SPM Additional Mathematics- by KBJIM - jimmigmig@yahoo.
com
Trigoniometry
Y
positive
A: The General Angle
O
1. Angles measured along Ox in a counter-clockwise direction are positive,
and those measured in a clockwise direction are negative.
negative
2. There are four quadrants to consider :
st
quadrant (ALL trigonometrical ratios:- sin , cos and tan are positive.
nd
quadrant (ONLY sin is positive, cos and tan are negative.
1
2
nd
3 quadrant (ONLY tan is positive, cos and sin are negative.
rd
th
90
1st Quadrant
Quadrant
Sin
180
quadrant (ONLY cos is positive, tan and sin are negative.
All
0
Tan
You can use mnemonics to remember it :- like All Science Teachers Crazy
3rd Quadrant
Cos
270
4th Quadrant
3. Lets take an angle where 0 90. (we normally express as an acute angle )
Let s say = 30 and from your calculator, sin 30 = 0.5, cos 30 = 0.866, tan 30 = 0.577
st
All the values are positive because = 30 is in the 1 quadrant which is for All or Acute
Now take =150, from your calculator, sin 150 = 0.5 (positive),
nd
cos 150 = 0.866 (negative)
(2 Quadrant)
tan 150 = 0.577 (negative)
90
150
Now take = 210, from your calculator, sin 210 = 0.5 ( negative),
rd
(3 Quadrant)
cos 210 = 0.866 (negative)
tan 210 = 0.577 (positive)
30
0
180
210
Now take = 330, from your calculator, sin 330 = 0.5 (negative),
th
cos 330 = 0.866 (positive)
(4 Quadrant)
tan 330 = 0.577 (negative)
330
270
4. For 0 x 360, there will always be two angles which have the same trigonometrical ratios.
Notice that (use your calculator):
( sin 30 = sin 150, cos 30 = cos 330, tan 30 = tan 210 ; sin 210 = sin 330, cos 150 = cos 210, tan 150 = tan 330 )
nd
Lets take x =150, 150 is in the 2
quadrant. ( Sine is positive )
180
360 +
Use this rule
150
sin 150 = sin (180 30) = sin 30 = 0.5
cos 150 = cos (180 30) = cos 30 = 0.866
tan 150 = tan (180 30) = tan 30 = 0.577
**Remember : is an acute angle
30
210
330
180 +
360
1|Page
Lets take x =210, 210 is in the 3
rd
quadrant. ( Tangent is positive )
180
360 +
Use this rule
150
sin 210 = sin (180 + 30) = sin 30 = 0.5
cos 210 = cos (180 + 30) = cos 30 = 0.866
tan 210 = tan (180 + 30) = tan 30 = 0.577
30
210
**Remember : is an acute angle
330
180 +
360
180
360 +
th
Lets take x = 330, 330 is in the 4 quadrant. ( cosine is positive )
Use this rule
sin 330 = sin (360 30) = sin 30 = 0.5
cos 330 = cos (360 30) = cos 30 = 0.866
tan 330 = tan (360 30) = tan 30 = 0.577
150
30
210
330
180 +
**Remember : is an acute angle
360
Rules:
1. determine which quadrant the angle belongs to.
2. use the rule (highlighted in yellow) to get the acute angle.
3. put in the appropriate sign for the required trigonometrical ratio.
Example T.1: Express the following trigonometrical ratios in terms of acute angles.
(i) sin 170 (ii) tan 200 (iii) cos 300 (iv) sin (50) (v) cos (45) (vi) sin 325 (vii) cos 120
(viii) tan (140)
(ix) sec 140 (x) cosec 130 (xi) cot 260 (xii) sec (25) (xiii) cot (60)
Solution:
(i) sin 170 = sin (18010) = sin 10
nd
170 is in the 2 quadrant, sine is positive.
We are using sin = sin (180 ) , is an acute angle.
(iii) cos 300 = cos (360 30) = cos 30
300 is in the 4th quadrant, cosine is positive
We are using cos = cos (360 ) , is an acute angle.
(v) cos ( 45) = cos 45
( 45) is in the 4th quadrant, cosine is positive.
Remember..negative angles are drawn clockwise.
(vii) cos 120 = cos 60
120 is in the 2nd quadrant, cosine is negative.
We are using cos = cos (180 ) , is an acute angle.
(ii) tan 200 = tan (180 + 20) = tan 20
200 is in the 3rd quadrant, tangent is positive.
We are using tan = tan (180 + ) , is an acute angle.
(iv) sin(50) = sin 50
( 50) is in the 4th quadrant, sine is negative
We are using sin( ) = sin , is an acute angle.
Remember..negative angles are drawn clockwise.
(vi) sin 325 = sin (360 35) = sin 35
325 is in the 4th quadrant, sine is negative
We are using sin = sin (360 ) , is an acute angle .
(viii) tan(140) = tan 220 = tan(180 + 40)
= tan 40
( 140) is in the 3rd quadrant. Tangent is positive.
140 drawn clockwise = 220 drawn anti-clockwise.
2|Page
(ix) sec 140 =
1
cos 140
(sec =
1
= sec 40
cos 40
1 ) , sec = secant
cos
140 is in the 2nd quadrant, cosine and secant are negative
1
=
sin 130
(x) cosec 130 =
(cosec =
1
= cosec 50
sin 50
1 ) , cosec = cosecant
sin
130 is in the 2nd quadrant, sine and cosec are positive.
(xi) cot 260 =
1
tan 260
1
tan 80
(cot =
= cot 80
1 ) , cot = cotangent
tan
260 is in the 3rd quadrant, tangent and cotangent are positive
1
=
1
= sec 25
(xii) sec ( 25) =
cos ( 25)
cos 25
( 25) is in 4th quadrant, and cosine and secant are positive
1
(xiii) cot ( 60) =
tan 60
= cot 60
( 60) is angle drawn clockwise. It is in 4th quadrant. ( 60) is same as 300 drawn anticlockwise..
tangent and cotangent are negative in the 4th quadrant.
B. Graph of sin , cos, tan
sin
tan
notice that sin graph starts at origin
and peaks at 90
1
270
90 180
360
90
180
cos
1
0
90
180
270 360
notice that cos graph starts at 1
and is zero at 90 and 270
tan 0 and tan180 = 0
tan 90 is infinity ()
3|Page
C. Trigonometrical ratios you need to know
30
45
60
90
180
sin
1
2
2
2
3
2
cos
3
2
2
2
1
2
tan
3
3
Example T.2: Write down the values of the following.
(i) sin 540 (ii) tan 135 (iii) cos 270 (iv) sin (120) (v) cos (30) (vi) sin 405 (vii) cos 210
(viii) tan (120)
(ix) sin 150 (x) tan 210 (xi) tan ( 30) (xii) sin (150) (xiii) cos ( 135)
Solution:
(i) sin 540 = sin (360+180) = sin 180= 0
(ii) tan 135 = tan (180 45) = tan 45 = 1
(iii) cos 270 = cos (180+ 90) = cos 90= 0
(iv) sin (120) = sin (240) = sin 60 = 3
2
(v) cos (30) = cos (30) = 3 .
2
(vi) sin 405 = sin (360+ 45) = sin 45 = 2
2
(vii) cos 210 = cos (180+ 30) = cos 30 = 3.
2
(ix) sin 150 = sin (180 30) = sin 30= 1
2
(xi) tan (30) = tan 30 = 3
3
(viii) tan (120) = tan (240) = tan 60 = 3
(x) tan 210 = tan 30 = 3
3
(xii) sin ( 150) = sin (210) = sin 30 = 1
2
(xiii) cos ( 135) = cos 225 = cos 45 = 2
2
Example T.3: Find the values of from 0 to 360, inclusive, which satisfy the following equations.
(i) cos =
(ii) tan = 1 (iii) cosec = 2 (iv) sin = 0.866 (v) cos = 0.6 (vi) tan = 3
(vii) sin = cos150 (viii) cos = tan 135 (ix) sec = tan 120 (x) cos = sin 150 (xi) sin =
2
(xii) tan (70 ) = 1 (xiii) sin ( 30) = 2 (xiv)) cos (40 ) = 0.5 (xv) cos ( + 60) = 0.5
2
4|Page
Solution:
(i) cos =
= 120, 240
(ii) tan = 1
= 45, 225
(iii) cosec = 2
sin =
= 30, 150
(1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for cos = . Ignore the minus sign
2. your calculator gives you = 60
3. Now the minus sign in front of the indicates that the required angles are in the 2nd and
3rd quadrant. Remember: there are always two trigonometrical ratios that have the same value.
4. 2nd quadrant angle is (180 60) and 3rd quadrant angle is (180 + 60). Use the rule highlighted
in yellow in the notes on page 2 ).
(1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for tan = 1.
2. your calculator gives you = 45
3. Now the plus sign in front of the 1 indicates that the required angles are in the 1st and
3rd quadrant. Remember: there are always two trigonometrical ratios that have the same value.
4. 1st quadrant angle is 45 and 3rd quadrant angle is (180 + 45). Use the rule highlighted
in yellow in the notes on page 2 ).
It means that
1 = 2
sin
(1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for sin = .
2. your calculator gives you = 30
3. The plus in front of indicates that the required angles are in the 1st and
2nd quadrant for sine .
4. 2nd quadrant angle is (180 30) and 1st quadrant angle is 30. Use the rule highlighted
in yellow in the notes on page 2 ).
(iv) sin = 0.866
= 240, 300
(1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for sin = 0.866. Ignore the minus sign
2. your calculator gives you = 60
3. Now the minus sign in front of the 0.866 indicates that the required angles are in the
3rd and 4th quadrant for sine .
4. 4th quadrant angle is (360 60) and 3rd quadrant angle is (180 + 60). Use the rule
highlighted in yellow in the notes on page 2 ).
(v) cos = 0.6
= 53, 307
(viii) cos = tan 135 = 1
= 180
(vi) tan = 3
(vii) sin = cos 150 = 0.866
= 120, 300
= 240, 300
(ix) sec = tan 120 = 3
cos = 1
3
= 0.577
(x) cos = sin 150 = 0.5
= 60, 300
= 125.3, 234.8
(xi) sin = 0..25
2
sin = 0.5
= 30, 150, 210, 330
(xvi) cos (40 ) = 0.5
(xii) tan (70 ) = 1
70 = 45, 225
= 35 , 205
(xiii) sin ( 30) = 2
2
30 = 45, 135
= 75, 165
(xv) cos ( + 60) = 0.5
40 = 60, 300
+ 60 = 60, 300
= 340, 100
= 0 , 240
5|Page
Example T.4: Solve the following equations for values 0 360.
(i) sin 2 =
(v) sin(2 + 30) = 0.866
(iii) cos 3 = 2 (iv) tan 2 = 1
2
2
2
(vii) 2 sin + sin = 0 (viii) 2 cos + 3 cos + 1= 0 (ix) sin 2 = 1/2
(ii) tan 2 = 1
(vi) tan + tan = 0
2
Solution:
(i) sin 2 =
(ii) tan 2 = 1
2 = 30 , 150, 390, 510
2 = 45 , 225, 405, 585
= 15 , 75, 195, 255
= 22.5, 112.5, 202.5, 292.5
2 means that you need to go two rotations.
first rotation gives angles below 360 and
second rotation gives angles from 360to 720
** 3 means that you need to go three rotations.
(iii) cos 3 = 2
2
(iv) tan 2 = 1
2 = 135 , 315, 495, 675
3 = 45 , 315, 405, 675, 765 , 1035
= 15 , 105, 135, 225, 255 , 345
(vi) sin (2 + 30) = 0.866
2 +30 = 60 ,120, 420, 480
= 45, 75, 225, 255
= 67.5, 157.5, 247.5, 337.5
(vii) 2 sin + sin = 0
2
sin( 2 sin + 1 ) = 0
sin = 0 or sin = 1/2
= 0, 210, 330
(viii) 2 cos + 3 cos + 1= 0
2
(2 cos +1) (cos +1) = 0
cos = or cos = 1
(ix) sin 2 = 1/2
2 = 210, 330, 570, 690
= 105 ,165, 285, 345
= 120, 240 and 180
= 120, 180, 240
6|Page
D. Trigonometrical Identities you need to know
cos2 + sin2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
cot2 + 1 = cosec2
Example T.5: Prove the following identities:
(i) tan + cot =
(ii) cosec + tan sec = cosec sec
2
1
sin cos
(iii) cos sin = cos sin
4
(v)
2 tan
2
1 + tan
(iv) (sec 1)(cosec 1) = 1
2 sin cos
(vii) sec cosec
tan cot
(vi)
1
2
tan + 1
1
2
cot + 1
= 1
= tan + cot
sec + cosec
Solution:
(i) tan + cot = sin + cos = sin + cos
cos
sin
sin cos
2
(ii) cosec + tan sec =
1
sin cos
(proved)
1 + sin x 1
= cos + sin =
1
= cosec sec
2
2
sin cos cos
sin cos
sin cos
2
(iii) cos sin = (cos + sin )(cos sin ) = cos sin
4
1 )( 1
1) = (1 cos )(1 sin ) = sin .cos = 1.
(iv) (sec 1)(cosec 1) = ( 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos
sin
cos sin
cos sin
2
(v)
2 tan
2
1 + tan
vi)
1
+
1
2
2
1 + tan
cot + 1
= 2 sin /cos = 2 sin x cos = 2 sin cos
2
sec
cos
(vii) sec cosec
tan cot
1
+
1
= cos + sin = 1
2
2
sec
cosec
2
= sec cosec x tan + cot = (sec cosec )(tan + cot )
2
2
tan cot
tan + cot
tan cot
= (sec cosec )(tan + cot ) = (sec cosec )(tan + cot )
2
2
2
2
sec cosec
(sec 1) (cosec 1)
=
(sec cosec )(tan + cot )
(sec cosec )(sec + cosec )
tan + cot
sec + cosec
(proved)
7|Page
E. Trigonometrical Identities you need to know-( usually provided in exams)
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos(A B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin (A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
tan(A + B) = tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
and
tan(A B) = tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
Example T.6: If sin A = 3/5 and sin B = 5/13, where A and B are acute angles, find
(i) sin (A + B)
(ii) cos (A +B)
(iii) cos ( A B)
(iv) tan (A B)
(v) cot ( A B)
Solution:
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
5
3
13
= 3/5 x 12/13 + 4/5 x 5/13
A
B 12
= 36/65 + 20/65 = 56/65
Draw the right-angled triangles and fill in all the sides .
sin A = 3/5, cos A = 4/5 and tan A = 3/4
sin B = 5/13, cos B = 12/13 and tan B = 5/12
(ii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B = 4/5 x 12/13 3/5 x 5/13 = 48/65 15/65 = 33/65
(iii) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B = 4/5 x 12/13 + 3/5 x 5/13 = 48/65 + 15/65 = 63/65
(iv) tan (A B) =
tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
3/4 5/12
= 1/3 = 1/3 x 48/63 = 16/33
1 + 3/4 x 5/12 1 + 15/48
(v) cot (A B) =
1 + tan A tan B
tan A tan B
= 1 + 3/4 x 5/12 =
3/4 5/12
1 + 15/48
1/3
= 63/48 x 3 = 63/16
8|Page
Example T.7: If sin A = 4/5 and sin B = 12/13, where A and B are obtuse angles, find
(i) sin (A + B)
(ii) cos (A +B)
(iii) cos ( A B)
(iv) tan ( A B)
(v) cot ( A B)
Solution:
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
5
4
13
12
= 4/5 x ( 5/13) + ( 3/5) x 12/13
A
B 5
= 20/65 36/65 = 56/65
Draw the right-angled triangles and fill in all the sides .
sin A = 4/5, cos A = 3/5 and tan A = 4/3
sin B = 12/13, cos B = 5/13 and tan B = 12/5
(for obtuse angle, cos and tan are negative).
(ii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B = (3/5) x (5/13) (4/5 x 12/13) = 15/65 48/65 = 33/65
(iii) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B = ( 3/5) x (5/13) + (4/5 x12/13) = 15/65 + 48/65 = 63/65
(iv) tan (A B) =
tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
= 4/3 12/5
= 56/15 = 56/15 x 15/63 = 8/9
1 + 4/3 x 12/5
1 + 48/15
(v) cot (A B) =
1 + tan A tan B
tan A tan B
= 1 + 4/3 x 12/5 =
4/3 12/5
1 + 48/15
56/15
= 63/15 x 15/56 = 9/8
Example T.8: If tan (A + B) = 3/4 and tan A = 5/12, where A and B are acute angles, find
the value of tan B
Solution:
tan A + tan B = 3/4
1 tan A tan B
tan (A + B) =
tan A + tan B = 3/4 (1 tan A tan B) = 3/4 3/4(tan A tan B)
5/12 + tan B = 3/4 3/4 [Link] B
3/4 5/12 = tan B ( 1 + 3/4 tanA) = tan B ( 1 + 3/4 x 5/12)
13/6 tan B = 1/3
tan B = 1/3 x 6/13 = 2/13
Example T.9: If tan A = 3/4 and tan B = 5/12, where A and B are acute angles, find
the values of A + B
Solution:
tan (A + B) =
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
3/4 + 5/12
= 7/6 = 7/6 x 16/11 = 56/33
1 3/4 x 5/12 1 15/48
-1
A + B = tan ( 56/33) = 59.5, 239.5
9|Page
Example T.10: Find the values of cos 45 cos 15 + sin 45 sin 15
Solution:
cos 45 cos 15 + sin 45 sin 15
= cos (45 15) = cos 30 = 0.866
Example T.11: Find the values of x for 0 x 360
(i) 3 cos ( x + 45 ) = sin ( x + 45); (ii) tan ( x A) = 1, where tan A = 3
Solution:
(i) 3 cos (x + 45) = sin (x + 45)
tan (x + 45) = sin (x + 45) = 3
cos (x + 45)
(ii) tan ( x A) = 1, where tan A = 3
-1
A = tan (3) = 60, 240
tan (x A) = tan (x - 60) = 1 and tan (x - 240) = 1
x + 45 = 60, 240
x 60 = 45, 225 and x 240 = 45, 225
x = 15, 195
x = 105, 285
F. The double angle formulae you need to know-( usually provided in exams)
cos 2 = cos 2 sin2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2 sin2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
tan 2 =
2 tan
1 tan2
Example T.12: Solve the following equations for values of x from 0 to 360 inclusive.
2
(i) 3 cos 2x + sin x = 1 (ii) tan x. tan 2x = 1 (iii) sin 2x cos x + sin x = 1 (iv) sin 2x = sin x
(v) 3 tan x = tan 2x
(vi) cos x + sin x = sec x
Solution:
(i) 3 cos 2x sin x = 2
(ii) tan x. tan 2x = 1
3( 1 2 sin x) sin x = 2
2
3 6 sin x sin x 2
=0
6 sin x + sin x 1 = 0
tan x. 2 tan x = 1
2
1 tan x
2
1 tan x 2 tan x = 0
2
3 tan x = 1
(3 sin x 1)( 2 sin x + 1) = 0
tan x = 1/3
sin x = 1/3 or sin x = 1/2
x = 30, 150, 210, 330
x = 19.5, 160.5, 210, 330
10 | P a g e
(iii) sin 2x cos x + sin x = 1
(iv) sin 2x = sin x
2
2 sin x cos [Link] x = 1 sin x
2 sin x cos x = sin x
2 sin x cos x sin x = 0
sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0
2 sin x cos x = cos x
2 sin x cos x cos x = 0
2
cos x (2 sin x 1) = 0
sin x = 0 or cos x =
cos x = 0 or sin x =
for sin x = 0, x = 0, 360
for cos x = 0, x = 90, 270
for cos x = , x = 60, 300
for sin x = , x = 30, 150
therefore x = 0, 60, 300, 360
therefore x = 0, 30, 90, 150, 270
(v) 3 tan x = tan 2x = 2 tan x
2
1 tan x
(vi) cos x + sin x = sec x
cos x + sin x =
3 tan x (1 tan x ) = 2 tan x
3
1 .
cos x
3 tan x 3 tan x = 2 tan x
cos x + sin x. cos x = 1
3 tan x tan x = 0
sin x. cos x = 1 cos x
tan x (3 tan x 1 ) = 0
sin x. cos x = sin x
tan x = 0 or tan x = 1/3
sin x. cos x sin x = 0
x = 0, 180, 360 when tan x = 0
sin x ( cos x sin x ) = 0
x = 30, 150, 210, 330 when tan x = 1/3
sin x = 0 or cos x = sin x
therefore x = 0 , 30, 150, 180, 210, 330, 360.
For cos x = sin x, x = 45, 225
therefore x = 0 , 45, 225,180, 360.
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