Control Structures
• Selection Structure/Conditional Statement: Directs program
flow based on a condition.
o If-else Statement: Executes one block of code if a
condition is true, and another if false.
o Switch Statement: Allows for multiple branches of
execution based on the value of an expression
(e.g., int, String, enum).
o Break Statement: Used to terminate the execution of a
loop or a switch statement.
• Repetition Structure/Looping statement: Executes a block of
code repeatedly until a condition is met.
o Looping/Iterations: The process of repeating a set of
statements.
o While loop Statement: An entry-controlled loop that
repeats a block of code as long as a condition is true.
o Do while Loop Statement: An exit-controlled loop; the
code block is executed at least once, then the condition is
checked.
o For loop statement: A compact looping structure used
when the number of iterations is known in advance.
o Entry Control Loop: Condition is checked before the loop
body executes (e.g., for, while).
o Exit control loop: Condition is checked after the loop
body executes (e.g., do-while).
o Infinite Loop: A loop that runs indefinitely because its
termination condition is never met.
Arrays
• Array: A data structure that stores a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type.
o Definition, declaration, initialization, data
access: Fundamental operations involving creating and
using arrays.
Methods (Functions)
• User defined method: A block of code that performs a specific
task, created by the programmer.
• Static method: A method that belongs to the class rather than
an instance of the class.
• Calling Method & called method: The process of one method
invoking another.
• Void Return Type: Indicates that a method does not return any
value after execution.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
• OOP: A programming paradigm based on the concept of
"objects," which can contain data and methods.
• Class & Object: A class is a blueprint or template, while
an object is an instance of a class.
• Data member & Method member: Variables (data members)
and functions (method members) that define the state and
behavior of an object.
• Class Design: The process of structuring classes to model real-
world problems effectively.
• Constructor: A special method used to initialize objects. It is
called when an object of a class is created.
• Access modifiers: Keywords (e.g., public, private, protected)
that set the accessibility level for classes, fields, methods, and
constructors [0.1.54 - implicitly general knowledge].
• Getter and Setter method: Methods used to retrieve (get) and
modify (set) the values of private data members.
Java Libraries and Built-in Methods
• Java Libraries: Collections of pre-written classes and methods
that can be used in programs.
• Scanner Class: Used to get user input from the console.
• ParseInt(), ParseDouble(), ParseFloat(): Static methods in
wrapper classes (Integer, Double, Float) used to convert a
String to a primitive numeric type.
• Sort(): Method used to sort an array.
• Binary Search(): Method for efficiently finding an element in a
sorted array.
• String/Character Methods:
o charAt(): Returns the character at a specific index.
o concat(): Appends one string to the end of another.
o contains(): Checks if a string contains a specified sequence
of characters.
o endsWith(): Checks if a string ends with a specified suffix.
o equals(): Compares two strings for equality (case-
sensitive).
o equalsIgnoreCase(): Compares two strings, ignoring case
considerations.
o indexOf(): Returns the index within a string of the first
occurrence of a specified character or substring.
o isEmpty(): Checks if a string is empty.
o length(): Returns the length of a string.
o replace(): Replaces occurrences of a specified character or
substring.
o toLowerCase(): Converts all characters in a string to
lowercase.
o toUpperCase(): Converts all characters in a string to
uppercase.
Advanced Topics
• Exception Handling: A mechanism to manage runtime errors
and maintain normal program flow.
o Try...Catch block: The try block encloses code that might
throw an exception, and the catch block handles the
exception if one occurs.
o Finally block: A block of code that is always executed
after the try block and any catch blocks, regardless of
whether an exception was thrown or caught [0.1.10 -
general knowledge, not in snippets].
• Assertions: Statements used to test assumptions about the
program's state.
• Threads: A thread is a single sequence of instructions within a
program; multithreading allows concurrent execution.
o Threads by extending the Thread Class: One way to
create a thread in Java.
o Threads by implementing the Runnable interface: A
more flexible way to create a thread.
o Set Priority of Thread Class(): Method to set the priority
of a thread.
o Sleep() of Thread class: Method to pause the current
thread for a specified amount of time.
o Wait() Class of Thread Class: Method that causes the
current thread to wait until another thread notifies it
(usually used in inter-thread communication).
