIRXSRXLIX]TISJHYX]
WXVIEQWIPIGXIH8LIVIEVIX[SX]TIWSJHYX]WXVIEQWXLIDirect QHYX]
[LMGLGSRWMWXWSJEWMQTPITS[IVZEPYIMI&89ERHXLIUtility Fluid
[LMGLXEOIWXLIHYX]JVSQEYXMPMX]JPYMHMIWXIEQ[MXLORS[R
TVSTIVXMIW
8LIX]TISJ(YX]7SYVGIWTIGMJMIHGERFIGLERKIHEXER]XMQIF]
GPMGOMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXIVEHMSFYXXSRMRXLIDuty SourceKVSYT

(MVIGX5(YX]7SYVGI
8LMWMWXLI*PS['SRXVSP:EPZIFCVZMI[[LIRXLI(YX]7SYVGIMWWIX
XSDirect QWIIDuty SourceKVSYTFS\
Figure 10.7

8LIAttached StreamERHControllerEVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLIYTTIVPIJX
GSVRIVSJXLIZMI[MRXLIControl AttachmentsKVSYT8LIWTIGMJMGEXMSR
VIUYMVIHF]XLIZMI[EVIEPPIRXIVIHMRXSXLIDirect QKVSYTFS\-RXLMW
KVSYT7IX4SMRXSPMWHMWTPE]IHERH]SYQE]WYTTP]XLIQMRMQYQ
Min. Available)ERHQE\MQYQMax. AvailableGSSPMRKSVLIEXMRK
EZEMPEFPI

10-10

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-11

*VSQ9XMPMX]*PYMH(YX]7SYVGI
%W[MXLXLI Direct Q(YX]7SYVGIXLI%XXEGLIH7XVIEQERH'SRXVSPPIV
EVIHMWTPE]IHMRXLIYTTIVPIJXGSVRIVSJXLIZMI[
Figure 10.8

The application of the Utility

Fluid information is
dependent on the associated
operation.

8LIVIEVIWIZIVEP9XMPMX]*PYMH4EVEQIXIVW[LMGLGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLI
Utility PropertiesKVSYT
Parameter

Description

UA

The product of the local overall heat-transfer

coefficient and heat-transfer surface area.

Holdup

The total amount of Utility Fluid at any time. The

default is 100 kgmole.

Flow

The flowrate of the Utility Fluid.

Min and Max Flow

The minimum and maximum flowrates available for

the Utility Fluid.

Heat Capacity

The heat capacity of the Utility Fluid.

Inlet and Outlet

Temp

The inlet and outlet temperatures of the Utility Fluid.

T Approach

This is the operation outlet temperature minus the

outlet temperature of the Utility Fluid.

%ZEMPEFPIXS'SRXVSPPIVGLIGOFS\
;LIR]SYQEOIXLIGSRXVSPPIVGSRRIGXMSRWERHQSZIXSXLIControl
ValveZMI[F]WIPIGXMRKXLIControl ValveFYXXSRSRXLIPID Controller
TVSTIVX]ZMI[XLIAvailable to ControllerGLIGOFS\[MPPEYXSQEXMGEPP]
FIGLIGOIH,=7=7EWWYQIWXLEXFIGEYWI]SYMRWXEPPIHERI[GSRXVSPPIV
SRXLIZEPZI]SYTVSFEFP][MWLXSQEOIMXEZEMPEFPIXSXLI'SRXVSPPIV

10-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-12

PID Controller



4EVEQIXIVW8EF

8LIParametersXEFGSRWMWXWSJX[STEKIWConfiguration ERHSP
Ramping.

'SRJMKYVEXMSR4EKI
Figure 10.9

8LIConfigurationTEKIEPPS[W]SYXSWIXXLI4VSGIWW:EVMEFPIVERKI
'SRXVSPPIV%GXMSR3TIVEXMRK1SHIERHHITIRHMRKSRXLIQSHIIMXLIV
XLI74SV34EW[IPPXYRIXLIGSRXVSPPIV

4:ERH74
8LI4:SV4VSGIWW:EVMEFPIMWXLIQIEWYVIHZEVMEFPI[LMGLXLI
GSRXVSPPIVMWXV]MRKXSOIITEXXLI7IX4SMRX
8LI74SV7IX4SMRXMWXLIZEPYISJXLI4VSGIWW:EVMEFPI[LMGLXLI
'SRXVSPPIVMWXV]MRKXSQIIX(ITIRHMRKSRXLI1SHISJXLI'SRXVSPPIV
XLI74MWIMXLIVMRTYXF]XLIYWIVSVHMWTPE]IHSRP]

10-12

[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-13

*SVXLI'SRXVSPPIVXSFIGSQISTIVEXMSREP]SYQYWX

Note that without a PV span,

the Controller will not
function.



(IJMRIXLIQMRMQYQERHQE\MQYQZEPYIWJSVXLI4:XLI
'SRXVSPPIV[MPPRSXW[MXGLJVSQ3JJQSHIYRPIWW4:QMRERH4:QE\
EVIHIJMRIH



3RGI]SYTVSZMHIXLIWIZEPYIWEW[IPPEWXLI'SRXVSP:EPZIWTER
]SYQE]WIPIGXXLI%YXSQEXMGQSHIERHKMZIEZEPYIJSVXLI7IX
4SMRX2SXIXLEX,=7=7[MPPYWIXLIGYVVIRXZEPYISJXLI4:EWXLI
WIXTSMRXF]HIJEYPXFYX]SYQE]GLERKIXLMWZEPYIEXER]XMQI



,=7=7GSRZIVXWXLI4:VERKIMRXSEVERKI[LMGLMWXLIR
YWIHMRXLIWSPYXMSREPKSVMXLQ8LIJSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSRMWYWIHXS
XVERWPEXIE4:ZEPYIMRXSETIVGIRXEKISJXLIVERKI
PV PVmin
PV ( % ) = -------------------------------------- 100
PV max PV min



34
8LI34SV3YXTYXMWXLITIVGIRXSTIRMRKSJXLIGSRXVSPZEPZI8LI
'SRXVSPPIVQERMTYPEXIWXLIZEPZISTIRMRKJSVXLI3YXTYX7XVIEQMR
SVHIVXSVIEGLXLIWIXTSMRX,=7=7GEPGYPEXIWXLIRIGIWWEV]34YWMRK
XLIGSRXVSPPIVPSKMGMREPPQSHIW[MXLXLII\GITXMSRSJ1ERYEP-R
1ERYEPQSHI]SYQE]MRTYXEZEPYIJSVXLI3YXTYXERHXLI7IX4SMRX
[MPPFIGSQI[LEXIZIVXLI4:MWEXXLITEVXMGYPEVZEPZISTIRMRK]SY
WTIGMJ]

1SHIW
8LICONTROLLER[MPPSTIVEXIMRER]SJXLIJSPPS[MRKQSHIW
Controller Mode

Description

Off

The Controller does not manipulate the control valve,

although the appropriate information is still tracked.

Manual

Manipulate the Controller output manually.

Auto

The Controller reacts to fluctuations in the Process

Variable and manipulates the Output according to
the logic defined by the tuning parameters.

Ramping

The Set Point is adjusted gradually to a certain value

over a specified period of time. This option is only
available when SP Ramping page of Parameters
tab has been properly specified.

10-13

[Link] Page 14 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-14

PID Controller

Controller Mode

Description

Cascade

The Master Controller determines the Set Point,

which is passed to the secondary controller. This
option is only visible in the Slave Controller.

Tune

The ATV method is used to tune the controller.

8LIQSHISJXLIGSRXVSPPIVQE]EPWSFIWIXSRXLI*EGITPEXIWII
Section 10.2.4 - Controller Face PlateJSVHIXEMPW

8YRMRK
8LITuningKVSYTEPPS[W]SYXSHIJMRIXLIGSRWXERXWEWWSGMEXIH[MXL
XLI4-(GSRXVSPIUYEXMSR8LIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGIUYEXMSRJSVE4-(
'SRXVSPPIVMWKMZIRFIPS[
Kp
dE ( t )
OP ( t ) = OP ss + K p E ( t ) + ------ E ( t ) + K p T d ------------Ti
dt



where: OP(t) = Controller output at time t

OPss = Steady-State controller output (at zero error)
E(t) = Error at time t
Kp = Proportional gain of the controller
Ti = Integral (reset) time of the controller
Td = Derivative (rate) time of the controller
8LIIVVSVEXER]XMQIMWXLIHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRXLI7IX4SMRXERHXLI
4VSGIWW:EVMEFPI
E ( t ) = SP ( t ) PV ( t )



(ITIRHMRKSR[LMGLSJXLIXLVIIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVW]SYLEZIWYTTPMIH
XLI'SRXVSPPIV[MPPVIWTSRHEGGSVHMRKP]XSXLI)VVSV%4VSTSVXMSREP
SRP]GSRXVSPPIVMWQSHIPPIHF]TVSZMHMRKSRP]EZEPYIJSVKp[LMPIE4-
4VSTSVXMSREP-RXIKVEP'SRXVSPPIVVIUYMVIWZEPYIWJSVKpERHTi*MREPP]
XLI4-(4VSTSVXMSREP-RXIKVEP(IVMZEXMZI'SRXVSPPIVVIUYMVIWZEPYIW
JSVEPPXLVIISJKpTiERHTd

10-14

[Link] Page 15 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-15

%GXMSR
8LIVIEVIX[SSTXMSRWJSVXLIActionSJXLI'3286300)6
Controller Action

Description

Direct

When the PV rises above the SP, the OP increases.

When the PV falls below the SP, the OP decreases.

Reverse

When the PV rises above the SP, the OP decreases.

When the PV falls below the SP, the OP increases.

8LI'SRXVSPPIVIUYEXMSRKMZIREFSZIETTPMIWXSE6IZIVWIEGXMRK
'SRXVSPPIV8LEXMW[LIRXLI4:VMWIWEFSZIXLI74XLIIVVSVFIGSQIW
RIKEXMZIERHXLI34HIGVIEWIW*SVE(MVIGXVIWTSRWI'SRXVSPPIVXLI
34MRGVIEWIW[LIRXLI4:VMWIWEFSZIXLI748LMWEGXMSRMWQEHI
TSWWMFPIF]VITPEGMRKKp[MXLKpMRXLI'SRXVSPPIVIUYEXMSR%X]TMGEP
I\EQTPISJE6IZIVWI%GXMRKGSRXVSPPIVMWMRXLIXIQTIVEXYVIGSRXVSPSJ
E6IFSMPIV-RXLMWGEWIEWXLIXIQTIVEXYVIMRXLIZIWWIPVMWIWTEWXXLI
74XLI34HIGVIEWIWMRIJJIGXGPSWMRKXLIZEPZIERHLIRGIXLIJPS[SJ
LIEX7SQIX]TMGEPI\EQTPIWSJ(MVIGX%GXMRKERH6IZIVWI%GXMRK
GSRXVSPWMXYEXMSRWEVIKMZIRFIPS[

Direct - Acting Controller Example 1: Flow Control in a Tee

7YTTSWI]SYLEZIEXLVII[E]XIIMR[LMGLEJIIHWXVIEQMWFIMRKWTPMX
MRXSX[SI\MXWXVIEQW=SY[MWLXSGSRXVSPXLIJPS[SJI\MXWXVIEQ
Product 1F]QERMTYPEXMRKXLIJPS[SJWXVIEQProduct 2
Process Variable and Set Point

Product 1 Flow

Output

Product 2 Flow

When Product 1 Flow rises above

the SP

The OP increases, in effect

increasing the flow of Product 2 and
decreasing the flow of Product 1.

When Product 1 Flow falls below

the SP

The OP decreases, in effect

decreasing the flow of Product 2 and
increasing the flow of Product 1.

10-15

[Link] Page 16 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-16

PID Controller

Direct - Acting Controller Example 2: Pressure Control in a

Vessel
7YTTSWI]SY[IVIGSRXVSPPMRKXLITVIWWYVISJEZIWWIPV-100 F]
EHNYWXMRKXLIJPS[SJXLISYXPIXZETSYVSepVapour
Process Variable and Set Point

V-100 Vessel Pressure

Output

SepVapour Flow

When V-100 Pressure rises above

the SP

The OP increases, in effect

increasing the flow of SepVapour and
decreasing the Pressure of V-100.

When V-100 Pressure falls below

the SP

The OP decreases, in effect

decreasing the flow of SepVapour
and increasing the Pressure of V100.

Reverse - Acting Controller Example 1: Temperature Control in a

Reboiler
6IZIVWI%GXMRKGSRXVSPQE]FIYWIH[LIRGSRXVSPPMRKXLIXIQTIVEXYVI
SJVIFSMPIVR-100F]EHNYWXMRKXLIJPS[SJXLIHYX]WXVIEQRebDuty
Process Variable and Set Point

R-100 Temperature

Output

RebDuty Flow

When R-100 Temperature rises

above the SP

The OP decreases, in effect

decreasing the flow of RebDuty and
decreasing the Temperature of R100.

When R-100 Temperature falls

below the SP

The OP increases, in effect

increasing the flow of RebDuty and
increasing the Temperature of R-100.

Reverse - Acting Controller Example 2: Pressure Control in a

Reboiler
%RSXLIVI\EQTPI[LIVI6IZIVWI%GXMRKGSRXVSPQE]FIYWIHMW[LIR
GSRXVSPPMRKXLIWXEKITVIWWYVISJEVIFSMPIVR-100F]EHNYWXMRKXLIJPS[
SJXLIHYX]WXVIEQRebDuty

10-16

Process Variable and Set Point

R-100 Stage Pressure

Output

RebDuty Flow

[Link] Page 17 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

When R-100 Stage Pressure rises

above the SP

The OP decreases, in effect

decreasing the flow of RebDuty and
decreasing the Stage Pressure of R100.

When R-100 Stage Pressure falls

below the SP

The OP increases, in effect

increasing the flow of RebDuty and
increasing the Stage Pressure of R100.

10-17

746EQTMRK4EKI
Figure 10.10

8LIWIGSRHTEKISJXLIParametersXEFMWXLISP7IX4SMRXRamping

TEKI[LMGLEPPS[WJSVEKVEHYEPPMRIEVGLERKIMRXLI7IX4SMRXXSWSQI
8EVKIX7IX4SMRXSZIVEWTIGMJMIHXMQIMRXIVZEP8LITEKIGSRXEMRWX[S
JMIPHW
Field

Input Required

Target SP

This field contains the Set Point you wish the

Controller to have at the end of the ramping interval.

Ramping Duration

This field contains the time interval you wish to

complete Set Point change in.

10-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-18

PID Controller

Figure 10.11
Ramping Duration Time= RT

SP
Target
SP

SP(t)

t+RT

Time

Controller Ramping

)\EQTPI
-J]SYIRXIVZEPYIWJSVXLIWIX[STEVEQIXIVWERHWIPIGXXLIStartFYXXSR
XLI'SRXVSPPIV[MPPW[MXGLXS6EQTMRKQSHIERHEHNYWXXLI7IX4SMRX
PMRIEVP]XSXLIRamping SPHYVMRKXLIRamping Duration8MQIWII
JMKYVI*SVI\EQTPIWYTTSWI]SYVGYVVIRX74MWERH]SY[MWLXS
GLERKIMXXS6EXLIVXLERGVIEXMRKEWYHHIRPEVKIHMWVYTXMSRF]
QERYEPP]GLERKMRKXLI74[LMPIMR%YXSQEXMGQSHIIRXIVXLI74SJ
MRXLI6EQTMRK74MRTYXGIPP1EOIXLI74GLERKISGGYVSZIVWE]
QMRYXIWF]IRXIVMRKXLMWXMQIMRXLIRamping TimeGIPP8LIRTVIWW
Start RampERH,=7=7[MPPEHNYWXXLI74JVSQXSPMRIEVP]SZIV
XLIQMRYXIMRXIVZEP3RGIXLI6EQTMRK8MQII\TMVIWXLI'SRXVSPPIV
[MPPVIXYVRXS%YXSQEXMGQSHI


HYSYS provides a sizeable
Controller Faceplate, accessed
via the Tools Faceplate option.
See Section 7.7.1 - Face Plates
of the Users Guide for further
details.

'SRXVSPPIV*EGI4PEXI

8LI*EGITPEXITVSZMHIWEPPTIVXMRIRXMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLIGSRXVSPPIV
[LIRXLIWMQYPEXMSRMWVYRRMRK8LI7IX4SMRXMWWLS[REWEVIHTSMRXIV
ERHXLIEGXYEPZEPYISJXLI4VSGIWW:EVMEFPIMWHMWTPE]IHMRXLIGYVVIRX
HIJEYPXYRMX3YXTYXMWEP[E]WHMWTPE]IHEWETIVGIRXEKISJXLIWTER]SY
HIJMRIHSRXLIValveXEF
%PWSRSXIXLEX]SYQE]GLERKIXLIQSHISJXLI'SRXVSPPIVF]WIPIGXMRK
XLIHVSTHS[RQIRYEXXLIFSXXSQPIJXSJXLI*EGITPEXI8LIQSHI
GLSMGIWEVIMHIRXMGEPXSXLSWISRXLIParametersXEF8SVIXYVRXSXLI
ControllerTVSTIVX]ZMI[WIPIGXXLITuningFYXXSR,=7=7[MPPEP[E]W
VIXYVR]SYXSXLITuningXEFSJXLITVSTIVX]ZMI[[LIR]SYWIPIGXXLI
Tuning FYXXSRSRXLI*EGITPEXI

10-18

[Link] Page 19 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-19

Figure 10.12
The shaded bar indicates
the value of the Process
Variable in a percentage of
the PV range, and the
number is the actual PV.
The current Controller
mode.

Set Point
This shaded bar and
number indicate the value
of the Controller Output
(valve opening) in percent.
Select this button to return
to the Controller Tuning
view.

'LERKMRKXLI7IX4SMRXERH3YXTYX
=SYQE]GLERKIXLI74SV34SJXLI'SRXVSPPIVHITIRHMRKSRXLI
GYVVIRXQSHIEXER]XMQIHYVMRKXLIWMQYPEXMSR[MXLSYXVIXYVRMRKXS
XLIParametersXEFF]YWMRKXLI*EGITPEXI8SGLERKIXLI74[LMPIMR
%YXSQEXMGQSHISVXSGLERKIXLI34[LMPIMR1ERYEPQSHIYWIER]
SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKXLVIIQIXLSHW


1SZIXSXLIJMIPHJSVXLITEVEQIXIV]SY[MWLXSGLERKI*SVXLMW
I\EQTPI[I[MPPGLERKIXLI7IX4SMRXXSTJMIPH7XEVXIRXIVMRKE
RI[ZEPYIJSVXLI74ERH,=7=7[MPPTVSZMHIER)HMX&EVGSQTPIXI
[MXLXLIGYVVIRXHIJEYPXYRMXW3RGI]SYLEZIIRXIVIHXLIZEPYI
TVIWW<Enter>SVWIPIGXXLIGLIGOQEVOERH,=7=7[MPPEGGITXXLI
RI[7IX4SMRX
2SXIXLEXMJ]SYWIPIGXEREPXIVREXIYRMX]SYVZEPYI[MPPFI
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIJEGITPEXIYWMRK,=7=7HMWTPE]YRMXW7IISection
1.1.8 - The Property ViewMRUsers GuideJSVE(IWGVMTXMSRSJLS[
XLI)HMX&EV[SVOW
Figure 10.13

In Automatic mode
the Edit Bar will
appear when you
start typing in a
new Set Point



4PEGIXLIQSYWITSMRXIVRIEVXLIVIH7IX4SMRXMRHMGEXSVERHXLI
GYVWSV[MPPGLERKIXSEHSYFPIIRHIHEVVS[,SPHHS[RXLI
TVMQEV]QSYWIFYXXSRERHERYQIVMGEPHMEPSKFS\[MPPETTIEV
FIPS[WLS[MRKXLIGYVVIRXZEPYISJXLI74MRXLMWGEWIO4E
;LMPILSPHMRKXLITVMQEV]QSYWIFYXXSRHVEKXLIHSYFPIIRHIH

10-19

[Link] Page 20 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-20

PID Controller

EVVS[XSXLIRI[74SJO4E8LIHMEPSKFS\[MPPHMWTPE]XLI74
ZEPYIEW]SYHVEK6IPIEWIXLITVMQEV]QSYWIFYXXSRXSEGGITXXLI
RI[74
Figure 10.14
Position the mouse pointer near the
SP indicator, and the double-ended
arrow will appear. Hold the primary
mouse button, and the dialog box will
appear, showing the current value of
the SP.
While holding the primary mouse
button, drag the arrow to the new SP
location. The dialog box will show the
SP as it changes.

Release the mouse button and the SP

indicator will move to the new SP.



4PEGIXLIQSYWITSMRXIVEXIMXLIVIRHSJXLIJMIPHERHXLITSMRXIV
[MPPGLERKIXSEWMRKPIIRHIHEVVS['PMGOXLITVMQEV]QSYWI
FYXXSRSRGIXSMRGVIEWISVHIGVIEWIXLIZEPYIF]*SVI\EQTPI
W[MXGLXS1ERYEPQSHIERHEHNYWXXLI348SMRGVIEWIXLI34
QSZIXLITSMRXIVXSXLIVMKLXIRHSJXLIJMIPHERHXLIWMRKPIIRHIH
EVVS[TSMRXMRKXSXLIVMKLX[MPPETTIEV'PMGOXLITVMQEV]QSYWI
FYXXSRXSMRGVIEWIXLI34F]2SXIXLEX]SYQE]GPMGOXLI
FYXXSRGSRWIGYXMZIP]XSVITIEXIHP]MRGVIEWISVHIGVIEWIXLI34



%8:8YRMRK8IGLRMUYI

8LI%8:%YXS8YRI:EVMEXMSR8IGLRMUYIMWSRISJERYQFIVSJ

XIGLRMUYIWYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIX[SMQTSVXERXW]WXIQGSRWXERXWORS[R
EWXLI9PXMQEXI4IVMSHERHXLI9PXMQEXI+EMR*VSQXLIWIGSRWXERXW
XYRMRKZEPYIWJSVTVSTSVXMSREPMRXIKVEPERHHIVMZEXMZIKEMRWGERFI
HIXIVQMRIH

8LI8YRMRKSTXMSRSRP]WIXWYTXLIPMQMXG]GPIMXHSIWRSX
GEPGYPEXIXLIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWJSV]SY

10-20

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

To set up a Strip Chart to track

the PV and OP do the
following:
1. Open the DataBook
(<Ctrl><D>).
2. On the Variables tab, Add
the PV and OP to the Variable
List.
3. On the Strip Charts tab,
Add a Strip Chart and activate
the PV and OP.
4. View the Strip Chart.

10-21

%WQEPPPMQMXG]GPIHMWXYVFERGIMWWIXYTFIX[IIRXLI'SRXVSP3YXTYX
ERHXLI'SRXVSPPIH:EVMEFPIWYGLXLEX[LIRIZIVXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI
GVSWWIWXLIWIXTSMRXXLIGSRXVSPPIVSYXTYXMWGLERKIH8LI%8:8YRMRK
1IXLSHMWEWJSPPS[W

Determine a reasonable value for the valve change (OP). Let h

represent this value. In HYSYS, h is 5%.
Move the valve +h%.
Wait until the process variable starts moving, then move valve
-2h%.
When the PV crosses the set point, move the OP +2h%.
Continue this procedure until the limit-cycle is established.

*VSQXLIG]GPIX[SOI]TEVEQIXIVWGERFISFWIVZIH
Observed Parameter

Description

Amplitude (a)

The amplitude of the PV curve, as a fraction of

the PV span.

Ultimate Period (PU)

Peak-to-Peak period of the PV curve.

8LI9PXMQEXI+EMRGERFIGEPGYPEXIHJVSQXLIJSPPS[MRKVIPEXMSRWLMT

4h
KU = -----a



where: KU = Ultimate Gain

h = Change in OP (0.05)
a = Amplitude

*MREPP]XLI'SRXVSPPIV+EMRERH-RXIKVEP8MQIGERFIGEPGYPEXIHEW
JSPPS[W
Controller Gain = KU / 
Controller Integral Time = *PU

8LI%8:8YRMRK1IXLSH[MPPSRP][SVOJSVW]WXIQW[MXLHIEH
XMQI

10-21

[Link] Page 22 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-22

Selector Block



7IPIGXSV&PSGO

8LISELECTOR BLOCKMWEQYPXMTPIMRTYXWMRKPISYXTYXGSRXVSPPIV
[LMGLTVSZMHIWWMKREPGSRHMXMSRMRKGETEFMPMXMIW-X[MPPHIXIVQMRIER
Output valueFEWIHSRERInput functionWIXF]XLIYWIV*SVMRWXERGIMJ
]SY[ERXXLIQE\MQYQZEPYISJEWTIGMJMGZEVMEFPIJSVWIZIVEP-RTYX
WXVIEQWXSHMGXEXIXLI3YXTYX]SY[SYPHYWIXLI7IPIGXSV&PSGO%
WMQTPII\EQTPI[SYPHFI[LIVIE7IPIGXSV'SRXVSPGLSSWIWXLIEZIVEKI
XIQTIVEXYVIJVSQWIZIVEPXIQTIVEXYVIXVERWQMXXIVWMRE'SPYQRWS
XLEXXLI6IFSMPIVHYX]GERFIGSRXVSPPIHFEWIHSRXLMWEZIVEKI

Selector Button

8SMRWXEPPXLI SELECTOR BLOCK STIVEXMSRWIPIGXAdd OperationJVSQ

XLI*PS[WLIIX1IRYERHGLSSWISelector Block%PXIVREXMZIP]GLSSWI
XLISelector BlockFYXXSRMRXLI4EPIXXI



'SRRIGXMSRW8EF

Figure 10.15

8LIConnectionsXEFQEMRP]GSRWMWXWSJXLVIISFNIGXW

10-22

Objects

Description

Selector Name

This field contains the name of the Selector Block

which can be edited at any time.

[Link] Page 23 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

Objects

10-23

Description
This group contains the variables the Selector Block
will be considered and inserted into the input
[Link] Process Variables for the various inputs
are targeted by selecting Add PV, which accesses
the Variable Navigator (see Section 5.2 Navigation of the Users Guide for details). You
can edit or delete any current PV by positioning the
cursor in the appropriate row, and selecting the Edit
PV or Delete PV buttons.

Process Variable
Sources

If you add a Variable whose type is inconsistent with

the current Input Variables, HYSYS will display an
error message. However, you will be allowed to
retain that Variable.

Modified PV Target

This group contains the process variable which will

be manipulated by the Selector Block. To select the
Modified PV Target choose the Select PV button.
This button also accesses the Variable Navigator.
Note that it is not necessary for the Target Variable
type to match the Input Variable type.



4EVEQIXIVW8EF

Figure 10.16

8LI3YXTYXMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLI1SHI+EMRERH&MEW[LIVIXLI-RTYX
*YRGXMSRMWHITIRHIRXSRXLI1SHI
Output = f ( Inputs ) Gain + Bias



10-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-24

Selector Block

8LI-RTYX*YRGXMSRMWQYPXMTPMIHF]XLI+EMR-RIJJIGXXLIKEMRXIPPWYW
LS[QYGLXLISYXTYXZEVMEFPI[MPPGLERKITIVYRMXGLERKIMRXLIMRTYX
JYRGXMSR
8LI&MEWMWEHHIHXSXLITVSHYGXSJXLI-RTYX*YRGXMSRERH+EMR-J]SY
[MWLXSZMI[XLI-RTYXJYRGXMSR[MXLSYXER]+EMRSV&MEWEHNYWXQIRX
WIXXLI+EMRXSSRIERHXLI&MEWXS^IVS
=SYQE]GLSSWIJVSQXLIJSPPS[MRK1SHIW
Modes

Description

Minimum

The minimum value from the list of Input Variables

will be passed to the Output stream.

Maximum

The maximum value from the list of Input Variables

will be passed to the Output stream.

Median

The median value of the Input Variables will be

passed to the Output stream. If there are an even
number of Input Variables, then the higher of the two
middle values will be passed to the Output stream.

Average

The average of the Input Variables will be passed to

the Output stream.

Sum

The sum of the Input Variables will be passed to the

Output stream.



1SRMXSV8EF

Figure 10.17

8LIMonitor XEFHMWTPE]WXLIVIWYPXWSJXLI7IPIGXSV&PSGO-XGSRWMWXWSJ
X[SSFNIGXWXLI Input PV Data KVSYTFS\[LMGLGSRXEMRWXLIGYVVIRX

10-24

[Link] Page 25 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-25

ZEPYIWSJXLIMRTYXTVSGIWWZEVMEFPIERHXLIOutput ValueJMIPH[LMGL
GSRXEMRWXLIGYVVIRXZEPYISJXLI4:JSVIEGLSJXLIMRTYXZEVMEFPIWERH
XLI3YXTYX:EPYIMWEPWSHMWTPE]IHSRXLIParametersXEF
8LI3YXTYXZEPYIMWRSXHMWTPE]IHYRXMPXLI-RXIKVEXSVLEWFIIR
WXEVXIH

)\EQTPI
-RXLIWMQTPII\EQTPIWLS[RLIVIXLIQIHMERZEPYISJStream 1,
Stream 2,ERH Stream 3MWTEWWIHXSXLI3YXTYXEJXIVE+EMRSJERHE
&MEWSJLEZIFIIRETTPMIH
8LIWIEVIXLIWXITW

Determine f(Inputs), which in this case is the median of the

Input Variables. The median (middle value) of the three
streams temperatures (10 C, 15 C, 20 C) is 15 C.
Determine the Output Value, from the Gain and Bias. The Gain
is 2, and the Bias is 5 C.
8LI3YXTYXMWGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W
Output = f ( Inputs ) Gain + Bias
Output = 15C 2.000 + 5.000C
Output = 35C





*EGI4PEXI

-REHHMXMSRXSXLIMonitorXEFXLI3YXTYX4:
ZEPYIGEREPWSFI
ZMI[IHZMEXLI*EGI4PEXI8LI*EGI4PEXIMWEGXMZEXIHF]WIPIGXMRKXLI
Face Plate...FYXXSRJVSQXLIFSXXSQSJXLISelector Block TVSTIVX]
ZMI[
Figure 10.18

10-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-26

Set



7IX

8LISETMWFSXLERSTIVEXMSRYWIHXSWIXXLIZEPYISJEWTIGMJMG4VSGIWW
:EVMEFPI4:MRVIPEXMSRXSERSXLIV4:8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTMWFIX[IIRXLI
WEQI4:MRX[SPMOISFNIGXWJSVMRWXERGIXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJX[S
WXVIEQWSVXLI9%SJX[SI\GLERKIVW8LISTIVEXMSRGERFIYWIHMR
FSXLDynamicERHSteady StateQSHI
8LIHITIRHIRXSVXEVKIXZEVMEFPIMWHIJMRIHMRXIVQWSJXLI
MRHITIRHIRXSVWSYVGIZEVMEFPIEGGSVHMRKXSXLIJSPPS[MRKPMRIEV
VIPEXMSR

Y = MX + B



where: Y = Dependent (target) variable

X = Independent (source) variable
M = Multiplier (slope)
B = Offset (intercept)

Set Button

10-26

8SMRWXEPPXLISETSTIVEXMSRGLSSWIAdd OperationJVSQXLI
FlowsheetQIRYERHWIPIGXSet%PXIVREXMZIP]WIPIGXXLISetFYXXSRMR
XLI4EPIXXI

[Link] Page 27 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations



10-27

'SRRIGXMSRW8EF

Figure 10.19

3RXLIConnections XEFWTIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSR
Input Required

Description

Target Object

The stream or operation to which the dependent

variable belongs. This is chosen using the Select
Var button. This will bring up the Variable Navigator
(see Section 5.2.2 - Variable Navigator of the User
Guide for more information about using the Variable
Navigator)

Target Variable

The type of variable you wish to set, i.e.,

temperature, pressure, flow. The available choices
for Variable are dependent on the Object type
(stream, heat exchanger, etc.) Your choice of
Variable will automatically be assigned to both the
Target and Source object.

Source Object

The stream or operation to which the independent

variable belongs.

2SXIXLEX[LIR]SYGLSSWIERSFNIGXJSVXLI8EVKIXXLIEZEMPEFPI
SFNIGXWJSVXLI7SYVGIEVIVIWXVMGXIHXSXLSWISJXLIWEQISFNIGXX]TI
*SVI\EQTPIMJ]SYGLSSWIEWXVIEQEWXLI8EVKIXSRP]WXVIEQW[MPPFI
EZEMPEFPIJSVXLI7SYVGI
,=7=7[MPPWSPZIJSVIMXLIVXLI7SYVGISV8EVKIXZEVMEFPIHITIRHMRKSR
[LMGLMWORS[RJMVWXFMHMVIGXMSREPWSPYXMSRGETEFMPMXMIW

10-27

[Link] Page 28 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-28

Spreadsheet



4EVEQIXIVW8EF

Figure 10.20

3RXLIParametersXEFTVSZMHIZEPYIWJSVXLISlope1YPXMTPMIVSVk1k
ZEPYIERHXLIIntercept 3JJWIXSVk&kZEPYIMRXLIWIXIUYEXMSR8LI
HIJEYPXZEPYIWJSVXLI1YPXMTPMIVERH3JJWIXEVIERHVIWTIGXMZIP]
8SMKRSVIXLISETHYVMRKGEPGYPEXMSRWWIPIGXXLIIgnoreGLIGOFS\
,=7=7[MPPGSQTPIXIP]HMWVIKEVHXLISTIVEXMSRYRXMP]SYVIWXSVIMXXSER
EGXMZIWXEXIF]GPIEVMRKXLIGLIGOFS\



7TVIEHWLIIX

8LISPREADSHEETETTPMIWXLIJYRGXMSREPMX]SJ7TVIEHWLIIXTVSKVEQW
XS*PS[WLIIXQSHIPPMRK;MXLIWWIRXMEPP]GSQTPIXIEGGIWWXSEPPTVSGIWW
ZEVMEFPIWXLISPREADSHEETMWI\XVIQIP]TS[IVJYPERHLEWQER]
ETTPMGEXMSRWMR,=7=7
8LISPREADSHEETGERFIYWIHXSQERMTYPEXISVTIVJSVQGYWXSQ
GEPGYPEXMSRWSR*PS[WLIIXZEVMEFPIW&IGEYWIMXMWERSTIVEXMSR
GEPGYPEXMSRW[MPPFITIVJSVQIHEYXSQEXMGEPP]7TVIEHWLIIXGIPPWEVI
YTHEXIH[LIR*PS[WLIIXZEVMEFPIWGLERKI
3RIETTPMGEXMSRSJXLISPREADSHEETMWXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJTVIWWYVI
HVSTHYVMRKH]REQMGSTIVEXMSRSJE,IEX)\GLERKIV-RXLI,=7=7,IEX
)\GLERKIVXLITVIWWYVIHVSTVIQEMRWGSRWXERXSRFSXLWMHIW
VIKEVHPIWWSJJPS[,S[IZIVYWMRKXLI7TVIEHWLIIXXLIEGXYEPTVIWWYVI
HVSTSRSRISVFSXLWMHIWSJXLII\GLERKIVGSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEWE
JYRGXMSRSJJPS[

10-28

[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-29

Figure 10.21

The HYSYS SPREADSHEET

has standard row/column
functionality. You can import
a variable, or enter a number
or formula anywhere in the
spreadsheet.

'SQTPI\QEXLIQEXMGEPJSVQYPEWGERFIGVIEXIHYWMRKW]RXE\[LMGLMW
WMQMPEVXSGSRZIRXMSREP7TVIEHWLIIXW%VMXLQIXMGPSKEVMXLQMGERH
XVMKSRSQIXVMGJYRGXMSRWEVII\EQTPIWSJXLIQEXLIQEXMGEP
JYRGXMSREPMX]EZEMPEFPIMRXLI7TVIEHWLIIX8LI7TVIEHWLIIXEPWS
TVSZMHIWPSKMGEPTVSKVEQQMRKMREHHMXMSRXSMXWGSQTVILIRWMZI
QEXLIQEXMGEPGETEFMPMXMIW&SSPIERPSKMGMWWYTTSVXIH[LMGLEPPS[W
]SYXSGSQTEVIXLIZEPYISJX[SSVQSVIZEVMEFPIWYWMRKPSKMGEP
STIVEXSVWERHXLIRTIVJSVQXLIETTVSTVMEXIEGXMSRHITIRHMRKSRXLEX
VIWYPX
=SYQE]MQTSVXZMVXYEPP]ER]ZEVMEFPIMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRMRXSXLI
7TVIEHWLIIXERH]SYGERI\TSVXEGIPPkWZEPYIXSER]WTIGMJMEFPIJMIPHMR
]SYVWMQYPEXMSR8LIVIEVIX[S[E]WSJMQTSVXMRKERHI\TSVXMRK
ZEVMEFPIWXSERHJVSQXLI7TVIEHWLIIX
Method Import/
Export

Description

Using the Variable

Navigator

On the Connections tab, select the Add Import or

Add Export button. Then using the Variable
Navigator, select the variable you wish to import or
export.

Dragging Variables

Using the secondary mouse button, simply click the

variable value you wish to import, and drag it to the
desired location in the Spreadsheet. If you are
exporting the variable, drag it from the Spreadsheet
to an appropriate location.

10-29

[Link] Page 30 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-30

Spreadsheet

;LIR]SYEVIYWMRKXLI7TVIEHWLIIXXSVIXYVREVIWYPXFEGOXSXLI
*PS[WLIIX]SYQYWXGSRWMHIVMXWETTPMGEXMSRMRXIVQWSJXLISZIVEPP
GEPGYPEXMSRWIUYIRGITEVXMGYPEVP][LIR6IG]GPIWEVIMRZSPZIH-JXLI
7TVIEHWLIIXTIVJSVQWEGEPGYPEXMSRERHWIRHWXLIVIWYPXWFEGO
YTWXVIEQXLITSXIRXMEPI\MWXWJSVGVIEXMRKMRGSRWMWXIRGMIWEWXLIJYPP
IJJIGXSJXLITVIZMSYW6IG]GPIPSSTLEWRSXTVSTEKEXIHXLVSYKLXLI
*PS[WLIIX&]YWMRKXLI'EPGYPEXMSR7IUYIRGMRKSTXMSR(WII Section
7.3.1 - Main Properties SJXLIUsers Guide)]SYGERQMRMQM^IXLI
TSXIRXMEPJSVTVSFPIQWSJXLMWREXYVI
8SMRWXEPPXLISPREADSHEETGLSSWI Add OperationJVSQXLI
FlowsheetQIRYERHWIPIGXSpreadsheet%PXIVREXMZIP]]SYGSYPH
WIPIGXXLISpreadsheet FYXXSRMRXLI4EPIXXI
Spreadsheet Button



7TVIEHWLIIX*YRGXMSRW

8LI,=7=77TVIEHWLIIXLEWI\XIRWMZIQEXLIQEXMGEPERHPSKMGEP
JYRGXMSRGETEFMPMX]8SZMI[XLIEZEMPEFPI7TVIEHWLIIX*YRGXMSRWERH
)\TVIWWMSRWWIPIGXXLIFunction HelpFYXXSR2SXIXLEXXLMW,IPT
;MRHS[LEWXLVIIXEFWMathematicalExpressions,Logical
Expressions ERH Mathematical Functions.

%PPJYRGXMSRWQYWXFITVIGIHIHF]WXVEMKLXQEXLSV$

WTIGMEPJYRGXMSRWPSKEVMXLQMGXVMKSRSQIXVMGPSKMGEPIXG
)\EQTPIWEVI%&ERH$%&7%&

+IRIVEP1EXL*YRGXMSRW
8LIJSPPS[MRKEVMXLQIXMGJYRGXMSRWEVIWYTTSVXIH
General Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication

Division

Absolute Value

10-30

Method of Application
Use the "+" symbol.
Use the "-" symbol.
Use the "*" symbol.
Use the "/" symbol, typically located on the numeric
keypad, or next to the right <Shift> key. (Do not use
the "\" symbol).
"@Abs".

View

[Link] Page 31 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-31

7IZIVEPSXLIVQEXLIQEXMGEPJYRGXMSRWEVIEPWSEZEMPEFPI
Advanced
Operations

Method of Application

View

Use the "^" symbol.

Example: +3^3 = 27
Power

Example 2: +27^(1/3)=3. Note that the parentheses

are required in this case, since the cube root of 27
(or 27 to the power of one-third) is desired. See
Calculation Hierarchy (following page).
"@SQRT".

Square Root

Pi
Factorial

Example: @sqrt(16) = 4. Note that capitalization is

irrelevant. You may also use "@RT" to calculate a
square root (Example: @rt(16)=4)
Simply enter "+pi" to represent the number 3.1415...
Use the "!" symbol. Example: +5!-120=0

'EPGYPEXMSR,MIVEVGL]
8LIYWYEPLMIVEVGL]SJGEPGYPEXMSRMWYWIH&VEGOIXW)\TSRIRXW
(MZMWMSRERH1YPXMTPMGEXMSR%HHMXMSRERH7YFXVEGXMSR*SVI\EQTPI
!RSX
WMRGIHMZMWMSRMWTIVJSVQIHFIJSVIEHHMXMSR,S[IZIV
!
FIGEYWIER]I\TVIWWMSRWMRTEVIRXLIWIWEVIGEPGYPEXIHJMVWX

0SKEVMXLQMG*YRGXMSRW
Log Function
Natural Log
Base 10 Log
Exponential
Hyperbolic

Method of Application

View

"@ln".
Example: @ln(2.73)=1.004
"@log".
Example: @log(1000)=3
"@exp".
Example: @exp(3)=20.09
@sinh, @cosh, @tanh.
Example: @tanh(2) = 0.964

10-31

[Link] Page 32 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-32

Spreadsheet

8VMKSRSQIXVMG*YRGXMSRW
%PPSJXLIXVMKSRSQIXVMGJYRGXMSRWEVIWYTTSVXIHMRGPYHMRKMRZIVWIERH
L]TIVFSPMGJYRGXMSRW
Trig Function
Standard

Inverse

Method of Application
@sin, @cos, @tan.
Example: @cos(pi) =-1 (Radian Angles)
@asin, @acos, @atan. In this case, the number
to which the function is being applied must be
between -1 and 1.
Example: @asin(1) = 1.571 (Radian Angles)

8VMKSRSQIXVMGJYRGXMSRWGERFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKVEHMERHIKVIISVKVEH
YRMXWF]WIPIGXMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXIX]TIJVSQXLIAngles in HVSTHS[R
MRXLICurrent CellKVSYTFS\
2SXIXLEXTEVIRXLIWIWEVIVIUYMVIHJSVEPPPSKEVMXLQMGERH
XVMKSRSQIXVMGJYRGXMSRW8LIGETMXEPM^EXMSRMWMVVIPIZERX,=7=7[MPP
GEPGYPEXIXLIJYRGXMSRVIKEVHPIWWSJLS[MXMWGETMXEPM^IH

0SKMGEP3TIVEXSVW
8LI7TVIEHWLIIXWYTTSVXWBooleanPSKMG*SVI\EQTPIWYTTSWIGIPPA
LEHEZEPYISJERHGIPPALEHEZEPYISJ8LIRMRGIPPA]SY
IRXIVIHXLIJSVQYPEA A
8LI7TVIEHWLIIX[SYPHVIXYVREZEPYISJMRGIPPAWMRGIXLI
WXEXIQIRXMW8VYIAMWPIWWXLERA-JXLIZEPYISJIMXLIVGIPPASVA
GLERKIWWYGLXLEXXLIWXEXIQIRXMW*EPWIGIPPA[MPPFIGSQI^IVS
=SYQE]YWIXLIJSPPS[MRKSTIVEXSVW

10-32

Boolean

Method of Application

Equal To

"=="

Not Equal To

"!="

Greater Than

">"

Less Than

"<"

Greater Than or Equal to

">="

Less Than or Equal to

"<="

[Link] Page 33 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-33

-*8,)2)07)7XEXIQIRXW
8LIKIRIVEPJSVQEXSJ-*8,)2)07)WXEXIQIRXWMW
l$MJ(condition) XLIR (if true) IPWI(if false)
8LIconditionMWEPSKMGEPI\TVIWWMSRWYGLEW&!!
*SVI\EQTPIWYTTSWIGIPP%GSRXEMRIHXLIRYQFIV8LIWXEXIQIRX
l$MJ%"XLIRIPWI%z
[SYPHVIWYPXMRXLIZEPYIFIMRKHMWTPE]IHMRXLIGIPP
Figure 10.22

A non-Modal view has a

Minimizing and Maximizing
buttons in the upper-right had
corner, and has a double
border. You can drag variables
outside a non-Modal view.

A Modal view has a pin in the

upper-right had corner, and
has a single border. You
cannot drag variables outside
a Modal view.
Select the pin to convert a
Modal property view to a NonModal view.

=SYEP[E]WRIIHXSTVSZMHIER)07)GPEYWI-*8,)2
WXEXIQIRXWEVIRSXEGGITXIH
4EVIRXLIWIWEVIQERHEXSV]JSV-*8,)2)07)WXEXIQIRXW



7TVIEHWLIIX-RXIVJEGI

-QTSVXMRKERH)\TSVXMRK:EVMEFPIWF]
HVEKKMRK
=SYQE]HVEKXLIGSRXIRXWSJER]GIPPMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRMRXSXLI
7TVIEHWLIIX7MQTP]TSWMXMSRXLITSMRXIVSRXLEXJMIPHGPMGOERHLSPH

10-33

[Link] Page 34 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-34

Spreadsheet

XLIsecondaryQSYWIFYXXSRERHHVEKXLIZEPYIXSER]GIPPMRXLI
7TVIEHWLIIX2SXIXLEXXLI[MRHS[JVSQ[LMGL]SYEVIHVEKKMRKQYWX
FIYRTMRRIHRSRQSHEP8LI7TVIEHWLIIX[MRHS[MWQSHEPF]
HIJEYPX
;LIR]SYHVEKXSEGIPPMRXLI7TVIEHWLIIX]SY[MPPWIIXLIFYPPWI]I
GYVWSV6IPIEWIXLIWIGSRHEV]QSYWIFYXXSRERHXLIZEPYI[MPPFI
HVSTTIHMRXLEXGIPP-RXLIImported FromJMIPHMRXLICurrent Cell
KVSYTFS\[LMGLETTIEVW[LIRXLIGYVWSVMWSRERMQTSVXIHGIPP]SY
[MPPWIIXLI3FNIGXJSVXLEXTEVXMGYPEVGIPP8LI3FNIGX:EVMEFPIMW
HMWTPE]IHMRXLIVariableJMIPH)ZIV]XMQI]SYQEOIEGLERKIXSSV
,=7=7VIGEPGYPEXIWEZEVMEFPI]SYLEZITPEGIHMRXLI7TVIEHWLIIX
]SYVHEXE[MPPFIYTHEXIHETTVSTVMEXIP]
Figure 10.23

Using the secondary mouse button, drag a variable (in

this case, Feed Molar Flow) to a cell in the
Spreadsheet. You will see the bulls-eye cursor,
indicating that you can transfer the variable to that
location. Release the mouse button and the variable will
be transferred. In the Imported From cell, you can view
the variable source.

This menu is accessed by

clicking the secondary mouse
button.

10-34

=SYGERVIQSZIEREXXEGLQIRXEXER]XMQIF]TSWMXMSRMRKXLITSMRXIV
MRXLIETTVSTVMEXIGIPPGPMGOMRKXLIWIGSRHEV]QSYWIFYXXSRERH
WIPIGXMRKDisconnect Import/Export

[Link] Page 35 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-35

Figure 10.24

-QTSVXMRK:EVMEFPIWF]&VS[WMRK
=SYQE]EPWSMQTSVXEZEVMEFPIF]TSWMXMSRMRKXLIGYVWSVMRERIQTX]
JMIPHSJXLI7TVIEHWLIIXERHGPMGOMRKXLIWIGSRHEV]QSYWIFYXXSR=SY
[MPPWIIXLIQIRYEWWLS[RMRFigure 10.25'LSSWIImport Variable
ERHYWMRKXLI:EVMEFPI2EZMKEXSVWIISection 5.2 - Navigation SJXLI
Users GuideWIPIGXXLI*PS[WLIIXZEVMEFPI]SY[MWLXSMQTSVXXSXLI
7TVIEHWLIIX8LMWQIXLSHSJMQTSVXMRKZEVMEFPIWMWWMQMPEVXSXLI[E]
ZEVMEFPIWEVIMQTSVXIHSRXLIConnectionsXEFWIIFIPS[
Figure 10.25

)\TSVXMRK*SVQYPE6IWYPXW
If you export into a field
containing a calculated value,
you will get a consistency
error, except in the unlikely
case that the calculated and
exported values are exactly the
same. An export value will
replace a specifiable value.

:EVMEFPIWEVII\TSVXIHYWMRKXLI:EVMEFPI2EZMKEXSVSVF]HVEKKMRK
XLIZEVMEFPI=SYGERSRP]I\TSVX*SVQYPE6IWYPXWMIZEPYIWXLEXEVI
HMWTPE]IHMRVIH8LIVIEVIXLVII[E]WXSI\TSVX

Click and hold the secondary mouse button, and drag to the
location where you want to export the formula result. You will
see a bulls-eye cursor indicating that you may export to the
current location. Note that you can only drag to non-modal
views.
Click the secondary mouse button and select Export Formula
Result. Using the Variable Navigator, choose where you want
to export the Formula Result.
Figure 10.26

Define an exported variable on the Connections tab by

selecting the Add Export button and selecting the export
object and variable using the Variable Navigator.

10-35

[Link] Page 36 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-36

Spreadsheet

2SXIXLEX]SYGERRSXYWIXLIWEQI7TVIEHWLIIXGIPPEWFSXLXLI8EVKIX
ERH7SYVGIJMIPHMRGEPGYPEXMSRW7MQMPEVP]XLIWEQI7TVIEHWLIIXGIPP
GERRSXEGXEWXLI7SYVGIJSVQSVIXLERSRIJMIPH8S[SVOEVSYRHXLMW
X]TIXLIGIPPREQI[MXLXLIZEVMEFPI]SY[ERXXSI\TSVXMRXSERI[
PSGEXMSRMRXLI7TVIEHWLIIXERHI\TSVXXLIRI[ZEVMEFPI
Figure 10.27

Because the contents of Cell A1 cannot be both an import and

export, the formula +A1 is entered in Cell B1. Cell B1 is then
exported to the RECYCLE 1 pressure.

2SXIXLEX[LIR]SYI\TSVXEZEVMEFPIJVSQE7TVIEHWLIIXGIPPXLEX
ZEVMEFPIMWKMZIRXLIWEQIYRMXWEWXLIYRMXWSJXLIPSGEXMSRXS[LMGL]SY
I\TSVXIHMX
For this simple example, you
could use the SET Operation.
For more complex situations,
you must use the Spreadsheet.

*SVI\EQTPIWYTTSWI]SY[ERXIHXSEWWMKRXLITVIWWYVISJWXVIEQ*IIH
XSERSXLIVWXVIEQ-RGIPPBIRXIVXLIJSVQYPEAERHXLIRI\TSVX
XLIGSRXIRXWSJXLIGIPPXSXLITVIWWYVIGIPPSJXLIETTVSTVMEXIWXVIEQ
YWMRKSRISJXLIQIXLSHWSYXPMRIHEFSZI

:MI[%WWSGMEXIH3FNIGX
=SYGERZMI[ERSFNIGXEWWSGMEXIH[MXLEWTIGMJMGGIPPF]GPMGOMRKXLI
WIGSRHEV]QSYWIFYXXSRERHWIPIGXMRKView Associated Object*SV
MRWXERGIMJ]SYHVEKKIHXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJEWXVIEQJVSQXLI
;SVO7LIIXMRXSXLI7TVIEHWLIIXXLI%WWSGMEXIH3FNIGX[SYPHFIXLEX
WXVIEQ;LIR]SYWIPIGX View Associated Object]SY[MPPFIXEOIRXS
XLITVSTIVX]ZMI[JSVXLEX7XVIEQ2SXIXLEX]SYGEREPWSZMI[XLI
EWWSGMEXIHSFNIGXSJERMQTSVXIHGIPPF]HSYFPIGPMGOMRKSRXLEXGIPP
Figure 10.28

-JXLIVIMWRSSFNIGXEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIGYVVIRXGIPPXLMWQIRYWIPIGXMSR
[MPPFIHMWEFPIH

10-36

[Link] Page 37 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations



10-37

7TVIEHWLIIX8EFW

'SRRIGXMSRW8EF
3RXLIConnectionsXEF]SYGEREHHIHMXERHHIPIXI-QTSVXWERH
)\TSVXW%WQIRXMSRIHIEVPMIV]SYQE]EPWSMQTSVXERHI\TSVX
ZEVMEFPIWF]HVEKKMRKXSERHJVSQXLI7TVIEHWLIIX
8SEHHERMQTSVXWIPIGXXLIAdd ImportFYXXSRERHGLSSWIXLI
ZEVMEFPIYWMRKXLI:EVMEFPI2EZMKEXSV*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRWII
Section 5.2 - NavigationSJXLIUsers Guide-RXLICellGSPYQRX]TI
SVWIPIGXJVSQXLIHVSTHS[RPMWXXLI7TVIEHWLIIXGIPPXSFIGSRRIGXIH
XSXLEXZEVMEFPI;LIR]SYQSZIXSXLISpreadsheetXEFXLEXZEVMEFPI
[MPPETTIEVMRXLIGIPP]SYWTIGMJMIH
Figure 10.29

=SYQE]IHMXSVHIPIXIERMQTSVXF]TSWMXMSRMRKXLIGYVWSVMRXLI
ETTVSTVMEXIVS[ERHWIPIGXMRKXLIEdit ImportSVDelete Import
FYXXSRW%HHMRKIHMXMRKERHHIPIXMRKExportsMWTIVJSVQIHMREWMQMPEV
QERRIV
2SXIXLEX]SYQE]EPWSIHMXXLI7TVIEHWLIIX2EQISRXLMWXEF

10-37

[Link] Page 38 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-38

Spreadsheet

4EVEQIXIVW8EF
Figure 10.30

3RXLMWXEFSJXLISpreadsheetTVSTIVX]ZMI[]SYGERWIXXLI
HMQIRWMSRWSJXLI7TVIEHWLIIXERHGLSSWIE9RMX7IX
Spreadsheet
Parameters

Description

Number of Columns
and Rows

You may set the dimensions of the Spreadsheet.

Note that if you set the dimensions of the
Spreadsheet smaller than what is already specified,
you will permanently delete the contents of cells
which are removed. For instance, the contents of cell
A4 will be deleted when you set the Number of Rows
to 3.

Units

You may choose a Unit Set for the Spreadsheet. All

values in the Spreadsheet will be displayed using
units from the set you have chosen (see Section
7.7.5 - Preferences)

)\TSVXEFPI'IPPW
The Visible Name and
Variable Name columns
display variables which can be
exported. The fact that a
variable appears in this list
does not necessarily mean that
the variable has been
exported.

10-38

4VMSVXSI\TPEMRMRKLS[XLI)\TSVXEFPIGIPPWEVIGVIEXIHXLIHMJJIVIRGI
FIX[IIRI\TSVXMRKJVSQXLI7TVIEHWLIIXEWWMKRMRKEZEPYIJVSQXLI
7TVIEHWLIIXXSE4VSGIWW:EVMEFPISVMQTSVXMRKJVSQXLI7TVIEHWLIIX
EGGIWWMRKE7TVIEHWLIIXZEVMEFPIJVSQERSXLIVSFNIGXQYWXFI
I\TPEMRIH6IWYPXWXLEXEVII\TSVXIHJVSQXLI7TVIEHWLIIXXSE
WTIGMJMEFPITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIGERSRP]FIGSRRIGXIHSRGIMIXLIWEQI
GIPPGERRSXFIGSRRIGXIHXSX[STVSGIWWZEVMEFPIW

[Link] Page 39 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-39

,S[IZIVPSGEXMSRWMRXLITVSKVEQ[LMGLGERMQTSVXJVSQXLI
7TVIEHWLIIXIKPID CONTROLLER'EWGEHI7SYVGIADJUST8EVKIX
:EVMEFPISV(EXE&SSO:EVMEFPIGEREGGIWWER]GIPPMRGPYHMRKXLSWI
[LMGLEVIFIMRKI\TSVXIHXSE*PS[WLIIXTVSGIWWZEVMEFPI8LI
)\TSVXEFPI'IPPWPMWXLEWFIIRGVIEXIHXSEPPS[SFNIGXW[LMGLYWIXLI
:EVMEFPI2EZMKEXSVXSEGGIWWZEVMEFPIWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLI7TVIEHWLIIX
When you access the
Spreadsheet as the Object (e.g.
- through the Variable
Navigator), the contents of the
Visible Name cell will appear
in the Variable List.

8LI Exportable CellsKVSYTFS\[MPPHMWTPE]EPPGIPPW[LMGLGERFI

I\TSVXIHMRGPYHMRKXLSWI[LMGLLEZIFIIRI\TSVXIH8LI:MWMFPI
2EQI:EVMEFPI2EQIERH:EVMEFPI8]TI[MPPIMXLIVHMWTPE]XLI
MRJSVQEXMSR]SYLEZIWTIGMJMIHJSVXLIEWWSGMEXIHGIPPSRXLI
7TVIEHWLIIXMXWIPJSV[MPPGSRXEMRXLIMRJSVQEXMSRETTVSTVMEXIXSXLI
TVSGIWWZEVMEFPIXLEXXLIGIPPLEWFIIRI\TSVXIHXS-RXLIJSVQIVGEWI
XLMWMRJSVQEXMSRMWQSHMJMEFPI]SYGERGLERKIMXLIVISVSRXLI
7TVIEHWLIIXMXWIPJ-RXLIPEXXIV]SYGERRSXQSHMJ]XLIMRJSVQEXMSREWMX
MWWIXF]XLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIXLIGIPPLEWFIIRI\TSVXIHXS*SVMRWXERGI
MJ]SYI\TSVXE7TVIEHWLIIXZEPYIXSXLI7ITEVEXSV:EPZI3TIRMRKGIPP
XLI:EVMEFPI2EQIERH:EVMEFPI8]TI[MPPFI:EPZI3TIRMRKERH
4IVGIRXVIWTIGXMZIP]
=SYGERIHMXXLI:EVMEFPI2EQIERH:EVMEFPI8]TIJSVEPPRSRI\TSVXIH
ZEVMEFPIW[LMGLETTIEVMRXLIPMWX2SXIXLEX7TVIEHWLIIXZEVMEFPIW
EXXEGLIHXSXLI'SRXVSPPIV%HNYWXWERH(EXEFSSOEVIRSXI\TSVXIHFYX
EVIMQTSVXIHJVSQXLEX3FNIGX
Figure 10.31

There are four

variables in the
Variable List for
SPRDSHT-1
corresponding to
cells B1, B4, and
B7 and D1. Note
that the Variable
Names were added
manually.

When you the

Variable Navigator
and select
SPRDSHT-1 as the
Object you will see
cells B1, B2, B3,
B4, B5, B7 and D1
in the Variable List.

10-39

[Link] Page 40 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-40

Spreadsheet

7TVIEHWLIIX8EF
8LISpreadsheetXEF[MXLXLIPEFIPPIHVS[WERHGSPYQRWMWWMQMPEVXS
GSRZIRXMSREP7TVIEHWLIIXW
*VSQXLMWXEF]SYGERMQTSVXERHI\TSVXZEVMEFPIWHMWGSRRIGX
MQTSVXWI\TSVXWZMI[EWWSGMEXIHSFNIGXZMI[WHIJMRIJSVQYPE
I\TVIWWMSRWERHQSHMJ]ZEVMEFPIREQIW
Spreadsheet
Function

For More Information

Importing and
Exporting

See Subsections: Importing and Exporting

Variables by dragging, and Importing
Variables by Browsing.

Associated Object
Views

See Subsection: View Associated Object.

Formula
Expressions

See Subsection: Spreadsheet Tab.

Variable Names

See Subsection: Exportable Cells.

'YVVIRX'IPP+VSYT&S\
8LICurrent CellKVSYTFS\[MPPHMWTPE]MRJSVQEXMSRWTIGMJMGXSXLI
GSRXIRXWSJXLILMKLPMKLXIHGIPP*SVEPPGEWIWXLI'YVVIRX'IPPPSGEXMSR
MWHMWTPE]IH

Cell containing a Formula or non-imported specifiable value

Figure 10.32

The Variable Type sets the

units for the Spreadsheet cell.
For example, the SI units for
Variable Type Area are m2.

10-40

8LIVariable TypeERH Variable Name EVIWLS[R=SYQE]GLSSWIE

RI[:EVMEFPI8]TIJVSQXLIHVSTHS[RPMWXERH]SYGERIHMXXLI
:EVMEFPIREQIWIII\EQTPI'IPPWGSRXEMRMRKEJSVQYPESVERSR
MQTSVXIHWTIGMJMEFPIZEPYI[MPPFIEYXSQEXMGEPP]EHHIHXSXLI:EVMEFPI
PMWXSRXLIParametersXEFXLIExportableFS\[MPPFIGLIGOIH

[Link] Page 41 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-41

Cell containing an Export

Figure 10.33

8LISFNIGXERHZEVMEFPIXS[LMGLXLIGSRXIRXWSJXLIGIPP[IVII\TSVXIH
EVIWLS[R8LIExportableFS\MWGLIGOIHMRXLMWGEWI=SYGERRSX
GLERKIXLI:EVMEFPI2EQIWMRGIMXMWE,=7=7HIJEYPX

Cell containing an Import

Figure 10.34

8LISFNIGXERHZEVMEFPIJVSQ[LMGLXLIGSRXIRXWSJXLIGYVVIRXGIPP
[IVIMQTSVXIHEVIWLS[R=SYGERRSXGLERKIXLI:EVMEFPIREQIWMRGI
MXMWE,=7=7HIJEYPX

*YRGXMSR,IPTERH7TVIEHWLIIX3RP]
FYXXSRW
7IPIGXMRKXLIFunction HelpFYXXSREPPS[W]SYXSZMI[XLIEZEMPEFPI
7TVIEHWLIIX*YRGXMSRWERH)\TVIWWMSRW2SXIXLEXXLMWHelp Window
LEWXLVIIXEFWMathematicalExpressions, Logical Expressions ERH
Mathematical Functions7IISection 10.5.1 - Spreadsheet Functions
JSVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSR
7IPIGXXLISpreadsheet OnlyFYXXSRXSZMI[NYWXXLI7TVIEHWLIIXGIPPWMR
EWITEVEXI[MRHS[8LMWJIEXYVIMWYWIJYP[LIR]SYLEZIGSQTPIXIP]WIX
YTXLI7TVIEHWLIIXERH]SYSRP][ERXXSZMI[XLIGIPPVIWYPXW



8VERWJIV*YRGXMSR

8LI TRANSFER FUNCTIONFPSGOMWEPSKMGEPSTIVEXMSR[LMGLXEOIWE

WTIGMJMIHMRTYXERHETTPMIWXLIGLSWIRXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRXSTVSHYGIER
SYXTYX%X]TMGEPYWISJXLI8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRMWXSETTP]HMWXYVFERGIW
XSETVSGIWWWYGLEWZEV]MRKXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJEJIIHWXVIEQ[MXLSYX
LEZMRKXSEHHEHMWXYVFERGIQERYEPP]-XMWEPWSYWIJYPXSWMQYPEXIEYRMX

10-41

[Link] Page 42 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-42

Transfer Function

JSV[LMGL]SYORS[XLIVIWTSRWIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWKEMRHEQTMRKJEGXSV
TIVMSHFYXRSXXLIEGXYEPIUYEXMSRWMRZSPZIH
8LIJSPPS[MRK8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRWEVIEZEMPEFPI

First & second order lead

First & second order lag
Second order lag / sine wave
Delay
Ramp

8LIWIGSRHSVHIVPEKGERFIHIJMRIHIMXLIVEWEWIVMIWSJX[SJMVWXSVHIV
PEKWSVEWEWMRKPII\TPMGMXWIGSRHSVHIVPEK
'SQFMREXMSRWSJXLIEFSZIJYRGXMSRWQE]FIYWIHXSTVSHYGIXLI
HIWMVIHSYXTYX8LIGSQFMRIHXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRMWEWJSPPS[W
G ( s ) = Lead1 ( s )Lead2 ( s )Lag1 ( s )Lag2 ( s )W ( s )D ( s )R ( s )



8LIMRTYX<WMWQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRXSSFXEMRXLI
SYXTYX2SXIXLEXXLIMRTYXSV4VSGIWW:EVMEFPI7SYVGIMWSTXMSREP]SY
GERYWIEJM\IHZEPYIEWXLIMRTYX
Y ( s ) = G ( s )X ( s )



8LIXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRMWHIJMRIHLIVIMRXLI0ETPEGI(SQEMRYWMRKXLI
0ETPEGI:EVMEFPIW;LIRMRXLI0ETPEGI(SQEMRXLISZIVEPPXVERWJIV
JYRGXMSRMWWMQTP]XLITVSHYGXSJXLIMRHMZMHYEPXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRW
8LI0ETPEGI8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRQYWXFIGSRZIVXIHXSEVIEPXMQI
JYRGXMSRMRSVHIVXSFIQIERMRKJYPJSVEH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR*SV
MRWXERGIXLI0ETPEGI8VERWJSVQJSVXLIWMRIJYRGXMSRMW

G = ----------------2
2
s +



;LIRGSRZIVXIHXSXLIXMQIHSQEMRF]XEOMRKXLIMRZIVWI0ETPEGI[I
SFXEMR
f ( t ) = sin t

10-42



[Link] Page 43 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-43

8SMRWXEPPXLITRANSFER FUNCTIONSTIVEXMSRGLSSWIAdd Operation

JVSQXLIFlowsheetQIRYERHWIPIGXTransfer Function Block
%PXIVREXMZIP]WIPIGXXLITransfer Function BlockFYXXSRMRXLI4EPIXXI
Transfer Function Button



'SRRIGXMSRW8EF

Figure 10.35

8LIJSPPS[MRKMRJSVQEXMSRMWWLS[RSRXLIConnectionsXEF
Input Required

Description

Name

The name of this Transfer Function Block.

Process Variable
Source

This is a stream or Operation. You may select the

PV Object and Variable by choosing the Select PV
button (see Section 5.2 - Navigation of the Users
Guide). Note that the Process Variable is optional. If
you do not specify a PV, enter a constant PV on the
Parameters tab.

Transformed PV
Target Object

This is a Stream or Operation. Select the PV Object

and Variable by choosing the Select PV' button. The
PV Target is not required to have the same variable
type as the PV Source.

7IPIGXXLIEqn HelpFYXXSRXSZMI[XLI8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRIUYEXMSRW

10-43

[Link] Page 44 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-44

Transfer Function



4EVEQIXIVW8EF

8LIParametersXEFEPPS[W]SYXSHIJMRIXLIIRXMVIXVERWJIVJYRGXMSR
+WF]HIJMRMRKXLI6EQT(IPE]0EK0IEHERHRH3VHIVXVERWJIV
JYRGXMSRW8LIXEFGSRWMWXWSJXLIConfigurationTEKIMR[LMGLXLI
4VSGIWWERH3YXTYX:EVMEFPIPMQMXWEVIHIJMRIH
8LIVIQEMRMRKTEKIWRampDelayLagLeadERH2nd OrderEPPHIJMRI
XLIHMJJIVIRXXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRXIVQW)EGLSJXLIWITEKIWGSRXEMRWXLI
Active Transfer Function KVSYT[LMGLGSRWMWXWSJERYQFIVSJGLIGO
FS\IWGSVVIWTSRHMRKXS
XLIEZEMPEFPIGSQTSRIRXWSJXLI8VERWJIV*YRGXMSR&]GLIGOMRKXLI
ETTVSTVMEXIFS\]SYQE]MRGPYHIXLEXXIVQMRXLISZIVEPP8VERWJIV
*YRGXMSR;LIR]SYEGXMZEXIMRHMZMHYEPJYRGXMSRWSRXLIRamp/Delay/
Lag or Lead/2nd Order TEKIWXLIETTVSTVMEXIFS\IW[MPPXLIRFI
GLIGOIHMRXLMWKVSYT
Figure 10.36

10-44

[Link] Page 45 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-45

'SRJMKYVEXMSR4EKI
Figure 10.37

Parameter

Description

PV Minimum and
Maximum for
Normalization

Enter the range of the Transfer Function Output.

These values define the range of the output;
regardless of the input or Transfer Function
parameters, the output will always stay in this range.
This range affects the Noise and sine wave
amplitude.

PV Input

The value of the PV Input (Process Variable or

Constant PV) is shown here.

PV Output

The value of the PV Output is shown here.

PV Input Noise

Enter the Standard Deviation of the input noise as a

percentage of the PV Range.

PV Output Noise

Enter the Standard Deviation of the output noise as

a percentage of the PV Range. Note that the noise
follows a normal distribution.

9WIV-RTYX4:
Figure 10.38

8LMWFS\MWSRP]ZMWMFPI[LIR]SYLEZIRSXHIJMRIHE4:7SYVGI[MXLXLI
Transformed PV TargetJYPP]HIJMRIHSRXLIConnectionsXEF=SYQE]
WYTTP]E'SRWXERX4:[LIRXLMWFS\MWZMWMFPI

10-45

[Link] Page 46 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-46

Transfer Function

6EQT4EKI
8LI6EQTERH(IPE]8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRW[MPPFIHIQSRWXVEXIHYWMRKE
GSRWXERXZEPYIMRTYX[LMPIXLIVIWXSJXLI8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRW0IEH
0EKRHSVHIV0EK7MRI;EZI[MPPFIHIQSRWXVEXIHYWMRKXLIWXVIEQ
-RTYXWLS[RFIPS[EWXLI4:7SYVGI
OPERATION TYPE

MATERIAL STREAM

Tab [Page]

Input Area

Entry

UNIQUAC

Methanol and H2O

Property Package:

Worksheet [Conditions]

Worksheet [Composition]

Dynamic [Specs]

Stream Name

Input

Temperature [C]

25.0000

Pressure [kPa]

101.3250

Molar Flow [kgmol/

hr]

100.0000

Comp Mass Frac

[H2O]

0.8000

Comp Mass Frac

[Methanol]

0.2000

Pressure
Specification

Active

Flow Specification

Not Active

Figure 10.39

=SYGERWMQYPEXIXLI6EQTF]GLIGOMRKXLIRamp GLIGOFS\SRXLI
RampTEKISJXLIParametersXEF

10-46

[Link] Page 47 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-47

8LI6EQT8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRVIUYMVIWSRP]SRITEVEQIXIV86EQT
4IVMSH
1
G = -----Ts



8LIYRMXWXITVIWTSRWISJXLI6EQT8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRMW
t
f ( t ) = --T



8LIRampTEKIGSRWMWXWSJX[SKVSYTFS\IWXLITVIZMSYWP]HMWGYWWIH
Active Transfer FunctionKVSYTERHXLIRamp ParametersKVSYT
[LMGLGSRWMWXWSJXLIT (Ramp Period) JMIPH
8LIJMKYVIFIPS[WLS[WXLI6EQTJYRGXMSRETTPMIHXSEGSRWXERXMRTYX
JSVE6EQT4IVMSHSJQMRYXIW
Figure 10.40



)RXIVE4:6ERKISJXSOKQSPIL



-RTYXEConstant PV ZEPYISJ7IPIGXXLIFace PlateFYXXSREXXLI

FSXXSQSJXLI8VERWJIV*YRGXMSRTVSTIVX]ZMI[XSZMI[XLI*EGI
4PEXI
Figure 10.41

Integrator Button



%GXMZEXIXLI6EQT8VERWJIV*YRGXMSR6EQT4IVMSH!QMRYXIW



7XEVXXLI-RXIKVEXSV-RMXMEPP]XLI-RTYXERH3YXTYXVIQEMR
GSRWXERXEX



'LERKIXLIConstant PVZEPYIZMEXLI*EGI4PEXIXS

10-47

[Link] Page 48 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-48

Transfer Function

Figure 10.42



8LI3YXTYXVEQTWJVSQEZEPYISJXSMRQMRYXIWERH
GSRXMRYIWXSVEQTYRXMPMXVIEGLIWXLI4:1MRMQYQ2SXIXLEXXLI
6EQT*YRGXMSRMWPMRIEVEWIZMHIRGIHMRFSXLXLIKVETLERHXLI
VIEPXMQI6EQT*YRGXMSR
Figure 10.43

10-48

[Link] Page 49 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-49

(IPE]4EKI
8LI(IPE]4EKIGSRWMWXWSJXLIEJSVIQIRXMSRIHActive Transfer
FunctionKVSYTFS\EW[IPPEWXLIDelay ParametersKVSYT
Figure 10.44

8LIDelay ParametersKVSYTGSRXEMRWX[SMRTYXJMIPHWK (Gain)ERHT

(Delay Period)[LMGLEVIX[STEVEQIXIVWSJXLI(IPE])UYEXMSR8LI
(IPE])UYEXMSRMWHIJMRIHEW

G = Ke

t o s



where: to=Dead time

8LIMRZIVWI0ETPEGI8VERWJSVQSJXLI(IPE])UYEXMSRQYPXMTPMIHF]XLI
KIRIVEPJYRGXMSRF(s)MWIUYEPXSKft-to8LMWMWWLS[RFIPS[
1

L ( Ke

t o s

F ( s ) ) = Kf ( t t o )



(IPE]GERFIYWIHMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLXLISXLIV8VERWJIVJYRGXMSR
XIVQWF]GLIGOMRKXLIDelayGLIGOFS\MRXLIActive Transfer Function
KVSYTFS\*SVXLMWI\EQTPIQEOIWYVIXLEXXLIDelayGLIGOFS\MWXLI
SRP]EGXMZISTXMSR

10-49

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10-50

Transfer Function

7IXXLIWXVIEQInputEWXLITransformed PV TargetSRXLI
ConnectionsXEF
-RTYXEConstant PVZEPYISJSRXLIConfigurationTEKISJXLI
ParametersXEF
1EOIWYVIXLIDelaySTXMSRMRXLIActive Transfer Function MWEGXMZI
PIEZIXLIRamp Parameters XLIMVHIJEYPXZEPYIWGainERHDelay
PeriodQMRYXIW
7XEVXXLI-RXIKVEXSV
%XEXMQISJEFSYXQMRYXIWMRGVIEWIXLI4:-RTYXJVSQXS
JVSQXLIFace Plate
%XXMQI!QMRYXIWXIRQMRYXIWEJXIVXLI-RTYXGLERKIHXLI
3YXTYXMRWXERXERISYWP]MRGVIEWIWXS8LIKVETLWLS[RLIVI
HMWTPE]WXLI-RTYXHEWLIHPMRIERH3YXTYXWSPMHPMRIJYRGXMSRW
Figure 10.45

10-50

[Link] Page 51 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-51

0EK4EKI
Figure 10.46

=SYQE]WMQYPEXIXLIVIWTSRWISJEJMVWXSVHIVSVWIGSRHSVHIVPEKSR
XLILagTEKISJXLIParametersXEF%WIGSRHSVHIVPEKGERFIHIJMRIH
SRXLILagTEKIGVIEXMRKX[SJMVWXSVHIVPEKW
8LILagTEKIGSRXEMRWX[SKVSYTWFS\IWLag 1 Parameters ERHLag 2
Parameters[MXLIEGLFS\HIJMRMRKEWMRKPISVHIVPEKXVERWJIVJYRGXMSR
8LIKVSYTFS\GSRXEMRWX[SJMIPHWK (Gain)ERHT (Time Constant)
[LMGLEVIXLIX[STEVEQIXIVWSJXLI0EK)UYEXMSR
8LI0EK)UYEXMSRMWHIJMRIHEWJSPPS[W
K
G = --------------Ts + 1



where: G = The Transfer Function

K = Gain
T = Time Constant (t)
s = Laplace Transform Variable
8LI8MQI'SRWXERXMWXLIXMQIVIUYMVIHJSVXLIVIWTSRWIXSVIEGL
SJMXWJMREPZEPYI

10-51

[Link] Page 52 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-52

Transfer Function

8LIYRMXWXITVIWTSRWISJXLI0EK)UYEXMSRMW
t

---

T
K1 e



2SXIXLEXEWIGSRHSVHIV0EKQE]EPWSFIHIJMRIHSRXLI2nd Order
TEKI8LMWWIGSRHSVHIV0EKMWHIJMRIHYWMRKZEVMEFPIW/8ERHWII
7IGSRH3VHIV0EKJSVHIXEMPW

Lead P age
Figure 10.47

8LILead TEKIEPPS[W]SYXSHIJMRIIMXLIVEJMVWXSVWIGSRHSVHIV0IEH
XVERWJIVJYRGXMSR8LMWMWHSRIZMEXLIX[SKVSYTFS\IW0IEH
4EVEQIXIVWERH0IEH4EVEQIXIVW&SXLKVSYTFS\IWEPPS[JSVXLI
HIJMRMXMSRSJXLIX[SXIVQWSJXLI0IEH)UYEXMSR/ERH8
8LI0IEH)UYEXMSRMWHIJMRIHEW
G = K ( Ts + 1 )

where: K is the gain and T is the time constant.

10-52

(10.19)

[Link] Page 53 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-53

The Inverse Laplace Transform of the Lead Equation multiplied by the

general function F(s) is:
df ( t )
1
L [ K ( Ts + 1 )F ( s ) ] = K -----------T + f ( t )
dt

(10.20)

A first or second-order Lead can be simulated by making one or both

Lead Parameters active. You can make a set of K and T active by
checking the Lead box on the Parameters tab.

Fi rst-Orde r L ag Ex am pl e
1. Define the stream Input as shown earlier in this section, and set its
flow to zero.
2. Attach Input Molar Flow as the PV Source for the Transfer Function.
3. Set the PV Min and Max to 0 and 100 kgmole/ h, respectively.
4. Activate the first-order Lag, using the defaults K=1 and T=10 minutes.
5. Start the Integrator. Change the molar flow rate of Input to 100
kgmole/ h.
6. The first-order response is shown here.
Figure 10.48

10-53

[Link] Page 54 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-54

Transfer Function

The response is an exponential curve of the following form:

---

T
Flow ( t ) = K 1 e

(10.21)

where: K = Process gain

T = Time constant
The time constant is the time required for the response to reach 63.2%
of its final value. In this case, the time constant is 600s (10 minutes), so
the response should have a value of about 63 kgmole/ h 10 minutes
after the step change in Input is introduced. This is illustrated in the
Strip Chart.

S e c o n d O rd e r L a g
Figure 10.49

Stan dard Se c ond Orde r

Select the Lag radio button in the 2nd Order Functionality Selection
group box to simulate the response of a standard Second Order

10-54

[Link] Page 55 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-55

process. The Second Order Lag is defined as:

K
G = -------------------------------------2 2
T s + 2Ts + 1

(10.22)

where: = Damping factor (or Damping ratio)

The form of the Inverse Laplace Transform of this function depends on
whether the Damping factor is less than, equal to, or greater than one.
The Inverse Laplace Transform is relatively complex and is not shown
here.
A standard second-order Lead or Lag transfer function may or may not
produce an oscillatory output, depending on the damping factor
("Xi"). If the damping factor is unity, the response is said to be critically
damped. If >1, the process is overdamped, producing a slower
response than the critically damped case. If <1, the process is
underdamped, producing the faster response. However, the response
will overshoot the target value, and will oscillate with a period T.
Check the 2nd Order check box to simulate the Second Order Process.
Note that First Order, Delay and Ramp Functions may also be active, in
which case all equations will be superimposed.

Stan dard Se c ond-Orde r Ex am pl e

The PV range has no effect on

the response of the secondorder lag. However, it affects
the Output range.

1.

Define the stream Input as shown earlier in this section, and set its
flow to zero.

2.

Attach Input Molar Flow as the PV Source for the Transfer

Function.

3.

Set the PV Min and Max to 0 and 200 kgmole/ h, respectively.

4.

Activate the second-order Lag, using the parameters K=1, T=2

minutes and x=1.

5.

Start the Integrator. Change the molar flow rate of Input to 100
kgmole/ h.

10-55

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10-56

Transfer Function

6.
You would get the same
response if you defined two
first order lags with the
parameters K=1 and T=2
minutes.

The response is shown below:

Figure 10.50

The form of the response is:

t t T
Flow ( t ) = K 1 1 + --- e

(10.23)

where: K = Process Gain

T = Time constant
In this case, the response will reach 26.4% of its final value in one time
constant.
For an overdamped response, change (Xi) to 1.5, reset the Integrator
and the Input flow, and add the step change again:

10-56

[Link] Page 57 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-57

Figure 10.51

Notice that the response does not overshoot the final value, but
approaches it more slowly than the critically damped response. Finally,
simulate an underdamped response by changing (Xi) to 0.4:
Figure 10.52

In this case, notice that the response overshoots the final value and is
oscillatory.
Note the significance of the K-value, or gain, of the second-order
process. For a gain of 1.0, the output will change the same amount as
the input. In this case, the input changed from 0-100 kgmole/ h, and the

10-57

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10-58

Transfer Function

output reached a lined-out value of 100 as well.

For a gain other than unity, the output will change the amount of the
input change multiplied by the gain:

K Input = Output ( @steadystate )

(10.24)

Si ne Wave
Figure 10.53

The Sine Wave Transfer function is defined as follows:

K
G = ----------------2
2
s +

(10.25)

where: = Frequency of oscillation

K = Amplitude
Note that the frequency is the inverse of the period ( = 1/ T).
The Inverse Laplace of the Sine Wave Transfer Function is:
f ( t ) = K sin t

10-58

(10.26)

[Link] Page 59 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-59

The K-value (transfer function gain) is the amplitude of the sine wave,
in a percentage of the Signal range. The range is the difference between
the Signal Minimum and Maximum values given on the Parameters
tab.
As usual, check the Sine Wave radio button on 2nd Order page to
simulate the Sine Wave. You cannot activate both the Standard 2nd
Order and the Sine Wave at the same time.

7MRI;EZI*YRGXMSR)\EQTPI
Suppose SineOutput were to feed a downstream unit operation. We
wish to vary the flow of this stream sinusoidally by 10% (between 90110 kgmole/ h).
1.

Define the stream Input as shown earlier in this section, and set its
flow to zero.

2.

Attach Input Molar Flow as the PV Source for the Transfer

Function.

3.

Attach SineOutput Molar Flow as the PV Target.

4.

Set the PV Min and Max to 90 and 110 kgmole/ h, respectively.

These values define the range of the output - as mentioned earlier,
regardless of the input or the Transfer Function parameters, the
output will always stay in this range.
Figure 10.54

5.

Define the sinusoidal transfer function using the parameters K=50

and T = 20 minutes.

10-59

[Link] Page 60 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-60

Transfer Function

8LI/ZEPYIXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRKEMRMW

Amplitude
K = --------------------------- 100
Range



-RXLMWGEWI/MWWSXLIEQTPMXYHI[MPPFISJXLIVERKI[LMGLMW
OKQSPIL8LIVIJSVIXLISYXTYXJPS[[MPPVMWIOKQSPILEFSZI
ERHJEPPOKQSPILFIPS[XLIMRTYXJPS[8LMWQIERWXLEXXLISYXTYX
[MPPSWGMPPEXIFIX[IIRERHOKQSPILGSZIVMRKXLIIRXMVIVERKI
Figure 10.55

8LIWMRI[EZIGSQTPIXIWSRIG]GPIIZIV]QMRYXIW

7UYEVI;EZI*YRGXMSR)\EQTPI
2S[WYTTSWIXLEX]SY[MWLXSZEV]XLISYXTYXJPS[EWEWUYEVI[EZI
JYRGXMSR[MXLXLIWEQIEQTPMXYHIERHJVIUYIRG]EWXLIWMRI[EZI
7MQTP]IRXIVEPEVKIZEPYIJSV/[LMGL[MPPMRWXVYGX,=7=7XSTVSHYGIE
PEVKIEQTPMXYHI7MRI[EZI,S[IZIVHYIXSXLI7MKREP1MRMQYQERH
1E\MQYQZEPYIWHIJMRIHSRXLI ConnectionsXEFXLISYXTYXJPS[[MPP
SRP]FIEPPS[IHXSVIEGLELMKLZEPYISJERHEPS[ZEPYISJ
OKQSPILXLYWTVSHYGMRKEWUYEVI[EZI*SVI\EQTPIXV]E/ZEPYISJ


10-60

[Link] Page 61 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Logical Operations

10-61

Figure 10.56

%GGSVHMRKXSXLIIUYEXMSRJSVXLI/ZEPYIXLIEQTPMXYHIXLEXXLIWMRI
[EZIMWXV]MRKXSVIEGLMW
K Range
Amplitude = ------------------------100
1000 20
= ---------------------100
= 200 kgmol hr
8LIVIJSVIXLI[EZIMWXV]MRKXSVIEGLEQMRMQYQSJ%!
OKQSPILERHEQE\MQYQSJ%!OKQSPILFYXXLI7MKREP
1MRERH1E\ZEPYIWTVIZIRXMXJVSQXVEZIPPMRKSYXWMHIXLI
OKQSPILVERKI8LI[EZIVMWIWVETMHP]FIGEYWIMXQYWXVIEGLXLIPEVKI
EQTPMXYHISZIVXLIWEQITIVMSHQMRYXIWMRIJJIGXTVSHYGMRKXLI
7UYEVI[EZIJYRGXMSR

10-61

[Link] Page 62 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

10-62

10-62

Transfer Function

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-1

11 Control Theory
11.1 Process Dynamics...................................................................................... 3
11.1.1 Characteristic Parameters of the Process System................................. 4
11.2 Controller Setup ......................................................................................... 9
11.2.1 Terminology ............................................................................................ 9
11.2.2 Available Control Operations................................................................ 15
11.3 General Guidelines................................................................................... 29
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4

Effect of Characteristic Process Parameters on Control ...................... 29

Choosing the Correct Controller........................................................... 30
Choosing Controller Tuning Parameters .............................................. 32
Basic Steps in setting up a Control Strategy in HYSYS ....................... 36

11-1

[Link] Page 2 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-2

11-2

[Link] Page 3 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-3

4VSGIWWGSRXVSPSRE[SVOMRKPIZIPMRZSPZIWXLIGSRXVSPSJZEVMEFPIWWYGL
EWJPS[VEXIXIQTIVEXYVIERHTVIWWYVIMREGSRXMRYSYWP]STIVEXMRK
TPERX4VSGIWWGSRXVSPMREKIRIVEPWIRWIEXXIQTXWXSQE\MQM^I
TVSJMXEFMPMX]IRWYVITVSHYGXUYEPMX]ERHMQTVSZIXLIWEJIX]ERH
STIVEFMPMX]SJXLITPERX
;LMPIWXIEH]WXEXIWMQYPEXMSRMR,=7=7EPPS[WXLIHIWMKRIRKMRIIVXS
STXMQM^ISTIVEXMRKGSRHMXMSRWMRXLITPERXH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSREPPS[W
]SYXS

design and test a variety of control strategies before

choosing one that may be suitable for implementation
stress the system with disturbances as desired to test for
plant performance
)ZIREJXIVETPERXLEWWXEVXIHSTIVEXMSRTVSGIWWIRKMRIIVWQE]PSSOJSV
[E]WXSMQTVSZIXLIUYEPMX]SJXLITVSHYGXQE\MQM^I]MIPHSVVIHYGI
YXMPMX]GSWXW(]REQMGWMQYPEXMSRYWMRK,=7=7EPPS[WXLITVSGIWW
IRKMRIIVXSGSQTEVIEPXIVREXMZIGSRXVSPWXVEXIKMIWERHSTIVEXMRK
WGLIQIWMRSVHIVXSMQTVSZIXLISZIVEPPTIVJSVQERGISJXLITPERX-R
WLSVXXLIIRKMRIIVGEREGGSQTPMWLEPSXSJEREP]WMWSJJPMRISRE
H]REQMGWMQYPEXSVMRWXIEHSJHMWXYVFMRKXLIEGXYEPTVSGIWW
8LVIIXSTMGW[MPPFIGSZIVIHMRXLMWGLETXIV*MVWXXLIGLEVEGXIVMWXMG
TEVEQIXIVWSJETVSGIWW[MPPFIHMWGYWWIHMRXLIProcess Dynamics
WIGXMSR2I\XXLIGSRXVSPWXVEXIKMIWEZEMPEFPIMR,=7=74PERX[MPPFI
HMWGYWWIHMRXLIController SetupWIGXMSR*MREPP]XLIGeneral
GuidelinesWIGXMSR[MPPSYXPMRIWSQIWXITW]SYGERJSPPS[XSMQTPIQIRX
EGSRXVSPWXVEXIK]MR,=7=74PERX-RGPYHIHMRXLMWWIGXMSREVIWIZIVEP
XIGLRMUYIWXLEXQE]FIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRITSWWMFPIMRMXMEPXYRMRKZEPYIW
JSVXLIGSRXVSPPIVSTIVEXMSRW



4VSGIWW(]REQMGW

%WETVIGYVWSVXSYRHIVWXERHMRKXLIGSRGITXWSJTVSGIWWGSRXVSPXLI
H]REQMGGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLITVSGIWW[MPPFIHMWGYWWIH8LIXEWOSJ
HIWMKRMRKEGSRXVSPWGLIQIMWFIWXGEVVMIHSYXMJXLIVIMWEKSSH
YRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLITVSGIWWW]WXIQFIMRKWXYHMIH%TVSGIWW

VIWTSRWIXSGLERKIGERZEV]GSRWMHIVEFP]HITIRHMRKSRXLIQERRIVMR
[LMGLXLIMRTYXMWETTPMIHXSXLIW]WXIQERHXLIREXYVISJXLIW]WXIQ
MXWIPJ8LIVIJSVIMXMWMQTSVXERXXSYRHIVWXERHXLIH]REQMG
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLITVSGIWWW]WXIQFIJSVITVSGIIHMRK[MXLXLI
TVSGIWWGSRXVSPHIWMKR

11-3

[Link] Page 4 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-4

Process Dynamics

%WHIQSRWXVEXIHMRChapter 1 - Dynamic TheoryQER]GLIQMGEP

IRKMRIIVMRKW]WXIQWEVIRSRPMRIEVMRREXYVI,S[IZIVMXMWGSRZIRMIRX
XSHIJMRIWSQIIWWIRXMEPGLEVEGXIVMWXMGTEVEQIXIVWSJETVSGIWWW]WXIQ
F]ETTVS\MQEXMRKXLIW]WXIQEWPMRIEV



'LEVEGXIVMWXMG4EVEQIXIVW
SJXLI4VSGIWW7]WXIQ

-XMWIEWMIWXXSHIJMRIEGLIQMGEPTVSGIWWW]WXIQYWMRKXLIKIRIVEP
GSRWIVZEXMSRTVMRGMTPI[LMGLWXEXIXLEX
Rate of accumulation = Input - Output + Internal Generation



-RSVHIVXSHIWGVMFIWSQIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGTEVEQIXIVWSJEGLIQMGEP
TVSGIWWW]WXIQXLIKIRIVEPGSRWIVZEXMSRTVMRGMTPIMWETTPMIHXSEJPS[
VIPEXMSRJMVWXSVHIVPMUYMHPIZIPW]WXIQ
Figure 11.1

8LIGSRWIVZEXMSRSJQEXIVMEPMRXLIXEROMWI\TVIWWIHEWJSPPS[W
dH
A ------- = F i F o
dt
where: H = the liquid height in the tank
A = the cross-sectional area of the tank
F = the inlet flow rate
M

F = the exit flow rate

S

11-4



[Link] Page 5 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-5

8LIVIMWERSRPMRIEVVIPEXMSRWLMTHIWGVMFMRKXLIJPS[SYXSJXLIFSXXSQ
SJXLIXERO* ERHXLIPMUYMHLIMKLXMRXLIXERO,,S[IZIVMRSVHIVXS
I\TVIWWEquation (11.2)EWEJMVWXSVHIVPMRIEVHMJJIVIRXMEPIUYEXMSRMX
QYWXFIEWWYQIHXLEXXLII\MXJPS[ZEVMIWPMRIEVP][MXLLIMKLX0MRIEVMX]
GERFIEWWYQIHMRWMXYEXMSRWMR[LMGLXLIJPS[HSIWRSXZEV]
GSRWMHIVEFP]SZIVXMQI8LII\MXJPS[* GERFII\TVIWWIHMRXIVQWXLI
PMRIEVMX]GSRWXERX6XLIZEPZIVIWMWXERGI
S

H
Fo = ---R



Equation (11.2)GERXLIVIJSVIFII\TVIWWIHEW

H
dH
A ------- = Fi ---R
dt



dH
RA ------- + H = RF i
dt



Equation (11.5)MWEKIRIVEPJMVWXSVHIVHMJJIVIRXMEP[LMGLGERFI
I\TVIWWIHMRXIVQWSJX[SGLEVEGXIVMWXMGTEVEQIXIVWXLIWXIEH]WXEXI
KEMR/ERHXLIXMQIGSRWXERX
dy
------ + y ( t ) = Ku ( t )
dt



where: y(t) = the output of the system

u(t)= input to the system
K = the steady-state gain

! the time constant of the system

8LIGLERKIMRPMUYMHPIZIP,MWXLIGLERKIMRXLISYXTYXSJXLIW]WXIQ
]X8LIGLERKIMRXLIMRTYXXSXLIW]WXIQYXMWXLIGLERKIMRJPS[
MRXSXLIXERO* 7MQMPEVP]XLIXMQIGSRWXERXERHXLIWXIEH]WXEXI
KEMR/GERFII\TVIWWIHEW
M

= AR and K = R



11-5

[Link] Page 6 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-6

Process Dynamics

;LIREWXITJYRGXMSRSJQEKRMXYHI1MWETTPMIHXSXLIKIRIVEPJMVWX
SVHIVW]WXIQXLISYXTYXVIWTSRWI]XMWEWJSPPS[W
Figure 11.2

%WWLS[RXLISYXTYX]XEXXEMRWSJMXWJMREPWXIEH]WXEXIZEPYIMR
SRIXMQIGSRWXERX8LISYXTYX
WVIWTSRWIMRIUYEXMSRJSVQMW
t
----

y ( t ) = MK 1 e



SVMRXIVQWSJXLIJMVWXSVHIVXEROI\EQTPI

H ( t ) = MR 1 e

t
------AR



8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEPMWXSJGLEVEGXIVMWXMGTEVEQIXIVWXLEXQE]FIHIJMRIH
MRXIVQWSJXLIJMVWXSVHIVVIWTSRWIMPPYWXVEXIHMRXLITVIZMSYWI\EQTPI

4VSGIWW+EMR
8LITVSGIWWKEMRMWHIJMRIHEWXLIVEXMSSJXLIGLERKIMRXLITVSGIWW
SYXTYXXSXLIGLERKIMRXLITVSGIWWMRTYX8LIGLERKIMRXLITVSGIWW
MRTYXMWHIJMRIHMREquation (11.6)EWYX8LIGLERKIMRXLITVSGIWW
SYXTYXMWHIJMRIHEW]X8LIJMVWXXIVQMREquation (11.6)MWXVERWMIRX

11-6

[Link] Page 7 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-7

ERHFIGSQIW^IVSEXWXIEH]WXEXI8LIVIJSVIXLIKEMRGERFIGEPGYPEXIH
EWWLS[RMREquation (11.10)
y(t)
Steady-state gain = --------- = K
u(t)



*SVXLMWPMUYMHPIZIPI\EQTPIXLIWXIEH]WXEXIKEMR/MWXLIZEPZI
VIWMWXERGI68LIVIJSVIEWXITGLERKIMRXLIJPS[MRXSXLIXEROSJ
QEKRMXYHI1[MPPVIWYPXMREGLERKIMRPMUYMHPIZIP,XMRXLIXERO
IUYEPXS16

8MQI'SRWXERX
8LIXMQIGSRWXERXHIJMRIWXLIWTIIHSJXLIVIWTSRWI8LIVIWTSRWI
SJXLIW]WXIQ[MPPEP[E]WJSPPS[XLITVSJMPIWLS[RMRFigure 11.2%JXIV
XMQIYRMXWXLIVIWTSRWI]XIUYEPW1/SVSJXLIYPXMQEXI
KEMR8LMW[MPPEP[E]WFIXVYIJSVJMVWXSVHIVW]WXIQW*SVXLMWPMUYMHPIZIP
I\EQTPIXLIXMQIGSRWXERXMWXLITVSHYGXSJXLIEVIESJXLIXERO%ERH
XLIVIWMWXERGISJXLII\MXZEPZI6

'ETEGMX]
(IJMRMXMSR
'ETEGMX]GERFIHIJMRIHWMQTP]EWXLIZSPYQISVWXSVEKIWTEGISJE
W]WXIQ8LIGETEGMXERGISJEW]WXIQHEQTIRWXLISYXTYXGEYWMRKXLI
VIWTSRWIXSXEOIXMQIXSVIEGLERI[WXIEH]WXEXI*SVIPIGXVMGEP
W]WXIQWXLIGETEGMX]MWHIJMRIHMRXIVQWSJXLIVIWMWXERGISJXLIW]WXIQ
ERHXLIXMQIGSRWXERXSJXLIVIWTSRWI

C = --R



-RXLIPMUYMHPIZIPI\EQTPIXLIGETEGMX]MWXLIGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJ
XLIXERO7MRGIXLIGETEGMX]SJEW]WXIQMWTVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIXMQI
GSRWXERXMXGERFIGSRGPYHIHXLEXXLIPEVKIVXLIGETEGMX]XLIWPS[IV
XLIVIWTSRWISJXLIW]WXIQJSVEKMZIRJSVGMRKJYRGXMSR
-RJMVWXSVHIVW]WXIQWXLIGETEGMX]SJEW]WXIQLEWRSIJJIGXSRXLI
TVSGIWWKEMR,S[IZIVXLIGETEGMX]ZEVMIWMRHMVIGXTVSTSVXMSR[MXLXLI
XMQIGSRWXERXSJEW]WXIQ

11-7

[Link] Page 8 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-8

Process Dynamics

(IJMRMXMSR
%W]WXIQ
WGETEGMX]MWEPWSHIJMRIHEWMXWEFMPMX]XSEXXIRYEXIER
MRGSQMRKHMWXYVFERGI%XXIRYEXMSRMWHIJMRIHEW

Response Amplitude out of the system

Attenuation = 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Disturbance Amplitude into the system



Attenuation = 1 Amplitude Ratio

8LIMRTYXYXXSXLIJMVWXSVHIVW]WXIQGERFIGLERKIHJVSQEWXIT
JYRGXMSRXSEWMRYWSMHEPJYRGXMSR
u ( t ) = M sin ( t )



where: = the rotational speed of the input response.

M = the amplitude of the input function
8LIVIWTSRWISJXLIW]WXIQ]XFIGSQIW
1

t / + --------------------------- sin ( t + )
y ( t ) = MK -----------------------e
( ) 2 + 1
( ) 2 + 1



[LIVI !XER 


%JXIVXLIXVERWMIRXXIVQFIGSQIWRIKPMKMFPIXLIJMVWXFVEGOIXIHXIVQ
ERYPXMQEXITIVMSHMGVIWTSRWIVIQEMRWXLIWIGSRHXIVQ8LIVIWTSRWI
EQTPMXYHISJXLIW]WXIQMWXLIVIJSVI
MK
y ( t ) = ---------------------------( )2 + 1



7MRGIXLIHMWXYVFERGIEQTPMXYHIMRXSXLIW]WXIQMW1XLIEQTPMXYHI
VEXMSMW
K
AR = ---------------------------( ) 2 + 1

11-8



[Link] Page 9 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-9

(IEH8MQI
;LMPIGETEGMXERGIMWEQIEWYVISJLS[JEWXEW]WXIQVIWTSRHWXS
HMWXYVFERGIWHIEHXMQIMWEQIEWYVISJXLIEQSYRXSJXMQIXLEX
IPETWIWFIX[IIREHMWXYVFERGIXSXLIW]WXIQERHXLISFWIVZIH
VIWTSRWIMRXLIW]WXIQ8MQIHIPE]WMREW]WXIQGERFIGSQIWMKRMJMGERX
HITIRHMRKSRXLIREXYVISJXLITVSGIWWERHXLIPSGEXMSRSJQIEWYVMRK
HIZMGIWEVSYRHXLITVSGIWW-XMWYWYEPP]XLIXMQIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLI
XVERWTSVXSJQEXIVMEPSVIRIVK]JVSQSRITEVXSJXLITPERXXSERSXLIV
XLEXGSRXVMFYXIWXSXMQIHIPE]WSFWIVZIHMREW]WXIQ8LIHIEHXMQISJE
TVSGIWWQE]FIIEWMP]QSHIPPIHYWMRKXLITransfer FunctionFPSGO
STIVEXMSR



'SRXVSPPIV7IXYT

8LI4-('SRXVSPPIVSTIVEXMSRMWXLITVMQEV]XSSPXLEX]SYGERYWIXS
QERMTYPEXIERHGSRXVSPTVSGIWWZEVMEFPIWMRXLIH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR
=SYGERMQTPIQIRXEZEVMIX]SJJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPWGLIQIWF]QSHMJ]MRK
XLIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWMRXLIPID ControllerSTIVEXMSR8YRMRK
TEVEQIXIVWGERFIQSHMJMIHXSMRGSVTSVEXITVSTSVXMSREPMRXIKVEPERH
HIVMZEXMZIEGXMSRMRXSXLIGSRXVSPPIV%Digital On/OffGSRXVSPSTIVEXMSR
MWEPWSEZEMPEFPI'EWGEHIGSRXVSPQE]FIQSHIPPIHYWMRKMRXIVEGXMRK
PID Controller STIVEXMSRW*IIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPGERFIMQTPIQIRXIH
MRXSXLIWMQYPEXMSRQSHIPYWMRKXLISpreadsheetSTIVEXMSR
-RWXVYQIRXEXMSRH]REQMGWGEREPWSFIQSHIPPIHMR,=7=74PERX
MRGVIEWMRKXLIVIEPMWQSJXLIWMQYPEXMSR[MXLVIEPZEPZIH]REQMGW*MREP
GSRXVSPIPIQIRXWGERFIQSHIPPIH[MXLL]WXIVIWMW8LIZEPZIVIWTSRWI
XSGSRXVSPPIVMRTYXGERFIQSHIPPIHEWMRWXERXERISYWPMRIEVSVJMVWX
SVHIV(IEHXMQIPEKWPIEHW[LIXLIVXLI]SVMKMREXIJVSQHMWXYVFERGIW
SV[MXLMRXLITVSGIWWGSRXVSPPSSTQE]FIQSHIPPIHIJJIGXMZIP]YWMRK
XLITransfer functionSTIVEXMSR



8IVQMRSPSK]

&IJSVIVIZMI[MRKXLIQENSVGSRXVSPSTIVEXMSRWXLEXEVIEZEMPEFPIMR
,=7=7MXMWYWIJYPXSHIWGVMFIWSQIXIVQW

(MWXYVFERGIW
%HMWXYVFERGIYTWIXWXLITVSGIWWW]WXIQERHGEYWIWXLISYXTYX
ZEVMEFPIWXSQSZIJVSQXLIMVHIWMVIHWIXTSMRXW(MWXYVFERGIZEVMEFPIW
GERRSXFIGSRXVSPPIHSVQERMTYPEXIHF]XLITVSGIWWIRKMRIIV8LI

11-9

[Link] Page 10 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-10

Controller Setup

GSRXVSPWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHEGGSYRXJSVEPPHMWXYVFERGIWXLEXGER
WMKRMJMGERXP]EJJIGXETVSGIWW8LIHMWXYVFERGIWXSETVSGIWWGERIMXLIV
FIQIEWYVIHSVYRQIEWYVIH

3TIR0SST'SRXVSP
%RSTIRPSSTVIWTSRWIJVSQETVSGIWWMWHIXIVQMRIHF]ZEV]MRKXLI
MRTYXXSEW]WXIQERHQIEWYVMRKXLISYXTYX
WVIWTSRWI8LISTIRPSST
VIWTSRWIXSEJMVWXSVHIVW]WXIQJVSQEWXITMRTYXMWWLS[RMRFigure
11.2-RSTIRPSSTGSRXVSPXLIGSRXVSPPIVWIXWXLIMRTYXXSXLITVSGIWW
[MXLSYXER]ORS[PIHKISJXLISYXTYXZEVMEFPIXLEXGPSWIWXLIPSSTMR
JIIHFEGOGSRXVSPWGLIQIW
Figure 11.3

%GSQQSRI\EQTPISJSTIRPSSTGSRXVSPMWXLIGSRXVSPSJXVEJJMGMRE
GMX]8LIXVEJJMGPMKLXWGLERKIEGGSVHMRKXSEWIXSJTVIHIXIVQMRIHVYPIW

*IIHFEGO'SRXVSP'PSWIH0SST
*IIHFEGOGSRXVSPMWEGLMIZIHF]lJIIHMRKFEGOzTVSGIWWSYXTYX
MRJSVQEXMSRXSXLIGSRXVSPPIV8LIGSRXVSPPIVQEOIWYWISJXLIGYVVIRX
MRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIMRSVHIVXSHIXIVQMRI[LEX
EGXMSRXSXEOIXSVIKYPEXIXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI8LMWMWXLIWMQTPIWXERH
QSWX[MHIP]YWIHGSRXVSPWXVYGXYVIMRGLIQMGEPTVSGIWWW]WXIQW

11-10

[Link] Page 11 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-11

Figure 11.4

*IIHFEGOGSRXVSPEXXIQTXWXSQEMRXEMRXLISYXTYXZEVMEFPI4:EXE
YWIVHIJMRIHWIXTSMRX748LIVIEVIWSQIFEWMGWXITWXLEXEVIGEVVMIH
SYXF]XLIGSRXVSPPIVMRSVHIVXSEGLMIZIXLMWXEWO


1IEWYVIXLISYXTYXZEVMEFPI4:



'SQTEVIXLIQIEWYVIHZEPYI4:[MXLXLIHIWMVIHWIXTSMRXZEPYI
74'EPGYPEXIXLIIVVSV)XFIX[IIRXLIX[SZEPYIW8LIHIJMRMXMSR
SJIVVSVHITIRHWSRXLI[LIXLIVXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWHMVIGXSVVIZIVWI
EGXMRK



7YTTP]XLIIVVSV)XXSXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVSPIUYEXMSR8LIZEPYISJ
XLIHIWMVIHTIVGIRXSTIRMRKSJXLIGSRXVSPZEPZI34MW
GEPGYPEXIH



8LIZEPYISJ34MWTEWWIHXSXLIJMREPGSRXVSPIPIQIRX[LMGL
HIXIVQMRIWXLIMRTYXXSXLITVSGIWW9X



8LIIRXMVITVSGIHYVIMWVITIEXIH

11-11

[Link] Page 12 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-12

Controller Setup

Figure 11.5

8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVSPIUYEXMSRJSVE4-(GSRXVSPPIVMWKMZIRF]
Kc
dE ( t )
OP ( t ) = K c E ( t ) + ------ E ( t ) + K c T d ------------Ti
dt
where: OP(t) = Controller output at time t
E(t) = Error at time t
K = Proportional gain of the controller
G

T = Integral (reset) time of the controller

M

T = Derivative (rate) time of the controller

H

11-12



[Link] Page 13 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-13

(MVIGXERH6IZIVWI%GXMRK
8LIMRTYXXSXLIJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPIVMWGEPPIHXLIIVVSVSVXLIHMJJIVIRGI
FIX[IIRXLISYXTYXTVSGIWWZEVMEFPIERHXLIWIXTSMRX8LIIVVSVMW
HIJMRIHHMJJIVIRXP]HITIRHMRKSR[LIXLIVXLITVSGIWWLEWETSWMXMZISV
RIKEXMZIWXIEH]WXEXIKEMR*SVETVSGIWW[MXLETSWMXMZIWXIEH]WXEXI
KEMRXLIIVVSVWLSYPHFIHIJMRIHEWVIZIVWIEGXMRK
E ( t ) = SP ( t ) PV ( t )



where: SP(t) = set point

PV(t) = measured output process variable
8LEXMWMJXLI4:risesEFSZIXLI74XLI34SVMRTYXXSXLITVSGIWW
decreases-JXLI4:fallsFIPS[XLI74XLI34increases
*SVETVSGIWW[MXLERIKEXMZIWXIEH]WXEXIKEMRXLIIVVSVWLSYPHFIWIX
EWHMVIGXEGXMRK
E ( t ) = PV ( t ) SP ( t )



8LEXMWMJXLI4:risesEFSZIXLI74XLI34SVMRTYXXSXLITVSGIWW
increases-JXLI4:fallsFIPS[XLI74XLI34decreases
%X]TMGEPI\EQTPISJEVIZIVWIEGXMRKGSRXVSPPIVMWMRXLIXIQTIVEXYVI
GSRXVSPSJE6IFSMPIV-RXLMWGEWIEWXLIXIQTIVEXYVIMRXLIZIWWIPVMWIW
TEWXXLI74XLI34HIGVIEWIWMRIJJIGXGPSWMRKXLIZEPZIERHLIRGIXLI
JPS[SJLIEX7IIChapter 10 - Logical OperationsMRXLMWQERYEPJSV
WSQISXLIVI\EQTPIWSJHMVIGXERHVIZIVWIEGXMRKGSRXVSPPIVW

7XEFMPMX]
8LIWXEFMPMX]SJEW]WXIQMWEZIV]MQTSVXERXEWTIGXXSGSRWMHIV[LIR
HIWMKRMRKGSRXVSPWGLIQIW1ER]W]WXIQWLEZISWGMPPEXSV]VIWTSRWIW
HITIRHMRKSRMXWGSRXVSPPIVXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVW;LIRETVSGIWWMWYTWIX
F]EboundedHMWXYVFERGISVFSYRHIHGLERKIMRXLIMRTYXJSVGMRK
JYRGXMSRXLISYXTYXX]TMGEPP][MPPVIWTSRHMRSRISJXLVII[E]W


8LIVIWTSRWI[MPPTVSGIIHXSWXIEH]WXEXIERHWXEFMPM^I



8LIVIWTSRWI[MPPSWGMPPEXIGSRXMRYSYWP][MXLEGSRWXERX
EQTPMXYHI

11-13

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11-14

Controller Setup



8LIVIWTSRWI[MPPKVS[GSRXMRYSYWP]ERHRIZIVVIEGLWXIEH]WXEXI
GSRHMXMSRW
Figure 11.6

8LIW]WXIQMWKIRIVEPP]GSRWMHIVIHWXEFPIMJXLIVIWTSRWITVSGIIHWXSE
WXIEH]WXEXIZEPYIERHWXEFMPM^IW-XMWGSRWMHIVIHYRWXEFPIMJXLI
VIWTSRWIGSRXMRYIWXSJPYGXYEXI%WXEFPIopen-loopVIWTSRWIMWWEMHXS
FIself-regulating-JXLISTIRPSSTVIWTSRWISJEW]WXIQMWRSXWXEFPIMX
MWWEMHXSFInon-self-regulating*SVMRWXERGIETYVIMRXIKVEXMRK
TVSGIWWWYGLEWEXERO[MXLETYQTIHGSRWXERXI\MXJPS[MWRSRWIPJ
VIKYPEXMRKWMRGIEFSYRHIHMRGVIEWIMRXLIJPS[MRTYXXSXLIW]WXIQ
JVSQWXIEH]WXEXI[MPPVIWYPXMRXLIVIWTSRWIPMUYMHLIMKLXXSMRGVIEWI
GSRXMRYSYWP]
%TVIVIUYMWMXIJSVclosed-loopGSRXVSPMWXLEXXLIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWIMW
WXEFPI8LIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWIGERZEV]GSRWMHIVEFP]HITIRHMRKSR
XLIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWYWIHMRXLIJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPIUYEXMSR-R
KIRIVEPELMKLIVGSRXVSPPIVKEMRKMZIWXMKLXIVGSRXVSP,S[IZIVXLI
ZEPYISJ/ GERRSXMRGVIEWIMRHIJMRMXIP]8LIVIWTSRWI[MPPVIQEMR
WXEFPIYTXSEGIVXEMRZEPYISJ/ -RGVIEWMRK/ FI]SRHXLIWXEFMPMX]
PMQMX[MPPGEYWIXLIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWIXSFIGSQIYRWXEFPI
G

11-14

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Control Theory

11-15

%RYQFIVSJJEGXSVWGEREJJIGXXLIWXEFMPMX]SJEGPSWIHPSSTW]WXIQ

Tuning parameters
Non-linearities in the process
Range and non-linearities in the instruments
Interactions between control loops
Frequency of disturbance
Capacity of process
Noise in measurement of process variables



%ZEMPEFPI'SRXVSP
3TIVEXMSRW

1SHIPPMRK,EVH[EVI)PIQIRXW
8LITPERXQE]FIWMQYPEXIHQSVIEGGYVEXIP]F]QSHIPPMRKXLI
LEVH[EVIIPIQIRXWSJXLIGSRXVSPPSST2SRPMRIEVMXMIWQE]FI
QSHIPPIHMRXLIVALVESTIVEXMSRMRXLIActuatorTEKISJXLIDynamics
XEF

7IRWSVW
7IRWSVWEVIYWIHXSQIEWYVITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIW-R,=7=7XLIWIRWMRK
MRWXVYQIRXMWMRGSVTSVEXIHHMVIGXP]MRXLIPID ControllerSTIVEXMSR
=SYGERGLSSWIXLIVERKISJXLIWIRWMRKMRWXVYQIRXMRXLI1MRERH
1E\4:TEVEQIXIVWMRXLIGSRXVSPPIVSTIVEXMSR-XMWEWWYQIHMR,=7=7
XLEXXLI4-(GSRXVSPPIVMWTIVJIGXP]EGGYVEXIMRMXWQIEWYVIQIRXSJXLI
TVSGIWWZEVMEFPI

11-15

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11-16

Controller Setup

*MREP'SRXVSP)PIQIRX:EPZI(]REQMGW
=SYLEZIXLISTXMSRSJWTIGMJ]MRKERYQFIVSJHMJJIVIRXH]REQMG
QSHIWJSVXLIZEPZI-JZEPZIH]REQMGWEVIZIV]UYMGOGSQTEVIHXSXLI
TVSGIWWXLIMRWXERXERISYWQSHIQE]FIYWIH8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEPMWXSJ
XLIEZEMPEFPIH]REQMGQSHIWJSVXLIVALVESTIVEXMSR
Valve Mode

Description

Instantaneous

In this mode, the actuator moves instantaneously to

the desired OP% position from the controller.
A first order lag can be modelled in the response of
the actuator position to changes in the desired OP%.
The actuator time constant can be specified in the
Parameters field.

First Order

Linear

Similarly, a first order lag can be modelled in the

response of the actual valve position to changes in
the actuator position. The valve stickiness time
constant is specified in the Parameters field. In
effect, a second order lag can be modelled between
the valve position and the desire OP%.
The actuator can be modelled to move to the desire
OP% at a constant rate. This rate is specified in the
Parameters field

*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIH]REQMGVALVESTIVEXMSRWII
Section 5.2 - ValveMRChapter 5 - Piping EquipmentSJXLMWQERYEP

*MREP'SRXVSP)PIQIRX:EPZI8]TI
8LIJPS[VEXIXLVSYKLEGSRXVSPZEPZIZEVMIWEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIZEPZI
TIVGIRXSTIRMRKERHXLIValve Type:EPZIX]TIQE]FIHIJMRIHQSVI
IEWMP]F]I\TVIWWMRKJPS[EWETIVGIRXEKI' VITVIWIRXMRKRSJPS[
GSRHMXMSRWERHVITVIWIRXMRKQE\MQYQJPS[GSRHMXMSRW8LI
ZEPZIX]TIGERXLIRFIHIJMRIHEWXLIHITIRHIRGISRXLIUYERXMX]SJ
'ZEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIEGXYEPZEPZITIVGIRXSTIRMRK
Z

11-16

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Control Theory

11-17

8LIVIEVIXLVIIHMJJIVIRXZEPZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWEZEMPEFPIMR,=7=78LI
ZEPZIX]TIWEVIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIRatingsXEFMRXLIValve Type and Sizing
MethodsKVSYT
Valve Type

Description

Linear

A control valve with linear valve characteristics has a

flow which is directly proportional to the valve %
opening.

Quick Opening

A control valve with quick opening valve

characteristics obtains larger flows initially at lower
valve openings. As the valve opens further, the flow
increases at a smaller rate.

Equal Percentage

A control valve with equal percentage valve

characteristics initially obtains very small flows at
lower valve openings. However, the flow increases
rapidly as the valve opens to its full position.

8LIZEPZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWEVIWLS[RKVETLMGEPP]EWJSPPS[W
Figure 11.7
CONTROL VALVE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
100

Quick Opening
80

Linear

60
% Cv
40

Equal
Percentage

20

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

% Valve Position

11-17

[Link] Page 18 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-18

Controller Setup

*IIHFEGO'SRXVSP
(MKMXEP3R3JJ
(MKMXEP3R3JJGSRXVSPMWSRISJXLIQSWXFEWMGJSVQWSJVIKYPEXSV]
GSRXVSP-R,=7=7MXMWMQTPIQIRXIHYWMRKXLIDIGITAL POINT
STIVEXMSR%RI\EQTPISJ3R3JJGSRXVSPMWELSQILIEXMRKW]WXIQ
;LIRXLIXLIVQSWXEXHIXIGXWXLEXXLIXIQTIVEXYVIMWFIPS[XLIWIX
TSMRXXLILIEXMRKIPIQIRXXYVRWSR;LIRXLIXIQTIVEXYVIVMWIWEFSZI
XLIWIXTSMRXXLILIEXMRKIPIQIRXXYVRWSJJ
'SRXVSPMWQEMRXEMRIHYWMRKEW[MXGLEWEJMREPGSRXVSPIPIQIRX*')
3R3JJGSRXVSPTEVEQIXIVWEVIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIParametersTEKISJXLI
DIGITAL POINTSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7-JXLIOP is ONSTXMSRMWWIXXS
l4: 8LVIWLSPHzXLIGSRXVSPPIVSYXTYXXYVRWSR[LIRXLI4:JEPPW
FIPS[XLIWIXTSMRX
OP = 0% for PV > SP and OP = 100% for PV < SP



8LISTTSWMXIMWXVYI[LIRXLIOP is ONSTXMSRMWWIXXSl4:"
8LVIWLSPHz
OP = 0% for PV < SP and OP = 100% for PV > SP



3RIQEMRGLEVEGXIVMWXMGSJXLI3R3JJGSRXVSPPIVMWXLEXXLI4:[MPP
EP[E]WG]GPIEFSYXXLIWIXTSMRX

11-18

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Control Theory

11-19

Figure 11.8

8LIG]GPMRKJVIUYIRG][MPPHITIRHSRXLIH]REQMGWSJXLITVSGIWW
8LSWIW]WXIQW[MXLEPEVKIGETEGMX]PEVKIXMQIGSRWXERX[MPPG]GPIPIWW
JVIUYIRXP]8LI3R3JJGSRXVSPPIVMWERETTVSTVMEXIGSRXVSPPIVMJXLI
HIZMEXMSRJVSQXLIWIXTSMRXMW[MXLMREREGGITXEFPIVERKIERHXLI
G]GPMRKHSIWRSXHIWXEFMPM^IXLIVIWXSJXLITVSGIWW
*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIDIGITAL POINTSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7WII
Chapter 10 - Logical Operations

4VSTSVXMSREP'SRXVSP4SRP]
9RPMOI3R3JJGSRXVSPTVSTSVXMSREPGSRXVSPGERHEQTSYXSWGMPPEXMSRW
JVSQHMWXYVFERGIWERHWXSTXLIG]GPMRKSJXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI4SRP]
GSRXVSPMWMQTPIQIRXIHMR,=7=7F]WIXXMRKXLIZEPYIWSJ8 ERH8 XS
^IVSMRXLIPID ControllerSTIVEXMSR;MXL4SRP]GSRXVSPSWGMPPEXMSRW
XLEXSGGYVMRXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIHYIXSHMWXYVFERGIWSVGLERKIWMRXLI
WIXTSMRXHEQTIRSYXXLIUYMGOIWXLEZIXLIWQEPPIWXREXYVEPTIVMSH
EQSRKEPPSXLIVWMQTPIJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPWGLIQIW8LISYXTYXSJXLI
TVSTSVXMSREPGSRXVSPMWHIJMRIHEW
H

OP ( t ) = OP ss + K c E ( t )



11-19

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11-20

Controller Setup

8LIZEPYISJXLIFMEW34 MWGEPGYPEXIH[LIRXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWW[MXGLIH
XSAutomaticQSHI8LIWIXTSMRXMWHIJEYPXIHXSIUYEPXLIGYVVIRX4:
-RIJJIGXXLIIVVSVFIGSQIW^IVSERH34 MWXLIRWIXXSXLIZEPYISJ
34XEXXLEXXMQI
WW

WW

%WYWXEMRIHSJJWIXFIX[IIRXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIERHXLIWIXTSMRX[MPP
EP[E]WFITVIWIRXMRXLMWWSVXSJGSRXVSPWGLIQI8LIIVVSVFIGSQIW
^IVSSRP]MJ

the bias, OP , equals the operating variable, OP

K becomes infinitely large
WW

,S[IZIV/ GERRSXTVEGXMGEPP]FIGSQIMRJMRMXIP]PEVKI8LIQEKRMXYHI
SJ/ MWVIWXVMGXIHF]XLIWXEFMPMX]SJXLIGPSWIHPSSTW]WXIQ
G

-RKIRIVEPELMKLIVGSRXVSPPIVKEMRKMZIWXMKLXIVGSRXVSP,S[IZIV
XLIZEPYISJ/ GERRSXMRGVIEWIMRHIJMRMXIP]8LIVIWTSRWI[MPP
VIQEMRWXEFPIYTXSEGIVXEMRZEPYISJ/ -RGVIEWMRK/ FI]SRHXLI
WXEFMPMX]PMQMX[MPPGEYWIXLIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWIXSFIGSQI
YRWXEFPI
G

8LIJSPPS[MRKWLS[WXLIIJJIGXSJXLIQEKRMXYHISJ/ SRXLIGPSWIH
PSSTVIWTSRWISJEJMVWXSVHIVW]WXIQXSEYRMXWXITGLERKIMRWIXTSMRX
G

Figure 11.9

11-20

[Link] Page 21 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-21

4VSTSVXMSREPSRP]GSRXVSPMWWYMXEFPI[LIREUYMGOVIWTSRWIXSE
HMWXYVFERGIMWVIUYMVIH4SRP]GSRXVSPMWEPWSWYMXEFPI[LIRWXIEH]
WXEXISJJWIXWEVIYRMQTSVXERXSV[LIRXLITVSGIWWTSWWIWWIWEPEVKI
MRXIKVEXMRKTVSGIWWLEWEPEVKIGETEGMX]1ER]PMUYMHPIZIPGSRXVSP
PSSTWEVIYRHIV4SRP]GSRXVSP-JEWYWXEMRIHIVVSVMWYRHIWMVEFPI
MRXIKVEPEGXMSRMWVIUYMVIHXSIPMQMREXIXLISJJWIX

4VSTSVXMSREP-RXIKVEP'SRXVSP4-
9RPMOI4SRP]GSRXVSPTVSTSVXMSREPMRXIKVEPGSRXVSPGERHEQTIRSYX
SWGMPPEXMSRWERHVIXYVRXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIXSXLIWIXTSMRX(IWTMXIXLI
JEGXXLEX4-GSRXVSPVIWYPXWMR^IVSIVVSVXLIMRXIKVEPEGXMSRSJXLI
GSRXVSPPIVMRGVIEWIWXLIREXYVEPTIVMSHSJXLISWGMPPEXMSRW8LEXMW4-
GSRXVSP[MPPXEOIPSRKIVXSPMRISYXHEQTIRXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIXLER
4SRP]GSRXVSP8LISYXTYXSJXLITVSTSVXMSREPGSRXVSPPIVMRXIKVEP
GSRXVSPPIVMWHIJMRIHEW
Kc
OP ( t ) = K c E ( t ) + ------ E ( t )
Ti



8LIMRXIKVEPXIVQWIVZIWXSFVMRKXLIIVVSVXS^IVSMRXLIGSRXVSP
WGLIQI8LIQSVIMRXIKVEPEGXMSRXLIVIMWXLIWPS[IVXLIVIWTSRWISJ
XLIGSRXVSPPIV[MPPFI8LIMRXIKVEPXIVQGSRXMRYSYWP]QSZIWXS
IPMQMREXIXLIIVVSV8LIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWISJETVSGIWW[MXL4-
GSRXVSPERH4SRP]GSRXVSPMWWLS[REWJSPPS[W
Figure 11.10

11-21

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11-22

Controller Setup

8LIMRXIKVEPXMQI8 MWHIJMRIHEWXLIEQSYRXSJXMQIVIUYMVIHJSVXLI
GSRXVSPPIVSYXTYXXSQSZIEREQSYRXIUYMZEPIRXXSXLIIVVSV&IGEYWI
XLIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIR8 ERHXLIGSRXVSPEGXMSRMWVIGMTVSGEP
MRGVIEWMRK8 [MPPVIWYPXMRPIWWMRXIKVEPEGXMSR[LMPIHIGVIEWMRK8 [MPP
VIWYPXMRKVIEXIVMRXIKVEPEGXMSR8LIMRXIKVEPXMQIWLSYPHFIHIGVIEWIH
MRGVIEWIHMRXIKVEPEGXMSRNYWXIRSYKLXSVIXYVRXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIXS
XLIWIXTSMRX%R]QSVIEGXMSR[MPPSRP]WIVZIXSPIRKXLIRXLIVIWTSRWI
XMQI
M

4-GSRXVSPMWWYMXEFPI[LIRSJJWIXWGERRSXFIXSPIVEXIH8LIQENSVMX]SJ
GSRXVSPPIVWMRGLIQMGEPTVSGIWWTPERXWEVIYRHIV4-GSRXVSP8LI]
GSQFMRIEGGYVEG]RSSJJWIX[MXLEVIPEXMZIP]UYMGOVIWTSRWIXMQI
,S[IZIVXLIEHHIHMRXIKVEPEGXMSREGXWEWEHIWXEFMPM^MRKJSVGI[LMGL
QE]GEYWISWGMPPEXMSRWMRXLIW]WXIQERHGEYWIXLIGSRXVSPW]WXIQXS
FIGSQIYRWXEFPI8LIPEVKIVXLIMRXIKVEPEGXMSRXLIQSVIPMOIP]MX[MPP
FIGSQIYRWXEFPI

4VSTSVXMSREP-RXIKVEP(IVMZEXMZI'SRXVSP4-(
-JXLIVIWTSRWISJE4-GSRXVSPPIVXSEHMWXYVFERGIMWRSXJEWXIRSYKLXLI
HIVMZEXMZIEGXMSRMRE4-(GSRXVSPPIVGERVIHYGIXLIREXYVEPTIVMSHSJ
SWGMPPEXMSRWIZIRJYVXLIV&]QIEWYVMRKXLIVEXISJGLERKIMRIVVSVXLI
GSRXVSPPIVGERERXMGMTEXIXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIIVVSVERHXLYWVIWTSRH
QSVIUYMGOP]XLEREGSRXVSPPIV[MXLSYXHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSR8LISYXTYXSJ
XLITVSTSVXMSREPMRXIKVEPHIVMZEXMZIGSRXVSPPIVMWHIJMRIHEW

Kc
dE ( t )
OP ( t ) = K c E ( t ) + ------ E ( t ) + K c T d ------------dt
Ti



8 MWHIJMRIHEWXLIXMQIVIUYMVIHJSVXLITVSTSVXMSREPEGXMSRXSVIEGL
XLIWEQIPIZIPEWXLIHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSR-XMWMRIJJIGXEPIEHXIVQMRXLI
GSRXVSPIUYEXMSR*SVEVEQTIHMRTYXXLITVSTSVXMSREPSRP]VIWTSRWI
[MPPFIVEQTIHEW[IPP*SVXLIWEQIVEQTIHMRTYXXLIHIVMZEXMZISRP]
VIWTSRWI[MPPFIGSRWXERX
H

%WXLIWPSTISJXLIQIEWYVIHIVVSVMRGVIEWIWXSMRJMRMX]WSHSIWXLI
HIVMZEXMZIEGXMSR;LMPIETIVJIGXWXITGLERKI[MXLEWPSTISJMRJMRMX]MR
IMXLIVXLIWIXTSMRXSVXLIQIEWYVIHTVSGIWWZEVMEFPIMWRSXTL]WMGEPP]
TSWWMFPIWMKREPW[LMGLLEZIWLSVXVMWIXMQIWERHJEPPXMQIWGERSGGYV
8LMWEHZIVWIP]EJJIGXWXLISYXTYXSJXLIHIVMZEXMZIXIVQMRXLIGSRXVSP
IUYEXMSRHVMZMRKXLIGSRXVSPPIVVIWTSRWIXSWEXYVEXMSR

11-22

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Control Theory

11-23

(IVMZEXMZIEGXMSRGSRXVSPMWFIWXJSVTVSGIWWIW[LMGLLEZIPMXXPISVRS
HIEHXMQIWERHPEVKIGETEGMXMIW4VSGIWWIWWYGLEWXLIWILEZMRKPEVKI
PEKWFIRIJMXJVSQXLIEHHMXMSREPVIWTSRWIWTIIHXLEXHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSR
TVSZMHIW;LMPIXLIMRXIKVEPXIVQMR4-(GSRXVSPWGLIQIWVIHYGIWXLI
IVVSVXS^IVSMXEPWSEHHWEGSRWMHIVEFPIPEKXSXLIVIWTSRWIGSQTEVIH
XS4SRP]GSRXVSP-XMWXLIHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSRMR4-(GSRXVSP[LMGL
WLSVXIRWXLIGSRXVSPPIV
WVIWTSRWIXSFIGSQTEVEFPIXSXLIVIWTSRWISJ
E4SRP]GSRXVSPPIV,S[IZIVMJEGSRXVSPPIVLEWEZIV]RSMW]MRTYX
[LMGLGERRSXFIJMPXIVIHSVQMRMQM^IHMRXLITVSGIWW4-(GSRXVSPMWRSX
EWYMXEFPIGSRXVSPWGLIQI
Figure 11.11

'EWGEHI'SRXVSP
'EWGEHIGSRXVSPMWEXIGLRMUYI[LMGLMQTPIQIRXWEWIGSRHEV]JIIH
FEGOGSRXVSPPSST[MXLMRETVMQEV]JIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPSST'EWGEHI
GSRXVSPGERFIYWIH[LIRXLIVIEVIWMKRMJMGERXHMWXYVFERGIWXSXLI
QERMTYPEXIHZEVMEFPISJXLITVMQEV]PSST%WIGSRHEV]PSSTMWGVIEXIH
XSGSRXVSPXLIQERMTYPEXIHZEVMEFPISJXLITVMQEV]PSST8LITVMQEV]
PSSTXLIRQERMTYPEXIWXLIWIXTSMRXSJXLIWIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPIV

11-23

[Link] Page 24 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-24

Controller Setup

Figure 11.12

'SRWMHIVERI\EQTPI[LSWIQEMRTVSGIWWZEVMEFPIGSYPHFIXXIVFI
GSRXVSPPIHYWMRKEGEWGEHIGSRXVSPWGLIQI8LIBtmsWXVIEQSJE
HMWXMPPEXMSRGSPYQRMWFIMRKLIEXIHMREVIFSMPIV[LSWIIRIVK]WSYVGIMW
WXIEQ%WWLS[RXLISFNIGXMZIMWXSVIKYPEXI8XLIXIQTIVEXYVISJXLI
BtmsWXVIEQ%TSWWMFPIJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPWGLIQIMWXSGSRXVSPXLI
BtmsWXVIEQXIQTIVEXYVIYWMRKXLIWXIEQZEPZISTIRMRK8LMW
XVEHMXMSREPGSRXVSPWIXYT[SYPH[SVO[IPPMJXLIWXIEQZEPZISTIRMRK
GSVVIWTSRHIHI\EGXP][MXLXLIJPS[SJWXIEQXSXLIVIFSMPIV,S[IZIV
HMWXYVFERGIWSGGYVVMRKMRXLIWXIEQWYTTP]LIEHIVGEREPXIVXLIJPS[SJ
WXIEQWMKRMJMGERXP]IZIREXEGSRWXERXZEPZISTIRMRK8LISRP][E]XLMW
X]TISJHMWXYVFERGIGERFIHIXIGXIHF]XLIGSRXVSPPIVMW[MXLEGLERKI
MRXLI&XQWXIQTIVEXYVI8-JXLIVIMWEPEVKIPEKEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLI
VIFSMPIVLIEXMRKW]WXIQERHMJHMWXYVFERGIWXSXLIWXIEQLIEHIVJPS[
SGGYVJVIUYIRXP]XLIVIMWXLITSWWMFMPMX]XLEXXLIBtmsXIQTIVEXYVI8
[MPPRIZIVWIXXPIXSXLIHIWMVIHWIXTSMRX

11-24

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Control Theory

11-25

Figure 11.13

'EWGEHIGSRXVSPHEQTIRWHMWXYVFERGIWXSXLIMRPIXJPS[SJWXIEQF]
YWMRKEJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPIV[MXLMREJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPIV8LITVMQEV]
SV1EWXIVGSRXVSPPIVQIEWYVIWXLIZEVMEFPIXSFIGSRXVSPPIHXLII\MX
XIQTIVEXYVI8ERHHIXIVQMRIWXLIVIUYMVIHWXIEQJPS[VIUYMVIQIRXMR
EJIIHFEGOPSST8LIWXIEQJPS[VIUYMVIQIRXFIGSQIWXLIWIXTSMRXSJ
XLIWIGSRHEV]JIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPIV8LIWIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPSSTMWWIXYT
EWEVIKYPEVJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPIV-XQIEWYVIWXLIJPS[VEXISJWXIEQEW
XLI4VSGIWW:EVMEFPI7SYVGI8LI3YXTYX8EVKIX3FNIGXMWXLIWXIEQ
GSRXVSPZEPZISTIRMRK[LMGLRIIHWXSFIWM^IHEWYWYEP&IGEYWIXLI
3YXTYX8EVKIX3FNIGXSJXLITVMQEV]PSSTMWXLIWIGSRHEV]PSST
W
WIXTSMRXXLITVMQEV]PSSTHSIWRSXLEZIEGSRXVSPZEPZI-XMWXLI
WIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPIV[LMGLTL]WMGEPP]MRXIVEGXW[MXLXLIW]WXIQF]
EHNYWXMRKXLIWXIEQZEPZI
'EWGEHIGSRXVSPGERFIWYGGIWWJYPP]MQTPIQIRXIHMJ


(MWXYVFERGIWEJJIGXXLIMRTYXXSXLITVMQEV]JIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPIV



(MWXYVFERGIWEVIQIEWYVEFPIF]XLIWIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPSST



8LIVIWTSRWITIVMSHSJXLITVMQEV]PSSTMWQSVIXLERXMQIW
KVIEXIVXLERXLIVIWTSRWITIVMSHSJXLIWIGSRHEV]PSST

11-25

[Link] Page 26 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-26

Controller Setup

7XEVXMRKYTE'EWGEHI7]WXIQ

8STYXEGEWGEHIW]WXIQMRXSSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7


4PEGIXLITVMQEV]GSRXVSPMRQERYEP8LMW[MPPFVIEOXLIGEWGEHI
ERHEPPS[XLIWIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPIVXSFIXYRIH



8YRIXLIWIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPIVEWMJMX[IVIXLISRP]GSRXVSPPSST
TVIWIRX



6IXYVRXLIWIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPIVXSXLIVIQSXIWIXTSMRXF]TPEGMRK
XLITVMQEV]GSRXVSPPIVMREYXSQEXMG



2S[XYRIXLITVMQEV]PSSTRSVQEPP]-JXLIW]WXIQFIKMRWXS
SWGMPPEXI[LIRXLITVMQEV]GSRXVSPPIVMWTYXMREYXSQEXMGVIHYGI
XLITVMQEV]GSRXVSPPIV
WKEMR

*IIHJSV[EVH'SRXVSP
*IIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPQE]FIYWIHMRGEWIWJSV[LMGLJIIHFEGOGSRXVSP
GERRSXIJJIGXMZIP]GSRXVSPETVSGIWWZEVMEFPI8LIQEMRHMWEHZERXEKISJ
JIIHFEGOGSRXVSPMWXLEXXLIGSRXVSPPIVQYWX[EMXYRXMPHMWXYVFERGIW
YTWIXXLITVSGIWWFIJSVIVIWTSRHMRK;MXLJIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPXLI
GSRXVSPPIVGERGSQTIRWEXIJSVHMWXYVFERGIWbeforeXLITVSGIWWMW
EJJIGXIH'EWGEHIGSRXVSPMWYWIJYP[LIRQIEWYVIHHMWXYVFERGIW
WMKRMJMGERXP]EJJIGXXLIMRTYXXSETVSGIWW3RXLISXLIVLERH
JIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPMWYWIJYPMJXLIVIEVIQIEWYVIHHMWXYVFERGIW[LMGL
EJJIGXXLISYXTYXSJXLITVSGIWW
;MXLJIIHFEGOGSRXVSPXLIGSRXVSPPIVVIUYMVIWMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLI
GSRXVSPPIHTVSGIWWZEVMEFPI4:ERHXLIWIXTSMRX74MRSVHIVXS
HIXIVQMRIXLIZEPYISJ34XLIHIWMVIHZEPZITIVGIRXSTIRMRKSJXLI
MRTYXXSXLITVSGIWW-RSVHIVXSHIXIVQMRIXLIZEPYISJ34XLI
JIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPPIVVIUYMVIWMRJSVQEXMSRJVSQX[SZEVMEFPIWXLI
WIXTSMRXSJXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI74ERHXLIHMWXYVFERGIEJJIGXMRKXLI
TVSGIWW%WXIEH]WXEXITVSGIWWQSHIPMWYWIHMRXLIJIIHJSV[EVH
GSRXVSPPIVXSHIXIVQMRIXLIZEPYISJ34

11-26

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Control Theory

11-27

Figure 11.14

'SRWMHIVERI\EQTPISJEPMUYMHWXVIEQFIMRKLIEXIHMREWXIEQLIEX
I\GLERKIV
Figure 11.15

-XMWHIWMVIHXSGSRXVSPXLI)\MXWXVIEQXIQTIVEXYVI8 EXEGIVXEMR
WIXTSMRX74YWMRKXLI7XIEQJPS[EWXLIQERMTYPEXIHZEVMEFPI
,S[IZIVXLITVSGIWWWYJJIVWJVSQJVIUYIRXGLERKIWMRXLI*IIH
XIQTIVEXYVI8 -RSVHIVXSHIXIVQMRIXLIZEPYISJ34XLIZEPYIWSJ
74ERH8 EVIVIUYMVIHF]XLIGSRXVSPPIV%XWXIEH]WXEXIXLISZIVEPP
IRIVK]FEPERGIVIPEXIWXLIWXIEQJPS[XSXLIHMWXYVFERGISJXLITVSGIWW
8 ERHXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJWXVIEQ)\MX8 


F s FC p ( T 2 T 1 ) = 0



11-27

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11-28

Controller Setup

where: F = the steam flow

W

= the heat of condensation for steam

F = the flow of stream Exit
C = the specific heat of stream Exit
T

*VSQXLMWTVSGIWWQSHIPXLIHIWMVIHZEPYISJWXIEQJPS[MRXSXLILIEX
I\GLERKIVGERFIGEPGYPEXIH8LIJPS[SJWXIEQQYWXFIGEPGYPEXIH
WYGLXLEXXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJWXVIEQ)\MX8 IUYEPWXLIHIWMVIH
XIQTIVEXYVI748LIVIJSVIEquation (11.25)FIGSQIW


Cp
Fs = ------- F ( SP T 1 )



-RSVHIVXSGEPGYPEXIXLIJIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPPIVSYXTYXEPMRIEVVIPEXMSR
MWEWWYQIHXSI\MWXFIX[IIRXLIWXIEQJPS[ERHXLIZEPZISTIRMRKSJXLI
WXIEQZEPZI8LIVIJSVIXLIJMREPJSVQSJXLIJIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPPIV
IUYEXMSRMW
Cp
steam valve span
OP ( t ) = ------ F ( SP T 1 ) ---------------------------------------------100%



8LIVIEVIWSQITSMRXWXSGSRWMHIVMRSVHIVXSWYGGIWWJYPP]MQTPIQIRXE
JIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPW]WXIQ


-XGERRSXFIMQTPIQIRXIHMJXLIHMWXYVFERGIMWRSXQIEWYVEFPI-J
YRI\TIGXIHHMWXYVFERGIWIRXIVXLITVSGIWW[LIRTYVIJIIHJSV[EVH
GSRXVSPMWYWIHRSGSVVIGXMZIEGXMSRMWXEOIRERHXLIIVVSVW[MPP
FYMPHYTMRXLIW]WXIQ



%JEMVP]EGGYVEXIQSHIPSJXLIW]WXIQMWVIUYMVIH



8LIJIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPPIVGSRXEMRWXLIVIGMTVSGEPSJXLITVSGIWW
QSHIP)ZIRMJXLITVSGIWWQSHIPMWEGGYVEXIEXMQIHIPE]MRXLI
TVSGIWWQSHIPMQTPMIWXLEXETVIHMGXSVMWVIUYMVIHMRXLI
JIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPPIV9RJSVXYREXIP]MXMWMQTSWWMFPIXSTVIHMGX
XLIREXYVISJHMWXYVFERGIWFIJSVIXLI]SGGYV

-XMWMQTSVXERXXSRSXIXLEXXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIXSFIGSRXVSPPIHMWRSX
QIEWYVIHYWMRKJIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSP8LIVIMWRS[E]SJGSRJMVQMRK
XLEXXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIMWEXXIRYEXMRKHMWXYVFERGIWSVQEMRXEMRMRKE
HIWMVIHWIXTSMRX'SRWMHIVMRKXLEXEREGGYVEXIQSHIPSJXLITVSGIWWMW
YWYEPP]RSXEZEMPEFPIXLEXXLITVSGIWWSVZEPZIH]REQMGWEVIRSX
EGGSYRXIHJSVMRXLMWGSRXVSPWGLIQIERHXLEXXLIZEPZISTIRMRK
TIVGIRXMWRSXVIPEXIHPMRIEVP]XSXLIJPS[MRQSWXH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSR
ETTPMGEXMSRWXLIVI[MPPTVSFEFP]FIERSJJWIXFIX[IIRXLIEGXYEP

11-28

[Link] Page 29 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-29

GSRXVSPPIHZEVMEFPIERHMXWHIWMVIHWIXTSMRX8LIVIJSVIJIIHFEGO
GSRXVSPMWSJXIRYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLJIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPXS
IPMQMREXIXLISJJWIXEWWSGMEXIH[MXLJIIHJSV[EVHSRP]GSRXVSP
*IIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPMR,=7=7GERFIMQTPIQIRXIHYWMRKXLI
SpreadsheetSTIVEXMSR:EVMEFPIWGERFIMQTSVXIHJVSQXLIWMQYPEXMSR
JPS[WLIIX%JIIHJSV[EVHGSRXVSPPIVGERFIGEPGYPEXIHMRXLI
WTVIEHWLIIXERHXLIGSRXVSPPIVSYXTYXI\TSVXIHXSXLIQEMRJPS[WLIIX
-JXLISTIVEXMRKZEVMEFPI34MWEZEPZIMRXLITPERXXLIHIWMVIH
GSRXVSPPIVSYXTYXGEPGYPEXIHF]XLISpreadsheetWLSYPHFII\TSVXIHXS
XLIActuator Desired PositionSJXLIZEPZI




+IRIVEP+YMHIPMRIW
)JJIGXSJ'LEVEGXIVMWXMG
4VSGIWW4EVEQIXIVWSR
'SRXVSP

8LIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGTEVEQIXIVWSJETVSGIWWLEZIEWMKRMJMGERXIJJIGXSR
LS[[IPPEGSRXVSPPIVMWEFPIXSEXXIRYEXIHMWXYVFERGIWXSXLITVSGIWW-R
QER]GEWIWXLITVSGIWWMXWIPJMWEFPIXSEXXIRYEXIHMWXYVFERGIWERHGER
FIYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLXLIGSRXVSPPIVXSEGLMIZIFIXXIVGSRXVSP
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEFVMIJHMWGYWWMSRSYXPMRMRKXLIIJJIGXSJGETEGMX]ERH
HIEHXMQISRXLIGSRXVSPWXVEXIK]SJETPERX

'ETEGMX]
8LIEFMPMX]SJEW]WXIQXSEXXIRYEXIMRGSQMRKHMWXYVFERGIWMWEJYRGXMSR
SJXLIGETEGMXERGISJEW]WXIQERHXLITIVMSHSJXLIHMWXYVFERGIWXSXLI
W]WXIQ*VSQSection 11.2.1 - TerminologyEXXIRYEXMSRMWHIJMRIHEW
K
Attenuation = 1 ---------------------------( ) 2 + 1



8LIXMQIGSRWXERXMWHMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIGETEGMX]SJEPMRIEV
TVSGIWWW]WXIQ8LILMKLIVXLIGETEGMX]XMQIGSRWXERXMWMREW]WXIQ
XLIQSVIIEWMP]XLIW]WXIQGEREXXIRYEXIMRGSQMRKHMWXYVFERGIWWMRGI
XLIEQTPMXYHIVEXMSHIGVIEWIW8LIJVIUYIRG]SJMRGSQMRKHMWXYVFERGIW
EJJIGXWXLIW]WXIQ
WEFMPMX]XSEXXIRYEXIXLIWIHMWXYVFERGIW,MKL
JVIUYIRG]HMWXYVFERGIWEVIQSVIIEWMP]EXXIRYEXIHXLERPS[JVIUYIRG]
HMWXYVFERGIW

11-29

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11-30

General Guidelines

2SXI;MXLGETEGMX]HSQMREXIHTVSGIWWIW[MXLPMXXPISVRSHIEH
XMQITVSTSVXMSREPSRP]GSRXVSPGEREGLMIZIQYGLFIXXIV
HMWXYVFERGIVINIGXMSR8LIW]WXIQMXWIPJMWEFPIXSEXXIRYEXI
HMWXYVFERGIWMRXLIJVIUYIRG]VERKIXLEXXLIGSRXVSPPIVGERRSX
,MKLJVIUYIRG]HMWXYVFERGIWGERFILERHPIHF]XLIW]WXIQ0S[
JVIUYIRG]HMWXYVFERGIWEVILERHPIHFIWX[MXLXLIGSRXVSPPIV

(IEH8MQI
8LIHIEHXMQILEWRSIJJIGXSREXXIRYEXMRKHMWXYVFERGIWXSSTIRPSST
W]WXIQW,S[IZIVMXHSIWLEZIEWMKRMJMGERXRIKEXMZIIJJIGXSR
GSRXVSPPEFMPMX](IEHXMQIMRETVSGIWWW]WXIQVIHYGIWXLIEQSYRXSJ
KEMRXLIGSRXVSPPIVGERMQTPIQIRXFIJSVIIRGSYRXIVMRKMRWXEFMPMX]
&IGEYWIXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWJSVGIHXSVIHYGIXLIKEMRXLITVSGIWWMWPIWW
EFPIXSEXXIRYEXIHMWXYVFERGIWXLERXLIWEQITVSGIWW[MXLSYXHIEH
XMQI8MKLXGSRXVSPMWTSWWMFPISRP]MJXLIIUYMZEPIRXHIEHXMQIMRXLI
PSSTMWWQEPPGSQTEVIHXSXLIWLSVXIWXXMQIGSRWXERXSJEHMWXYVFERGI
[MXLEWMKRMJMGERXEQTPMXYHI
-XMWKIRIVEPP]QSVIIJJIGXMZIXSVIHYGIXLIHIEHXMQISJETVSGIWWXLER
MRGVIEWIMXWGETEGMX]8SVIHYGIHIEHXMQI

Relocate sensor and valves in more strategic locations

Minimize sensor and valve lags (lags in the control loop
act like dead time)
8SVIHYGIXLIPEKMREW]WXIQERHXLIVIJSVIVIHYGIXLIIJJIGXWSJHIEH
XMQI]SYGEREPWSQSHMJ]XLIGSRXVSPPIVXSVIHYGIXLIPIEHXIVQWXSXLI
GPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWI8LMWGERFIEGLMIZIHF]EHHMRKHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSR
XSEGSRXVSPPIV3XLIVQSHIPFEWIHGSRXVSPPIVQIXLSHWERXMGMTEXI
HMWXYVFERGIWXSXLIW]WXIQERHVIHYGIXLIIJJIGXMZIPEKSJXLIGSRXVSP
PSST



'LSSWMRKXLI'SVVIGX
'SRXVSPPIV

=SYWLSYPHGSRWMHIV[LEXX]TISJTIVJSVQERGIGVMXIVMEMWVIUYMVIHJSV
XLIWIXTSMRXZEVMEFPIWERH[LEXEGGITXEFPIPMQMXWXLI]QYWXSTIVEXI
[MXLMR+IRIVEPP]ERIJJIGXMZIGPSWIHPSSTW]WXIQMWI\TIGXIHXSFI
WXEFPIERHGEYWIXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIXSYPXMQEXIP]EXXEMREZEPYIIUYEP
XSXLIWIXTSMRX8LITIVJSVQERGISJXLIGSRXVSPPIVWLSYPHFIE
VIEWSREFPIGSQTVSQMWIFIX[IIRTIVJSVQERGIERHVSFYWXRIWW

11-30

[Link] Page 31 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-31

%ZIV]XMKLXP]XYRIHSVEKKVIWWMZIGSRXVSPPIVKMZIWKSSHTIVJSVQERGI
FYXMWRSXVSFYWXXSTVSGIWWGLERKIW-XGSYPHKSYRWXEFPIMJXLITVSGIWW
GLERKIWXSSQYGL%ZIV]WPYKKMWLP]XYRIHGSRXVSPPIVHIPMZIVWTSSV
TIVJSVQERGIFYX[MPPFIZIV]VSFYWX-XMWPMOIP]XSFIGSQIYRWXEFPI
8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEJPS[GLEVXXLEXSYXPMRIWEQIXLSHJSVGLSSWMRKE
JIIHFEGOGSRXVSPPIV 


Figure 11.16

-RKIRIVEPMJSJJWIXGERFIXSPIVEXIHETVSTSVXMSREPGSRXVSPPIVWLSYPHFI
YWIH-JXLIVIMWWMKRMJMGERXRSMWISVMJXLIVIMWWMKRMJMGERXHIEHXMQI
ERHSVEWQEPPGETEGMX]MRXLITVSGIWWXLI4-GSRXVSPPIVWLSYPHFIYWIH
-JXLIVIMWRSWMKRMJMGERXRSMWIMRXLITVSGIWWERHXLIGETEGMX]SJXLI
W]WXIQMWPEVKIERHXLIVIMWRSHIEHXMQIE4-(GSRXVSPPIVQE]FI
ETTVSTVMEXI
-XMWETTEVIRX[L]XLI4-GSRXVSPPIVMWXLIQSWXGSQQSRGSRXVSPPIV
JSYRHMRETPERX8LIVIEVIXLVIITSWWMFPIGSRHMXMSRWXLEXE4-GSRXVSPPIV
GERLERHPI[LIVIEWXLI4-(GSRXVSPPIVVIUYMVIWEWTIGMJMGWIXSJ
GSRHMXMSRWMRSVHIVXSFIYWIHIJJIGXMZIP]

11-31

[Link] Page 32 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-32

General Guidelines



'LSSWMRK'SRXVSPPIV8YRMRK
4EVEQIXIVW

8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEPMWXSJKIRIVEPXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWETTVSTVMEXIJSV
ZEVMSYWTVSGIWWIW 8LIWYKKIWXIHGSRXVSPPIVWIXXMRKWEVISTXMQM^IHJSV
EUYEVXIVHIGE]VEXMSIVVSVGVMXIVMSR/IITMRQMRHXLEXXLIVIMWRS
WMRKPIGSVVIGX[E]SJXYRMRKEGSRXVSPPIV8LISFNIGXMZISJGSRXVSPMWXS
TVSZMHIEVIEWSREFPIGSQTVSQMWIFIX[IIRTIVJSVQERGIERH
VSFYWXRIWWMRXLIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWI


8LIJSPPS[MRKVYPIWEVIETTVS\MQEXI8LI][MPPTVSZMHI]SYZIV]GPSWI
XSXMKLXGSRXVSP=SYGEREHNYWXXLIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWJYVXLIVMJXLI
GPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWIMWRSXWEXMWJEGXSV]8MKLXIVGSRXVSPERHFIXXIV
TIVJSVQERGIGERFIEGLMIZIHF]MRGVIEWMRKXLIKEMR(IGVIEWMRKXLI
GSRXVSPPIVKEMRVIWYPXWMREWPS[IVFYXQSVIWXEFPIVIWTSRWI
+IRIVEPP]TVSTSVXMSREPGSRXVSPGERFIGSRWMHIVIHXLITVMRGMTEP
GSRXVSPPIV-RXIKVEPERHHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSRWLSYPHFIYWIHXSXVMQXLI
TVSTSVXMSREPVIWTSRWI8LIVIJSVIXLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMRWLSYPHFIXYRIH
JMVWX[MXLXLIMRXIKVEPERHHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSRWWIXXSEQMRMQYQ-J
MRWXEFMPMX]SGGYVWXLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMRWLSYPHFIEHNYWXIHJMVWX
%HNYWXQIRXWXSXLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMRWLSYPHFIQEHIKVEHYEPP]

*PS['SRXVSP
*PS[MRETMTIMWX]TMGEPP]EZIV]JEWXVIWTSRHMRKTVSGIWW8LIHIEHXMQI
ERHGETEGMX]EWWSGMEXIH[MXLEPIRKXLSJTMTIMWKIRIVEPP]ZIV]WQEPP-X
MWXLIVIJSVIRSXYRYWYEPJSVXLITVSGIWWXSFIPMQMXIHF]XLIJMREP
GSRXVSPIPIQIRXZEPZIH]REQMGW=SYGERIEWMP]MRGSVTSVEXIZEPZI
H]REQMGWMRXLI,=7=7QSHIPF]QSHMJ]MRKXLIZEPZITEVEQIXIVWMRXLI
ActuatorTEKISJXLIDynamicsXEF
8YRMRKEJPS[PSSTJSV4-GSRXVSPMWEVIPEXMZIP]IEW]XEWO-RSVHIVJSVXLI
JPS[QIEWYVIQIRXXSXVEGOXLIWIXTSMRXZIV]GPSWIP]XLIKEMR/ 
WLSYPHFIWIXFIX[IIRERHERHXLIMRXIKVEPXMQI8 WLSYPHFI
WIXFIX[IIRERHQMRYXIW7MRGIXLIJPS[GSRXVSPMWJEWX
VIWTSRHMRKMXGERFIYWIHIJJIGXMZIP]EWXLIWIGSRHEV]GSRXVSPPIVMRE
GEWGEHIGSRXVSPWXVYGXYVI8LIRSRPMRIEVMX]MRXLIGSRXVSPPSSTQE]
GEYWIXLIGSRXVSPPSSTXSFIGSQIYRWXEFPIEXHMJJIVIRXSTIVEXMRK
GSRHMXMSRW8LIVIJSVIXLILMKLIWXTVSGIWWKEMRWLSYPHFIYWIHXSXYRI
XLIGSRXVSPPIV-JEWXEFMPMX]PMQMXMWVIEGLIHXLIKEMRWLSYPHFI
HIGVIEWIHFYXXLIMRXIKVEPEGXMSRWLSYPHRSX7MRGIJPS[QIEWYVIQIRX
MWREXYVEPP]RSMW]HIVMZEXMZIEGXMSRMWRSXVIGSQQIRHIH
G

11-32

[Link] Page 33 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Control Theory

11-33

0MUYMH4VIWWYVI'SRXVSP
0MOIXLIJPS[PSSTTVSGIWWXLIPMUYMHTVIWWYVIPSSTMWX]TMGEPP]ZIV]JEWX
8LITVSGIWWMWIWWIRXMEPP]MHIRXMGEPXSXLIPMUYMHJPS[TVSGIWWI\GITX
XLEXPMUYMHTVIWWYVIMRWXIEHSJJPS[MWGSRXVSPPIHYWMRKXLIJMREPGSRXVSP
IPIQIRX
8LIPMUYMHTVIWWYVIPSSTGERFIXYRIHJSV4-ERH-RXIKVEPSRP]GSRXVSP
HITIRHMRKSR]SYVTIVJSVQERGIVIUYMVIQIRXW0MOIJPS[GSRXVSPXLI
LMKLIWXTVSGIWWKEMRWLSYPHFIYWIHXSXYRIXLIGSRXVSPPIV8]TMGEPP]
XLITVSGIWWKEMRJSVTVIWWYVIMWWQEPPIVXLERXLIJPS[TVSGIWWKEMR8LI
GSRXVSPPIVKEMR/ WLSYPHFIWIXFIX[IIRERHERHXLIMRXIKVEP
XMQI8 WLSYPHFIWIXFIX[IIRERHQMRYXIW
G

0MUYMH0IZIP'SRXVSP
0MUYMHPIZIPGSRXVSPMWIWWIRXMEPP]EWMRKPIHSQMRERXGETEGMX][MXLSYX
HIEHXMQI-RWSQIGEWIWPIZIPGSRXVSPMWYWIHSRTVSGIWWIW[LMGLEVI
YWIHXSEXXIRYEXIHMWXYVFERGIWMRXLITVSGIWW-RXLMWGEWIPMUYMHPIZIP
GSRXVSPMWRSXEWMQTSVXERX7YGLTVSGIWWIWGERFIGSRXVSPPIH[MXLE
PSSWIP]XYRIH4SRP]GSRXVSPPIV-JEPMUYMHPIZIPSJJWIXGERRSXFI
XSPIVEXIH4-PIZIPGSRXVSPPIVWWLSYPHFIYWIH
8LIVIMWWSQIRSMWIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIQIEWYVIQIRXSJPIZIPMRPMUYMH
GSRXVSP-JXLMWRSMWIGERFITVEGXMGEPP]QMRMQM^IHXLIRHIVMZEXMZI
EGXMSRGERFIETTPMIHXSXLIGSRXVSPPIV-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEX/ FI
WTIGMJMIHEWERHXLIFMEWXIVQ34 FIWTIGMJMIHEWJSV4SRP]
GSRXVSP8LMWIRWYVIWXLEXXLIGSRXVSPZEPZIMW[MHISTIRJSVEPIZIPSJ
ERHGSQTPIXIP]WLYX[LIRXLIPIZIPMWJSVEWIXTSMRXPIZIPSJ
-J4-GSRXVSPMWHIWMVIHXLIPMUYMHPIZIPGSRXVSPPIVMWX]TMGEPP]WIXXS
LEZIEKEMR/ FIX[IIRERH8LIMRXIKVEPXMQI8 WLSYPHFIWIX
FIX[IIRERHQMRYXIW
G

WW

'SQQSRWIRWIHMGXEXIWXLEXXLIQERMTYPEXIHZEVMEFPIJSVPIZIPGSRXVSP
WLSYPHFIXLIWXVIEQ[MXLXLIQSWXHMVIGXMQTEGXSRXLIPIZIP*SV
I\EQTPIMREGSPYQR[MXLEVIJPY\VEXMSSJXLIVIEVIYRMXWSJ
ZETSYVIRXIVMRKXLIGSRHIRWIVERHYRMXWSJVIJPY\PIEZMRKXLIVIJPY\
HVYQJSVIZIV]YRMXSJHMWXMPPEXIPIEZMRK-XQEOIWWIRWIXLEXXLIVIJPY\
JPS[SVZETSYVFSMPYTFIYWIHXSGSRXVSPXLIPIZIPSJXLIVIJPY\HVYQ-J
XLIHMWXMPPEXIJPS[MWYWIHMX[SYPHSRP]XEOIEGLERKISJWPMKLXP]QSVI
XLERMRXLIIMXLIVXLIVIJPY\SVZETSYVJPS[XSGEYWIXLIGSRXVSPPIVXS
WEXYVEXIXLIHMWXMPPEXIZEPZI

11-33

[Link] Page 34 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

11-34

General Guidelines

+EW4VIWWYVI'SRXVSP
+EWTVIWWYVIGSRXVSPMWWMQMPEVXSXLIPMUYMHPIZIPTVSGIWWMRXLEXMXMW
GETEGMX]HSQMREXIH[MXLSYXHIEHXMQI:EV]MRKXLIJPS[MRXSSVSYXSJE
ZIWWIPGSRXVSPWXLIZIWWIPTVIWWYVI&IGEYWISJXLIGETEGMXMZIREXYVISJ
QSWXZIWWIPWXLIKEWTVIWWYVITVSGIWWYWYEPP]LEWEWQEPPTVSGIWWKEMR
ERHEWPS[VIWTSRWI'SRWIUYIRXP]ELMKLGSRXVSPPIVKEMRGERFI
MQTPIQIRXIH[MXLPMXXPIGLERGISJMRWXEFMPMX]
8LITVIWWYVIPSSTGERIEWMP]FIXYRIHJSV4-GSRXVSP8LIGSRXVSPPIV
KEMR/ WLSYPHFIWIXFIX[IIRERHERHXLIMRXIKVEPXMQI8 
WLSYPHFIWIXFIX[IIRERHQMRYXIW
G

0MOIPMUYMHPIZIPGSRXVSPMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSHIXIVQMRI[LEXEJJIGXW
TVIWWYVIXLIQSWX*SVMRWXERGISREGSPYQR[MXLETEVXMEPGSRHIRWIV
]SYGERHIXIVQMRI[LIXLIVVIQSZMRKXLIZETSYVWXVIEQEJJIGXW
TVIWWYVIQSVIXLERGSRHIRWMRKXLIVIJPY\-JXLIGSPYQRGSRXEMRW
RSRGSRHIRWEFPIWXLIWIGSQTSRIRXWGEREJJIGXXLITVIWWYVI
GSRWMHIVEFP]-RXLMWWMXYEXMSRXLIZIRXJPS[LS[IZIVWQEPPWLSYPHFI
YWIHJSVTVIWWYVIGSRXVSP

8IQTIVEXYVI'SRXVSP
8IQTIVEXYVIH]REQMGVIWTSRWIWEVIKIRIVEPP]WPS[WS4-(GSRXVSPMW
YWIH8]TMGEPP]XLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMR/ WLSYPHFIWIXFIX[IIRERH
XLIMRXIKVEPXMQI8 WLSYPHWIXFIX[IIRERHQMRYXIWERHXLI
HIVMZEXMZIXMQI8 WLSYPHFIWIXFIX[IIRERHQMRYXIW
G

8YRMRK1IXLSHW
%RIJJIGXMZIQIERWSJHIXIVQMRMRKGSRXVSPPIVXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWMWXS
FVMRKXLIGPSWIHPSSTW]WXIQXSXLIZIVKISJMRWXEFMPMX]8LMWMWEGLMIZIH
F]EXXEGLMRKE4SRP]GSRXVSPPIVERHMRGVIEWMRKXLIKEMRWYGLXLEXXLI
GPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWIG]GPIW[MXLEREQTPMXYHIXLEXRIMXLIVJEPPWRSV
VMWIWSZIVXMQI%XEW]WXIQ
WWXEFMPMX]QEVKMRWXLIVIEVIX[SMQTSVXERX
W]WXIQTEVEQIXIVWXLIultimate periodERHXLIultimate gain[LMGL
EPPS[XLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJXLITVSTSVXMSREPMRXIKVEPERHHIVMZEXMZIKEMRW

11-34

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Control Theory

11-35

%8:8YRMRK8IGLRMUYI
8LIATV (Auto Tuning Variation)XIGLRMUYIMWYWIHJSVTVSGIWWIW[LMGL
LEZIWMKRMJMGERXHIEHXMQI%WQEPPPMQMXG]GPIHMWXYVFERGIMWWIXYT
FIX[IIRXLIQERMTYPEXIHZEVMEFPI34ERHXLIGSRXVSPPIHZEVMEFPI
4:8LI%8:XYRMRKQIXLSHMWEWJSPPS[W


(IXIVQMRIEVIEWSREFPIZEPYIJSVXLI34ZEPZIGLERKIL!
JVEGXMSREPGLERKIMRZEPZITSWMXMSR



1SZIZEPZIL



;EMXYRXMPTVSGIWWZEVMEFPIWXEVXWQSZMRKXLIRQSZIZEPZIL



;LIRXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI4:GVSWWIWXLIWIXTSMRXQSZIXLI
ZEPZITSWMXMSRL



'SRXMRYIYRXMPEPMQMXG]GPIMWIWXEFPMWLIH



6IGSVHXLIEQTPMXYHISJXLIVIWTSRWI A1EOIWYVIXSI\TVIWWAEW
EJVEGXMSRSJXLI4:WTER
Figure 11.17



8LIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWEVIGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W

Tuning Parameter
Ultimate Gain
Ultimate Period

Equation

4h
K u = -----a
P u = Period taken from limit cycle

11-35

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11-36

General Guidelines

Tuning Parameter

Equation

Ku
Kc = ------3.2

Controller Gain
Controller Integral
Time

T i = 2.2P u

>MIKPIV2MGLSPW8YRMRK8IGLRMUYI
8LIZiegler-Nichols XYRMRKQIXLSHMWERSXLIVQIXLSH[LMGL
GEPGYPEXIWXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVW8LI>2XIGLRMUYI[EWSVMKMREPP]
HIZIPSTIHJSVIPIGXVSQIGLERMGEPW]WXIQGSRXVSPPIVWERHMWFEWIHSRE
QSVIEKKVIWWMZIlUYEVXIVEQTPMXYHIHIGE]zGVMXIVMSR8LI>2
XIGLRMUYIGERFIYWIHSRTVSGIWWIW[MXLSYXHIEHXMQI8LITVSGIHYVI
EWJSPPS[W




%XXEGLETVSTSVXMSREPSRP]GSRXVSPPIVRSMRXIKVEPSVHIVMZEXMZI
EGXMSR



-RGVIEWIXLITVSTSVXMSREPKEMRYRXMPEPMQMXG]GPIMWIWXEFPMWLIHMR
XLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI4:



8LIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWEVIGEPGYPEXIHEWJSPPS[W

Tuning Parameter

Equation

Ultimate Gain

K u = Controller gain that produces limit cycle

Ultimate Period

P u = Period taken from limit cycle

Controller Gain

Ku
Kc = ------2.2

Controller Integral
Time



T i = P u 1.2

&EWMG7XITWMRWIXXMRKYTE
'SRXVSP7XVEXIK]MR,=7=7

8LMWWIGXMSRSYXPMRIWETSWWMFPI[E]XSGVIEXIEGSRXVSPWXVEXIK]MR
,=7=7=SYWLSYPHJMVWXJSPPS[XLIKYMHIPMRIWSYXPMRIHMRSection 1.4.2 Moving from Steady State to DynamicsMRSVHIVXSWIXYTEWXEFPI
H]REQMGGEWI-RQER]GEWIWERIJJIGXMZIGSRXVSPWXVEXIK][MPPWIVZIXS
WXEFMPM^IXLIQSHIP

11-36

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Control Theory

11-37

=SYGERMRWXEPPGSRXVSPPIVWMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWIIMXLIVMRSteady State
SVDynamicQSHI8LIVIEVIQER]HMJJIVIRX[E]WXSWIXYTEGSRXVSP
WXVEXIK]8LIJSPPS[MRKMWEFVMIJSYXPMRISJWSQISJXLIQSVIIWWIRXMEP
MXIQWXLEXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH[LIRWIXXMRKYTGSRXVSPPIVWMR,=7=7

7IPIGXXLI'SRXVSPPIH:EVMEFPIWMRXLI
4PERX
4PEREGSRXVSPWXVEXIK]XLEXMWEFPIXSEGLMIZIERSZIVEPPTPERXSFNIGXMZI
ERHQEMRXEMRWXEFMPMX][MXLMRXLITPERX)MXLIVHIWMKRXLIGSRXVSPPIVWMR
XLITPERXEGGSVHMRKXS]SYVS[RWXERHEVHWERHGSRZIRXMSRWSVQSHIPE
GSRXVSPWXVEXIK]JVSQERI\MWXMRKTPERX-R,=7=7XLIVIEVIERYQFIVE
ZEVMEFPIW[LMGLGERIMXLIVFIWIXSVGSRXVSPPIHQERYEPP]MREH]REQMG
WMQYPEXMSRGEWI=SYWLSYPHHMWXMRKYMWLFIX[IIRZEVMEFPIWXLEXHSRSX
GLERKIMRETPERXERHZEVMEFPIW[LMGLEVIGSRXVSPPIH

For more information on setting

pressure-flow specifications in a
dynamic simulation case, see
Chapter 1 - Dynamic Theory.

Set variables HSRSXGLERKIMRXLIH]REQMGWMQYPEXMSRGEWI:EVMEFPIW

WYGLEWXIQTIVEXYVIERHGSQTSWMXMSRWLSYPHFIWIXEXIEGLJPS[WLIIX
FSYRHEV]JIIHWXVIEQ3RITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRMWYWYEPP]
VIUYMVIHJSVIEGLJPS[WLIIXFSYRHEV]WXVIEQMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI
8LIWIEVIXLIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJZEVMEFPIWVIUYMVIHF]XLI
WMQYPEXMSRGEWIJSVEWSPYXMSR8LIWIWTIGMJMGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIVIWIVZIH
JSVZEVMEFPIWXLEXTL]WMGEPP]VIQEMRGSRWXERXMRETPERX*SVI\EQTPI
]SYGERWTIGMJ]XLII\MXTVIWWYVISJETVIWWYVIVIPMIJZEPZIWMRGIXLII\MX
TVIWWYVIX]TMGEPP]VIQEMRWGSRWXERXMRETPERX
-RWSQIMRWXERGIW]SYGERZEV]EWIXZEVMEFPIWYGLEWEWXVIEQ
W
XIQTIVEXYVIGSQTSWMXMSRTVIWWYVISVJPS[-RSVHIVXSJSVGIE
WTIGMJMGEXMSRXSFILEZIWMRYWSMHEPP]SVVEQTIH]SYGEREXXEGLXLI
ZEVMEFPIXSXLITransfer FunctionSTIVEXMSR%ZEVMIX]SJHMJJIVIRX
JSVGMRKJYRGXMSRWERHHMWXYVFERGIWGERFIQSHIPPIHMRXLMWQERRIV
8LIFILEZMSYVSJcontrolled variablesEVIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLIX]TISJ
GSRXVSPPIVERHXLIXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIGSRXVSPPIV
8]TMGEPP]XLIRYQFIVSJGSRXVSPZEPZIWMRETPERXHMGXEXIXLITSWWMFPI
RYQFIVSJGSRXVSPPIHZEVMEFPIW8LIVI[MPPFIQSVIZEVMEFPIWXSGSRXVSP
MRDynamicQSHIXLERMRSteady StateQSHI*SVMRWXERGIEX[S
TVSHYGXGSPYQRMRSteady StateQSHIVIUYMVIWX[Ssteady state
specifications8LIWMQYPEXSV[MPPXLIRQERMTYPEXIXLISXLIVZEVMEFPIW
MRXLIGSPYQRMRSVHIVXSWEXMWJ]XLITVSZMHIHWTIGMJMGEXMSRWERHXLI
QEXIVMEPERHIRIVK]FEPERGIWSJXLIGSPYQR8LIWEQIGSPYQRMR
DynamicQSHIVIUYMVIWJMZIWTIGMJMGEXMSRW8LIWIRI[WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
GSVVIWTSRHXSXLIMRZIRXSV]SVintegrating specificationsXLEX[IVIRSX
JM\IHMRWXIEH]WXEXI8LIMRZIRXSV]ZEVMEFPIWMRGPYHIXLIGSRHIRWIV
PIZIPXLIVIFSMPIVPIZIPERHXLIGSPYQRTVIWWYVI

11-37

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11-38

General Guidelines

%KSSHGSRXVSPPIVWXVEXIK]MRGPYHIWXLIGSRXVSPSJFSXLMRXIKVEXMRK
ZEVMEFPIWERHWXIEH]WXEXIZEVMEFPIW&]QEMRXEMRMRKXLI
MRXIKVEXMRKZEVMEFPIWEXWTIGMJMIHWIXTSMRXWGSRXVSPPIVWEHH
WXEFMPMX]XSXLITPERX3XLIVGSRXVSPPIVWQEMRXEMRXLIHIWMVIHWXIEH]
WXEXIHIWMKRWTIGMJMGEXMSRWWYGLEWTVSHYGXGSQTSWMXMSRERH
XLVSYKLTYX

7IPIGX'SRXVSPPIV7XVYGXYVIWJSV)EGL
'SRXVSPPIH:EVMEFPI
=SYWLSYPHGLSSWIETTVSTVMEXIGSRXVSPPIVWXVYGXYVIWJSVIEGL
GSRXVSPPIHZEVMEFPIMRXLIWMQYPEXMSRGEWI7SQIKIRIVEPKYMHIPMRIWMR
GLSSWMRKETTVSTVMEXIGSRXVSPPIVWGERFIJSYRHMRSection 11.3.2 Choosing the Correct Controller
8LIGSRXVSPPIVSTIVEXMSRWGERFIEHHIHMRIMXLIVWXIEH]WXEXISV
DynamicQSHI,S[IZIVGSRXVSPPIVWLEZIRSIJJIGXSRXLIWMQYPEXMSR
MR Steady StateQSHI=SYQYWXWTIGMJ]XLIJSPPS[MRKMRSVHIVXSJYPP]
HIJMRIXLIPID ControllerSTIVEXMSR

'SRRIGXMSRW8EF

Process Variable (PV)

8LITVSGIWWZEVMEFPIGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIConnectionsXEFF]
TVIWWMRKXLISelect PVFYXXSR8LIGSRXVSPPIVQIEWYVIWXLITVSGIWW
ZEVMEFPIMREREXXIQTXXSQEMRXEMRMXEXEWTIGMJMIHWIXTSMRX74

Operating Variable (OP)

8LISTIVEXMRKZEVMEFPI34GERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIConnectionsXEFF]
TVIWWMRKXLISelect OPFYXXSR8LISYXTYXSJXLIGSRXVSPPIVMWEGSRXVSP
ZEPZI8LISYXTYXWMKREP34MWXLITIVGIRXSTIRMRKSJXLIGSRXVSPZEPZI
8LISTIVEXMRKZEVMEFPIQE]FIWTIGMJMIHEWETL]WMGEPZEPZIMRXLITPERX
EQEXIVMEPWXVIEQSVERIRIVK]WXVIEQ

11-38

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Control Theory

Operating Variable

Description

Physical Valve

It is recommended that a physical valve be used as

the operating variable for a controller. The
controllers output signal, OP, is the desired actuator
position of the physical valve. With this setup, a more
realistic analysis of the effect of the controller on the
process is possible. Material flow through the valve
is calculated from the frictional resistance equation
of the valve and the surrounding unit operations.
Flow reversal conditions are possible and valve
dynamics may be modelled if a physical valve is
chosen.

11-39

If a material stream is chosen as an operating

variable, the material streams flow becomes a P-F
specification in the dynamic simulation case. You
must specify the maximum and minimum flow of the
material stream by pressing the Control Valve
button. The actual flow of the material stream is
calculated from the formula:
Material Stream

Flow =
OP ( % )
------------------ ( Flow max Flow min ) + Flowmin
100
HYSYS varies the flow specification of the material
stream according to the calculated controller output,
OP. (Therefore, a non-realistic situation may arise in
the dynamic case since material flow is not
dependent on the surrounding conditions.)
If an energy stream is chosen as an operating
variable, you may choose a Direct Q or a Utility
Fluid Duty Source by pressing the Control Valve
button:
If the Direct Q option is chosen, you must specify
the maximum and minimum energy flow of the
energy stream. The actual energy flow of the energy
stream is calculated similarly to the material flow:

Energy Stream

Energy Flow =
OP ( % )
------------------ ( Flow max Flow min ) + Flowmin
100
If the Utility Fluid option is chosen, you need to
specify the maximum and minimum flow of the utility
fluid. The heat flow is then calculated using the local
overall heat transfer coefficient, the inlet fluid
conditions, and the process conditions.

4EVEQIXIVW8EF
8LIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIGSRXVSPPIVXLIGSRXVSPPIV
W4:VERKIERHXLI
XYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWGERFIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIParametersXEF

11-39

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11-40

General Guidelines

%controllers direction[LIXLIVMXMWHMVIGXSVVIZIVWIEGXMRKMW

WTIGMJMIHYWMRKXLIAction VEHMSFYXXSRW*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSR
VIKEVHMRK[LIXLIVEGSRXVSPPIVMWHMVIGXSVVIZIVWIEGXMRKWIISection
11.2.1 - Terminology
% controllers PV spanMWEPWSWTIGMJMIHMRXLI4:6ERKIJMIPH%
GSRXVSPPIV
W4:WTERQYWXGSZIVXLIIRXMVIVERKISJXLITVSGIWWZEVMEFPI
XLIWIRWSVMWXSQIEWYVI
Tuning parametersEVIWTIGMJMIHMRXLIXYRMRKJMIPH*SVQSVI
MRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKXLIGLSMGISJXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVWJSVIEGL
GSRXVSPPIVWIISection 11.3.3 - Choosing Controller Tuning
Parameters.

For more information regarding the

characterization of final control
elements in HYSYS, see Modelling
Hardware Elements in Section
11.2.2 - Available Control
Operations

*MREP'SRXVSP)PIQIRXW
7IXXLIVERKISRXLIGSRXVSPZEPZIEXVSYKLP]X[MGIXLIWXIEH]WXEXIJPS[
]SYEVIGSRXVSPPMRK8LMWGERFIEGLMIZIHF]WM^MRKXLIZEPZI[MXLE
TVIWWYVIHVSTFIX[IIRERHERHO4E[MXLEZEPZITIVGIRXSTIRMRK
SJ-JXLIGSRXVSPPIVYWIWEQEXIVMEPSVIRIVK]WXVIEQEWER
STIVEXMRKZEVMEFPI34XLIVERKISJXLIWXVIEQ
WJPS[GERFIWTIGMJMIH
I\TPMGMXP]MRXLI*':ZMI[SJXLIQEXIVMEPSVIRIVK]WXVIEQ8LMWZMI[MW
HMWTPE]IHF]GPMGOMRKSRXLIControl ValveFYXXSRMRXLIPID Controller
ZMI[
8LIJMREPGSRXVSPIPIQIRXGERFIGLEVEGXIVM^IHEWEPMRIEVIUYEP
TIVGIRXEKISVUYMGOSTIRMRKZEPZI'SRXVSPZEPZIWEPWSLEZIXMQI
GSRWXERXW[LMGLGERFIEGGSYRXIHJSVMR,=7=7-XMWWYKKIWXIHXLEXE
PMRIEVZEPZIQSHIFIYWIHXSGLEVEGXIVM^IXLIZEPZIH]REQMGWSJJMREP
GSRXVSPIPIQIRXW8LMWGEYWIWXLIEGXYEPZEPZITSWMXMSRXSQSZIEXE
GSRWXERXVEXIXSXLIHIWMVIHZEPZITSWMXMSRWQYGLPMOIEREGXYEPZEPZIMR
ETPERX7MRGIXLIEGXYEPZEPZITSWMXMSRHSIWRSXQSZIMQQIHMEXIP]XS
XLI34WIXF]XLIGSRXVSPPIVXLITVSGIWWMWPIWWEJJIGXIHF]EKKVIWWMZI
GSRXVSPPIVXYRMRKERHQE]TSWWMFP]FIGSQIQSVIWXEFPI

7IXYTXLI(EXEFSSOERH7XVMT'LEVXW
7IXYTWXVMTGLEVXWJSV]SYVQSHIP)RXIVXLIDatabookTVSTIVX]ZMI[
7IPIGXXLIHIWMVIHZEVMEFPIWXLEXEVIXSFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIWXVMTGLEVXMR
XLIVariablesXEF

11-40

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Control Theory

11-41

Figure 11.18

*VSQXLIStrip ChartWZMI[EHHERI[WXVMTGLEVXF]TVIWWMRKXLIAdd
FYXXSRERHEGXMZEXIXLIZEVMEFPIWXSFIHMWTPE]IHSRXLIWXVMTGLEVX2S
QSVIXLERZEVMEFPIWWLSYPHFIGLSWIRJSVIEGLWXVMTGLEVXMRSVHIVXS
OIITMXVIEHEFPI
Figure 11.19

'PMGOSRXLIStrip ChartFYXXSRMRXLIViewKVSYTFS\XSWIIXLIWXVMT
GLEVX7M^IEWHIWMVIHERHXLIRHSYFPIGPMGOSRXLIWXVMTGLEVX8LIVIEVI
XLVIIXEFW[LIVI]SYGERWIXXLIRYQIVMGEPVERKIWSJXLIWXVMTGLEVXJSV
IEGLZEVMEFPIXLIREXYVISJXLIPMRIWJSVIEGLZEVMEFPIERHLS[XLI
WXVMTGLEVXYTHEXIWERHTPSXWXLIHEXE
%HHEHHMXMSREPWXVMTGLEVXWEWHIWMVIHF]KSMRKFEGOMRXSXLIDatabook
TVSTIVX]ZMI[ERHKSMRKXSXLIStrip ChartsXEF

11-41

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11-42

General Guidelines

7IXYTXLI'SRXVSPPIV*EGITPEXIW
'PMGOSRXLIFaceplateFYXXSRMRXLIPID ControllerZMI[XSHMWTPE]XLI
GSRXVSPPIV
WJEGITPEXI8LIJEGITPEXIHMWTPE]WXLI4:7434ERHQSHI
SJXLIGSRXVSPPIV'SRXVSPPIVJEGITPEXIWGERFIEVVERKIHMRXLI,=7=7
[SVOIRZMVSRQIRXXSEPPS[JSVQSRMXSVMRKSJOI]TVSGIWWZEVMEFPIWERH
IEW]EGGIWWXSXYRMRKTEVEQIXIVW
Figure 11.20

You may edit

the setpoint or
mode directly
from the Face
Plate.

Pressing the Face Plate button leads to

the Face Plate view.

7IXYTXLI-RXIKVEXSV
8LIMRXIKVEXMSRWXITWM^IGERFIQSHMJMIHMRXLIIntegratorZMI[PSGEXIH
MRXLISimulationQIRY-JHIWMVIHGLERKIXLIMRXIKVEXMSRWXITWM^IXSE
WQEPPIVMRXIVZEP8LIHIJEYPXMRXIKVEXMSRXMQIWXITMWWIGSRHW
'LERKMRKXLIWXITWM^I[MPPGEYWIXLIQSHIPXSVYRZIV]WPS[P]FYX
HYVMRKXLIMRMXMEPW[MXGLJVSQSteady StateXSDynamicQSHIXLI
WQEPPIVWXITWM^IW[MPPEPPS[XLIW]WXIQXSMRMXMEPM^IFIXXIVERHIREFPI
GPSWIQSRMXSVMRKSJXLIGSRXVSPPIVWXSIRWYVIXLEXIZIV]XLMRK[EWWIXYT
TVSTIVP]%WQEPPIVWXITWM^IEPWSMRGVIEWIWXLIWXEFMPMX]SJXLIQSHIP
WMRGIXLIWSPZIVGERQSVIGPSWIP]JSPPS[GLERKIWSGGYVVMRKMRXLITPERX
-RGVIEWIXLIMRXIKVEXMSRWXITWM^IXSEVIEWSREFPIZEPYI[LIRXLI
WMQYPEXMSRGEWILEWEGLMIZIHWSQIPIZIPSJWXEFMPMX]0EVKIVWXITWM^IW
MRGVIEWIXLIWTIIHSJMRXIKVEXMSRERHQE]FIWTIGMJMIHMJXLITVSGIWW
GERQEMRXEMRWXEFMPMX]

11-42

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Control Theory

11-43

Figure 11.21

*MRI8YRMRKSJ'SRXVSPPIVW
&IJSVIXLI-RXIKVEXSVMWVYRIEGLGSRXVSPPIVWLSYPHFIXYVRIHSJJERH
XLIRTYXFEGOMRQERYEPQSHI8LMW[MPPMRMXMEPM^IXLIGSRXVSPPIVW
4PEGMRKXLIGSRXVSPPIVWMRQERYEP[MPPHIJEYPXXLIWIXTSMRXXSXLIGYVVIRX
TVSGIWWZEVMEFPIERHEPPS[]SYXSlQERYEPP]zEHNYWXXLIZEPZI
STIRMRKSJXLISTIVEXMRKZEVMEFPI
-JVIEWSREFPITVIWWYVIJPS[WTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIWIXMRXLIH]REQMG
WMQYPEXMSRERHEPPXLIIUYMTQIRXMWTVSTIVP]WM^IHQSWXTVSGIWW
ZEVMEFPIWWLSYPHPMRISYXSRGIXLI-RXIKVEXSVMWVYR8LIXVERWMXMSRSJ
QSWXYRMXSTIVEXMSRWJVSQSteady StateXSDynamicQSHIMWZIV]
WQSSXL,S[IZIVGSRXVSPPIVXYRMRKMWGVMXMGEPMJXLITPERXWMQYPEXMSRMW
XSVIQEMRWXEFPI(]REQMGGSPYQRWJSVMRWXERGIEVIRSXSTIRPSST
WXEFPIPMOIQER]SJXLIYRMXSTIVEXMSRWMR,=7=7%R]PEVKI
HMWXYVFERGIWMRXLIGSPYQRQE]VIWYPXMRWMQYPEXMSRMRWXEFMPMX]
3RGIXLI-RXIKVEXSVMWVYRRMRK


7PS[P]FVMRKXLIGSRXVSPPIVWSRPMRIWXEVXMRK[MXLXLISRIWEXXEGLIH
XSYTWXVIEQYRMXSTIVEXMSRW8LIGSRXVSPSJJPS[ERHTVIWWYVISJ
YTWXVIEQYRMXSTIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFILERHPIHMRMXMEPP]WMRGIXLIWI
ZEVMEFPIWLEZIEWMKRMJMGERXIJJIGXSRXLIWXEFMPMX]SJHS[RWXVIEQ
YRMXSTIVEXMSRW

11-43

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11-44

General Guidelines



'SRGIRXVEXISRGSRXVSPPMRKZEVMEFPIWGVMXMGEPXSXLIWXEFMPMX]SJXLI
YRMXSTIVEXMSR%P[E]WOIITMRQMRHXLEXYTWXVIEQZEVMEFPIWXSE
YRMXSTIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIWXEFMPM^IHJMVWX*SVI\EQTPIXLIJIIHJPS[
XSEGSPYQRWLSYPHFIGSRXVSPPIHMRMXMEPP]2I\XXV]XSGSRXVSPXLI
XIQTIVEXYVIERHTVIWWYVITVSJMPISJXLIGSPYQR*MREPP]TE]
EXXIRXMSRXSXLIEGGYQYPEXMSRWSJXLIGSRHIRWIVERHVIFSMPIVERH
GSRXVSPXLSWIZEVMEFPIW



7XEVXGSRWIVZEXMZIP]YWMRKPS[KEMRWERHRSMRXIKVEPEGXMSR1SWX
YRMXSTIVEXMSRWGERMRMXMEPP]FIWIXXSYWI4SRP]GSRXVSP-JERSJJWIX
GERRSXFIXSPIVEXIHMRMXMEPP]XLIRMRXIKVEPEGXMSRWLSYPHFIEHHIH



8VMQXLIGSRXVSPPIVWYWMRKMRXIKVEPSVHIVMZEXMZIEGXMSRYRXMP
WEXMWJEGXSV]GPSWIHPSSTTIVJSVQERGIMWSFXEMRIH



%XXLMWTSMRX]SYGERGSRGIRXVEXISRGLERKMRKXLITPERXXS
TIVJSVQEWHIWMVIH*SVI\EQTPIXLIGSRXVSPWXVEXIK]GERFI
QSHMJMIHXSQEMRXEMREHIWMVIHTVSHYGXGSQTSWMXMSR-JIRIVK]
GSRWMHIVEXMSRWEVIGVMXMGEPXSETPERXHMJJIVIRXGSRXVSPWXVEXIKMIW
QE]FIXIWXIHXSVIHYGIXLIIRIVK]VIUYMVIQIRXWSJYRMX
STIVEXMSRW

7XEFMPMX]
-XLEWFIIRWLS[RXLEXXLIWXEFMPMX]SJEGPSWIHPSSTTVSGIWWHITIRHWSR
XLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMR-JXLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMRMWMRGVIEWIHXLIGPSWIHPSST
VIWTSRWIMWQSVIPMOIP]XSFIGSQIYRWXEFPI8LIGSRXVSPPIVKEMR/G
MRTYXMRXLI4-('SRXVSPPIVSTIVEXMSRMR,=7=7MWEYRMXPIWWZEPYI
HIJMRIHMREquation (11.29)

OP%
K c = ---------------------------------------PV PV Range



-RSVHIVXSGSRXVSPXLITVSGIWWXLIGSRXVSPPIVQYWXMRXIVEGX[MXLXLI
EGXYEPTVSGIWW8LMWMWEGLMIZIHF]YWMRKXLIeffective gain/ [LMGL
MWIWWIRXMEPP]XLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMR[MXLYRMXW8LIIJJIGXMZIKEMRMWHIJMRIH
EW
IJJ

K c ( Flow max Flow min )

K eff = ------------------------------------------------------------PV Range

11-44



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Control Theory

11-45

8LIVIJSVIXLIWXEFMPMX]SJXLIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWIMWRSXSRP]
HITIRHIRXSRXLIGSRXVSPPIVKEMR/ FYXEPWSSRXLI4:VERKI
TEVEQIXIVWTVSZMHIHERHXLIQE\MQYQJPS[EPPS[IHF]XLI
GSRXVSPZEPZI(IGVIEWMRKXLI4:VERKIMRGVIEWIWXLIIJJIGXMZIKEMR
/ ERHXLIVIJSVIHIGVIEWIWXLIWXEFMPMX]SJXLISZIVEPPGPSWIHPSST
VIWTSRWI(IGVIEWMRKXLIJMREPGSRXVSPIPIQIRX
WJPS[VERKI
HIGVIEWIWXLIIJJIGXMZIKEMR/ ERHXLIVIJSVIMRGVIEWIWXLI
WXEFMPMX]SJXLIGPSWIHPSSTVIWTSRWI
G

IJJ

IJJ

Note: The process gain has

units which are reciprocal to
the effective gain

-XMWXLIVIJSVITSWWMFPIXSEGLMIZIXMKLXGSRXVSPMRETPERXERHXSLEZIXLI
WMQYPEXMSRGEWIFIGSQIYRWXEFPIHYIXSQSHMJMGEXMSRWMRXLI4:VERKI
SV' ZEPYIWSJEJMREPGSRXVSPIPIQIRX
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11-45

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11-46

11-46

References

[Link] Page 1 Tuesday, May 19, 1998 12:09 PM

Index
%
Absorber
See Column
Accumulation 1-13
Actuator 5-22
Air Cooler 4-3
dynamic specification 4-5, 4-9
holdup 4-10
nozzles 4-7
pressure drop 4-4
rating 4-6
theory 4-3
Ambient 2-33
ATV Tuning 10-20, 11-35
&
Balance
See Material Balance, Component Balance and
Energy Balance
'
Calculations
tray hydraulics 1-21
vessel level 1-21
vessel pressure 1-21
Capacity 11-7, 11-29
Cascade Control 11-23
See also PID Controller
Column 8-3
absorber 8-5
condenser 8-7
k value 8-4
partial condenser 8-7
reboiled absorber 8-6
reboiler 8-7
refluxed absorber 8-6
See also Tray Section
stage property view 8-18

theory 8-3
tray section 8-13
Column Runner 8-98-13
Component Balance 1-8
Compressor
See Compressor/Expander
Compressor/Expander
capacity 6-17
curves 6-7
duty 6-16
dynamic specifications 6-15
efficiency 6-16
features 6-3
flow limits 6-10
head 6-17
holdup 6-21
inertia 6-13
linked 6-25
linking 6-5
nozzles 6-12
rating 6-7
speed 6-17
surge control 6-18
theory 6-4
Condenser 8-7
fully-condensed 8-8
fully-refluxed 8-8
partial 8-7
See Vessels
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR)
See Reactors
Control Strategy 11-36
Control Valve 10-9
See Valve 10-9
Controller
available control operations 11-15
choosing correct 11-30
See PID Controller or Digital Point
selecting variables 11-38

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I-2

tuning 11-32
Controller Theory
capacity 11-7
dead time 11-9
process gain 11-6
terminology 11-9
time constant 11-7
Conversion Reactors
See Reactors
Cooler
See Cooler/Heater
Cooler/Heater 4-14
dynamic specifications 4-20, 4-21
dynamic theory 4-15
heat loss 4-18
holdup 4-24
nozzles 4-17
pressure drop 4-16
zones 4-20, 4-22
Curves
compressor and expander 6-7
pump 6-30
Cv
See Valve Flow Coefficient (Cv)
(
Darcy friction factor 5-17
DDE 2-43
Dead Time 11-9, 11-30
Degrees of Freedom 1-27
Digital Point
connections 10-3
face plate 10-5
parameters 10-4
Direct Action 10-15
Distillation Column
See Column
Distributed Models 1-5
Dynamic Assistant 2-4
general tab 2-6
other specs tab 2-17
pressure flow specs tab 2-12
streams tab 2-7
unknown sizing tab 2-14
user items tab 2-18
Dynamic Simulation
control strategy 11-36
converting steady state models 1-35
degrees of freedom 1-27

I-2

differences from steady state 1-34

general concepts 1-5
linear 1-6
non-linear 1-6
theory 1-3, 1-5
)
Efficiencies 1-14
Energy Balance 1-9, 1-18
Energy Stream 3-5
Equation Summary View 2-21
Equilibrium Reactor
See Reactors
Event Scheduler 2-33
Expander
See Compressor/Expander
*
Face Plate 10-19, 11-42
Feedback Control 11-10, 11-18
direct acting 11-13
reverse acting 11-13
Feeder Block 3-3
Feedforward Control 11-26
Flash
non-equilibrium 1-14
Flow Control 11-32
Flow Control Valve (FCV) 10-9
+
Gas Pressure Control 11-34
Gibbs Reactors
See Reactors
,
Heat Exchanger 4-26
baffle specification 4-34
dynamic specifications 4-29, 4-49
heat loss 4-46
heat transfer 4-37
holdup 4-54
k values 4-52
nozzles 4-45, 4-55
pressure drop 4-28, 4-39
rating 4-30
See also Vessels
shell specifications 4-33
TEMA 4-32

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I-3

theory 4-27
tube specifications 4-35
zones 4-36, 4-40
Heat Loss Model 1-17
detailed 1-20
heat exchanger 4-46
parameters 1-19
simple 1-20
Heater
See Cooler/Heater
Holdup Model 1-11
advantages of 1-12
assumptions 1-12
Hysterysis 5-38
If/Then/Else Statements 10-33
Implicit Euler Method 1-10
Integration Strategy 1-11
Integrator 2-30, 11-42
Isentropic Power 6-4
/
k Values 1-25
See also specific Unit Operations
0
Lag Function
first order 10-53
second order 10-54
Liquid Heater 7-18
Liquid Level Control 11-33
Liquid Pressure Control 11-33
LNG 4-62
counter current flow 4-74
cross flow 4-74
dynamic specifications 4-75
features 4-62
heat transfer 4-63, 4-68
holdup 4-77
k values 4-76
laminar flow 4-75
layers 4-66, 4-67, 4-72
parallel flow 4-74
pressure drop 4-63, 4-75
rating 4-65
theory 4-63
zones 4-66
Logical Operations

See Digital Point, PID Controller, Selector

Block, Set, Spreadsheet and Transfer
Function
Lumped Models 1-5
1
Material Balance 1-6
Material Stream 3-3
Mixer 5-3
dynamic specifications 5-4
holdup 5-5
nozzles 5-3
rating 5-3
2
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 6-33
Nozzles 1-16
3
Open Loop Control 11-10
Operations
guidelines 1-33
Ordinary Differential Equations 1-6
4
Partial Differential Equations 1-5
PID Controller
ATV tuning 10-20, 11-35
cascaded 10-7
choosing correct controller 11-30
configuration 10-12
connections 10-6
control valve 10-9
controller action 10-15
Faceplate 10-18
flow control valve 10-9
modes 10-13
output target object 10-8
process variable source 10-7
See also Controller Theory
set point ramping 10-17
tuning 10-14, 11-32, 11-43
Ziegler-Nichols tuning 11-36
Pipe Contribution 5-16
Plug Flow Reactors (PFR)
duty 9-35
dynamic specifications 9-28
k values 9-29

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I-4

nozzles 9-27
rating 9-25
segment holdup 9-30
tube dimensions 9-25
tube packing 9-26
Polytropic Power 6-4
Pressure Flow
column 8-5
failed convergence 1-39
model 1-23
pipe contribution 5-16
specifications 1-26, 1-29
volume balance 1-23
Pressure Flow Solver 1-22
simultaneous solution 1-22
Process Dynamic 11-3
Process Gain 11-6
Product Block 3-3
Proportional Control 11-19
Proportional Integral Control (PI) 11-21
Proportional Integral Derivative Control (PID) 11-22
Pump 6-27
capacity 6-41
curves 6-30
dynamic specifications 6-39
efficiency 6-40
features 6-28
head 6-40
holdup 6-41
inertia 6-37
linked 6-30
nozzles 6-35
NPSH 6-33
power 6-41
pressure rise 6-41
speed 6-40
theory 6-28
6
Reactions 1-21
Reactors
duty 9-17
dynamic specifications 9-11
geometry 9-4
heat loss 9-7
holdup 9-13
nozzles 9-6
plug flow reactors-See Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)
rating 9-3

I-4

See also Vessels

Reboiled Absorber
See Column
Reboiler 8-7, 8-8
See Vessels
Refluxed Absorber
See Column
Relief Valve 5-32
capacity correction 5-33
dynamic specifications 5-37
flow equations 5-33
holdup 5-38
hysterysis 5-38
nozzles 5-36
rating 5-32
types 5-33
valve lift 5-38
Resistance Equation 1-25
Reverse Action 10-15
7
Scripts 2-42
Selector Block 10-22
connections 10-22
face plate 10-25
Sensors 11-15
Separator
See Vessels
Set Operations 10-26
Set Point Ramping 10-17
Sieder-Tate correlation 4-37
Singular Problem 1-38
Solution
Implicit Euler 1-10
Spreadsheet 10-28
exporting variables 10-29, 10-33, 10-35
general math functions 10-30
importing variables 10-29, 10-33, 10-35
logarithmic functions 10-31
logical operations 10-32
trigonometric functions 10-32
Stability 11-13
Stage Property View 8-18
Static Head Contributions 1-17
Step Size 2-31
Streams
energy 3-5
material 3-3
Surge Control 6-18

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I-5

8
Tank
See Vessels
Tee 5-26
dynamic specifications 5-27
holdup 5-28
nozzles 5-26
rating 5-26
TEMA 4-32
Temperature Control 11-34
Three-Phase Separator
See Vessels
Time Constant 11-7
Transfer Function 10-41
lag function 10-51
lead function 10-52
ramp 10-46
sine wave function 10-58
square wave 10-60
Tray Section
dynamic specifications 8-16
efficiencies 8-16
stage 8-19
heat loss 8-15
holdup 8-17
nozzles 8-14
stage 8-18
rating 8-13
stage property view 8-18
Trouble Shooting 1-38
Tuning Methods 11-34

types 5-11
Valve Dynamics 11-16
Valve Flow Coefficient (Cv) 1-25
See also specific Unit Operations
Valve Type 11-16
Vessel Heater 7-17
Vessel Level 1-21
Vessels 7-3
boot 7-5
duty 7-16
dynamic specifications 7-10
features 7-3
geometry 7-4
heat loss 7-6
heater 7-17
holdup 7-12
liquid heater 7-18
nozzles 7-5
rating 7-4
Volume Balance 1-23
>
Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Technique 11-36

:
Valve 5-9
actuator 5-22
dynamic specifications 5-15
fail-safe function 5-24
features 5-9
holdup 5-18
modes 5-23
nozzles 5-14
pipe contribution 5-16
positions 5-25
rating 5-9
See Relief Valve
sizing 5-10
sizing method 5-12
stickiness 5-23, 5-24

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I-6