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INTEL 8086 ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS
WITH LINE-BY-LINE COMMENTS (15 PROGRAMS)
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Program 1 — Print “HELLO” to Screen
Description:
Displays the text 'HELLO' using DOS interrupt 21h.
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.model small ; COMMENT: use small memory model
.stack 100h ; COMMENT: allocate 256 bytes stack
.data
msg db 'HELLO$' ; COMMENT: string terminated with '$' for INT 21h/09h
.code
main proc
mov ax, @data ; COMMENT: load data segment address
mov ds, ax ; COMMENT: initialize DS
mov dx, offset msg ; COMMENT: DX = address of string
mov ah, 09h ; COMMENT: DOS print-string function
int 21h ; COMMENT: display string on screen
mov ah, 4Ch ; COMMENT: terminate program
int 21h
main endp
end main
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Program 2 — Input a Character and Echo It
Description:
Reads one character and prints it back.
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.model small
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ah, 01h ; COMMENT: DOS read-character
int 21h ; COMMENT: character returned in AL
mov dl, al ; COMMENT: move char to DL for printing
mov ah, 02h ; COMMENT: DOS print-character
int 21h
mov ah, 4Ch ; COMMENT: exit program
int 21h
main endp
end main
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Program 3 — Add Two 8-bit Numbers
Description:
Adds variables 'a' and 'b' and stores result in 'sum'.
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.model small
.stack 100h
.data
a db 12h ; COMMENT: first number
b db 34h ; COMMENT: second number
sum db ? ; COMMENT: result placeholder
.code
main proc
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax ; COMMENT: set DS
mov al, a ; COMMENT: load first number
add al, b ; COMMENT: add second number
mov sum, al ; COMMENT: store result
mov ah, 4Ch ; COMMENT: exit
int 21h
main endp
end main
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Program 4 — Compare Two Numbers
Description:
Compares two numbers and branches accordingly.
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mov al, 25 ; COMMENT: first number
mov bl, 30 ; COMMENT: second number
cmp al, bl ; COMMENT: compare AL - BL
jg greater ; COMMENT: AL > BL
jl smaller ; COMMENT: AL < BL
je equal ; COMMENT: AL = BL
greater:
; COMMENT: code for greater
smaller:
; COMMENT: code for smaller
equal:
; COMMENT: code for equal
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Program 5 — Convert Lowercase Letter to Uppercase
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.model small
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ah, 01h ; COMMENT: read single character
int 21h ; COMMENT: AL = input
sub al, 20h ; COMMENT: convert lowercase → uppercase
mov dl, al ; COMMENT: character to print
mov ah, 02h
int 21h
mov ah, 4Ch ; COMMENT: exit
int 21h
main endp
end main
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Program 6 — Print Digits 0–9
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mov cx, 10 ; COMMENT: loop counter (10 digits)
mov dl, '0' ; COMMENT: ASCII '0'
print_loop:
mov ah, 02h ; COMMENT: print character
int 21h
inc dl ; COMMENT: next ASCII digit
loop print_loop ; COMMENT: repeat until CX=0
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