Data Communication and Computer

Networks (ITec 2102)

Chapter Six
Internet Protocol (IP) and IP Addressing

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 Presentation outline

 Internet Protocol (IP)

 Network ID and Host ID
 Subnetting

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 IP concepts
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a
packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred
to as TCP/IP.
• IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite
and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol datagrams (packets) from
the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses.
• Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is still the dominant protocol of the Internet, and
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), is being deployed.
• Communication at the network layer is host-to-host (computer-to-computer);
a computer somewhere in the world needs to communicate with another
computer somewhere else in the world.
• The packet transmitted by the sending computer may pass through several
LANs or WANs before reaching the destination computer.
• For this level of communication, we need a global addressing scheme; we use
the term IP address to mean a logical address in the network layer of the
TCP/IP protocol suite.

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 IPV4
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally
defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a
router) to the Internet.
• They are unique in the sense that each address defines one, and only
one, connection to the Internet.
• Two devices on the Internet can never have the same address at the
same time.
• The 32 binary bits are:
o Divided into a NETWORK PORTION and HOST PORTION
o Broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits).
o Each octet can be converted to binary.
o Normally IP address is represented in binary, but we use decimal
representation to easy memorize it.

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 IPV4
• An IP address is a number which is separated by dot.
• Consider this IP address, which is presented in dotted decimal: [Link]
• So IP address is a 32 bit long numbers.
• IP address are separated into four OCTETS.
• Octet mean a group of eight (which is represented by using binary).
• The above IP address breaks down into the following octets:
o 10 (00001010)
o 10 (00001010)
o 16 (00010000)
o 1 (00000001)
• So In binary representation, the address [Link] is represented as:
00001010.00001010.00010000.00000001.
• The value in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000–
11111111 binary.
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 IPV4

So we convert it into decimal representation for the sake

of memorization.
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 IPV4
• Host ID and Network ID
• IP address divided into Host field and Network field.
• To know the Host and network ID, we use Subnet mask.
• Subnet mask is a number which is a series of 1’s and a series of 0’s
• The transition from 1’s to 0’s separates the NETWORK ID and HOST ID.

• So in this case 192.168.100 is the network part, and 225 is the host part.
• The gateway is the address of the router.
• In hotel example the address of the hotel is the network part, the address of
the room is Host part, and the address of the road is Gateway to the hotel.
• So when data wants to move form one network to the other, it uses Gateway.
• The IP address and Gateway must be on the same network, it differs by host.
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 IPV4
• The numbers in the graph
• Classes of IP address represents the first octet.
• We use IP class A, Class B
and Class C.
• Class D multi-cast
• Class E is reserved for
experimental purposes.
• Any IP started with 127 is
used for loop back.

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 IPV4
• Classes of IP address
• The IP address class is determined by the subnet mask.
• Class C IP contains the network ID all 255 (1’s) and the Host is one octet (0).
• Class C have 24 bits of 1’s and 0 bits of 0’s
• So the class C subnet mask is [Link]
• When we represent in the binary form, it will be
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• So [Link] is class C IP address.
• It is also represent as [Link]/24.
• What /24 indicates? It is nothing but indicates the number of 1’s
in the network ID.

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 IPV4
• First Network ID and Last Broadcast ID
• When all Host is 0, it is the first Network ID, and when the host
is all 1 (255), that is last Broadcast ID.

• To know the number of Valid IP addresses, we use the formula

(2^No. host bits -2)
• No. host bit = the host bits in the subnet mask. Which is 8
• (2^8-2) = 254 valid IP
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 IPV4
• Class B IP address
• Lets consider the following example.

• When we convert it into binary it looks like this.

• So class B represented as /16

Number of Valid
• The Network ID and Broadcast ID is identified as
IP address is
(2^16-2) = 65,534
That is too much
Number.
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 IPV4
• Class A IP address
• Lets consider the following example.

• When we convert it into binary it looks like this.

• So class A represented as /8
Number of Valid IP
• The Network ID and Broadcast ID is identified as
address is
(2^24-2) = 2,097,150
• That is too much
Number.
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 IPV4 (Subnetting)
• Why Subnetting?
• Because in the above example that we have seen, we get a very long numbers
of valid IP address, which is so difficult to manage.
• In CISCO analogy, one IP address do not have more than 500 valid IP.
• Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a
single Class A, Class B, or Class C network.
• If you do not subnet, you can only use one network from your Class A, Class
B, or Class C network, which is simply unrealistic.
• So Subnetting means dividing the large network into smaller and
manageable networks.
• Each data link on a network must have a unique network address, with every
host on that link being a member of the same network.
• If you break a major network (Class A, B, or C) into smaller subnetworks, you
can create a network of interconnected subnetworks.
• Each data link on this network would then have a unique subnetwork ID.
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 IPV4 (Subnetting IP Address)
• Subnetting is like divide the large room into sub rooms.

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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class C IP Address)

• When we convert into binary

• The number of hosts will be calculated using the formula (2^hostbit-2)

• (2^8-2)=254
• To get the first network ID make all host as 0
• First Network ID = [Link]
• The Last broadcast ID is making all hosts as 1 = [Link]
• Broadcast ID of each network = Network ID of the next network-1
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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class C IP Address)
• Lets subnet this Network into Two subnets.

• To divide the network into two, we borrow one bit from the first octet

• So here we calculate the place value of the last borrowed bit= 128
• The number of hosts will be calculated using the formula (2^7-2)=124
• The second Network ID = the first network ID + the place value
of the last borrowed host bit
Why /25? Because we
have borrowed 1 bit, so
24+1=25, that is we now
have 25 bit of 1 in the
network address.
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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class C IP Address)
• Lets subnet this Network into four subnets.

• To divide the network into four, we borrow two bit from the first octet

• So here we calculate the place value of the last borrowed bit= 64

• The number of hosts will be calculated using the formula (2^6-2)=62
Why /26? Because we
have borrowed 2 bits,
so 24+2=26, that is we
now have 26 bit of 1 in
the network address.
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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class B IP Address)
• Lets consider the following IP and divide the network into two subnets.
• IP Address [Link]/16
• Subnet Mask [Link]
• To get two subnets we borrow one bit.
• Subnets = (2^1)=2 and number of hosts = (2^15) = 32766

• The first Network ID is [Link]

• The second Network ID = the first network ID + the place value of the last
borrowed host bit
• Second Network ID = [Link] + 128 = [Link]
• If we want to add the third network ID it becomes [Link], which is
invalid IP.
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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class B IP Address)
• Lets consider the following IP and divide the network into two subnets.
• IP Address [Link]/16
• Subnet Mask [Link]
• The first network ID is [Link]
• Second Network ID = [Link] + 128 = [Link]
• To calculate the Broadcast ID we use the next Network ID minus 1

• The last broadcast ID is nothing but making all host bits 255
• We represented as /17 because we borrowed one bit.
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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class B IP Address)
• Lets divide the same IP into four subnets.

• To divide into four subnets we borrow 2 bits.

• Number of subnets = 2^2 = 4

We borrowed
2 bits, so the
new subnets
will be /18
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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class A IP Address)

• To divide into two subnets we borrow 1 bit in the second octet

bits.

We borrowed 1
bit, so the new
subnets will be
/9
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 IPV4 (Subnetting Class A IP Address)
 Exercise
• Divide the following IP into four subnets.

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 Check whether the following IP are valid or not
 Exercise

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 Thank you
???
4/4/2024 By Mulatu D. 25