Intel’s Microprocessors
The Journey from 4004 to i7 and many more
What Is A Microprocessor
Also known as central processing unit - CPU
An integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon
It contains thousands, or even millions, of transistors, which are
interconnected via superfine traces of aluminum
The transistors work together to store and manipulate data so that
the microprocessor can perform a wide variety of useful functions
The particular functions a microprocessor performs are dictated by
software
One most common task microprocessors perform is to serve as
"brains" inside personal computers (PC), but they deliver
"intelligence" to other devices as well
Microprocessor History
Most important advances in computer technology - 16-bit and 32-
bit microprocessors
Pioneered by Intel since 1970’s and dominated by Intel since 1980’s
4-bit 4004 in 1971
8-bit 8008 in 1972
8-bit 8080 and 8085 in 1974
16-bit 8088 and 8086, brains of famous IBM PC
32-bit 80286 (1982), 80386 (1985), 80486 (1989), Pentium (1993),
Pentium II (1997), Celeron and Pentium III (1999) and Pentium 4
(2000)
Latest 64-bit core2 and core i series(2009)
No. of Transistors
Model Year of Introduction No. of Transistors
4004 1971 2,250
8008 1972 2,500
8080 1974 5,000
8086 1978 29,000
80286 1982 120,000
80386™ processor 1985 275,000
80486™ DX processor 1989 1,180,000
Pentium® processor 1993 3,100,000
Pentium II processor1997 7,500,000
Pentium III processor 1999 24,000,000
Pentium 4 processor2000 42,000,000
Using very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuit technology
What does 45nm means?
Penryn (code name)
Faster
Smaller
Greener
So what does it mean?
Invention of Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
It was smaller than the vacuum tube
If you put a bunch in a row interconnected you could
control the on and off
So what does it mean?
So what does it mean?
Dr. Gordon E. Moore, Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation, predicted that
no. of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months
General PC Architecture(old architecture)
Memory Unit
Primary Storage Memory
Secondary
Program Data
Storage
Storage Storage
Memory
Memory Memory
Input Output
CPU
Unit Unit
Types of Brain Architecture
NetBurst MicroArchitecture
Core MicroArchitecture
Nehalem MicroArchitecture
NetBurst MicroArchitecture
Hyper Pipelined Technology
a)20 stage pipelining instead 10 stages in p3
Rapid Execution Engine
a) two ALUs in the core of the CPU are double-pumped
Eg Celeron, Pentium4,Pentium D etc
Core MicroArchitecture
Produces less heat
Consumes less power
Linked L1 cache and shared L2 cache
Introduced multiple Core technology on single die
Eg:- Intel Core2 series, like Core2Duo, Core2Quad
Nehalem MicroArchitecture
Reintroduced L3 cache for better Hyper Threading
32 KB L1 data cache per core
Latest Advancement in processor Microarchitecture
256 KB L2 cache per core
4–12 MB L3 cache shared by all cores
Eg:- Core i3, Core i5, core i7
Core i3
The first Core i3 processors were launched on January
7, 2010
The first Nehalem based Core i3 was Clarkdale-based,
with an integrated GPU and two cores
Core i5
The first Core i5 was introduced on September 8, 2009
Based on Nehalem MicroArchitecture
Integrated Memory Controller
It was released with two architectures
A) with integrated GPU like i3(Clarkdale Model)
B) without integrated GPU(Lynnfield Model)
Corei7
By far the Fastest Processor on earth
Clock frequency of 9.2ghz recorded
256KB of L1 cache
Supports HyperBoost
Gives Better performance with less power
consumption
Removal of FSB and Introduction of Quick Path
Interconnection A.K.A QPI
Core i5 V/s Core i7
Core i5 Core i7
Integrated with GPU with No separate GPU
Clarkdale Supports HyperBoost
Supports Hyper Boost Uses QPI instead of FSB,
Uses traditional FSB system thereby removing
to connect to southbridge southbridge
Uses dual channel DDR3 ram Uses triple channel DDR3
Ram
Core i3 V/s Core i5
Core i3 Core i5
Does not support turbo boost Supports Turbo boost
Have integrated GPU Clarkdale model has GPU but
Physically 2 cores are present Lynnfield does not
Physically 4 core are present
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Questions
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