Object Modeling with UML
Steve Tockey Construx Software Builders 14715 Bel-Red Rd #100 Bellevue, WA 98007 [email protected] www.construx.com
Construx Software
Object Modeling with UML
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Construx Software
Object Modeling with UML
Section Outline
Goals of This Tutorial Outline of This Seminar Why Have Software Models, Anyway? Understanding Software Methods The History of UML Generic UML Facilities For More UML Information...
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Construx Software
Object Modeling with UML
Goals of This Tutorial
To have you understand a practical and useful distinction between analysis and design Give you a tour of a subset of UML in the context of this definition of analysis and design To give you a set of references so that you can get more information about UML after this tutorial is over
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Object Modeling with UML
Outline of This Tutorial
Analysis vs. Design: Whats the Difference? UML Meets Analysis - Use Case Diagrams - Class Diagrams - Collaboration Diagrams - State Diagrams, Actions, and Activities Moving into Design Tutorial Summary
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Object Modeling with UML
Why Have Software Models, Anyway?
A study by the US General Accounting Office showed a 4% probability of success in delivering software, at cost and on schedule, that actually met customer needs [complete reference unknown] A 1975 study showed that a majority of software errors in delivered systems are not coding related - Instead, they are a direct result of missing, conflicting, mis-understood, or mis-interpreted requirements [Boehm75] In other words, the code did exactly what the programmer wanted. The trouble was, customer wanted something else
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Object Modeling with UML
[Boehm75] Barry W. Boehm, Software Design and Structuring, in Practical Strategies for Developing Large Software Systems, Ellis Horowitz ed., Addison-Wesley, 1975
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Object Modeling with UML
Why Have Software Models, Anyway? (cont)
The focus of software methods is on blueprints that help us build it right the first time "The overriding concern ... is not to achieve success, but to avoid failure." [DeMarco79] Industry studies also show that about 80% of the total software lifecycle cost is maintenance (i.e., post-delivery) - Properly maintained, these same blueprints can significantly reduce software maintenance costs by answering the maintainers key questions: * What is this piece of the software for? * Why does it look the way it does?
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Object Modeling with UML
[DeMarco79] Tom DeMarco, Structured Analysis and System Specification, Yourdon Press, 1979 (p9)
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Object Modeling with UML
Understanding Software Methods
In general, modeling methods can be described in four separate dimensions - Concepts - Rules - Notations - Process(es) Concepts - The aspects of a system that can be captured in that kind of model What kinds of things about the world can be modelled? Rules - The criteria for determining whether or not a given model is well-formed How do you know that a model is meaningful? Notations - The graphical and textual forms for rendering models How do you write the model down so that others can read it? Process(es)
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Object Modeling with UML
- The ordered steps that lead you to completion How do you get from a blank sheet of paper to a finished model?
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Object Modeling with UML
Understanding Software Methods (cont)
What are the concepts and rules in this example?
Income Calculate Gross Income Gross Income Compute Taxable Income
Tax Tables
Allowable Deductions Total Allowed Deductions
Taxable Income
Amount Due Tax Liability
Proposed Deductions
Sum Allowable Deductions
Find Tax Liability
Compute Payment
Witholdings
What are the notations in the example? What are the process(es) What about the following model?
Income Calculate Gross Income Gross Income Compute Taxable Income
Tax Tables
Allowable Deductions Total Allowed Sum Allowable Deductions Deductions
Taxable Income
Amount Due Tax Liability
Proposed Deductions
Find Tax Liability
Compute Payment
Witholdings
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Construx Software
Object Modeling with UML
Understanding Software Methods (more)
Why is any of this important? - The concepts and rules frame your ability to model - Notations give you a means to share the model with others * But the same concepts can often be expressed with different notations - Different process(es) work better in different situations * There is no one-size-fits-all process So what does this have to do with UML? - UML has a defined set of concepts - UML has a defined set of rules - UML has a defined notation - UML does not have any defined process(es)
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Object Modeling with UML
The History of UML
Object-oriented design first appeared in about 1984 Object-oriented analysis first appeared in about 1987 Since then, a number of competing approaches have emerged (Booch, Rumbaugh, Shlaer-Mellor, ...) - Most of these approaches share many common features - Most of these approaches have arbitrary differences The Object Management Group (OMG) started an effort in June, 1995 to agree on a common approach to modeling object-oriented systems - UML 1.1, formally adopted by the OMG on November 19, 1997 - UML 1.2, editorial revision - UML 1.3, minor updates based on user comment - UML 1.4, TBD - UML 2.0, substantial internal restructuring
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Object Modeling with UML
Generic UML Facilities
Notes - A graphical symbol containing textual information (possibly including embedded images) * UMLs comment * Can be attached to a model element by a dashed line
This is an example of a note
Stereotypes - A way to specify a usage distinction - Can either use <<stereotype name>> or a special icon
Serial Port <<hardware>> Bus Address Ready Read Write
Types vs. instances - Use the same icon, but underline the name
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Construx Software
Bank Account Balance Status Open Deposit Examine Balance Withdraw Close
Object Modeling with UML
Account 000295: Bank Account
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Object Modeling with UML
Generic UML Facilities (cont)
Constraints - Semantic relationships among model elements that specify conditions and propositions that must be maintained as true - No defined UML constraint language, although OCL is part of the UML definition
{ Employee.Salary < Employee.Boss.Salary }
Tagged Values - General properties attached to model elements
{ author = Joe, status = tested }
Packages - A way to break models into more manageable chunks - The dashed-line-with-arrow means a dependency exists between the packages - Use PackageName::ElementName to refer to a model element in a different package
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Construx Software
Fancy Accounting System
Object Modeling with UML
Business Logic
User Interface
Persistent Store
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Object Modeling with UML
For More UML Information...
http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/
unified_modeling_language.htm
Craig Larman, Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Objectoriented Analysis and Design, Prentice-Hall, 1997
Martin Fowler with Kendall Scott, UML Distilled: Applying the Standard
Object Modeling Language, Addison-Wesley, 1997
Hans-Erik Eriksson and Magnus Penker, UML Toolkit, Wiley, 1997 James Odell and Martin Fowler, Advanced Object-oriented Analysis and
Design using UML, SIGS Books, 1998
Pierre-Alain Muller, Instant UML, Wrox Press, 1997 James Martin and Jim Odell, Object-oriented Methods: A Foundation:
UML Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1997
Bruce Powell Douglass, Real-time UML: Developing Efficient Objects
for Embedded Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1998
Paul Harmon and Mark Watson, Understanding UML: The Developers
Guide: With a Web-based Application in Java, Morgan Kaufman, 1997
Putnam Texel and Charles Williams, Use Cases Combined with
Booch/OMT/UML: Process and Products, Prentice-Hall, 1997
Magnus Penker and Hans-Erik Eriksson, Business Modeling with UML:
Business Patterns and Business Objects, Wiley, 1999
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Object Modeling with UML
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Object Modeling with UML
For More UML Information... (cont)
R J Pooley and Perdita Stevens, Component Based Software Engineering
with UML, Addison Wesley, 1998
Jos Warmer and Anneke Kleppe, The Object Constraint Language:
Precise Modeling with UML, Addison-Wesley, 1998
Desmond DSouza and Alan Wills, Objects, Components and Frameworks
with UML: The Catalysis Approach, Addison-Wesley, 1998
Ari Jaaksi et al, Tried and True Object Development: Industry-proven
Approaches with UML, SIGS Books, 1998
Sinan Si Alhir, UML In a Nutshell, OReilly & Associates, 1998 http://www.rational.com [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
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Object Modeling with UML
Key Points
Methods result in blueprints for software systems These blueprints are extremely valuable during maintenance - Where about 80% of the lifecycle cost really is In general, modeling methods can be described in four separate dimensions - Concepts - Rules - Notations - Process(es) UML only defines Concepts, Rules, and Notations - Process is not part of the existing UML definition UML is a joint effort sponsored by the OMG There are a number of generic UML facilities - Notes - Stereotypes - Types vs. Instances - Constraints - Packages There are plenty of resources for finding more UML information
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