Database Development Cycle & Planning for Database
Objectives
Database planning
System Definition
Requirements collection and analysis
Database design
DBMS selection
Application design
Prototyping
Implementation
Data Conversion and loading
Testing
Operational Maintenance
Database Development
Planning
DATABASE PLANNING
Current systems evaluation
Development of Standards
Technological feasability
Operational feasability
Economical feasability
Steps
In planning the database, regardless of its size
and complexity, use the following basic steps:
Model the
Gather
Identify the
Identify the types of
Model the
Gather
Identify the
Identify the types
information of
for each
information.
objects.
objects.
information for each
object.
information.
objects.
objects.
object.
Id
en
tif
y
th
e
rel
ati
on
sh
ip
s
be
tw
ee
n
ob
je
cts
.
Systems definition
Data dictionary Metadata
REQUIREMENTS COLLECTION AND
ANALYSIS
identifying management information requirements,
determining information requirements by
functional area,
and establishing hardware and software
requirements
Database Design
Conceptual design
Logical design
Physical design
DBMS Selection
* Costs
* Features and Tools
* Underlying model
* Portability
* DBMS hardware requirements
APPLICATION DESIGN
Application program design
User Interface design
PROTOTYPING
Develop the Abandon
working model application
Build the Implement
prototype Application
Decision
Use and Test Redevelop
the prototype Application
Review the Begin new
prototype prototype
IMPLEMENTATI
ON
The physical realisation of the database and application
designs
the detailed model is converted to the appropriate
implementation model, the data dictionary is built, the
database is populated, application programs are developed
and users are trained
DATA CONVERSION AND LOADING &
TESTING
Transferring any existing data into the new database and
converting any existing applications to run on the new
database
Finding errors
DATABASE EVALUATION
Interviewing and polling users to determine whether any
data needs are unmet.
OPERATIONAL MAINTENANCE
preventive maintenance (backup)
corrective maintenance (recovery)1
adaptive maintenance
assignment of access
regular monitoring & periodical check up
Data & Database administration
• Data administration is the management of
the data resources
• Database administration is the management
of physical realisation of the database
application
Data & Database administration
• Coordinates all the activities of the database system
• Database administrator has a good understanding of
the enterprise’s information resources and needs.
• Database administrator's duties include:
Schema definition
Storage structure and access method definition
Schema and physical organization modification
Granting user authority to access the database
Specifying integrity constraints
Acting as liaison with users
Monitoring performance and responding to
changes in requirements
DATABASE DESIGN METHODOLOGY
A structured approach that uses procedures, techniques,
tools, and documentation aids to support and facilitate the
process of design.
* Conceptual database design
* Logical database design
* Physical database design
Entity, Attribute, Relationship
Entity
Attribute
Client
Name Passport
Address Passport No
Postcode Exp.Data
Relationship
Itinerary
Date
City
Contact
Conceptual Design Phase
TOP-DOWN Identify Entities
Identify Relationships
Identify Attributes
BOTTOM-UP
Identify Relationships
Identify Dependencies
DATA
Collect Data
BASIC
RELATIONSHIPS
is married to
•One-to-One HUSBAND WIFE
is married to
has
•One-to-many TRACK belongs to PARTICIPANTS
holds
•Many to many Trainer is helds in
Track
LOGICAL DESIGN PHASE
Conceptual
E.A.R Model
1. REFINE THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Refined Conceptual Model
2.APPLY THE RULES OF NORMALIZATION
Logical
Data
Model
REFINING THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL
• Refine the attributes
– example:
• Synonyms
• Hononyms
PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN
Logical Data Model Logical Process Model
Track 01 Country
TR
Database creation
Physical CREATE DATABASE
Implementation CREATE TABLE
Process LOAD
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN DATABASE DESIGN
Work interactively with the users as much as possible.
Follow a structured methodology throughout the data
modelling process.
Incorporate structural and integrity considerations into
the data models.
Combine conceptualisation, normalisation, and
transaction validation techniques into the data
modelling methodology.
EXERCISE: PRIMARY AND FOREIGN
KEY
Please identify primary and foreign key.
Participant Participant Age Position Address Country code
code name
Country code Country name Track code Track name Participant
code
Primary key
Foreign key
Answer
Participant Participant Age Position Address Country code
code name
Country code Country name Track code Track name Participant
code
