Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
YAFFS
A NAND flash filesystem
Wookey
wookey@[Link]
Aleph One Ltd
[Link]
Toby Churchill Ltd
Embedded Linux Conference - Europe
Linz
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
1 Project Genesis
2 Flash hardware
3 YAFFS fundamentals
4 Filesystem Details
5 Embedded Use
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Project Genesis
TCL needed a reliable FS for NAND
Charles Manning is the man
Considered Smartmedia compatibile scheme (FAT+FTL)
Considered JFFS2
Better than FTL
High RAM use
Slow boot times
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
History
Decided to create ’YAFFS’ - Dec 2001
Working on NAND emulator - March 2002
Working on real NAND (Linux) - May 2002
WinCE version - Aug 2002
ucLinux use - Sept 2002
Linux rootfs - Nov 2002
pSOS version - Feb 2003
Shipping commercially - Early 2003
Linux 2.6 supported - Aug 2004
YAFFS2 - Dec 2004
Checkpointing - May 2006
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Flash primer - NOR vs NAND
NOR flash NAND flash
Access mode: Linear random access Page access
Replaces: ROM Mass Storage
Cost: Expensive Cheap
Device Density: Low (64MB) High (1GB)
Erase block 8k to 128K typical 32x512b / 64x2K pages
size:
Endurance: 100k to 1M erasures 10k to 100k erasures
Erase time: 1second 2ms
Programming: Byte by Byte, no limit on writes Page programming, must be
erased before re-writing
Data sense: Program byte to change 1s to 0s. Program page to change 1s to 0s.
Erase block to change 0s to 1s Erase to change 0s to 1s
Write Ordering: Random access programming Pages must be written sequen-
tially within block
Bad blocks: None when delivered, but will Bad blocks expected when deliv-
wear out so filesystems should be ered. More will appear with use.
fault tolerant Thus fault tolerance is a necessity.
OOB data: No Yes (16 bytes)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
NAND reliabilty
NAND is unreliable - bad blocks, data errors
Affected by temp, storage time, manufacturing, voltage
Program/erase failure
Detected in hardware. YAFFS copies data and retires block
Charge Leakage - bitrot over time
ECC - Error Correction Codes
Write disturb: (extra bits set to 0 in page/block)
YAFFS2 minimises write disturb (sequential block writes, no
re-writing)
Read disturb, other pages in block energised.
minor effect - needs 10*endurance reads to give errors
ECC (not sufficient)
count page reads, rewriting block at threshold
Read other pages periodically (e.g. every 256 reads)
MLC makes all this worse - multiple program and read voltages
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Mechanisms to deal with NAND problems
Chip Degre- Prog/Erase Leakage Write Read
Fault dation failure Disturb Disturb
NAND Yes Yes
self-check
Block Yes Yes Yes
Retirement
Wear Yes
Levelling
Write Yes
Verification
Read counting Future
/re-write
Infrequent Future Future Future
Read Checking
ECC Yes Yes Yes Yes
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Design approach
OS and compiler neutral
Portable - OS interface, guts, hardware interface, app
interface
Log-structured - Tags break down dependence on physical
location
Configurable - chunk size, file limit, OOB layout, features
Single threaded (don’t need separate GC thread like NOR)
Follow hardware characteristics (OOB, no re-writes)
Developed on NAND emulator in userspace
Abstract types allow Unicode or ASCII operation
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Terminology
Flash-defined
Page - 2k flash page (512 byte YAFFS1)
Block - Erasable set of pages (typically 64 on 2K NAND)
YAFFS-defined
Chunk - YAFFS tracking unit.
usually==page.
Can be bigger, e.g. 2x2K NAND in parallel as 4K chunks)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Process
Each file has an id - equivalent to inode. id 0 indicates ’invalid’
File data stored in chunks, same size as flash pages (2K/512 bytes)
Chunks numbered 1,2,3,4 etc - 0 is header.
Header gives type (device/file/dir) and hold mode/uid/length etc
Each flash page is marked with file id and chunk number
These tags are stored in the OOB - file id, chunk number, write
serial/sequence number, tag ECC and bytes-in-page-used
When changing a file the relevant chunks are replaced by writing new
pages with new data but same tags - the old page is marked ’discarded’
Pages have a serial number incremented on write (2-bit serial in
YAFFS1, sequence in YAFFS2). Allows crash-recovery when two pages
have same tags.
Discarded blocks are garbage-collected.
Deleted items placed in ‘deleted’ dir (YAFFS2)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Log-structured Filesystem (1)
Imagine flash chip with 4 pages per block.
First we’ll create a file.
Flash Blocks
Block Chunk ObjId ChunkId DelFlag Comment
0 0 500 0 Live Object header for this file (length 0)
Next we write a few chunks worth of data to the file.
Flash Blocks
Block Chunk ObjId ChunkId DelFlag Comment
0 0 500 0 Live Object header for this file (length 0)
0 1 500 1 Live First chunk of data
0 2 500 2 Live Second chunk of data
0 3 500 3 Live Third chunk of data
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Log-structured Filesystem (2)
Next we close the file. This writes a new object header for the
file. Notice how the previous object header is deleted.
Flash Blocks
Block Chunk ObjId ChunkId DelFlag Comment
0 0 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header (length 0)
0 1 500 1 Live First chunk of data
0 2 500 2 Live Second chunk of data
0 3 500 3 Live Third chunk of data
1 0 500 0 Live New object header (length n)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Log-structured Filesystem (3)
Let’s now open the file for read/write, overwrite part of the first
chunk in the file and close the file. The replaced data and
object header chunks become deleted.
Flash Blocks
Block Chunk ObjId ChunkId DelFlag Comment
0 0 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header (length 0)
0 1 500 1 Del Obsoleted first chunk of data
0 2 500 2 Live Second chunk of data
0 3 500 3 Live Third chunk of data
1 0 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header
1 1 500 1 Live New first chunk of file
1 2 500 0 Live New object header
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Log-structured Filesystem (5)
Now let’s resize the file to zero by opening the file with
O_TRUNC and closing the file. This writes a new object header
with length 0 and marks the data chunks deleted.
Flash Blocks
Block Chunk ObjId ChunkId DelFlag Comment
0 0 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header (length 0)
0 1 500 1 Del Obsoleted first chunk of data
0 2 500 2 Del Second chunk of data
0 3 500 3 Del Third chunk of data
1 0 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header
1 1 500 1 Del Deleted first chunk of file
1 2 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header
1 3 500 0 Live New object header (length 0)
Note all the pages in block 0 are now marked as deleted.
So we can now erase block 0 and re-use the space.
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Log-structured Filesystem (6)
We will now rename the file.
To do this we write a new object header for the file
Flash Blocks
Block Chunk ObjId ChunkId Del Comment
0 0 Erased
0 1 Erased
0 2 Erased
0 3 Erased
1 0 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header
1 1 500 1 Del Deleted first chunk of file
1 2 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header
1 3 500 0 Del Obsoleted object header
2 0 500 0 Live New object header showing new name
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
YAFFS2
Specced Dec 2002, working Dec 2004
Designed for new hardware:
>=1k page size
no re-writing
simultaneous page programming
16-bit bus on some parts
Main difference is ‘discarded’ status tracking
ECC done by driver (MTD in Linux case)
Extended Tags (Extra metadata to improve performance)
RAM footprint 25-50% less
faster (write 1-3x, read 1-2x, delete 4-34x, GC 2-7x)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
YAFFS2 - Discarded status mechanism
Zero re-writes means can’t use ‘discarded’ flag
Genuinely log-structured
Instead track block allocation order (with sequence
number)
Delete by making chunks available for GC and move file to
special ‘unlinked’ directory until all chunks in it are ‘stale’
GC gets more complex to keep ‘sense of history’
Scanning runs backwards - reads sequence numbers
chronologically
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Filesystem Limits
YAFFS1
218 files (>260,000)
220 max file size (512MB)
1GB max filesystem size
YAFFS2 - All tweakable
2GB max file size
filesystem max size set by RAM footprint (4TB flash needs
1GB RAM)
4GB max filesystem size set by MTD (32-bit)
8GB shipping, 16GB tested
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
OOB data
YAFFS1:
Derived from Smartmedia, (e.g byte 5 is bad block marker)
16 bytes: 7 tags, 2 status, 6 ECC
YAFFS/Smartmedia or JFFS2 format ECC
YAFFS2:
64 bytes available in 2k page
MTD-determined layout (on linux)
MTD or hardware does ECC - 38 bytes free on 2.6.21
Tags normally 28 bytes (16 data, 12ecc)
Sometimes doesn’t fit (eg oneNAND - 20 free)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
RAM Data Structures
Not fundamental - needed for speed
Yaffs_Object - per file/directory/link/device
T-node tree covering all allocated chunks
As the file grows in size, the levels increase.
The T-nodes are 32 bytes. (16bytes on 2k arrays <=128MB)
Level 0 is 16 2-byte entries giving an index to chunkId.
Higher level T-nodes are 8 4-byte pointers to other tnodes
Allocated in blocks of 100 (reduced overhead &
fragmentation)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
RAM usage
Level0-Tnodes:
Chunksize RAM use/MB NAND 256MB NAND
512b 4K 1MB
2k 1K 256K
4k 0.5K 128K
Can change chunk size, and/or parallel chips.
Higher-level Tnodes: 0-Tnodes/8, etc
Objects: 24bytes (+17 with short name caching) per file
For 256MB 2K chunk NAND with 3000 files/dirs/devices
128k chunks needs 18bits per Tnode cell, so
Level 0-Tnodes: 288K
Level 1-Tnodes: 36K
Level 2-Tnodes: 5K
Objects: 120K
449K total
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Partitioning
Internal - give start and end block
MTD partitioning (partition appears as device)
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Checkpointing
RAM structures saved on flash at unmount (10 blocks)
Structures re-read, avoiding boot scan
sub-second boots on multi-GB systems
Invalidated by any write
Lazy Loading also reduces mount time.
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Garbage Collection and Threads
Single threaded - Gross locking, matches NAND
3 blocks reserved for GC (384K)
If no deleted blocks, GC dirtiest
Soft Background deletion:
Delete/Resize large files can take up to 0.5s
Incorporated with GC
Spread over several writes
GC is determinsitic - does one block for each write (default)
Worst case - nearly full disk, blocks have n-1 chunks valid
Can give GC own thread, so operates in ‘dead time’
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Caching
Linux VFS has cache, WinCE and RTOS don’t
YAFFS internal cache
15x speed-up for short writes on WinCE
Allows non-aligned writes
while(program_is_being_stupid)
write(f,buf,1);
Choose generic read/write (VFS) or direct read/write
(MTD)
Generic is cached (usually reads much faster 10x, writes
5% slower)
Direct is more robust on power fail
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
ECC
Needs Error Correction Codes for reliable use
ECC on Tags and data
22bits per 256 bytes, 1-bit correction, 2-bit detection
CPU/RAM intensive
Lots of options:
Hardware or software
YAFFS or MTD
New MTD, old MTD or YAFFS/Smartmedia positioning
Make sure bootloader, OS and FS generation all match!
Can be disabled - not recommended!
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
OS portability
Native
Linux
WinCE
NetBSD
Yaffs Direct Interface
pSOS
ThreadX
DSP_BIOS
Others
Bootloaders - simple read-only YAFFS
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
YAFFS in use
Formatting is simpy blanking
mount -t yaffs /dev/mtd0 /
Creating a filesystem image needs to generate OOB data
YAFFS1: mkyaffsimage tool - generates images
YAFFS2: mkyaffs2image - often customised
Use nandutils if possible
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
YAFFS Architecture
Application
POSIX Interface
YAFFS Direct Interface
YAFFS Core
Filesystem
RTOS Flash
Interface Interface
RTOS Flash
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
YAFFS Direct Interface
YDI replaces Linux VFS/WinCE FSD layer
open, close, stat, read, write, rename, mount etc
Caching of unaligned accesses
Port needs 5 OS functions, 6 NAND functions:
Lock and Unlock (mutex)
current time (for time stamping)
Set Error (to return errors)
Init to initialise RTOS context
NAND access (read, write, markbad, queryblock, initnand,
erase).
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Embedded system use - YAFFS Direct Interface (2)
No CSD - all filenames in full
Configurable case sensitivity
No UID/GIDS
Flat 32-bit/64-bit time
Thread safe - one mutex
Multiple devices - eg /ram /boot /flash
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Licensing
GPL - Good Thing (TM)
Bootloader/headers LGPL to allow incorporation
YAFFS in proprietary OSes (pSOS, ThreadX, VxWorks)
Wider use
Aleph One Licence - MySQL/sleepycat-style:
‘ If you don’t want to play then you can pay’
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
Future Developments
In-band tags (Done, being tested now)
Counter Read-/write- disturb
Continuous block summaries for checkpointing
BCH codes instead of ECC
RAM reduction - mixed chunk sizes
Small files in headers - less wasted space
Mainlining
Project Genesis Flash hardware YAFFS fundamentals Filesystem Details Embedded Use
The end
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