HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 2

This book was created to be an explanation of geometrical tolerancing and as a desktop reference for anybody involved with creating or reading technical drawings. If you are creating technical drawings see A below. If you are reading technical drawings see B (page 10).

A. If you are creating technical drawings

You have created your technical drawing (see figure 2.1) and now you have to apply a geometrical tolerance. You have decided that the top surface must be parallel to the axis of the 05 hole, which will be your datum axis (see figure 2.2). As shown on the drawing

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1

R2

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Figure 2.1

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What you require

This surface is required to be parallel to the datum axis

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1 1
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X

1 JL
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t i
0 T LO 1 LT]
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Datum axis

ii

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18

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Figure 2.2

How to use this book 7

Step1
Refer to section 21 (the visual index, pages 173 to 193) to select a Parallelism geometrical tolerance.
T^H
PARALLELISM

Pafi96|>ar4)

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^r\wsiusi Step 2

hkhiiimak

PARALLELISM

v"

PigiirrrS)

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f PARALLELISM

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Stepl

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AT
12^

PARALLELISM

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Second step, for this example you would select a Surface to datum axis from the paralleHsm choices.

PARALLELISM

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hkitithmmk

PARALLELISM

Piiifirvsi

stepl

PARALLELISM

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PARALLELISM

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8 The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference

Step 3
Read the reference page number to go to next.
W^H
PARALLELISM

?^k%thr^

PARALLELISM

Pi|if7|Pv5)

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PARALLELISM

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Step 3

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AT

PARALLELISM

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Step 4
Read the page for an explanation of your selected tolerance and how to apply it to your drawing. 3D picture
98 The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference

77CT Tolerance characteristic

[jgig^ ** How to apply the tolerance to your dramng **

NB/ Do not show this information on your drawing

The tolerance shown and explained (in 3D)

The tolerance shown in front and side views (in 2D)

Quick summary reference box

How to use this book 9

Steps
Select the amount of tolerance required for your tolerance frame, either from your company's standards or as a guide use table 18.3 on page 63.
Table 18.3 An example of geometrical tolerance values (normal precision mechanical engineering firm) Symbol
up to 10 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.25 from 10 ^romlo" to 30 to 100 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.05 0.1

Pfro^^W from 300

to 300 0.8 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.3 0.15 0.3 to 1000 2 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 1

[^
1 1 1 1 Circular ran-out Coaxiality Concentricity Cylindricity

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@

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Flatness 1 1 1 1 Parallelism Perpendicularity (Squareness) Position Profile of a line Profile of a surfece Roundness (Circularity) Straightness Total run-out Characteristic Symmetry

Fa'

0.01 0.01

\/7
iJ_

0.01

0.03

0.1

0.2

0.5

ft r\

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.015 0.05 from 3 to 6 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.05 from 120 to 400 0.5

^i^

o z/
Symbol

0.005 0.05 up to 3 0.05

0.15 0.05 from 30 to 120 0.3

to 30 0.2

from 400 1 to 1000 1

0.8

-E-

Step 6
Apply the geometrical tolerance and datum reference to your drawing. As shown on the drawing -|//|O.03|A|

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10 The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference

B. If you are reading technical drawings

You have seen some geometrical tolerancing on a drawing (see figure 2.4) and you don't understand what it means.

Figure 2.4

Step1
Look at the geometrical tolerance symbol.

Tolerance frame

Tolerance symbol

Datum symbol

Figure 2.5

How to use this book 11

step 2
Look for the geometrical tolerance characteristic given next to the tolerance symbol in table 4.1 (see page 18), in this example it is parallelism.
Table 4.1 Geometric characteristic symbols

Tolerance type

Characteristic Cylindricity Flatness Profile of a line

Symbol

Page 89 90to92 120 to 124 125 to 128

/^

features to a datum)

Form

Profile of a surface Roundness (Circularity) Straightness Angularity rParallelisny

r\ o

O
^ ^

129tol33J ^<54tol41 68 to 74 93 to 102 1 103^JN44j 120 to 124 125 to 128 87 to 88 84 to 86 120 to 124 125 to 128 112toll9 142 to 147 75 to 83 148 to 151

Tolerance characteristic

Orientation (also called Attitude)

Perpendicularity (Squareness) Profile of a line Profile of a surface Concentricity

Kiiy
^

r\
Ol

Tolerance symbol

For related features (related to a datum) Location

Coaxiality Profile of a line Profile of a surface

^
^

*Position
Symmetry Run-out (also called Composite)
* May also not be related to a datum.

r\ c^

Circular run-out Total run-out

/
j ^

Step 3
Refer to section 21 (the visual index, pages 173 to 193) to select a Parallelism geometrical tolerance with the same characteristics as shown on the drawing that you are reading i.e. Surface to datum axis.
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Alb to M M aril

PARALLELISM

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PafiNrvM

(^aNMuii^

[1
r PARALLELISM)

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Page9l>ar6l

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Step 3

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PARALLELISM

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12 The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference

Step 4
Read the reference page number to go to next.
W^
PARALLELISM

PagiNrvM

PARALLELISM

Pagi 17^51

Surfaattdahaadi

PARALLELISM

SurfKttodahapUM

Step 4

PARALLELISM

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Steps
Read the page for an explanation of your selected tolerance. 3D picture
98 The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference

Tolerance characteristic

** How to apply the tolerance to your drawing **

-This information will not appear on the drawing (it is for explanation only)

The tolerance shown and explained (in 3D)

-The tolerance shown in front and side views (in 2D)

Quick summary reference box

How to use this book 13

Step 6
For an explanation about the datum symbol refer to pages 28 to 32. Basic explanation
I DATUW SYMBOLS 6 |

When the toleranced feature is related to k datum, a datum letter(s) is shown in th tolerance fiame. The datum is representedVn the drawing in the Mowing way: Symbol on the drawing

!
Figure 6.1 Datum symbol

Location of the datum triangle

The location of the datum triangle can be represented on die drawing in the following ways: Example la: When the datum is a plane or line Interpretation Symbol o ^ m e d r a ^ g ptaniMNii M N M L^

Emnqile lb; When the datum is a piane or line Symbol (rnmedrawing Interpretation

r^
^

The datum is an axis

Example 2: When the datum is an axis Symbol on the drawing

I
Interpretatior

Example 3: When the datum is a median plane Symbo^^tt^awng

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tfJgas^

(NMMMiiHwMtfn

Example 4: When there is insufficient space for two dimension arrowheads Symbolanm^awing

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14 The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference

Step?
For an explanation about the tolerance frame refer to pages 23 to 27.
I TOLERANCE FRAME 5 1

Basic explanation
Geometrical tolerances are placed in a rectangular frame in various forms as shown below:

Single datum reference

(In figure 2.4, a cylindricar tolerance zone is not required)

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Example 2: With multiple datum references Symoo^ the drawing Interpretation

PriMryMw ' SMORdvyMM; Tflw*MHi

l^'llAlBlcl