Orthographic Projections
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 232
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is:
a system of drawing views of an object using
perpendicular projectors from the object to a plane of
projection
a means of representing physical objects and three-
dimensional concepts into two dimensional drawings.
used to effectively describe the design and features of an
object, so the object can be manufactured.
Planes/surfaces
parallel to the plane of
projection appear in
their true size and
shape
Planes/surfaces which
are not parallel to the
plane of projection are
foreshortened.
Planes/surfaces which
are perpendicular to the
plane of projection
appears as line.
More than one view is
required to fully
describe most objects.
Glass box approach
for multiview drawings
Unfolding the glass box at
the hinges
The six principal views (glass box unfolded)
Example of Orthographic projection
a). Isometric
b). Object enclosed in a
glass box
c).Orthographic projections
Relationship between orthographic views
Mitre Line to establish
relation between views
Relationship between orthographic views
Use of compass to establish the relationship between views
Orthographic Projection Systems
Dihedral angles
formed by
intersection of
vertical and
horizontal planes
at right angle
Dihedral angles
Third-Angle Orthographic Projection
The object is placed in the third
quadrant and projected into the
planes.
The plane of projection is
located between the viewer and
the object.
It is extensively used in United
States, Great Britain and Canada
Standards Australia
recommends using third angle
projection system.
b) Placement of the three
principal views in third-angle
projection
c) Symbol for 3rd angle
projection system
a) Placement of object in third-angle projection
First-Angle Orthographic Projection
Used by most of the World, including Europe and
Asiatic countries.
The object is placed in the first quadrant
The object is between the viewer and the projection
plane.
b) Placement of the three principal
views in first-angle projection
c) Symbol for first-angle projection
a) Location of object in first-angle projection system system
Multiview Drawings
A multiview drawing provides two or more views
(orthographic projections) of an object to represent
its shape.
Depending on their complexity, objects may require
two, three or more views for complete shape
description.
The most commonly used orthographic views are the
front, top and side.
Multiview Drawings
One-view drawing
Parts made of flat sheet of material
having uniform thickness, such as
gaskets, washers and spacers, are
represented with one view
supplemented by a note describing
their material and thickness.
Selection of Views
Most objects can adequately be described by three
orthographic views; usually the FRONT, TOP and
SIDE views.
Consideration should be given to the choice and
number of views used so, when possible, the surfaces
of the object are shown in their true size and shape.
The exact number of views is dependent on the
complexity of the object.
Guidelines to select and present the orthographic views
1. The front view should be the most natural position of
use, if the object does not have a predefined front
view. It is the most descriptive view with:
the longest dimension
the fewest hidden lines
the most stable position.
2. Select the sequence of views with the fewest hidden
lines
Guidelines to select and present the orthographic views
3. Use proper line types to express different features of the
object.
Object or visible lines (thick continuous) to describe the visible surface or
edge of the object.
Hidden or dotted lines to represent invisible features.
Centerlines are used to show and locate the centers of circles and arcs.
Centerlines are also used to show the centre axis of a circular form.
As and when required, make use of other line types, such as Construction
lines, Extension lines, Dimension lines. Follow the correct precedence
sequence.
4. Label the views – for example, FRONT, TOP and SIDE
5. Leave adequate space between the views for labels and
dimensions
6. Draw the views necessary to describe the object
Projection of Circular and Inclined Surfaces
Observe the contours and their projection shown
Cylindrical Shape
Orthographic view of cylindrical shape
Chamfers
Chamfering refers to the
process of cutting away the
inside or outside corner of
an object to remove sharp
edges.
Chamfers are provided to
facilitate assembly.
Chamfers are used as a
slight angle to relieve a
sharp edge.
Fillets and rounds
Fillets and rounds are rounded intersections between the
planes of a part that are generally used to ease machining
corners or to allow patterns to release more easily from
castings and forgings.
A fillet is an inside rounding
A round is an external rounding on part.
Fillets and rounds cont’d
Observe how curved surface joins smoothly a flat surface
Circular features
Circular features appear circular in one view only.
Hidden circles, like hidden edges of flat surfaces, are represented
on drawings by a hidden line.
Circular features, such as holes, appear round, if the
line of sight is perpendicular to the circular feature.
Circular features on inclined surfaces
Circular features on inclined surfaces appears as
ellipse
Creating ellipse using miter line
Examples of orthographic views of solid primitives
Examples of orthographic views of solid primitives
Examples of orthographic views of flat and
circular surfaces
Note that
arrows indicate the direction of sight when looking at the front view
All projections are in third-angle projection system
System of Projection Symbol
There are some variations in the orientation of the
projection symbol used in different text books and
drawing documents.
This is shown in the following slides
Ex 1. ISO symbols for third‐ and first‐angle projection systems
Ex 2. Drawing symbols for First- and Third-Angle Projection
Ex 2. Drawing symbols for First- and Third-Angle Projection
References:
Lecture note: week 2 – orthographic projections
Exercises
Problem 1: Flat surfaces
On a sketching paper (with 1 mm SQUARES) draw the
three orthographic views (FRONT, TOP & SIDE) of the
parts shown in the next slides.
Follow third-angle projection system .
ARROW indicates the direction of FRONT view.
All dimensions are in millimetres.
Problem 2: Inclined surfaces
On a sketching paper (with 1 mm SQUARES) draw the
three orthographic views (FRONT, TOP & SIDE) of the
parts shown in the next slides.
Follow third-angle projection system.
“A” indicates the direction of FRONT view and B
indicates direction of FRONT view.
All dimensions are in millimeters.
Brass step
CI Bracket
Problem 3: Circular features
On a sketching paper (with 1 mm SQUARES) draw the
three orthographic views (FRONT, TOP & SIDE) of the
parts shown in the next slides.
Follow third-angle projection system.
“A” indicates the direction of FRONT view and B
indicates direction of FRONT view.
All dimensions are in millimeters.
CS Bracket
Safety Bracket
