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Basic Scheme of The Seismic Data Processing

The document discusses seismic data processing techniques. It begins with an overview of the basic processing workflow, including loading data, geometry editing, filtering, demultiplexing, CMP sorting, velocity analysis, NMO correction, stacking, and migration. It then focuses on the dip moveout (DMO) correction technique, which accounts for the fact that reflection points are smeared for dipping events when using NMO alone. DMO effectively transforms seismic traces so they align with a common depth point. The document provides examples showing how DMO correction improves velocity analysis and stacking by reducing the smearing of dipping events.

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Emma Kokaku
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926 views17 pages

Basic Scheme of The Seismic Data Processing

The document discusses seismic data processing techniques. It begins with an overview of the basic processing workflow, including loading data, geometry editing, filtering, demultiplexing, CMP sorting, velocity analysis, NMO correction, stacking, and migration. It then focuses on the dip moveout (DMO) correction technique, which accounts for the fact that reflection points are smeared for dipping events when using NMO alone. DMO effectively transforms seismic traces so they align with a common depth point. The document provides examples showing how DMO correction improves velocity analysis and stacking by reducing the smearing of dipping events.

Uploaded by

Emma Kokaku
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Basic scheme of the seismic data processing

Loading of the data/conversion Demultiplexing Geometry Editing Amplitude correction Frequency filter Deconvolution CMP-Sorting Velocity analysis NMO/DMO-Correction Stacking Migration Post-processing

Measurements Navigation

Pre-Processing

Prestack

Poststack

Printing/storage

Printing/storage

DMO (Dip move-out)


A seismic processing operation to correct for the fact that, for dipping reflections, the traces of a CMP gather do not involve a common reflection point. DMO effectively corrects for the reflection-point smear that results when reflectors dip. Events with various dips stack with the same velocity after DMO. (DMO can be performed in a number of ways)
Sheriff, 1991

Dip move out (DMO)

Horizontal Reflector CMP = CDP

Dipping Reflector CMP CDP

CMP = common mid point CDP = common depth point

Loci of reflection points

Zero offset: coincident Source (S) and geophone (G)

Common offset: offset between Source (S) and geophone (G)

Show possible reflection points for one particular traveltime

DMO correction

NMO: coordinate transformation from A (yn,t) to B (yn,tn) DMO: coordinate transformation from B (yn,tn) to C (y0-t0) Zero-offset migration: coordinate transformation from C (y0-t0) to D (ym,t)

Dip Move out (DMO)

Marine line over a salt structure


Cases of conflicting dip Analysis of data without DMO correction Analysis of data with DMO correction
(following pictures are obtained from Yilmaz, 2001)

Selected CMP gathers from a 2D marine dataset


NMO DMO NMO-1

Yilmaz, 2001

Velocity spectrum

Without DMO correction (smearing of data)

With DMO correction


Yilmaz, 2001

Close-up view of the velocity spectrum and CMP gather

Without DMO correction


Yilmaz, 2001

Close-up view of the velocity spectrum and CMP gather

With DMO correction


Yilmaz, 2001

Velocity field used to stack the CMP gathers

Without DMO correction

With DMO correction


Yilmaz, 2001

With DMO: less smearing: more detailed velocity field

NMO correction of DMO corrected gathers

Without lateral varying and with lateral varying velocity

Yilmaz, 2001

Field example of DMO correction


NMO DMO NMO-1 NMO

Stacking
CMP stack DMO stack

Migration

Migrated CMP stack

Migrated DMO stack

CMP stack
and

DMO stack
Amplitudes of reflections off the flanks of the salt have similar amplitude as flat events
Yilmaz, 2001

Comparison between Migration of CMP stack and DMO stack

Amplitudes of reflections off the flanks of the salt have higher amplitude
Yilmaz, 2001

Time migration of CMP and DMO stack

Yilmaz, 2001

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