Object Oriented Programming
Chapter Two
Part-II
Control Statements,
Arrays and Strings
1
Objectives
At the end of this session students will be able to learn:
Overview of Java statements
If-else statements
Switch statement
For loop
while and do-while loops
Arrays and String Manipulation
2
Control Flow Statements
Control flow statements govern the flow of control in a program during
execution, that is, the order in which statements are executed in a running
program.
There are three main categories of control flow statements :
Selection statements: if, if-else and switch.
Iteration statements: while, do-while and for.
Transfer statements: break, continue, return, try-catch and finally.
3
If Statement:-This is a control statement to execute a single statement or a
block of code, when the given condition is true and if it is false then it skips if
block and rest code of program will execute.
Syntax:
if(conditional_expression){
<statements>;
...;
...;
}
4
import [Link].*;
public class Demoif
{
public static void main(String k[ ]){
Scanner t=new Scanner ([Link]);
[Link]("pls enetr the integer value");
int x = [Link]();
char grade ;
if(x>= 85){
grade = 'A';
}
if(x >= 70 && x < 85){
grade = 'B';
}
[Link]("x = " + x + " and grade = "+ grade);
}
}
5
If-else Statement:-The "if-else" statement is an extension of if
statement that provides another option when 'if' statement evaluates to
"false" i.e. else block is executed if "if" statement is false.
Syntax:
if(conditional_expression)
{
<statements>;
...;
}
else
{
<statements>;
....;
}
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Example:
int n = 11;
if(n%2 = = 0)
{
[Link]("This is even number");
}
else
{
[Link]("This is not even number");
}
7
Switch Statement:-This is an easier implementation to the if-else
statements.
The keyword "switch" is followed by an expression that should evaluate to
byte, short, char or int primitive data types only.
In a switch block there can be one or more labeled cases.
The expression that creates labels for the case must be unique.
Syntax:
switch(control_expression) {
case expression 1:
<statement>;
break;
case expression 2:
<statement>;
break;
...
default:
<statement>;
break;
}
8
int day = 2;
switch (day) { case 7:
case 1: [Link]("Sunday");
[Link]("Monday"); break;
break; default:
case 2: [Link]("Invalid entry");
[Link]("Tuesday"); break;
break; }
case 3:
[Link]("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
[Link]("Thrusday");
break;
case 5:
[Link]("Friday");
break;
case 6:
[Link]("Saturday");
break;
9
Iteration statements: while, do-while and for
The process of repeatedly executing a block of statements is known as
looping.
In looping, sequence of statements are executed until some certain
condition for the termination of loop is satisfied.
Java provides three types of loops
I. for loop
II. while loop
III. do..while loop
10
while loop- is a control structure that allows you to repeat a task a
certain number of times.
The syntax for a while loop is:
initialization;
while (test condition)
{
Body of loop;
}
int x = 1;
while(x <= 5)
{
[Link](x);
x++;
}
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do/while- loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do/while loop is
guaranteed to execute at least one time.
The syntax of a do/while loop is:
do
{
Body of loop;
}while( text condition);
int y = 1;
do
{
[Link](y);
y += 1;
}while(y <= 8);
12
for loop- is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently
write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.
The syntax of a for loop is:
for(initialization; test condition; increment/decrement)
{
Body of loop;
}
eg.-
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
[Link](i);
}
13
Jumping Statements
break :-the break keyword can be used in any of the loop control
structures to cause the loop to terminate immediately.
When a break occurs, the flow of control will jump to the next statement
past the loop.
public class Break1{
public static void main(String H[]) {
int k = 1;
while(k <= 10)
{
[Link](k);
if(k == 6)
{
break;
}
k++;
}
[Link](“The final value of k is “ + k);
}
}
14
Continue- keyword can be used in any of the loop control structures.
It causes the loop to immediately jump to the next iteration of the loop
means causes the early iteration of a loop.
In a for loop, the continue keyword causes flow of control to immediately
jump to the update(increment/decrement) statement.
In a while loop or do/while loop, flow of control immediately jumps to the
boolean expression.
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public class Continue1{
public static void main(String [] args){
[Link](“The for loop”);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if(i % 2 == 0) {
continue;
}
[Link](i);
}
[Link](“The while loop”);
int j = 20;
do {
if(j % 3 != 0) {
continue;
}
[Link](j);
}while(j-- > 0);
} }
16
Arrays
An array is a group of contiguous or related data items that share a common
name.
is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single type.
Unlike C++, in Java arrays are created dynamically.
An array can hold only one type of data!
Example:
int[] can hold only integers
char[] can hold only characters
A particular values in an array is indicated by writing a number called index
number or subscript in brackets after the array name.
Example:
slaray[10] represents salary of the 10th employee.
17
Contd…
The length of an array is established when the array is created. After
creation, its length is fixed.
Each item in an array is called an element, and each element is accessed
by its numerical index.
Array indexing starts from 0 and ends at n-1, where n is the size
of the array.
index values
primes[0] primes[1] primes[2] primes[3] primes[4] primes[9]
18
One-Dimensional Arrays
A list of items can be given one variable name using only one subscript
and such a variable is called a single-subscripted variable or a one-
dimensional array.
Creating an Array
Like any other variables, arrays must be declared and created in the
computer memory before they are used.
Array creation involves three steps:
1. Declare an array Variable
2. Create Memory Locations
3. Put values into the memory locations.
19
Declaration of Arrays
Arrays in java can be declared in two ways:
i. type arrayname [ ];
ii. type[ ]arrayname;
Example:
int number[];
float slaray[];
float[] marks;
when creating an array, each element of the array receives a default
value zero (for numeric types) ,false for boolean and null for references
(any non primitive types).
20
Creation of Arrays
After declaring an array, we need to create it in the memory.
Because an array is an object, you create it by using the new keyword
as follows:
arrayname =new type[ size];
Example:
int []number;
float marks[];
number=new int[5];
float marks=new float[7];
It is also possible to combine the above to steps , declaration and
creation, into on statement as follows:
type arrayname =new type[ size];
Example: int num[ ] = new int[10];
21
Initialization of Arrays
Each element of an array needs to be assigned a value; this
process is known as initialization.
Initialization of an array is done using the array subscripts as follows:
arrayname [subscript] = Value;
Example:
number [0]=23;
number[2]=40;
Unlike C, java protects arrays from overruns and underruns.
Trying to access an array beyond its boundaries will generate an error.
22
Contd…
Java generates an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException when there is under
run or over run.
The Java interpreter checks array indices to ensure that they are valid
during execution.
Arrays can also be initialized automatically in the same way as the
ordinary variables when they are declared, as shown below:
type arrayname [] = {list of Values};
Example:
int number[]= {35,40,23,67,49};
23
Contd…
It is also possible to assign an array object to another array object.
Example:
int array1[]= {35,40,23,67,49};
int array2[];
array2= array1;
Array Length
In Java, all arrays store the allocated size in a variable named length.
We can access the length of the array array1using [Link].
Example:
int size = [Link];
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//sorting of a list of Numbers
class Sorting if (num[i] < num [j])
{ {
public static void main(String [ ]args)
//Interchange Values
{
int num[ ]= {55, 40, 80, 12, 65, int temp = num[i];
77}; num [i] = num [j];
int size = [Link]; num [j] = temp;
[Link](“Given List: “);
}
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
}
{
[Link](" " + num[ i ] ); }
} [Link]("SORTED LIST" );
[Link]("\n"); for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
//Sorting Begins {
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
[Link](" " " + num [i]);
{
}
for (int j=i+1; j<size; j++)
{ [Link](" ");
}
}
25
Two-Dimensional Arrays
A 2-dimensional array can be thought of as a grid (or matrix) of values.
Each element of the 2-D array is accessed by providing two indexes: a
row index and a column index
A 2-D array is actually just an array of arrays.
A multidimensional array with the same number of columns in every
row can be created with an array creation expression:
Example:
int myarray[][]= new int [3][4];
26
Contd…
Like the one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays may be
initialized by following their declaration with a list of initial values
enclosed in braces. For example,
int myarray[2][3]= {0,0,0,1,1,1};
or
int myarray[][]= {{0,0,0},{1,1,1}};
We can refer to a value stored in a two-dimensional array by using
indexes for both the column and row of the corresponding element.
For Example,
int value = myarray[1][2];
27
Contd…
//Application of two-dimensional Array
class MulTable{
final static int ROWS=12;
final static int COLUMNS=12;
public static void main(String [ ]args) {
int pro [ ] [ ]= new int [ROWS][COLUMNS];
int i=0,j=0;
[Link]("MULTIPLICATION TABLE");
[Link](" ");
for (i=1; i<=ROWS; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=COLUMNS; j++)
{
pro [i][j]= i * j;
[Link](" "+ pro [i][j]);
}
[Link](" " );
}}}
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Strings
Strings represent a sequence of characters.
The easiest way to represent a sequence of characters in Java is by using
a character:
char ch[ ]= new char[4];
ch[0] = ‘D’;
ch[1] = ‘a’;
ch[2] = ‘t;
ch[3] = ‘a;
This is equivalent to String ch=“Hello”;
Character arrays have the advantage of being able to query their
length.
But they are not good enough to support the range of operations we
may like to perform on strings.
29
Contd…
In Java, strings are declared and created as follows:
String stringName;
stringName= new String(“String”);
Example:
String firstName;
firstName = new String(“Jhon”);
The above two statements can be combined as follows:
String firstName= new String(“Jhon”);
The length() method returns the length of a string.
Example: [Link](); //returns 4
30
String Arrays
It is possible to create and use arrays that contain strings as follows:
String arrayname[] = new String[size];
Example:
String item[]= new String[3];
item[0]= “Orange”;
item[1]= “Banana”;
item[2]= “Apple”;
It is also possible to assign a string array object to another string array
object.
31
String Methods
1. The length(); method returns the length of the string.
Eg: [Link](“Hello”.length()); // prints 5
The + operator is used to concatenate two or more strings.
Eg: String myname = “Harry”
String str = “My name is” + myname+ “.”;
2. The charAt(); method returns the character at the specified index.
Syntax : public char charAt(int index)
Ex: char ch;
ch = “abc”.charAt(1); // ch = “b”
32
Contd…
3. The equals(); method returns ‘true’ if two strings are equal.
Syntax : public boolean equals(Object anObject)
Ex: String str1=“Hello”,str2=“hello”;
([Link](str2))? [Link](“Equal”); : [Link](“Not Equal”); //
prints Not Equal
4. The equalsIgnoreCase(); method returns ‘true’ if two strings are
equal, ignoring case consideration.
Syntax : public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String str)
Ex: String str1=“Hello”,str2=“hello”;
if ([Link](str2))
[Link](“Equal”);
[Link](“Not Equal”); // prints Equal as an output
33
Contd…
5. The toLowerCase(); method converts all of the characters in a String to
lower case.
Syntax : public String toLowerCase( );
Ex: String str1=“HELLO THERE”;
[Link]([Link]()); // prints hello there
6. The toUpperCase(); method converts all of the characters in a String
to upper case.
Syntax : : public String toUpperCase( );
Ex: [Link](“wel-come”.toUpperCase()); // prints WEL-COME
7. The trim(); method removes white spaces at the beginning and end of a
string.
Syntax : public String trim( );
Ex: [Link](“ wel-come ”.trim()); //prints wel-come
34
Contd…
8. The replace(); method replaces all appearances of a given character
with another character.
Syntax : public String replace( ‘ch1’, ’ch2’);
Ex: String str1=“Hello”;
[Link]([Link](‘l’, ‘m’)); // prints Hemmo
9. compareTo(); method Compares two strings lexicographically.
The result is a negative integer if the first String is less than the second string.
It returns a positive integer if the first String is greater than the second string.
Otherwise the result is zero.
Syntax : public int compareTo(String anotherString);
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str);
Ex: (“hello”.compareTo(“Hello”)==0) ? [Link](“Equal”); :
[Link](“Not Equal”); //prints Not Equal
35
Contd…
10. The concat(); method concatenates the specified string to the end of
this string.
Syntax : public String concat(String str)
Ex: [Link]("to".concat("get").concat("her“)); // returns together
11. comparetTo(); method Compares two strings lexicographically.
The result is a negative integer if the first String is less than the second string.
It returns a positive integer if the first String is greater than the second string.
Otherwise the result is zero.
Syntax : public int compareTo(String anotherString);
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str);
Ex: (“hello”.compareTo(“Hello”)==0) ? [Link](“Equla”); :
[Link](“Not Equal”); //prints Not Equal
36
Contd…
12. The substring(); method creates a substring starting from the specified
index (nth character) until the end of the string or until the specified end
index.
Syntax : public String substring(int beginIndex);
public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex);
Ex: "smiles".substring(2); //returns "ile“
"smiles".substring(1, 5); //returns "mile“
13. The startsWith(); Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
Syntax: public boolean startsWith(String prefix);
Ex: “Figure”.startsWith(“Fig”); // returns true
14. The indexOf(); method returns the position of the first occurrence of a
character in a string either starting from the beginning of the string or
starting from a specific position.
37
Contd…
public int indexOf(int ch); Returns the index of the first occurrence of the
character within this string starting from the first position.
public int indexOf(String str); - Returns the index of the first occurrence
of the specified substring within this string.
public int indexOf(char ch, int n); - Returns the index of the first
occurrence of the character within this string starting from the nth
position.
Ex: String str = “How was your day today?”;
[Link](‘t’); // prints 17
[Link](‘y’, 17); // prints 21
[Link](“was”); // Prints 4
[Link]("day",10)); //Prints 13
38
Contd…
15. The lastIndexOf(); method Searches for the last occurrence of a character or
substring.
The methods are similar to indexOf() method.
16. valueOf(); creates a string object if the parameter or converts the parameter
value to string representation if the parameter is a variable.
Syntax: public String valueOf(variable);
public String valueOf(variable);
Ex: char x[]={'H','e', 'l', 'l','o'};
[Link]([Link](x));//prints Hello
[Link]([Link](48.958)); // prints 48.958
17. endsWith(); Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
Syntax: public boolean endsWith(String suffix);
Ex: “Figure”.endsWith(“re”); // true
39
Thank You ...
40
