Static Routing

Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 2

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Objectives

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Define the general role a router plays in networks. Describe the directly connected networks, different router interfaces Examine directly connected networks in the routing table and use the CDP protocol Describe static routes with exit interfaces Describe summary and default route Examine how packets get forwarded when using static routes Identify how to manage and troubleshoot static routes
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General Role of the Router

Functions of a Router
Best Path Selections Forwarding packets to destination

Introducing the Topology

3 routers connected via WAN links Each router connected to a LAN represented by a switch and a PC

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General Role of the Router

Connections of a Router for WAN
-A router has a DB-60 port that can support 5 different cabling standards

Connections of a Router for Ethernet

-2 types of connectors can be used:

3. Straight through used to connect: -Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Router-to-Server, Hub-toPC, Hub-to-Server 4. Cross-over used to connect: -Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub, Hub-to-Hub, Router-to-Router

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Interfaces
Examining Router Interfaces
-Show IP router command used to view routing table

-Show Interfaces command used to show status of an interface -Show IP Interface brief command used to show a portion of the interface information -Show running-config command used to show configuration file in RAM

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Interfaces
Configuring an Ethernet interface
-Enter interface configuration mode -Enter in the ip address and subnet mask -Enter in the no shutdown command, to enable an interfaces By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down.

Example: -R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 -R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 -R1(config-if)#no shutdown

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Interfaces
Verifying Ethernet interface
-Show interfaces for fastEthernet 0/0 command used to show status of fast Ethernet port -Show ip interface brief -Show running-config

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Interfaces
Configuring a Serial interface
-Enter interface configuration mode -Enter in the ip address and subnet mask -Enter in the no shut down command Example: -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 -R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 -R1(config-if)#no shutdown

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Interfaces
Examining Router Interfaces
-Physically connecting a WAN Interface. -A WAN Physical Layer connection has sides: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) This is the service provider. CSU/DSU is a DCE device. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Typically the router is the DTE device.

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Interfaces
Configuring serial links in a lab environment
One side of a serial connection must be considered a DCE This requires placing a clocking signal use the clock rate command. Example: -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 -R1(config-if)#clockrate 64000 Serial Interfaces require a clock signal to control the timing of the communications.

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Verifying Changes to the Routing Table

debug ip routing commands can be used to monitor router operations in real time. The debug ip routing command will let us see any changes that the router performs when adding or removing routes. Example:
-R2#debug ip routing -IP routing debugging is on

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Change ip address at fastethernet R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 R2(config-if)#no shutdown router will display 02:35:30: RT: add 172.16.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0] 02:35:30: RT: interface FastEthernet0/0 added to routing table
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Devices on Directly Connected Networks

When a router only has its interfaces configured & no other routing protocols are configured then:
-The routing table contains only the directly connected networks -Only devices on the directly connected networks are reachable

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Devices on Directly Connected Networks

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Routing Table and CDP Protocol

Checking each route in turn
The ping command is used to check end to end connectivity

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Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

Purpose of CDP
A layer 2 cisco proprietary tool used to gather information about other directly connected Cisco devices.

Concept of neighbors
-2 types of neighbors Layer 3 neighbors Layer 2 neighbors

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Routing Table and CDP Protocol

CDP show commands
Show cdp neighbors command -Displays the following information: Neighbor device ID Local interface Holdtime value, in seconds Neighbor device capability code Neighbor hardware platform Neighbor remote port ID Show cdp neighbors detail command -Useful in determining if an IP address configuration error

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Routing Table and CDP Protocol

Router#show cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater Device lab-7206 lab-as5300-1 lab-as5300-2 lab-as5300-3 ID Local Intrfce Eth 0 Eth 0 Eth 0 Eth 0 Holdtme 157 163 159 122 Capability Platform R R R R 7206VXR AS5300 AS5300 AS5300 Port ID Fas 0/0/0 Fas 0 Eth 0 Eth 0

Disabling CDP To disable CDP globally use the following command Router(config)#no cdp run
Note: When a Cisco device boots up, CDP starts up by default. CDP automatically discovers neighboring Cisco devices running CDP

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Static Route
The routers can learn about remote networks in one of two ways: 1. Manually, from configured static routes 2. Automatically, from a dynamic routing protocol Static routes are commonly used when routing from a network to a stub network. A stub network is a network accessed by a single route.

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Static Routes
Purpose A manually configured route used when routing from a network to a stub network

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Static Routes
IP route command
To configure a static route use the following command: ip route Example:

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Static Routes
static route syntax
ip route - Static route command 172.16.1.0 - Network address of remote network 255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of remote network 172.16.2.2 - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP address on R2, which is the "next-hop" to this network

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Static Routes
Configuring routes to 2 or more remote networks
Use the following commands for R1 -R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 -R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2

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Static Routes
Modifying Static routes
Existing static routes cannot be modified. The old static route must be deleted by placing no in front of the ip route Example: -no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration

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Static Routes
Verifying the Static Route Configuration -Use the following commands Step 1: show running-config Step 2 : verify static route has been entered correctly Step 3 show ip route Step 4 verify route was configured in routing table Step 5 issue ping command to verify packets can reach destination and that Return path is working

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Default Static Route

To minimize the size of the routing tables, add a default static route. A router uses the default static route when there is not a better, more specific route to a destination. To configure a default static route, use the following syntax: Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 { ip-address | interface } Step 1: Configure the R1 router with a default route. R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
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Summary
Static Routes -This is a manually configured path that specifies how the router will get to a certain point using a certain path. Summary static routes -This is several static routes that have been condensed into a single static route. Default route -It is the route packets use if there is no other possible match for their destination in the routing table. Troubleshooting static routes may require some of the following commands: -Ping -Traceroute -Show IP route -Show ip interface brief -Show cdp neighbors detail

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