Biolistic DNA Delivery Methods and Protocols 1 ed.

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Biolistic DNA Delivery Methods

and Protocols 1 ed. 2020
Edition Sachin Rustgi (Editor)
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Biolistic DNA Delivery Methods and Protocols 1 ed. 2020
Edition Sachin Rustgi (Editor) Digital Instant Download
Author(s):
Sachin Rustgi (editor), Hong Luo (editor)
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1 ed. 2020
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51:239–294

major roadblock for implementing genome editing technology in plants. In this chapter, we have outlined

mostable (1,3-1,4)-beta-glucanase during ger-

Tokai J Exp Clin Med 11:437–451

it, has been combined to open up a new field in plant biotechnol-

osis V. Substages of pachytene in human sper-

5D, but absent in 5B) have been described (Bhullar et al. among

over interference distance play a central role?

Serum albumin Barley Homo sapiens sapiens Rainer Stahl, MALTAgen Forschung

Copenhagen, which would also house the Carlsberg Research Cen-

University of Burdwan, Golapbag, West Bengal, India; Department of Biotechnology,

published in a series of research articles with a significant finding

Despite these difficulties and the hearing impairment Diter had

Dev 21:2220–2233

72. Bomblies K, Jones G, Franklin C, Zickler D,

on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation,

4 Closing Remark

mutation leading to a serine to asparagine amino acid substitution

The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A.

the entanglement site [66] (Fig.1D). Because frequent AE and SC

tubules from opposite poles at division I. Before segregation, cohe-

[Link]
4)-β-glucanases: construction of recombinant

is survived by her, their two daughters Heidi and Kimbery, and two

formation/suppression between homologs. This control could

4 Sachin Rustgi and Birgitte Skadhauge

Press, Barley science resent advances from

plexes with modified lateral elements inSor-

14 Use of Microspore-Derived Calli as Explants for Biolistic

Triticum aestivum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

27. Stahl R, Horvath H, Van Fleet J, Voetz M, von

wild-type wheat. The overall conclusion is that the molecular mode

tion-associated structure at pachytene? Proc

only facilitated gaining fundamental insights into plant biology but also started a new era in crop improve-

with Improved

Several types of hypotheses have been advanced to account for

end of synapsis, however, SC formation is restricted to homologs,

ment is regulated at the transcriptional level and is dependent on

one of the natural agricultural fungicides produced by fluorescent

chloroplast biogenesis and the biosynthesis of the photosynthetic

11. Stern H, Westergaard M, von Wettstein D

85. von Wettstein D (1984) The synaptonemal

published (see the reference list).

57. Petersen JGL, Olson LW, Zickler D (1978)

and Ian D. Godwin

Endochitinase (ThEn42) Wheat Trichoderma harzianum Nii Ankrah, Sachin Rustgi 2009–2013 [ 12]

from one chromosome end, but in most organisms (especially

sciences. This picture was graciously provided by Penny von Wettstein-Knowles

Carlsberg beer.

NATALIE S. GOH • Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of

[Link]
in a brand-new, ultra-modern Carlsberg Laboratory in the heart of

[Link]
cultivated plants contain multiple genome complements, which

PART II B ACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW

mark as Professor of Genetics and Head of the Institute of Genetics

correlated with the crossover/chiasma number of the organism. In

that additional mechanisms are required to stabilize the postpoly-

Necrology of Prof. Diter von Wettstein: Part I 7

wheat and provided it with a shared rice root specific promoter. The

genes. This host–parasite interaction is mainly responsible for the genotype dependence of

(amiRNA)

dation of chitin molecules, a major component of the cell wall in

along their lengths. (2) The pairing process involves formation and resolution of chromosomal entangle-

sing thermostable (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase brewed into excellent beer

the father of tissue culture—established in vitro culture of plant

38. Holm PB, Rasmussen SW (1977) Human mei-

depolymerization of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. The absence of appro-

basic knowledge has allowed characterization of a number of endo-

ISBN 978-1-0716-0355-0 ISBN 978-1-0716-0356-7 (eBook)

high frequency of interlockings indicates that SC form between

ix

either conserved in their original form or transformed into a dense

actions result in differential regulation of several stress-induced and pathogenesis-related

lome profiling of field-grown transgenic barley

tene, thus explaining their paucity in light microscopic studies. A

[Link]
15 Plant Transformation Techniques:Agrobacterium-

tene, thus explaining their paucity in light microscopic studies. A

11 Biolistics-Mediated Gene Delivery in Sugarcane............................ 2 1 7

drive and engagement, DvW was admired by many.

polysaccharides have allowed identification of the endosperm spe-

synthetic biology, novel vector systems for precision genome editing and gene integration could potentially

to amplify DNA fragments in vitro called a polymerase chain reac-

16. Rasmussen SW, Holm PB (1984) The synapto-

72. Bomblies K, Jones G, Franklin C, Zickler D,

two occasions, he was my host in Copenhagen, first in 1972 when I was at the University of

2000–2002 [27]

gaard. I am also indebted to Søren and Preben for providing me

somes are not prealigned when meiosis starts, excluding a premeio-

Research Centre and the Carlsberg Laboratory joined, giving rise

lope in close proximity (Fig.1E). The SC initially forms in the

him ample scope for basic research initiatives in plant physiology, as

ment biolistic transformation into scientific practice reproducibly. Each chapter is supported

chloroplasts and chromosome pairing. Prog-

Austrian 50 Schilling note. Richard married Adele (Diter’s grand-

some pairing, recombination nodules and chi-

SACHIN RUSTGI • Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health

and Joy K. Roy

aploid wheat (identical in genome constitution to common wheat)

methodologies in the critically acclaimedMethods in Molecular Biologyseries. The series was

Schizophyllum commune analyzed by three

Bombyx males, which form crossovers, DNA–DNA recombination-

3.2.3 Production

biomedical protocol publishing. Each protocol is provided in readily-reproducible step-by-

[Link]
to study specific problems such as chromosome entanglements/

diffuse to allow a clear recognition of the chromosomes. Two

[Link]
observed SC configurations correspond to those predicted by

somatic embryos that originated from a single cell and coined the

9. Hoober JK (2017) Diter von Wettstein (Die-

25. Wu Y, von Wettstein D, Kannangara CG,

between all three homologs is frequent, nodules associate with SC

Brew-Appiah RAT, Wen N, Osorio C,

always at least one late RN per homolog pair. (2) Both types of

and Joy K. Roy

Human antithrombin III, Barley Homo sapiens sapiens Rainer Stahl, MALTAgen Forschung

control of organ development in plant cell cultures by fine-tuning

cient crossover maturation underlies elevated

were either understudied or had not been examined at all. At the

MAN ZHOU • College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou Kean University,

of the botanical garden there, attained extraordinary prominence

[71]). In spite of this close relationship among the three genomes,

Necrology of Prof. Diter von Wettstein: Part II 27

one to follow not only complete SCs at pachytene, but also individ-

via endosperm-specific expression of a chimeric hairpin construct,

Huan Zhang, and Markita P. Landry

SAMNEET KASHYAP • Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health

ation of the homolog recognition and/or synapsis stringency. The

a016626

Sachin Rustgi and Birgitte Skadhauge

16 Sachin Rustgi and Birgitte Skadhauge

centromeres to permit release of chiasmata without loss of sister-

var. tritici by a recombinant endochitinase from

[Link]
– Common fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster[28, 29].

all night and nevertheless participative actively during all presenta-

spanned various fields of science such as genetics, physiology, ultrastructural analysis, molecular biology,

is demonstrated with respect to his strong views on the benefits that

7. Westergaard M, von Wettstein D (1970) Stud-

genes [21]. However, the first recombinant plasmid in bacterium

aleurone layer of endosperm in barley grains secretesβ-glucanase

between female and male (shown above for Bombyx) is also

legislature about the labeling of all GM ingredients on foods was

Necrology of Prof. Diter von Wettstein: Part II 27

absence of Ph1 [79]. ASY1 is essential for SC and crossover forma-

stained nuclear contents are displayed on a surface. Instead of the

4. Osorio C, Wen N, Mejias JH, Liu B,

(2) post-transcriptional silencing of immunogenic gluten proteins

phoresis of proteins was developed by O’Farrell [23]. Following

and interlocking of chromosomes during zygo-

genic haploid embryos can be initiated using pollen grains of

small and irregular in shape and their role still remains to be

multivalents), this technique enabled all the chromosomes of a

Laboratory was to exploit and enlarge the collection of barley

S009, the Life Sciences Discovery Fund Grant 3143956-01, and

Most of DvW’s employees—and not only those from his Carls-

nucleus. In: Gull K, Oliver SG (eds) The fungal

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, originally Bacterium tumefaciens,a

55:1447–1453

somes is visible on both sides of the SC (from Ref.7). (A, D) Two examples of interlockings. (C) Electron

complex analysis of mouse chromosomal rear-

micrograph of a spread nucleus ofBombyx with one bivalent trapped in the other bivalent that is synapsing

[Link]
bivalents. This is a perspicuous indication of a two-phase SC for-

of discrimination between homologous and homoeologous pair-

[Link]
Other documents randomly have
different content

[Link]
Why iT T aKes a village 87
hoW The o Ther half lives
Our survey of maternal shortcuts begins with prosimians. Of all extant
primates, the ones that most closely resemble ancient primates from the
fossil record of 50 million years ago are lemurs, lorises, and bushbabies.
It is assumed that their now- extinct primate precursors gave birth to
multiple young, like many prosimians today. If so, mothers probably left
them in nests when they went off to forage, just as some of their modern
lemur descendants do. Among mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs, and bush-
babies (or “galagos”), mothers nonchalantly leave entire litters in their
sleeping nests while they
forage. “Stay put, see you later.”
Among the ruffed lemurs of Madagascar, one of the few primates
that can ac tually be said to have a nesting instinct, pregnant females
close to parturition build nests spe cifi cally for use as nurseries. These
mothers share care of their infants (often twins) with the father and per-
haps another lactating mother. When the mother goes off to forage, one
of these allomothers stays behind, and if the babies get hungry before
their mother returns, a lactating co- mother may suckle them.51 Galago
and mouse lemur babies may similarly be co- suckled as
well as kept warm
by allomothers who are usually aunts, sometimes grandmothers.52
With neither nests nor allomothers, some prosimians simply stash
babies as best they can, the way bamboo lemur and many lorisid mothers
do. Parking babies this way is risky. Indian slender loris mothers often
hedge their bets by hiding one twin in one spot and the other someplace
else. If a predator stumbles on one, the mother still has an heir to spare.53
Monkey mothers with singleton young are understandably more cau-
tious. Nevertheless, in a pinch, woolly spider monkeys (the rare and en-
dangered Brazilian muriquis) may park older babies.
In one rare instance
when a mother’s own mother was available (unusual because muriqui
mothers typically leave home before breeding), the maternal grand-
mother carried her grandson for extended periods.54
Pretty clearly, leaving a baby with someone else is preferable to park-
ing it, as long as a care giver is available, willing, competent, and well-
disposed and the mother trusts him or her to return the infant un-
harmed. Not surprisingly, the best primate care giver on offer will often
be the father. In most mammals, fathers would not be anywhere nearby.
But primates are unusual. Instead of decamping after they mate,
fathers

[Link]
88 MOTHERS AND OTHERS
in most species in the order Primates remain year- round in the same so-
cial group as the mothers of their offspring (about which much more in
Chapter 5).
Nowhere in mammaldom do fathers behave in a more exemplary
fashion than among two types of New World monkeys, the sixteen mo-
nogamously mating titi monkey species belonging to the genus Callice-
bus, and the various wide- eyed species of night monkeys in the genus Ao-
tus. These fathers not only carry babies about but provide them with
food.55 New mothers are followed ev erywhere by a mate whose top prior-
ity in all the world, da
y in and day out, is to remain nearby and carry her
baby whenever it is not nursing. Human mothers can only fantasize
about such an unlikely state of affairs. Callicebus and Aotus dads are so at-
tentive that infant titi or night monkeys form their primary attachment
to the father. While a night monkey baby is more likely to beg food from
his dad than his mom, a titi baby be comes more upset (as mea sured by
vocalizations and elevated adrenocortical activity) if the father is re-
moved than if the infant is separated from his mother.56 I know of no
other mammals
whose babies are routinely more attached to their fa-
thers than to their mothers.
By the end of the first week, a titi monkey mother’s daytime contact
with her baby is down to just four or five bouts of suckling per day. Her
mate carries the baby 90 percent of daytime—with a little help from an
older sibling, if there is one. Nevertheless (do some things never change?),
mom still does diaper duty, licking her baby’s genitalia clean during the
brief periods when the baby is back on board to nurse. Even after the
baby starts to move about, around six
months of age, the father will be
more eager than the mother either to play or to share food, typically fruit
and insects. Meanwhile, the no- nonsense titi monkey mom concentrates
on her own feeding, preparing herself to gestate and then breastfeed
their next baby.
A titi male’s mate is rarely out of his sight, making him the likeliest
sire of any baby born to these typically monogamous primates. This dif-
fers from the usual situation where a primate male’s paternity is less cer-
tain. But even without the certainty of paternity, males sometimes help,
as among the Barbary macaques of N
orth Africa. When in estrus, female
Macaca sylvanus eagerly solicit and mate promiscuously with just about

[Link]
Why iT T aKes a village 89
ev ery male in their multimale troop. Yet after babies are born, right from
day one, males take turns carrying them around.57 Such care by possible
or would- be fathers is neither so exclusive nor so costly as the attention
lavished on young by the single- minded titi monkey male. Yet without
this extra care from males, Barbary macaque infants could not survive
the harsh winters of the Atlas Mountains where they evolved.58 To ensure
that at least some of his offspring survive, a male Macaca sylvanus errs on
the conservative side of the uncertainty that surrounds paternity in this
species. The
risk to a male’s posterity from caring for another male’s off-
spring is outweighed by the still graver risk of dying childless.
In an overwhelming majority of primates, males remain year- round
in the same social group as females with whom they have mated, but
their assistance is typically limited to generalized protection of the troop
from predation or from marauding males likely to kill infants, since in
many populations infanticide by alien males is the major source of in-
fant mortality.59 In extreme emergencies, probable fathers may snatch an
This titi monkey baby spends most of his day riding on his father’ s back. his older
sister (in front) also occasionally helps out. When researchers at the university of
California-davis briefly removed a parent, the baby was more distressed by sepa-
ration from his father than from his mother. (mike nelson/California national primate
research Center)

[Link]
90 MOTHERS AND OTHERS
infant out of harm’s way or, if the mother should die, adopt a weaned
orphan. Nevertheless, as far as direct care is concerned, most primate
mothers have to rely on other adult females or on juveniles or subadults
eager to practice their mothering skills, rather than on male care givers.
So in which species do mothers voluntarily share access to young in-
fants?
Old World monkeys are divided into two subfamilies, the cercopith-
ecines and colobines. Most cercopithecine Old World monkeys, includ-
ing such well- known species as rhesus macaques and savanna baboons,
exhibit quin tes sen tially continuous- care- and- contact mothering. Inter-
ested
allomothers might be allowed to briefly touch, but not take, a new
infant. Relatively few cercopithecine monkeys behave like Barbary ma-
caque mothers, who freely hand over their newborns to others. Among
colobine Old World monkeys, however, this pattern is reversed. Infant-
sharing occurs in most of them. In only a few species (such as the Central
African red colobus monkeys) do mothers refuse access.
Aside from humans, few primate mothers are more willing to share
their newborns than the beautiful gray Hanuman langurs that I studied
in India. I originally chose this species because I was interested in find ing
out why males among these colobine monkeys were sometimes killing
infants. Subsequently, even though I knew a bit about shared care from
having watched babysitting behavior among African patas monkeys, I
was surprised to find how big a role infant sharing played in langur
lives.
Throughout life, a female langur remains in the same group in
which she is born, in the company of her mother, maternal grandmother,
aunts, and other kin. On average, females in this highly matrilocal group
are related as closely as first or second cousins.60 Since dominance rela-
tions between females in the same group are relativ
ely flex i ble and re-
laxed, mothers do not need to worry (as they do among more rigidly hi-
erarchical rhesus macaques or baboons) that an allomother will harm an
infant or prevent the mother from retrieving it—which, when it happens,
may end with the baby starving to death. Baby langurs are passed among
their cousins and older siblings, held briefly by aunts or grandmother,
and may be off their mothers for up to half a day as early as their first day
of life. Yet babies are always safely retrieved by the mother. Young and
inexperienced females are the most eager
to hold babies.61 Yet, like most

[Link]
Copyright

[Link]
January
1937
The dark shape of Highbury House was getting closer and closer. Justice told herself that she knew
the place now – its turrets and spooky ramparts no longer had the power to scare her. But the school
was a daunting sight in the twilight, looming up out of the flat marshland, birds – or possibly bats –
circling the four towers. There was still snow on the ground here – although, in London, the streets
had been clear for weeks. Justice was glad that she had Dad beside her, humming a little tune, his
hands relaxed on the steering wheel. It was far better than her first journey to the boarding school,
when she’d been alone in a taxi driven by the sinister Nye.
‘How are you feeling?’ asked Dad, as if he understood.
‘All right,’ said Justice. ‘I’m looking forward to seeing Stella and Dorothy again.’
‘Stella’s a nice girl,’ said Dad. She had visited their house in the Christmas holidays.
‘She is,’ said Justice. ‘She’s sometimes a bit reluctant to break school rules though.’
Dad’s mouth twitched. ‘Try not to break too many rules this term, Justice.’
They were at the school gates, open now but usually firmly closed. The sign on them said, in
uncompromising black letters,
Highbury
House
Boarding
School
for
the
Daughters
of
Gentlefolk.
As they drove slowly along the seemingly endless driveway, they were passed by other cars who had,
presumably, already deposited their daughters. A Rolls Royce with a flag on the front that must have
belonged to Rose’s rich parents, a station wagon driven by a man who looked exactly like Nora –
down to his lopsided glasses – and several forgettable cars with identikit parents inside.
Dad parked by the heavy oak doors. Justice got out, holding her overnight bag and shivering a little
in the cold air. Hutchins, the handyman, appeared from nowhere to take Justice’s trunk. To her
surprise, he touched his cap to her and said, ‘Welcome back, miss.’
‘Thank you,’ said Justice. ‘Hope you had a good Christmas.’
‘Yes, thank you, miss.’ Hutchins lumbered away. Dad took Justice’s arm and they went through the
open doors into the vast hall with its suits of armour and portraits of long-dead members of the
Highbury family. A woman in a nurse’s uniform was standing by the unlit fire.
‘You must be Justice Jones,’ she said. ‘I’m the new matron, Miss Robinson.’

[Link]
businesses: “I think that any lender in the next few years that asks for W2s and
pay stubs and bank statements, while taking weeks to close a loan will be out of
business.” Chrissi has distinguished herself by building a profitable lending busi-
ness over 30 years by focusing on the needs of the customer.
According to Chrissi:
We are all seeing where technology is taking us in other industries. Customers want instant
gratification. Retail shopping is rapidly heading online.
We are on the innovation wave in mortgage lending to really gain efficiencies through re-
engineering business process and improving the usefulness of technology. When I first started
the company thirty years ago, we didn’t have much technology. We used a few computers. We
had a fax machine. That was about it.
As Mortgage Investors Group has grown, we’ve adopted a variety of technologies. We were an
early adopter of FannieMae’sD a y1C e r t a i n t y .W e’re using a Customer Relationship Management
system and a Customer Point of Sale system.
We’ve concentrated on relationship-based lending, and have a significant market share in
Tennessee. We’ve recently opened a direct-to-consumer division to help serve our customers
in Tennessee and beyond—however, the customer wishes to interact with us. But we have to
up our game.
Technology is hard, because the mortgage lending process is hard. Origination for the second-
ary market is very complex. It’s especially difficult to integrate the various technologies be-
cause the requirements to originate a loan cover so many specifics and require specific data.
We’ve had great success at Mortgage Investors Group by focusing on the customer, and mak-
ing it easy for the customer. We’re embarking on a transformational initiative that is the most
exciting project of my career. It’s an end-to-end review of our business processes and technol-
ogy systems. The goal is to create a process whereby a customer can close as loan as fast as
permitted by disclosure regulations—about ten days. Everything is on the table.
And that transformation is required. Customers won’t accept the cumbersome and extended
process of getting a mortgage. They expect a lender to be able to make it easy, to use direct
sourced data for asset, income, and employment verification and to make decisions very
quickly with a minimum of conditions. This transformation will be the most exciting project
I’ve undertaken in my career.
CUSTOMER INITIAL INTEREST
TO APPLICATION APPLICATION TO FUNDING
Figure 4.3:Loan process from first consumer contact through funding.
A Walk Through Digital Transformation of Residential Lending 81

[Link]
Tim Nguyen, CEO of BeSmartee noticed the inefficiency of the mortgage banking
business in the“Interest to App” space. According to Tim:
I got into the mortgage business by accident during college. I was hanging out with a buddy
one day who was a real estate appraiser who said he needed to run off and do a job. He
asked if I wanted to hang out and wait for him, or if I wanted to come with him. So, I said
yeah, I’ll come with you. He comes back, and he picks up a three-hundred-dollar check.
And he introduced me to the real estate business. That’s how I got started in the business,
but the reason why I stayed in this business is that I noticed tons of inefficiencies and very
little innovation.
I believed it was going to be exciting to use technology to really change the game. And that's
the reason why BeSmartee exists—to make mortgages better, faster, and cheaper for the con-
sumer, and for lenders as well. Our goal is to shift the paradigm and change the way people
look at originating loans whether as a consumer or whether as a lender. Look at E-Trade who
changed the game for self-service brokerage. Look at someone like Wealthfront who is chang-
ing the way people invest their money. Amazon. Expedia. The models are out there. All these
models disintermediate as many third parties as possible, bringing in as direct to consumer ex-
perience as possible and using automation and big data to make it as quick, clean, and high-
quality as possible.
It’s been there for years in many different industries. It just so happened that [the mortgage
industry] is one of the last to really grab hold of it. And if you really look at history, technology
has always been the game changer. Whether it was how we collected cotton, making the pro-
cess more efficient with the cotton gin, it’s always been technology making things easier faster
and cheaper. And you know that is just the natural next step for our industry.
So, the Interest to App segment seems pretty well served. But then that digital, effi-
cient, and transparent world hits its analog equivalent: application to funding. One
CEO suggested App to Funding is where we throw mortgage banking back to the
last century— largely manual processes that meander toward closing, followed by a
crisis of having to close a loan and all hands jump on deck to make it so. And then
repeat for the next loan.
Jonathon Corr, CEO of Ellie Mae, noted:
As we go through the [App to Funding] process, invariably things change. The number of un-
derwriting submissions and resubmissions, clear to close submissions, and pre-funding excep-
tions point to poorly implemented and/or poorly automated workflow. Folks are trying to find
out where those exceptions are rather than using technology to ferret out exceptions as the
process goes along. You can think of that all the way through, so when we get into underwrit-
ing and coordinating the closing and the disclosures there is back and forth.
Nima Ghamsari, CEO of Blend, sees a sometimes inappropriate tradeoff between
human labor and technology at many points within mortgage lending:
There are very high-value roles in the mortgage process. The advice, the consumer, the educa-
tion, the guidance, understanding different life events, and understanding the consumers.
Evaluating their credit especially for people who are outside the boxes. How do you understand
82 Chapter Four A Conceptual Treatment of Fintech

[Link]
somebody's credit? There's a lot of room for humans in this process but I don’t think that the
humans are being used effectively today. Over time, the growth in technology will make a signif-
icant impact.
In short, the relationship side of mortgage banking is one of the highest and best
uses of human interaction. The other side is having humans perform low-value-
added tasks, while paying the high salaries for processors, underwriters, closers, and
so on. You can argue that this is inefficient, error-prone, and not customer-centric.
Eliminating entirely the human element inspires trepidation from many, in-
cluding Don Salmon, CEO of TBI Mortgage, who views the human element as an
essential component of customer service and when it comes to protecting the
customer:
I think the personal touch is really, really important in our industry because [buying a home]
is a very large investment by our customers.... If we allow the technology to takeover where
people really add value, it could be a tendency for consumers to reduce it to its lowest com-
mon denominator, which will be price... customer service will suffer. I believe customers will
make bad decisions as to what loan is actually best for them.
Jay Plum of Huntington National Bank would agree:
Professional sales still matter. I think this idea of how we all evolve and do we go fully digital,
where does the person intervene is something that’s worth taking a look at, because I can't see
sales folks going away entirely.
Interestingly, some see the human element as a tool in developing the very technol-
ogies that will remove friction and lead us toward convergence. The human touch
and technology work in tandem to streamline the process in App to Funding.
David Zitting describes a scenario his team uses for dividing consumers into
quadrants based on their emotional engagement in the process:
We go a step further with measuring and categorizing different kinds of consumers and how
they will actually desire to participate within the real estate industry based on where they fall
in what we call an emotional spectrum. So, if you could imagine a horizontal line... on the
very far left, [that’s] zero emotion, orE. On the very far right of the spectrum, we’re going to
put ME,o rmaximum emotion.
What the industry tends to do is they tend to think this is a binary thing where consumers that
have low emotion will want to go with a totally digital, totally automated experience. But
what’s important is that when a buying consumer lands between zeroE and ME there are a
thousand different variations in the spectrum.
So the concept here is to get a sense of use data and how can we approach this scientifically to
get a sense of these quadrant categories, new categories of the zeroE to ME spectrum and
where do [consumers] fall on that... [we then create] a platform built process around utilizing
all of this data and we go in and we find basically entry points into the housing industry for
these consumers.
A Walk Through Digital Transformation of Residential Lending 83

[Link]
Mary Ann McGarry put this rather succinctly:“We need to get in front of the
data.”
Matt Hansen, CEO of SimpleNexus, talks about the engagement power of an
end-to-end experience:
In order to really deliver on the borrower experience, we must view the homeownership jour-
ney in a holistic fashion. For example, how does a realtor easily make warm introductions?
What about for borrowers who aren’t ready to apply? Lenders need systems that blur the lines
between humans and technology.
Lenders, realtors, title agents, insurance agents, etc. need to join efforts to provide a single
experience for borrowers. The borrower should perform their home search, run calculations,
read social reviews, apply for a mortgage, sign their documents, acquire or upload insurance,
and close in a single system. The borrower only needs one login. This reduces the friction of
the borrower needing 4 accounts in various systems to accomplish the goal.
When we think about engagement with a consumer, we think about how to make sure we are
providing an experience that fosters a long-term relationship. To do that effectively, we must
realize there is no end. The consumer will need help setting up services in their home. They
may want help managing their home. It's likely they will need additional loan support in the
future too. The relationship should be ongoing.
The Interest to App technology is well thought through and varies contextually as
the customer and/or loan officer proceeds through shopping for a loan, pricing it,
and making an application. Contextual means if the borrower selects“refinance,”
the technology takes the customer and/or the loan officer around all of the pur-
chase questions. Think about TurboTax, and the contextual walk-through based on
your personal tax situation.
Jerry Schiano, CEO of SpringEQ, has a colorful take on mortgage technology,
which will serve as a transition from the customer interest to application segment
to the application to loan closing segment:
The digital app is what I call the Wizard of Oz. It sounds all-powerful, but in the mortgage
world it’s really not true. Few mortgage loans go from start to finish on the digital app. But in
the personal loan [i.e., non-real estate secured space] the digital app is really a superhero. The
personal loan application is quickly approved and funded on the app. Most loans are funded,
very little gets kicked out.
So that’s where the home mortgage must move to, but mortgages are much more difficult prod-
ucts. So, at SpringEQ, we decided to use a different technology stack. We pioneered the use of
BlueSage. We were an early adopter; we were probably one of BlueSage’s first direct to con-
sumer lenders. Their tech is good. The tech is probably better than the rest, but they’re still new.
We had to spend a lot of time attaching customer relationship management, a dialer, compli-
ance, and a document package. The mortgage process is just hard.
That it is.
84 Chapter Four A Conceptual Treatment of Fintech

[Link]
attributes relative to the adjacent deposits. This method
is commonly applied to describe the sediments and
sedimentary rocks observed in outcrops, core, and
modern environments. Facies analysis is of paramount
importance for a sequence stratigraphic study, as it
provides critical clues for paleogeographic and paleoen-
vironmental reconstructions, as well as for the definition
of sequence stratigraphic surfaces. As such, facies
analysis is an integral part of sedimentology and
sequence stratigraphy, as both disciplines assume a
process-based approach to the study of sedimentary
successions (Fig. 1.4). The ultimate goal of facies analysis
is the reconstruction of depositional systems, which are
the largest units of sedimentology, and the building
blocks of systems tracts in stratigraphy.
A depositional system (Fig. 1.8) is the product of sedi-
mentation in a specific depositional environment; hence,
it consists of a three-dimensional (3D) assemblage of
strata whose facies and geometry are related by
processes that operate within a common environment
of deposition. Important to note, the concept of deposi-
tional system is not tied to any specific temporal and
physical scales. Depositional systems can be observed
at different scales, depending on the purpose of study
and the resolution of the data available. High-
resolution studies of the Holocene identified deposi-
tional systems at scales of 102e103 yrs and 100e101 m
(e.g., Amorosi et al., 2005, 2009, 2017; Pellegrini et al.,
2017, 2018), which accumulated during the lifespan of
their corresponding environments of deposition. At the
opposite end of the spectrum, depositional systems
can also be observed at the scale of entire sedimentary
basin fills, in low-resolution studies (see details on
depositional systems in Chapter 5).
At each scale of observation, depositional systems
provide the link between the scopes of sedimentology
and stratigraphy (i.e., the end result in sedimentology,
and the starting point in stratigraphy). The study of
depositional systems is intimately related to the
concepts of facies, facies associations, and facies models,
which are defined inFig. 2.3. Facies analysis is an essen-
tial method for the reconstruction of paleodepositional
environments, as well as for understanding broader
aspects that influence the evolution of a sedimentary
basin, such as the subsidence history and the underlying
climatic conditions. More specifically for sequence
stratigraphy, the knowledge of depositional systems is
essential for the correct identification of sequence strati-
graphic surfaces, as explained in detail in Chapter 6
(e.g., what defines an unconformity as ‘subaerial’ is the
presence of continental deposits on top). Therefore,
studies of the depositional setting must precede the
construction of the sequence stratigraphic framework
(see the workflow of sequence stratigraphy in Chapter 11).

[Link]
[Link] Rock constituents
The observation of sedimentary facies in outcrops or
core is often enough to constrain the position of
sequence-bounding unconformities, where such con-
tacts juxtapose contrasting facies that are genetically un-
related (Fig. 2.4). The larger the stratigraphic hiatus
associated with sequence boundaries, the greater the
chance of mapping these surfaces by simple facies obser-
vations. There are however cases, especially in proximal
FIGURE 2.2 Contributions of datasets to the sequence stratigraphic analysis. Integration of insights afforded by
independent datasets leads to
the most reliable results.
2. Data in Sequence Stratigraphy24

[Link]
successions composed of coarse, braided fluvial
deposits, where subaerial unconformities are ‘cryptic’
and difficult to distinguish from any other channel-
scour surface (Miall, 1999). Such cryptic depositional
sequence boundaries may occur within thick fluvial
successions consisting of unvarying facies, and may
well be associated with substantial breaks in sedimenta-
tion. In the absence of abrupt changes in facies and
paleocurrent directions across these sequence bound-
aries, petrographic studies of cements and framework
grains may provide the only solid evidence for the
identification and mapping of sequence-bounding
unconformities. The Late Cretaceous Lower Castlegate
Sandstone of the Book Cliffs (Utah) provides an example
where a subaerial unconformity was mapped within a
continuous braided fluvial sandstone succession only
by plotting the position of subtle changes in the detrital
petrographic composition, interpreted to reflect corre-
sponding changes in provenance in relation to tectonic
events in the Sevier highlands (Miall, 1999).
FIGURE 2.3 Concepts of facies, facies associations, and facies models.
FIGURE 2.4 Subaerial unconfor-
mity (arrows) at the contact between
the Burgersdorp Formation and the
overlying Molteno Formation (Middle
Triassic, Karoo Basin, South Africa).
The succession is fluvial, with an
abrupt increase in energy levels across
the contact. The fluvial styles change
from meandering (with lateral accre-
tion) to braided (with amalgamated
channels). The unconformity is asso-
ciated with a c. 7 My hiatus (Catu-
neanu et al., 1998b), and separates
fluvial sequences that are genetically
unrelated.
2.1 Geological data 25

[Link]
Besides changes in provenance and the related
composition of framework grains, subaerial unconfor-
mities may also be identified by the presence of second-
ary minerals that replace some of the original sandstone
constituents via processes of weathering under subaerial
conditions. For example, it has been documented that
subaerial exposure, given the availability of sufficient
amounts of K, Al, and Fe that may be derived from
the weathering of clays and feldspars, may lead to the
replacement of calcite cements by secondary glauconite
(Khalifa, 1983; Wanas, 2003). Glauconite-bearing sand-
stones may therefore be used to recognize sequence-
bounding unconformities, where the glauconite formed
as a replacement mineral. Hence, a distinction needs to
be made between the syndepositional glauconite of
marine origin (framework grains in sandstones) and
the secondary glauconite that forms under subaerial
conditions (coatings, cements), which can be resolved
with petrographic analysis.
The distribution patterns of early diagenetic clay min-
erals such as kaolinite, smectite, palygorskite, glaucony,
and berthierine, as well as of mechanically infiltrated
clays, may also indicate the position of sequence
stratigraphic surfaces (Ketzer et al., 2003a,b; Khidir
and Catuneanu, 2005;Figs. 2.5e2.7). As demonstrated
by Ketzer et al. (2003a), ‘changes in relative sea-level
and in sediment supply/sedimentation rates, together
with the climatic conditions prevalent during, and
immediately after deposition of sediments control the
type, abundance, and spatial distribution of clay
minerals by influencing the pore-water chemistry and
the duration over which the sediments are submitted
to a certain set of geochemical conditions’ (Figs. 2.5
and 2.6). The patterns of change in the distribution of
early diagenetic clay minerals across subaerial unconfor-
mities may be preserved during deep-burial diagenesis,
when late diagenetic minerals may replace the early
diagenetic ones (e.g., the transformation of kaolinite
into dickite with increased burial depth;Fig. 2.7).
[Link] Grading trends
Grading trends refer to the fining- or coarsening-
upward profiles that can be observed in outcrops, core,
or borehole lithologs constructed from rock cuttings.
FIGURE 2.5 Distribution of early diagenetic clay minerals in fluvial to shallow-water deposits (modified from
Ketzer et al., 2003a). Ad
kaolinite content increases toward the top of clinoforms where continental facies are exposed to extensive
meteoric water flushing under semi-
humid to humid climatic conditions; kaolinite content increases in the presence of unstable silicates and organic
matter, as the degradation of
the latter generates acidic fluids; Bdpalygorskite content increases toward the top of clinoforms capped by
evaporitic deposits, under arid climatic
conditions; Cdin fully marine successions, autochthonous glauconite is most abundant at the base of clinoforms,
and decreases gradually toward
the top of clinoforms. Abbreviation: FSdflooding surface; Mdmudstone; Sidsiltstone; Sdsandstone.

[Link]
2. Data in Sequence Stratigraphy26

[Link]
FIGURE 2.6 Distribution of diagenetic clay minerals in a sequence stratigraphic framework (modified from Ketzer
et al., 2003a). Abbreviations:
MFSdmaximum flooding surface; MRSdmaximum regressive surface; BSFRdbasal surface of forced regression;
HSTdhighstand systems tract;
TSTdtransgressive systems tract; LSTdlowstand systems tract; FSSTdfalling-stage systems tract.
FIGURE 2.7 Pattern of change in
the distribution of clay minerals in a
fluvial succession (from Khidir and
Catuneanu, 2005; Paleocene, Western
Canada Basin). Kaolinite/dickite
content increases gradually toward
the top of a sequence, and decreases
abruptly across the sequence bound-
ary. Abbreviation: SU dsubaerial
unconformity.
2.1 Geological data 27

[Link]
Vertical profiles are an integral part of sequence
stratigraphic analyses, and are used to identify prograda-
tional and retrogradational trends in shallow-water
successions, or to delineate fluvial depositional
sequences in continental settings. Fluvial sequences, for
example, commonly display fining-upward trends that
reflect aggradation in an energy-declining environment
(e.g., Eberth and O’Connell, 1995; Hamblin, 1997; Catu-
neanu and Elango, 2001;Fig. 2.8). Sequence boundaries
(subaerial unconformities) in such fluvial successions
are placed at the base of the coarsest units, which often
consist of amalgamated channels (Fig. 2.4). In tectonically
active basins, the influx of coarser sediment that marks
the onset of a new sedimentation cycle is typically linked
to renewed uplift in the source area. In other settings,
similar fluvial sequences may be generated by climate cy-
cles or even autocyclic shifts of alluvial channel belts
(Miall, 2015; Catuneanu, 2019a).
A reliable interpretation of vertical profiles can only
be made within a proper paleogeographic context. For
example, the lithological contact (dashed line) in
Fig. 2.9was historically interpreted as an unconformity,
due to the abrupt shift in grain size across it. If the entire
section was fluvial, that interpretation would have been
correct (e.g., braided channels on top of the floodplain
fines of a lower energy river system). However, the
underlying fine-grained facies are lacustrine; this
changes the depositional context and the stratigraphic
FIGURE 2.8 Unconformity-bounded depositional
sequence in an upstream-controlled fluvial setting (Late
Permian Balfour Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa;
from Catuneanu and Elango, 2001). Abbreviations: SUd
subaerial unconformity; Bdbraided system; M1dsand-
bed meandering system; M2dfine-grained meandering
system; Stdtrough cross-bedded sandstone; Spdplanar
cross-bedded sandstone; Smdmassive sandstone; Shd
sandstone with horizontal stratification; Srdripple cross-
laminated sandstone; Fm dmassive mudstone; Fl d
horizontally laminated mudstone; CH dchannel fill;
DAddownstream-accretion macroform; SBdsandy bed-
forms; FFdfloodplain fines; CSdcrevasse splays.
FIGURE 2.9 Unconformity (solid line) at
the contact between two fine-grained lacus-
trine systems (Maastrichtian, southwestern
Saskatchewan, Western Canada Basin; from
Sweet et al., 2003, 2005, and Catuneanu and
Sweet, 2005). The unconformity originated as
a surface of subaerial exposure, subsequently
replaced by a wave-ravinement surface in a
lacustrine setting. The limit between the up-
per lacustrine system and the overlying
fluvial deposits is a conformable facies con-
tact (‘within-trend normal regressive sur-
face’) which separates the fluvial topset from

[Link]
the lacustrine foreset and bottomset of one
prograding system. Notably, the unconfor-
mity is lithologically more subtle than the
facies contact; this cautions against thea priori
interpretation of lithological discontinuities
as stratigraphic hiatuses, and demonstrates
the value of age-dating techniques in the
documentation of unconformities.
2. Data in Sequence Stratigraphy28

[Link]
meaning of this contact, which is a diachronous surface
at the limit between the fluvial topset and the lacustrine
foreset and bottomset of one prograding system.
Biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data confirm
the quasi-conformable nature of this lithostratigraphic
contact. The true unconformity in this section is within
the fine-grained succession, at the limit between the
two lacustrine systems (solid line inFig. 2.9), where a
stratigraphic hiatus was demonstrated with palyno-
logical and magnetostratigraphic data (Sweet et al.,
2003, 2005; Catuneanu and Sweet, 2005).
In spite of the potential limitations, the observation of
grading trends remains a useful method of highlighting
cyclicity in the stratigraphic record. As long as data are
available (i.e., access to outcrops, core, or rock cuttings),
plots reflecting vertical changes in grain size can be
constructed by careful logging and textural analysis.
The vertical profiles may display the bed-by-bed changes
in grain size, or smoothed out curves that show the over-
all statistical changes in grain size (e.g., moving averages
of overlapping intervals). The latter method is often
preferred because it eliminates abnormal peaks that
may only have local significance. The technique of con-
structing vertical profiles can also be adapted as a func-
tion of case study. The grain-size logs may be plotted
using arithmetic scales, where fluctuations in grain size
are significant, or on logarithmic scales where the succes-
sion is more monotonous. The latter technique works best
in fine-grained successions, where logarithmic plots
enhance the differences in grain size, but is less efficient
in coarser deposits (Long, 2021).
The construction of grain-size logs is generally a
viable method of identifying cycles at specific locations,
but matching such trends across a basin, solely based on
the observed grading trends, is not necessarily a reliable
correlation technique. Changes in sedimentation
patterns across a basin due to variations in subsidence
and sediment supply make it difficult to know which
cycles are of the same age when comparing vertical
profiles from different sections. Ideally, age data
(biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, radiometric,
marker beds) would provide the perfect solution to
this problem. However, such age data are often missing,
especially in the study of older successions, and in the
absence of time control, other sedimentological observa-
tions have to be integrated with the petrographic data in
order to constrain correlations (Fig. 1.11). In addition to
the paleogeographic context, measurements of paleo-
flow directions from bedforms and related sedimentary
structures help constrain changes in the dip direction
within a basin, usually related to episodes of tectonic
tilt. The documentation of such changes provides
additional criteria for correlation and the identification
of events in the evolution of a basin which often result

[Link]
in the formation of sequence-bounding unconformities.
[Link] Paleoflow directions
The major breaks in the stratigraphic record are
potentially associated with stages of tectonic reorganiza-
tion of sedimentary basins, and hence with changes in
tilt direction across sequence boundaries. This is often
the case in tectonically active basins, such as grabens,
rifts, or forelands, where stratigraphic cyclicity is
commonly controlled by cycles of subsidence and uplift.
Other basin types, however, such as the ‘passive’
continental margins, are dominated by long-term
thermal subsidence, and hence they may record little
change in the tilt direction through time. In such cases,
stratigraphic cyclicity may be mainly controlled by fluc-
tuations in sea level, and paleocurrent measurements
may be of little use to constrain the position of sequence
boundaries.
In the case of tectonically active basins, where fluctua-
tions in tectonic stress regimes match the frequency of
cycles observed in the stratigraphic record (e.g.,
Cloetingh, 1988; Cloetingh et al., 1985, 1989; Peper et al.,
1992), paleocurrent data may prove to provide the most
compelling evidence for sequence delineation, paleogeo-
graphic reconstructions, and stratigraphic correlations,
especially when dealing with lithologically monotonous
successions that lack any high-resolution time control.
An example is the overfilled portion of the Early Protero-
zoic Athabasca Basin in Canada, which consists of fluvial
deposits that show little variation in grain size at any
location. In this case, vertical profiles are equivocal, the
age data to constrain correlations are missing, and the
only reliable method to outline genetically related pack-
ages of strata is the measurement of paleoflow directions.
Based on the reconstruction of fluvial drainage systems,
the Athabasca basin fill has been subdivided into four
second-order depositional sequences separated by
subaerial unconformities across which significant shifts
in the direction of tectonic tilt are recorded (Ramaekers
and Catuneanu, 2004).
Overfilled foreland basins provide a classic example of
a setting where fluvial sequences and bounding unconfor-
mities form in isolation from eustatic influences, with a
timing controlled by orogenic cycles of thrusting (tectonic
loading) and unloading (Catuneanu and Sweet, 1999;
Catuneanu, 2019c). In such basins, fluvial aggradation
occurs during stages of differential flexural subsidence,
with higher rates toward the center of loading, whereas
bounding surfaces form during stages of differential
rebound. As the thrusting events are generally shorter in
time relative to the intervening periods of orogenic quies-
cence, foredeep fluvial sequences preserve only a fraction
of the geological time (Catuneanu et al., 1997a; Miall,
2015). Renewed thrusting in the orogenic belt marks the
onset of a new sedimentation cycle in the basin. Due to

[Link]
the strike variability in orogenic loading, which is the
2.1 Geological data 29

[Link]
norm rather than the exception, abrupt changes in tilt
direction are usually recorded across sequence bound-
aries (Fig. 2.10). In the absence of other unequivocal
criteria (e.g., as in the case of the Athabasca Basin
discussed above), such changes in tectonic tilt may be
used to delineate fluvial sequences with distinct drainage
systems, and to map their bounding unconformities.
2.1.2 Pedology
[Link] Soils and paleosols
Pedology (soil science) deals with the study of soil
morphology, genesis, and classification (Bates and Jack-
son, 1987). The formation of soils refers to the physical,
biological, and chemical transformations that affect
sediments and rocks exposed to subaerial conditions
(Kraus, 1999). Paleosols (i.e., fossil soils) are buried or
exhumed soil horizons that formed in the geological
past on ancient landscapes. Pedological studies started
with the analysis of modern soils and Quaternary
paleosols, but have been vastly expanded to the
pre-Quaternary record in the 1990s due to their multiple
geological applications. Notably, some of these geolog-
ical applications include (1) interpretations of ancient
landscapes, from local to basin scales; (2) interpretations
of ancient surface processes (sedimentation, nondeposi-
tion, erosion), including sedimentation rates and the
controls thereof; (3) interpretations of paleoclimates,
including estimations of mean annual precipitation rates
and mean annual temperatures; and (4) stratigraphic
correlations, and the cyclic change in soil characteristics
in relation to base-level changes (Kraus, 1999). All these
applications, and particularly the latter, have relevance
to sequence stratigraphy.
The complexity of soils, and thus of paleosols, can
only begin to be understood by looking at the diversity
of environments in which they may form; the variety
of surface processes to which they can be genetically
related; and the practical difficulties to classify them.
Paleosols have been described from an entire range of
nonmarine settings, including alluvial (Leckie et al.,
1989; Wright and Marriott, 1993; Shanley and McCabe,
1994; Aitken and Flint, 1996), palustrine (Wright and
Platt, 1995; Tandon and Gibling, 1997), and eolian (Sore-
ghan et al., 1997), but also from coastal settings such as
deltas (Fastovsky and McSweeney, 1987; Arndorff,
1993) and coastal plains formed by the subaerial expo-
sure of paleoseafloors due to stages of relative sea-
level fall (Lander et al., 1991; Webb, 1994; Wright, 1994).
Irrespective of depositional setting, soils may form in
relation with different surface processes, including
sediment aggradation (as long as sedimentation rates
do not outpace the rates of pedogenesis), sediment
bypass (nondeposition), and sediment reworking (as
long as the rates of scouring do not outpace the
rates of pedogenesis). Soils formed during stages of

[Link]
sediment aggradation occur within conformable
successions, whereas soils formed during stages of
nondeposition or erosion are associated with strati-
graphic hiatuses, marking diastems or unconformities
in the stratigraphic record. These issues are particularly
important for sequence stratigraphy, as it is essential to
distinguish between paleosols with the significance of
subaerial unconformities (i.e., depositional sequence
boundaries) and paleosols that occur within sequences
and systems tracts. Theoretical and field studies (e.g.,
Wright and Marriott, 1993; Tandon and Gibling, 1994,
1997) show that the paleosol types observed in the rock
FIGURE 2.10 Paleoflow directions for the
eight depositional sequences in an upstream-
controlled fluvial succession (Late Permian
Koonap-Middleton formations, Karoo Basin,
South Africa; from Catuneanu and Bowker, 2001).
The succession spans 5 My and measures 2630 m.
The number ‘n’ of paleoflow measurements is
indicated for each sequence. Sequence boundaries
are marked by tectonic tilt (i.e., change in the dip
direction) and abrupt shifts in fluvial styles from
lower to higher energy systems.
2. Data in Sequence Stratigraphy30

[Link]
record depend in part on base-level changes, thus allow-
ing one to assess their relative significance in a sequence
stratigraphic context. For example, the Upper Carbonif-
erous sequences in the Sydney Basin of Nova Scotia are
bounded by mature calcareous paleosols (i.e., calcretes;
Fig. 2.11) formed during times of increased aridity and
lowered base level, whereas vertisols and hydromorphic
paleosols occur within sequences, being formed in
aggrading fluvial floodplains during times of increased
humidity and rising base level (Fig. 2.12;T a n d o na n d
Gibling, 1997). The former have greater importance
from a sequence stratigraphic standpoint.
FIGURE 2.11 Calcareous paleosols formed during relative sea-level fall and subaerial exposure (photographs
courtesy of Martin Gibling;
Pennsylvanian Sydney Mines Formation, Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia; for more details, see Gibling and Bird, 1994;
Gibling and Wightman, 1994;
Tandon and Gibling, 1994, 1997). Adcalcrete, marking a ‘subaerial unconformity’ (depositional sequence
boundary) within coastal plain deposits.
The carbonate soil implies a semi-arid climatic period, suggesting that lowstands in relative sea level were drier
than the peat-forming periods of
the overlying transgressive and highstand systems tracts; Bdclose up of calcrete in image A, showing well-
developed vertic and nodular fabric;
Cdcalcrete in image A, with strong nodular texture. Note the undisrupted nature of the siltstone below; Ddcalcrete
exposed on wave-cut
platform, with strong vertic fabric (scale: 50 cm); Edupright tree cast, partially replaced by carbonate beneath a
calcrete layer. This occurrence
suggests that carbonate-rich groundwaters caused local cementation through conduits below the main soil level;
Fdclose up of carbonate-
cemented tree in image E.
2.1 Geological data 31

[Link]
RHYTHMIC MODERNISM86
So, they looked at their sleeping son, and the father’s eyes were wet. But
it is not the wetting of eyes which counts, it is the deep iron rhythm of
habit, the year-long, life-long habits: the deep-set stroke of power.
And in their two lives, the stroke of power was hostile, his and
hers. Like two engines running at variance, they shattered one another.
( WWRA : 19)
Here, the narrator’s didactic tone is uppermost, authoritatively asserting
the primacy of underlying thermodynamic rhythms over sentiment – it
is a fundamental arrhythmia in Juliet and her husband’s thermodynamic
relation that, like that of the offi cer and the orderly in ‘The Prussian Offi cer’,
damages them both. Lawrence combines this sense of the way that the
‘constant vibrating interchange’ between people can go wrong with the
concept of habit. The destructiveness is aligned with mechanical, industrial
imagery that suggests modern rhythms of living, particularly their life
in the iconic metropolis of New York, surrounded by other engines, has
interfered with more natural, wholesome or spontaneous rhythms. This was
not an uncommon idea at the time, as Golston explains: ‘The general idea
[…] was that the circumstances of modernity compromise or even destroy
organic human senses of rhythm; that the recovery of such senses of rhythm
is essential to the maintenance of a healthy civilization; and that poetry
can assist in and even motivate such a recovery.’ 34 Hence what heals Juliet,
whose immersion in these artifi cial rhythms has apparently made her both
physically and mentally unwell, is her adoption of a new daily habit , of
sunbathing. The habitual character of this activity is emphasized by anaphora
with two successive paragraphs beginning with the same words (which in
themselves describe habitual repetition), the same action: ‘Every day she
went down to the cypress tree’; ‘Every day, in the morning towards noon,
she lay at the foot of the powerful, silver-pawed cypress tree, while the sun
strode jovial in heaven.’ At the same time, the practice is assigned the status
of almost religious discipline; it becomes a ‘secret ritual’ through which
Juliet is absorbing knowledge of the cosmos (that is, its thermodynamic
energy) until ‘she knew the sun in every thread of her body’ ( WWRA : 23).
This embodied form of knowledge also connotes the carnal sense of the
verb, thus intertwining the everyday, the cosmic and the carnal.
From the fi rst, Juliet’s sunbathing is presented as a combination of
solar energy, biological rhythm and sexual experience, while Lawrence’s
accentuation of linguistic rhythms emphasizes the rhythmic quality of this
experience, or encounter, and hints at an almost religious exaltation:
She slid off all her clothes, and lay naked in the sun. And as she lay, she
looked up through her fi ngers at the central sun, his blue pulsing roundness,
whose outer edges streamed brilliance. Pulsing with marvellous blue, and
alive, and streaming white fi re from his edges, the sun! He faced down to

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D. H. LAWRENCE’S COSMIC RHYTHMS 87
her, with blue body of fi re, and enveloped her breasts and her face, her
throat, her tired belly, her knees, her thighs and her feet. ( WWRA : 21)
While the fi rst sentence quoted here provides a prosaic description of Juliet’s
actions, in which she prepares to follow her doctor’s prescription to take
daily sunbaths, from the second sentence given here, the diction shifts.
Lawrence begins the sentence with ‘and’, which here signals, via oratorical
diction, a shift to what Con Coroneos and Trudi Tate term the ‘fabulous-
symbolic mode’ of Lawrence’s later ‘novelettes’. 35 Coroneos and Tate argue
that in these texts, Lawrence turns away from the naturalism of his earlier
stories (such as those treated above, though ‘The Prussian Offi cer’ might
be seen as a precursor to this style in its heavily symbolic characterization).
This enables his narrative to move ‘with ease between levels of signifi cance
and information, effortlessly integrating the most occult concepts with
everyday gossip’. 36 In this case, this mode also entails what might be called
a poetic intensity, achieved via Lawrence’s trademark ‘continual, slightly
modifi ed repetition’. This is perceptible in the third sentence especially in
its combination of polysyndeton and the anastrophic, revelatory climax in
‘the sun!’ This intensity is continued in the parallelisms of the fi nal sentence,
where the listing of Juliet’s body parts is at once physiologically fragmentary
(foreshadowing her subsequent surrender of the personal) and mystically
inclusive in its sense of the omnipresence of solar energy and hence the
immensity of the inhuman universe. Here, the twice-repeated description of
the sun as ‘pulsing’ recalls Lawrence’s cardiovascular image of the universe
as a ‘great systole diastole’ ( RDP : 27) at the same time that the sun’s
masculine personifi cation, repeated and developed throughout the story,
characterizes Juliet’s sensation of the sun shining on her body as a physical
embrace. Juliet’s spontaneous embrace of bodily sensation is thereby cast as
an almost ecstatic experience with both sexual and spiritual implications.
In this passage then, Lawrence uses linguistic rhythm to mimic the physical
rhythm of waves of solar radiation, perceived by Juliet as ‘pulsing’ heat and
light, but also, and through this very mimicry, for didactic purposes – that
is, to create ‘sympathy’ with the reader, to compel them to ‘feel with’ the
rhapsodic rhythm of the prose and hence with its moral impulse.
In Sun , then, Lawrence celebrates sexuality as both natural and
health-giving and, through this, venerates the corporeal aspect of human
experience. 37 Martin suggests, though, that this is more than just typical
Lawrence, but that it adapts and extends a trend in contemporary texts on
heliotherapy. 38 For him, this signifi cance is attached to the body’s potential
for rhythmic concordance with the cosmos, and all of this is bound up in
the quite explicit portrayal of Juliet’s practice of sunbathing as an erotic
encounter: the ‘desire sprang secretly in her, to be naked to the sun’ ( WWRA:
20), she looks for a private place where she can ‘have intercourse with the
sun’ ( WWRA: 21), she ‘offer[s] her bosom to the sun’ and ‘give[s] herself’

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RHYTHMIC MODERNISM88
to it ( WWRA: 21), and in time, ‘with her knowledge of the sun, and her
conviction that the sun was gradually penetrating her to know her, in the
cosmic carnal sense of the word, came over her a feeling of detachment from
people’ ( WWRA: 23, emphasis original). Yet this congress with the sun also
reawakens Juliet’s more conventional sexual appetite, conveyed through the
description of her womb as a fl ower gradually opening in response to the
sun’s warmth. The fi rst object of her desire is a local Sicilian peasant who
is portrayed as an animalistic, human embodiment of the sun with whom
Juliet imagines intercourse would be purely physical: ‘With him, it would be
like bathing in another kind of sunshine, heavy and big and perspiring: and
afterwards one would forget’ ( WWRA: 37). Recalling Lawrence’s earlier
argument that the ‘breath of life’ is a ‘constant vibrating interchange’ between
bodies, the sexual attraction between Juliet and the peasant explicitly echoes
her ‘intercourse’ with the sun: ‘they looked into each other’s eyes, and the
fi re fl owed between them, like the blue, streaming fi re from the heart of
the sun’ ( WWRA: 29). Thus, sexuality and more broadly interpersonal
human relationships are posited as not only governed by thermodynamic
phenomena, as in ‘The Prussian Offi cer’, but also as parallel or perhaps
ancillary to the individual’s connection to the cosmos.
This awakening coincides with her shedding of the personal, which
Lawrence repeatedly connects with modern pathology: like the captain in
‘The Prussian Offi cer’, Juliet ‘had always been mistress of herself, aware of
what she was doing and held tense in her own command’. Martin describes
this transformation as part of an ‘expansive poetics of sunlight therapy’,
one which ‘questions ideas of the body and of autonomy’ – in this story,
a ‘shifting of Juliet’s sense of autonomy from her mind to her body’. 39 But
unlike that ill-fated captain, Juliet’s new habit of sunbathing has allowed her
to embrace a new mode of living, centred on her relation to the mysterious
energies of the inhuman universe:
She herself, her conscious self, was secondary, a secondary person, almost
an onlooker. The true Juliet lived in the dark fl ow of the sun within her
deep body, like a river of dark rays circling, circling dark and violent
around the sweet, shut bud of her womb. ( WWRA : 26) 40
When Juliet’s husband Maurice does arrive, he is unsure how to relate to her,
since ‘this was no longer a person, but a fl eet sun-strong body, soulless and
alluring as a nymph, twinkling its haunches’ ( WWRA : 33). Nevertheless,
he is pleased with this transformation, since he had found her previous,
‘pale, silent’, New York self oppressive, equating Juliet’s former unhappiness
with ghostliness or disembodiment: ‘Thank God,’ he thinks, ‘that menacing
ghost woman seemed to be sunned out of her now’ ( WWRA: 35). Yet now
Maurice, with his ‘grey city face’ and ‘precise table manners’, represents the
unnaturalness of modern living to the point that he almost does not exist

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D. H. LAWRENCE’S COSMIC RHYTHMS 89
for Juliet: ‘Being so sunned, she could not see him, his sunlessness was like a
nonentity’ ( WWRA : 36).
In this context, Lawrence’s conclusion to the story might in one sense
be read as an admission of the impossibility of maintaining this apparently
ideal state of being. In the end, Juliet turns with some ambivalence from
the primal sexual promise of the peasant, accepting instead a continuing
relation with her ‘etiolated’, ‘city-branded’ husband and, through him, with
modern society:
And the fl ower of her womb went dizzy, dizzy. She knew she would take
him. She knew she would bear his child. She knew it was for him, the
branded little city man, that her womb was open radiating like a lotus,
like the purple spread of a daisy anemone, dark at the core. She knew she
would not go across to the peasant: she had not enough courage, she was
not free enough. ( WWRA : 38)
This ostensible defeat is illuminated by reference to Lawrence’s progressive
ideal of human development; he argues elsewhere that while modern Western
culture ‘must make a great swerve in our onward-going life-course now, to
gather up again the savage mysteries’, ‘this does not mean going back on
ourselves’. Doing so, he warns, leads even to physical illness ( SCAL : 127–8).
Indeed, in the passage above, Juliet does believe that her body itself, the
repository of the newfound ‘cosmic carnal’ knowledge highlighted above in
the repeated phrase, ‘she knew’, is responding to her husband rather than to
the peasant. Hence, this choice, while also attributable to restrictive social
convention, is nevertheless painted as the one that will allow her to ‘fl y
according to the perfect impulse’. This is reinforced by the quite melancholy
sense of inevitability associated with both the repetition of ‘she knew’, as
well as Lawrence’s use of the fabulous-symbolic mode, signalled again by
the initial ‘and’, which invests the prose with a certain religious sonority.
That is, Sun is a ‘moral tale’ that not only asserts the primacy of the body,
and sexuality in its espousal of Lawrence’s rhythmic, thermodynamic model
of human experience and relations, but that also presents his ‘progressive’
model of natural and human history.
Rhythms of modernity
As is evident in the previous section, attention to rhythm in Lawrence’s
short fi ction also points up the ambivalence in his engagement with early
twentieth-century modernity. Lawrence was attuned to the concerns,
substance and possibilities of modern life in subtle ways that are not often
acknowledged by critics. David Trotter’s description of the most famous

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