Common Adjectives Appearance adorable alert average beautiful blonde bloody blushing bright clean clear cloudy colourful

concerned crowded curious cute dark dirty drab distinct dull elegant fancy filthy glamorous gleaming graceful grotesque homely light misty motionless muddy plain Condition alive brainy broken busy careful cautious clever crazy damaged dead difficult easy fake false famous forward fragile guilty helpful helpless important impossible infamous innocent inquisitive mad modern open outgoing outstanding poor powerful puzzled real Touch blunt boiling breakable breezy broken bumpy chilly clean cold cool crooked cuddly curly damaged damp different dirty dry dusty filthy flaky fluffy fuzzy greasy grubby hard icy loose plastic prickly ripe rough rubbery scratchy

poised quaint scary shiny smoggy sparkling spotless stormy strange ugly unsightly unusual

rich right robust sane scary shy sleepy stupid super tame thick tired wild wrong

shaky shaggy sharp silky slimy slippery smooth soft solid steady sticky tight uneven unusual unripe warm weak wet wooden wooly Feelings positive agreeable alert amused brave bright charming cheerful comfortable cooperative courageous delightful determined eager elated

Feelings negative afraid angry annoyed anxious arrogant ashamed awful bad bewildered bored concerned condemned confused creepy

Feelings neutral alright calm different fair fine OK pleasant puzzled

cruel dangerous defeated defiant depressed disgusted disturbed doubtful eerie embarrassed envious evil fierce foolish frantic frightened grieving guilty helpless hungry hurt ill jealous lonely mad naughty nervous obnoxious outrageous panicky repulsive safe scared shy sleepy sore strange

enchanting encouraging energetic enthusiastic excited exuberant faithful fantastic friendly frowning funny gentle glorious good happy healthy helpful hilarious innocent jolly kind lively lovely lucky obedient perfect proud relaxed relieved silly smiling splendid successful thoughtful victorious vivacious well

tense terrible tired troubled unusual upset uptight weary wicked worried Shape broad crooked curved deep even flat hilly jagged round shallow square steep straight thick thin triangular uneven Size average big fat gigantic huge large little long massive medium miniature narrow petite short skinny small tall tiny wide

witty wonderful

Sound cooing deafening faint harsh high-pitched hissing hushed husky loud melodic moaning mute noisy purring quiet raspy screeching shrill silent soft squeaky squealing thundering voiceless whispering

Speed fast quick rapid slow swift

Taste bitter bland delicious different fresh greasy hot juicy repulsive revolting ripe rotten salty sour spicy stale strong sweet tasteless tasty terrible wonderful

Time ancient brief. early late long modern new old old-fashioned quick short young

Common English Irregular Verb List

Base Form

Past Simple

Present 3rd Person Past Participle Participle / Singular Gerund Abode/Abided/ Abides Abidden Alit/Alighted Arisen Awoken Been Born/Borne Beaten Become Begun Beheld Bent Bet Bidden Bid Bound Bitten Bled Blown Broken Bred Alights Arises Awakes Is Bears Beats Becomes Begins Beholds Bends Bets Bids Bids Binds Bites Bleeds Blows Breaks Breeds Abiding Alighting Arising Awaking Being Bearing Beating Becoming Beginning Beholding Bending Betting Bidding Bidding Binding Biting Bleeding Blowing Breaking Breeding

Abide Alight Arise Awake Be Bear Beat Become Begin Behold Bend Bet Bid Bid Bind Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed

Abode/Abided Alit/Alighted Arose Awoke Was/Were Bore Beat Became Began Beheld Bent Bet Bade Bid Bound Bit Bled Blew Broke Bred

Bring Broadcast Build Burn Burst Bust Buy Cast Catch Choose Clap Cling Clothe Come Cost Creep Cut Dare Deal Dig Dive Do Draw

Brought Broadcast/ Broadcasted Built Burnt/Burned Burst Bust Bought Cast Caught Chose

Brought Broadcast/ Broadcasted Built Burnt/Burned Burst Bust Bought Cast Caught Chosen

Brings

Bringing

Broadcasts Broadcasting Builds Burns Bursts Busts Buys Casts Catches Chooses Building Burning Bursting Busting Buying Casting Catching Choosing Clapping Clinging Clothing Coming Costing Creeping Cutting Daring Dealing Digging Diving Doing Drawing

Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt Claps Clung Clad/Clothed Came Cost Crept Cut Dared/Durst Dealt Dug Dived/Dove Did Drew Clung Clad/Clothed Come Cost Crept Cut Dared Dealt Dug Dived Done Drawn Clings Clothes Comes Costs Creeps Cuts Dares Deals Digs Dives Does Draws

Dream Drink Drive Dwell Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Fit Flee Fling Fly Forbid

Dreamt/ Dreamed Drank Drove Dwelt Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Fit/Fitted Fled Flung Flew

Dreamt/Dream Dreams ed Drunk Driven Dwelt Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Fit/Fitted Fled Flung Flown Drinks Drives Dwells Eats Falls Feeds Feels Fights Finds Fits Flees Flings Flies Forbids

Dreaming Drinking Driving Dwelling Eating Falling Feeding Feeling Fighting Finding Fitting Fleeing Flinging Flying Forbidding

Forbade/Forba Forbidden d

Forecast Foresee Foretell Forget Forgive Forsake

Forecast/Forec Forecast/Forec Forecasts asted asted Foresaw Foretold Forgot Forgave Forsook Foreseen Foretold Forgotten Forgiven Forsaken Foresees Foretells Forgets Forgives Forsakes

Forecasting Foreseeing Foretelling Foregetting Forgiving Forsaking

Freeze Frostbite Get Give Go Grind Grow

Froze Frostbit Got Gave Went Ground Grew

Frozen Frostbitten Got/Gotten Given Gone/Been Ground Grown Handwritten Hung/Hanged Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Inlaid

Freezes Frostbites Gets Gives Goes Grinds Grows

Freezing Frostbiting Getting Giving Going Grinding Growing

Handwrite Handwrote Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Inlay Input Interlay Keep Kneel Knit Know Lay Hung/Hanged Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Inlaid

Handwrites Handwriting Hangs Has Hears Hides Hits Holds Hurts Inlays Hanging Having Hearing Hiding Hitting Holding Hurting Inlaying Inputting Interlaying Keeping Kneeling Knitting Knowing laying

Input/Inputted Input/Inputted Inputs Interlaid Kept Interlaid Kept Interlays Keeps

Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled Kneels Knit/Knitted Knew Laid Knit/Knitted Known Laid Knits Knows Lays

Lead Lean Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Light Lose Make Mean Meet Melt Mislead Mistake

Led Leant/Leaned Leapt/Leaped

Led Leant/Leaned Leapt/Leaped

Leads Leans Leaps

Leading Leaning Leaping Learning Leaving Lending Letting Lying Lighting Losing Making Meaning Meeting Melting Misleading Mistaking

Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned Learns Left Lent Let Lay Lit Lost Made Meant Met Melted Misled Mistook Left Lent Let Lain Lit Lost Made Meant Met Leaves Lends Lets Lies Lights Loses Makes Means Meets

Molten/Melted Melts Misled Mistaken Misleads Mistakes

Misunderst Misunderst Misundersta Misunderstood Misunderstood and ands nding Miswed Mow Miswed/Miswe Miswed/Miswe Misweds dded dded Mowed Mown Overdrawn Overheard Overtaken Mows Miswedding Mowing

Overdraw Overdrew Overhear Overtake Overheard Overtook

Overdraws Overdrawing Overhears Overhearing Overtakes Overtaking

Pay Preset Prove Put Quit Re-prove Read Rid Ride Ring Rise Rive Run Saw Say See Seek Sell Send Set Sew Shake Shave

Paid Preset Proved Put Quit Re-proved Read Rid/Ridded Rode Rang Rose Rived Ran Sawed Said Saw Sought Sold Sent Set Sewed Shook Shaved

Paid Preset

Pays Presets

Paying Presetting Proving Putting Quitting Re-proving Reading Ridding Riding Ringing Rising Riving Running Sawing Saying Seeing Seeking Selling Sending Setting Sewing Shaking Shaving

Proven/Proved Proves Put Quit Puts Quits

Re-proven/ReRe-proves proved Read Rid/Ridded Ridden Rung Risen Riven/Rived Run Sawn/Sawed Said Seen Sought Sold Sent Set Sewn/Sewed Shaken Reads Rids Rides Rings Rises Rives Runs Saws Says Sees Seeks Sells Sends Sets Sews Shakes

Shaven/Shaved Shaves

Shear Shed Shine Shoe Shoot Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit Slay Sleep Slide Sling Slink Slit Smell Sneak Soothsay Sow Speak Speed

Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared Shears Shed Shone Shod Shot Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat Slew Slept Slid Slung Slunk Slit Shed Shone Shod Shot Shown Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slain Slept Slid/Slidden Slung Slunk Slit Sheds Shines Shoes Shoots Shows Shrinks Shuts Sings Sinks Sits Slays Sleeps Slides Slings Slinks Slits

Shearing Shedding Shining Shoeing Shooting Showing Shrinking Shutting Singing Sinking Sitting Slaying Sleeping Sliding Slinging Slinking Slitting Smelling Sneaking Soothsaying Sowing Speaking Speeding

Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled Smells Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck Sneaks Soothsaid Sowed Spoke Soothsaid Sown Spoken Soothsays Sows Speaks

Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded Speeds

Spell Spend Spill Spin Spit Split Spoil Spread Spring Stand Steal Stick Sting Stink Stride Strike String Strip Strive Sublet Sunburn Swear Sweat

Spelt/Spelled Spent Spilt/Spilled Span/Spun Spat/Spit Split Spoilt/Spoiled Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stung Stank

Spelt/Spelled Spent Spilt/Spilled Spun Spat/Spit Split Spoilt/Spoiled Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stunk

Spells Spends Spills Spins Spits Splits Spoils Spreads Springs Stands Steals Sticks Stings Stinks Strides

Spelling Spending Spilling Spinning Spitting Splitting Spoiling Spreading Springing Standing Stealing Sticking Stinging Stinking Striding Striking Stringing Stripping Striving Subletting Sunburning Swearing Sweating

Strode/Strided Stridden Struck Strung

Struck/Stricken Strikes Strung Strings

Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped Strips Strove Sublet Striven Sublet Strives Sublets

Sunburned/Sun Sunburned/Sun Sunburns burnt burnt Swore Sworn Swears

Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated Sweats

Sweep Swell Swim Swing Take Teach Tear Tell Think Thrive Throw Thrust Tread Undergo

Swept/Sweepe Swept/Sweepe Sweeps d d Swelled Swam Swung Took Taught Tore Told Thought Throve/Thrived Threw Thrust Trod Underwent Swollen Swum Swung Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Swells Swims Swings Takes Teaches Tears Tells Thinks

Sweeping Swelling Swimming Swinging Taking Teaching Tearing Telling Thinking Thriving Throwing Thrusting Treading

Thriven/Thrive Thrives d Thrown Thrust Trodden Undergone Understood Undertaken Upset Vext/Vexed Woken Worn Woven Throws Thrusts Treads

Undergoes Undergoing Understand Understandin s g Undertakes Undertaking Upsets Vexes Wakes Wears Weaves Upsetting Vexing Waking Wearing Weaving

Understan Understood d Undertake Undertook Upset Vex Wake Wear Weave Upset Vext/Vexed Woke Wore Wove

Wed Weep Wend Wet Win Wind

Wed/Wedded Wept

Wed/Wedded Weds Wept Weeps

Wedding Weeping Wending Wetting Winning Winding

Wended/Went Wended/Went Wends Wet/Wetted Won Wound Wet/Wetted Won Wound Withdrawn Withheld Withstood Wrung Written Wets Wins Winds

Withdraw Withdrew Withhold Withheld

Withdraws Withdrawing Withholds Withholding

Withstand Withstood Wring Write Zinc Wrung Wrote

Withstands Withstanding Wrings Writes Wringing Writing Zincking

Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked Zincs

1. The children were happy. They got a present from their father. He is come from Bali today. Their father promises to bring them a gift. But, they not know what it are. They go to the airport right now to pick their father up. Their mother driven the car. 2. My mother are a clean person. She not like dirty places. She always instructing the maid to clean the kitchen. The maid sometimes forget. So, my mother scolded her but not very often. Today my mother left for Surabaya. So, she talked the maid now. She telling her to take care of the house. 3. John (be) sick now. He (lie) on the bed. The doctor (examine) him. John (cough)while the doctor (talk) to him. He (look) pitiful. He (need) a lot of rest. He (be) sick for 4 days now. 4. I (have) a pet bird. It (be) white. It (be) a dove. I (call) it Dovy. At the moment, I (feed ) her. It (eat) very slowly. I (keep) her for 5 months now.

The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

Directions: On a separate piece of paper, write a paraphrase of each of the following passages. Try not to look back at the original passage. 1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17. 2. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25. 3. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348. 4. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate. From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50. 5. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.