Scribd
Upload
1K views11 pages

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

In biological systems, enzymes are regulated through allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and induction/repression of enzyme synthesis to achieve cellular economy. Allosteric regulation involves enzymes containing other sites besides the active site that are regulated by effector molecules that can increase or decrease the enzyme's activity. Regulation by covalent modification involves adding or removing phosphate groups from enzymes via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Induction/repression of enzyme synthesis allows cells to regulate the amount of enzyme present by altering the rate of enzyme synthesis through induction, which increases synthesis, and repression, which decreases synthesis.

Uploaded by

Waleed Ahmed Bhatti
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views11 pages

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

In biological systems, enzymes are regulated through allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and induction/repression of enzyme synthesis to achieve cellular economy. Allosteric regulation involves enzymes containing other sites besides the active site that are regulated by effector molecules that can increase or decrease the enzyme's activity. Regulation by covalent modification involves adding or removing phosphate groups from enzymes via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Induction/repression of enzyme synthesis allows cells to regulate the amount of enzyme present by altering the rate of enzyme synthesis through induction, which increases synthesis, and repression, which decreases synthesis.

Uploaded by

Waleed Ahmed Bhatti
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

In biological systems,regulation of enzyme

activities occur at different stages in one or


more of the following ways to achieve
cellular economy.
Allosteric Regulation.
Regulation of enzymes by covalent
modifications.
Induction and supression of enzyme
synthesis.
ALLOSTERIC REGULATION.
 Enzymes containing other sites beside the
active site are known as allosteric enzymes.
Composed of multiple subunits.
Regulate the committed step early in the
pathway.
These are regulated by molecules called
effectors(modifiers).
Negative effectors inhibit the enzyme activity.
Possitive effectors increase the enzyme
activity.
Can effect the Vmax, Km or both.
Homotropic effectors:When substrate itself
act as an effector.
Function as possitive effectors.
Heterotropic effectors: Effector is different
from the substrate.
Feed back inhibition
Glycolytic enzyme phosphofrucokinase is
allosterically inhibited by citrate.
-
A B C D E
REGULATION OF ENZYME BY COVALENT
MODIFIOCATION.
Addition or removal of phoshate groups from
specific serine,threonine,or tyrosine residues of
the enzyme.
Phosphorylation by protein kinases and
dephosphorylation by phosphoprotein
phosphatases.
 EXAMPLE: Phosphorylation of Glycogen
phosphorylase increases the enzyme activity
Phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase
decreases the enzyme activity.
INDUCTION AND REPRESSION OF
ENZYME SYNTHESIS.
Cells can also regulate the amount of
enzyme present usually by altering the rate
of enzyme synthesis.
Rate of synthesis and degradation
determine the enzyme quantity.
INDUCTION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS.
In Bacteria Lactose Induction of β
Galactosidase

In Animals Enzymes of urea cycle


HMG Co A reductase in
cholesterol synthesis
REPRESSION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS
In Bacteria Glucose Repression of β
galactosidase
In Animals .
HMG CoA reductase:Induction or
stimulation of synthesis=Fed state or insulin
effect.
Repression of synthesis=Fasting or starvation
Hormone sensitive lipoprotein lipase:
Induction or
stimulation=Adrenaline,cortisol,fasting and
stress.
Repression=Insulin,fed state
PROENZYMES
Inactive enzymes intially secreated as large
molecules,active sites not exposed.
Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin
Required for the control of the catalytic
activity of enzymes so that catalytic activities
only occurs when required.
Pancreatic enzymes if all the time active=auto
digesion of the pancrease
Blood clot enzymes only active when blood
clot is formed.

You might also like