Time Step Simulation

Caroline Marzinzik
[email protected]

Time Step Simulation

It is often useful to assess how power system quantities vary hour by hour (or smaller time steps) due to changes in load, generation, transmission line status, etc. The Time Step Simulation (TSS) allows you to obtain power flow, OPF, and SCOPF solutions for a list of time points for which input (scenario) data has been specified. It also allows you to model actions that occur at specific times, as well as periodic actions.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

History
Originally designed for studying optimal power flow results on an hour-by-hour basis (2001?)
Specifically for TVA

Released for general use with Simulator Version 11 (April 2005)

Power flow as well as OPF Specify time points with a resolution of minutes Patch release April 2006 specify time points with a resolution of seconds

BPA Quasi-Steady State Analysis (May 2010)

Time delays for switched shunts and transformers Time Step Actions Injection Groups time point input CSV file output

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

BPA Changes
Sequence power flow studies (quasi-steady state) Model variable MW output of a large number of wind power plants over several hours to verify proper voltage profiles can be maintained under all operating conditions Plan secondary voltage resources and controls by implementing the order of slower system characteristics (few seconds to minutes/hours)
Load characteristic changes LTC Switched shunts Remedial action schemes Equipment status changes
4

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Switched Shunt Time Delay

Must specify that a switched shunt be allowed to use a time delay during the time step simulation run Primary and optional secondary regulation ranges with time delays for switching All parameters stored with switched shunt objects in PWB and not in TSB
Switched Shunt dialog Switched Shunt Records case information display

Only evaluated and implemented if doing a complete time step simulation run
Must click Do Run button
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Switched Shunt Time Delay

Switched shunts not using time delays operate as usual during a Time Step Simulation study with one exception
Switched shunts not using time delays are fixed in the step where the shunts that are using time delays are processed

Switched shunts using time delays are fixed at the beginning of the time step run
Processed after all other time point inputs are applied Only allowed to switch after time delay is met while regulated value is outside regulation range
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Switched Shunt Time Delay

Control mode for one shunt at a bus must NOT be set to Fixed

Primary Regulation Range Regulated Bus Case and area shunt control must be enabled Blocks must be defined to specify how much shunt can move at each time step 7

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Switched Shunt Time Delay

Must be checked to model time delay
Determines maximum Mvar change per time step Delay used once regulated value first falls outside regulation range Delay used once shunt starts switching but has not met regulation range

Optional Secondary Regulation Range

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Switched Shunt Time Delay

Time delay-specific fields

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Using Secondary Regulation Range

Expectation is that secondary regulation range is larger and time delays are shorter for controls to act more quickly to larger deviation One range must be completely contained within the other to prevent conflicting control actions Secondary regulation range is always checked first
Primary timer is only started if the time delay for secondary range is not met or the regulated value is within secondary regulation range
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

10

Switched Shunt Time Delay

Time
12:00:00 AM 12:00:01 AM 12:00:02 AM

Bus 3 pu Volt
0.9942 0.9942 0.9942

Shunt 3 #1 Nominal Mvar

50.0 50.0 50.0

Comments

12:00:03 AM
12:00:04 AM 12:00:05 AM 12:00:06 AM 12:00:07 AM 12:00:08 AM 12:00:09 AM

0.9711
0.9711 0.9768 0.9768 0.9824 0.9824 0.9824

50.0
50.0 60.0 60.0 70.0 70.0 70.0

Start Secondary and Primary Timers, First Move Delay applicable

Secondary Move (2 sec. delay), Reset Timers, Next Move Delay applicable Start Secondary and Primary Timers Secondary Move (1 sec. delay), Reset Timers Start Primary Timer

12:00:10 AM
12:00:11 AM 12:00:12 AM 12:00:13 AM

0.9882
0.9882 0.9882 0.9939

80.0
80.0 80.0 90.0

Primary Move (2 sec. delay), Reset Timers

Start Primary Timer Primary Move (2 sec. delay), Reset Timers, First Move Delay applicable

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

11

Processing Switched Shunts

Any switched shunt meeting time delay and regulated value is outside regulation range will be processed to determine switching Each shunt meeting this condition is processed one-by-one in the order of ascending bus number
If any adjustments are made to a shunt, an estimate is made of any impact on system voltages and voltages are updated before the next switched shunt in the list is processed
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

12

Processing Switched Shunts

Only one switched shunt at a bus allowed to be on control at a time Multiple switched shunts at the same bus processed one-by-one in iterative steps Process is repeated until all shunts that are allowed to be on control for the time step have been processed

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

13

Multiple Switched Shunts on Control at Same Bus

Multiple switched shunts at the same bus are allowed to be on control when using the Time Step Simulation tool
Not currently allowed during standard power flow solution One shunt at a bus must be specified as not fixed and this dictates the Control Mode for the others using time delays at that bus

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

14

Iterative Process for Switched Shunts Example

At a given time step, 6 switched shunts meet time delay and outside regulation range Process these shunts while all other shunts are fixed At each iteration shunts are processed one-by-one in the order of Bus 1, Bus 2, Bus 3
Any switching is done and then voltage estimates are used to update the voltages before the next shunt is processed

Only one shunt at a given bus can be on control during an iteration

Iteration
1
2 3

Bus 1 Shunt A
Discrete
Fixed Fixed

Bus 2 Shunt B
Discrete
Fixed Fixed

Bus 2 Shunt C
Fixed
Discrete Fixed

Bus 3 Shunt D
Discrete
Fixed Fixed

Bus 3 Shunt E
Fixed
Discrete Fixed

Bus 3 Shunt F
Fixed
Fixed Discrete

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

15

Transformer Time Delay

Must specify that a transformer be allowed to use a time delay during the time step simulation run Primary and optional secondary regulation ranges with time delays for tap switching All parameters stored with transformer objects in PWB and not in TSB
Branch Information Dialog Transformer Control Records case information display

Only evaluated and implemented if doing a complete time step simulation run
Must click Do Run button
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

16

Transformer Time Delay

Transformers not using time delays operate as usual during a Time Step Simulation study with one exception
Transformers not using time delays are fixed in the step where the transformers that are using time delays are processed

Transformers using time delays are fixed at the beginning of the time step run
Processed after all other time point inputs are applied Only allowed to change tap/phase positions after time delay is met while regulated value is outside regulation range
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

17

Transformer Time Delay

Control must be enabled for transformer or phase shifter
Area transformer control must be enabled along with case transformer and phase shifter control

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

18

Transformer Time Delay

Primary Regulation Range (pu Voltage, Mvar, or MW) Determines how much tap or phase can move at each time step

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

19

Transformer Time Delay

Must be checked to model time delay Determines maximum tap/phase change per time step Delay used once regulated value first falls outside regulation range Delay used once transformer starts switching but has not met regulation range Optional Secondary Regulation Range (pu Voltage, Mvar, or MW)

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

20

Transformer Time Delay

Time delayspecific fields. Can also be found on the Line and Transformer Records display.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

21

Processing Transformers
Any transformer meeting time delay and regulated value is outside regulation range will be processed to determine tap/phase switching Transformers meeting this condition will be processed in the same manner that transformers on control are processed in the regular power flow solution
Balancing parallel LTC taps Transformer Stepping Methodology Min. Sensitivity for LTC Control Model Phase Shifters as Discrete Controls
22

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Time Step Actions

Conditional actions that can be implemented following a time delay Based off contingency elements with addition of time delay and requirement that Model Criteria be defined Can be defined from
Time Step Actions page of Time Step Simulation dialog Model Explorer under Solution Detail\Time Step Actions

Saved with PWB and not in TSB Only evaluated and implemented if doing a complete time step simulation run
Must click Do Run button
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

23

Creating/Modifying Time Step Actions

Right-click and choose Insert to create new action Right-click on existing action and choose Show Dialog to modify Can also create/modify from Model Explorer: Solution Detail\Time Step Actions
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

24

Time Step Action Dialog

Specified in the same manner as Contingency Elements

CHECK or NEVER

Model Criteria (Model Filter or Model Condition) must be specified for action to be considered
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Minimum Time Delay is 1 second

25

Time Step Actions Example

Adjust generator voltage setpoint and open switched shunt based on Model Criteria

Action implemented
Time Delay = 1 sec. Conditions met one time step (10 seconds between time steps) prior to the implementation time step.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

26

Time Step Actions Example

Action implemented

Time Delay = 56 sec. Conditions met 6 time steps (10 seconds between time steps) prior to the implementation time step.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

27

Time Step Actions Example

Model Criteria: JONES_CANYON_LEANJ2 2 switch out L1 and L2 Contains 4 Model Conditions

JONES_CANYON_LEANJ2 2 34.5 kV C1 open Met for Shunt 95003 #C1 Status = Open JONES_CANYON_LEANJ2 2 34.5 kV L1 closed Met for Shunt 95003 #L1 Status = Closed
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

28

Time Step Actions Example

JONES_CANYON_VAR_CONTR_ENABLE Met for Bus 47814 227.7< kV Voltage <246

JONES_CANYON_LEANJ2W2_switch_out_L1_and_L2 Met for Generator 95005 #W3 Mvar Output > 2 Mvar

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

29

Processing Time Step Actions

Any time step action meeting time delay and Model Criteria will be implemented All actions are evaluated to determine which should be implemented without actually implementing Prevent one action from influencing another in the same time step

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

30

Flow of Time Step Run

1) Start the time step simulation by clicking the Do Run button on Time Step Simulation dialog 2) Initialize time delay objects and check for data errors If any errors result, provide user option to continue with Simulator fixing the errors or abort the run so that user can fix the errors
Transformers and switched shunts that are modeling switching delays are turned off automatic control

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

31

Flow of Time Step Run

3) Process a time point If applying pre-script command before applying input data, run pre-script command If Apply Input Data
Update loads, MW and Mvar Update generators, MW and Max MW Update line statuses Update area loads, MW and Mvar Update zone loads, MW and Mvar Update injection group injections Apply custom inputs

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

32

Flow of Time Step Run

If Apply Schedule Data
Apply schedule actions

If Input Data and Schedule Data can be applied with no errors or not applying these at all
If applying pre-script command after applying input data, run pre-script command If choosing to Apply and Solve
Solve power flow If successful power flow solution

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

33

Flow of Time Step Run

If any objects modeling time delay, check for time delay implementation Switched Shunts Transformers Time Step Actions If any system changes, solve power flow If still successful power flow solution (time delay actions implemented and power flow solves or no time delay actions implemented) If Solution Type <> Single Solution, run unconstrained OPF, OPF, or SCOPF If Run Contingencies = YES, run contingency analysis

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

34

Flow of Time Step Run

If applying post-script command before storing results, run post-script command Store results If applying post-script command after storing results, run post-script command 4) Continue processing time points until all completed go back to step 3 5) Restore time delay objects to original control modes

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

35

Injection Groups Input

Allows easy scaling of groups of generators (such as wind farms) Loads and generators can be scaled together or separately as part of injection groups The same loads and generators should not be placed in multiple injection groups that are used in the time step scaling
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

36

Specifying Injection Groups Input

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

37

Specifying Injection Groups Input

Specifies the net MW injection for loads and generators in the injection group Generator MW limits are enforced Generators scaled regardless of AGC status No Mvar adjustments Positive load is not enforced

Check this to prevent generator changes from being modified due to AGC
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

38

CSV File Output

Avoid filling up computer memory by writing results to file Separate file created for each type of object
Areas, Buses, Generators, InjectionGroups, Interfaces, Lines, Owners, SuperAreas, Zones, Transformers, Loads, and Shunts

Optionally save to memory only, CSV file only, or both

When not saving to memory, Results tables will contain zeros
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

39

CSV File Output

CSV file options contained on the Options page of the Time Step Simulation dialog

Select where the results should be stored Key field to use for identifying objects within the file File prefix - file will be named CSV File Identifier_objectname.CSV

Location where files should be written

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

40

CSV File Output

Time point identification
Object identifier based on key field selection Field identifier
Date,Time,[3] PU Volt 10/4/2010,12:00:00 AM,0.99421638250351 10/4/2010,12:00:01 AM,0.99421638250351 10/4/2010,12:00:02 AM,0.99421638250351 10/4/2010,12:00:03 AM,0.971107363700867 10/4/2010,12:00:04 AM,0.971107363700867 10/4/2010,12:00:05 AM,0.976763546466827 10/4/2010,12:00:06 AM,0.976763546466827 10/4/2010,12:00:07 AM,0.982440531253815 10/4/2010,12:00:08 AM,0.982440531253815 10/4/2010,12:00:09 AM,0.982440531253815 10/4/2010,12:00:10 AM,0.988180339336395 10/4/2010,12:00:11 AM,0.988180339336395 10/4/2010,12:00:12 AM,0.988153159618378 10/4/2010,12:00:13 AM,0.993943929672241 10/4/2010,12:00:14 AM,0.993943929672241 ... 2010 PowerWorld Corporation

41

Time Step Simulation

In this section well learn how to:
Set up and maintain a list of time points Specify time point input data Specify scheduled input data Customize the results we want to store from the solution Run continuous and timed simulations

Open the B7flat.PWB case. To access the Time Step Simulation dialog, in Run Mode, go to the Tools ribbon tab and select Time Step Simulation.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

42

Inserting New Time Points

The first step in setting up a Time Step Simulation is to define a list of time points.
This is a list of points in time for which Simulator will obtain solutions.

In the Time Step Simulation dialog, rightclick on the grid and select Insert New Timepoint(s), or press the Insert Time Points button.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

43

Inserting New Time Points

As an example, assume we want to simulate 24 hours, starting on May 18, 2006 at 1:00 AM
Click to select the date from a calendar component Number of time points that will be inserted

Specify the interval between time points. Maximum resolution is 1 second.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

44

Inserting New Time Points

After Inserting the Time Points, the Time Step Simulation dialog looks like this:

By default dialog shows the Summary page

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

45

Time Step Simulation Dialog

Can specify the simulation starting and ending date and time Simulation control buttons

Summary page contains list of time points just inserted

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Solution Type

Simulation progress
46

Summary Page: Controlling Solution

During the simulation you can skip a Time Point or you can pause at a Time Point

The Time Point Solution Type can be:

Single Solution: Same as hitting the single solution button, but would act on the corresponding time point. Unconstrained OPF Optimal Power Flow (OPF) Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF)

Different time points can have different solution types

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

47

Time Step Simulation Dialog

The input data and the results of the Time Step Simulation can be saved in a Time Series Binary (*.TSB) file. (Time Step Actions saved in .PWB)
.TSB file Control
Deletes results, input and scheduled input data, and the list of time points

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

48

Summary Page: Script Commands

You can specify pre- and post script commands for each time point. This allows you to perform almost every possible Simulator action before and after a time point is solved. Typical actions are running contingency analysis or saving particular set of results.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

49

Summary Page: Script Command Tips

It is a good idea to first test the script commands in script mode, to avoid potential syntax errors. To edit the script command cell, double-click on the cell.
You can copy/paste from the cells as usual You can also copy/paste from excel or the clipboard.

To delete a script command, double-click and hit the Delete or Backspace buttons. To clear all the scripts commands in a column, right-click on the grid and select Set/Toggle/Columns Set All Values To. Then just press OK without typing anything in the dialog.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

50

Setting up Input Data

Input data for each time point is specified in the Input pages for:
Load MW/Mvar Generation MW/Max MW Line Status Area MW Load Zone MW Load Injection Group MW

All these Input pages are matrix grids. This means that each row corresponds to a time point, and each column corresponds to the specific object for which data will be specified. Very detailed time-varying inputs may be specified on the Custom Inputs pages
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

51

Setting up Input Data

Thus we need to explicitly tell Simulator which generators, loads, etc. will have input data.
The objects that do not have input data (or scheduled input data) will keep the values from the case.

The matrix grids will have one column for the input data of each object. In the B7flat.pwb case, suppose that we want to specify Load MW data for Loads 2 and 3.
In the Input page MW Loads page, right-click and select Time Point records Insert/Scale Load Column(s)
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

52

Setting up Input Data

By default, we just want to insert new columns We just need active load

Use the selector component to select Loads 2 and 3 at the same time.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

53

Setting up Input Data

The columns will contain zeros by default. Those will need to be filled with correct data.

In order to specify time point values, we can: 1. Enter the values manually (as shown in the Figure) 2. Read load values from Excel using the corresponding button. 3. Paste values from Excel (Copy the headers to Excel first). 4. Derive the values from another column. 5. Scale the column values.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

54

Setting up Input Data

Example: We have specified some values for Loads 2 and 3 (as shown in the previous slide). Suppose we also need to specify input data for Loads 4 and 5, and know that those vary as Load 3, but are 90% of it.
We can derive the values for Loads 4 and 5 from Load 3.

Right-click on column for Load 3 and select Time Point records Insert/Scale Load Column(s).
Column 3 will now be the Current Column

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

55

Setting up Input Data

Column 3 becomes the current column

Loads 4 and 5 will be 90% of Load 3

Use the selector component to select Loads 4 and 5, whose values will be derived from Load 3.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

56

Setting up Input Data

The Input Load MW page now looks like this:

Columns derived as 90% of Load 3

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

57

Setting up Input Data

We can use the column plot to check our input data. The plot column function of Case Information Displays becomes a plot versus date time when used from Time Step Simulation matrix grids.
To plot a column, rightclick on the column and select Set/Toggle/Columns Plot Column from the Local Menu. You can also drag the mouse across several columns to plot multiple columns. The Load MW for Loads 2-5 looks like this.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

58

Setting up Input Data

Since we have spent some time defining our input data, it is probably good to save the input data in the .TSB file. Press the Save TSB File button, and save the data as B7TSS.TSB

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

59

Setting up Input Data

In the same manner as we did for load MW, hourly data for other quantities would be specified in the corresponding pages:
Mvar Loads Gen Actual MW Gen Max MW Line Status Area Loads Zone Loads Injection Groups

Recall that you can use the selector to create multiple columns at a time, and you can copy/ paste the input data from Excel.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

60

Setting Up Results
During the time step simulation, Simulator obtains a PF/OPF/SCOPF solution for each time point. The amount of information that is generated may be significant since each time point can potentially contain the information of a solved PF, OPF, or SCOPF case.
For large systems, storing all these information may be limited by memory.

Typically, you dont need to examine all the system quantities. The Time Step Simulation requires you to explicitly define which quantities you want to explore.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

61

Setting Up Results
Select the Results page:
Modify the Results Definitions Results Display Options

Result pages By default no objects are shown

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

62

Setting Up Results
Press the View/Modify Result Definitions button to tell Simulator the quantities you want to store. You will need to specify:
The type of object for which results must be saved (buses, generators, etc.) The individual objects whose fields will be saved (Bus 1, Bus 2, etc.) The fields that will be saved for each type of objects (Bus pu volt, etc.)

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

63

Setting Up Results
Select the Buses page Click Add/Remove Fields to modify list of fields to store

For our example, assume we want to explore per unit voltage and angle for all the buses.
Save and Close the Result Definitions

Set to YES the buses for which you want to store the fields (By default all are set to NO)
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Result Definitions are also saved in the .TSB file.

64

Running the Simulation

Now that we have set input data and specified which results we need to store, we can run the simulation. Simulator will obtain a solution for each time point depending on the solution type. In order to start the simulation, press the Do Run button.

During the simulation, you will see how the Last Result box and the Progress Bar are updated.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

65

Running the Simulation

Simulator will do the following at each time point:
Look at the time point skip/pause flag and act accordingly Run a pre-script command if it was specified Apply time point and scheduled input data.
Well learn how to set scheduled input data later on.

Obtain the PF/OPF/SCOPF solution Set the Processed flag in the Summary page Update the Last Result and Progress Bar indicating the status of the solution. Write the results to the Result pages Run a post-script command if it was specified
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

66

Exploring Results
For our example, the Buses page of the Results shows bus voltages and angles. The results can be grouped by objects or by fields.

BUS 1

BUS 2

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

67

Exploring Results
We can also explore the results by obtaining a column plot. This is how the bus angles look in our example.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

68

Specifying Scheduled Input Data

Besides time point input data, the Time Step Simulation allows you to specify scheduled data. Scheduled data is used for data that more naturally spans multiple time points rather than being defined at each time point
Line statuses Generator, load, capacitor and reactor statuses MW levels of scheduled transactions Number of capacitor/reactor blocks Generator voltage set points etc.
69

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Specifying Scheduled Input Data

Schedule input data requires a schedule and a schedule subscription. The schedule defines how a quantity varies in time (just a shape). It is a list of time points together with Numeric or Yes/No values. By subscribing an object field (Line status, Gen MW, Transaction MW level, etc.) to a schedule, we can make this object field vary according to the shape of the schedule. Schedules are implemented as sets of actions that are applied to the power flow case at the next available time point.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

70

Specifying Scheduled Input Data

Schedule
Value

Time Point List

t
Subscription

t
Gen MW

Object Field

t
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

71

Defining a Schedule
Schedules:
Are Numeric, Yes/No, or Text Can be made periodic by specifying them to repeat the shape with a certain period. Can have start and end validity dates (used normally for periodic schedules).

To define a schedule go to the Input page Schedules page, right-click on the grid, and select Insert New Schedule.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

72

Defining a Schedule
Schedule name must be unique Identifies main characteristics of schedule Shortcut buttons allow easy definition of the schedule date times

Settings for periodic Schedules

Date times dont need to coincide with the date times of the list of time points (Summary page)
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Date time and numeric values define the shape of the schedule
73

Defining a Schedule Subscription

Most enterable fields from the following object types can subscribe to schedules: Generators, Loads, Line/transformers, Shunts, Areas, Transactions, and Zones Numeric fields subscribe to Numeric Schedules, Boolean fields subscribe to Yes/No schedules, and Custom Strings and Memo fields subscribe to Text schedules. To define a schedule subscription, go to the Input page Sched Subscriptions page, right-click on the grid, and select Insert New Subscription.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

74

Defining a Schedule Subscription

1. Select the object type: Gen, Load, Line/Xfrmr, Shunt, Area, Transaction or Zone. 2. Select the particular object from the power flow case. 3. Select the field that will subscribe to the schedule 4. Select the schedule the field will subscribe to. Press to select multiple objects that subscribe to the same schedule

For instance, this means that the Gen MW output of Generator 1 at bus 1 will follow the shape of Schedule 1.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

When you select a field, this label changes telling whether the field is Numeric or Yes/No

75

Defining a Schedule Subscription

Schedule actions are applied with the specified delay

Subscriptions to numeric schedules can modify the schedule values: Actual Value = Multiplier *Sched Value + Value Shift
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

76

Example: Scheduled Input Data

In the B7Flat.pwb case, the following input data is known for Gen 1 and line 2 to 3. The generator values occur every day.
Hour 1:00 AM 7:00 AM 1:00 PM 7:00 PM Gen 1MW 60 MW 80 MW 120 MW 100 MW Hour 4:00 AM 2:00 PM Line 2-3 Status Open Closed

We want to create the schedules and schedules subscriptions needed to model these varying quantities.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

77

Example: Schedules
For the generator, we create a periodic schedule with period = 1 day.
The schedule is numeric. The schedule has 4 time points.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

78

Example: Schedule Subscriptions

Then we subscribe the Gen MW output filed of generator 1, ID 1 to Sched1. There is no delay The field takes the exact values of the numeric schedule.
Note: Gen1 needs to be Off-AGC in order to keep the scheduled MW output. Manually set or use option 79

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Example: Schedules
For the transmission line, we create a non-periodic schedule The schedule type is Yes/No. The schedule has 2 time points. Line will open at 4 AM and will close at 2 PM.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

80

Example: Schedule Subscriptions

Then we subscribe the Status of Transmission Line 2 to 3, circuit 1 to Sched2. There is no delay

Let us go ahead and rerun the Time Step Simulation.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

81

Example: Schedule Subscriptions

By exploring the results, we can see how bus angles changed due to load variations, the generator schedule and the outage of the transmission line.
Bus Tim epoint Custom Results Variables 5

Values

6:00 AM 1 Angle (Deg) 6 Angle (Deg) 2 Angle (Deg)

12:00 PM DateTime 3 Angle (Deg)

6:00 PM 4 Angle (Deg) 5 Angle (Deg)

12:00 AM

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

82

Schedule Subscriptions
The advantage of schedules and schedule subscriptions is that power systems tend to have many quantities that follow a similar time pattern:
Bus loads of the same type Different units of a power plant that are identically scheduled A group of devices that are disconnected/reconnected at the same time. For instance, groups of capacitor or reactors.

Using schedules, one avoids having to specify time point data for each field, which would be tedious and would require large quantities of memory.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

83

Time Step Actions

Special conditional actions may be modeled with time delays These are typically useful only for very detailed simulations with time steps on the order of several seconds or less, where the objective is to analyze switching behavior and resulting time-domain voltage profiles (e.g. wind farm operation) Time Step Actions are only considered for complete Time Step Runs (those started using Do Run button) Actions can be applied again, following the appropriate time delay, if model criteria is met Switched shunts and transformers may also incorporate switching delays (specified with individual shunt and transformer records)
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

84

Time Step Actions

Example: Open a transmission line if it has been overloaded for at least 5 minutes

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

85

Time Step Actions

Time Step Options for AVR transformer Typical application would be detailed time-domain voltage modeling of wind farm

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

86

Custom Inputs
Custom inputs allow specification of more detailed parameters in the time domain for several object types Example: generator voltage setpoint
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

87

What is Saved in the .TSB File?

Because the amount of time information generated in the Time Step Simulation may be significant, a binary file is used to store it. This is called the Time Series Binary (.TSB) file. This file will save:
Input Data Scheduled Input Data Custom Inputs Result Definitions Results Time Simulation Options (defined in the Options page)
88

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Continuous and Timed Simulations

By default, when you hit the Do Run button, each time step is solved immediately after the previous one. This is called a Continuous Simulation. On the other hand, the Time Step Simulation can mimic a solution in actual time by specifying a time scale. This is called a Timed Simulation. The Timed Simulation allows you to visualize the solutions on oneline diagrams as a movie.
You can see how time point and scheduled input data are applied and their effect on the system. You can also contour and animate.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

89

Continuous and Timed Simulations

To set up a Timed Simulation go to the Options page and select Timed, in the Time Step Simulation Options under Step Control. Set the Time Scale. A time scale of 60 means that the ACTUAL time delay between the solutions of two time points with date times 1:00 AM and 2:00 AM will be 60 seconds. Thus, if the 1:00 AM point is solved now, the 2:00 AM point will be solved 60 seconds later.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

90

Continuous and Timed Simulations

Example
Let us set the simulation to be Step Control = Timed, and set a Time Scale of 5 (1 hour runs in 5 seconds of actual time). Move the Time Step Simulation dialog so you can see the oneline, but still have access to the control buttons. Run the simulation by clicking Do Run

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

91

Continuous and Timed Simulations

System at 5 AM
60 MW OFF AGC One
1.05 pu 35 MW
A

System at 2 PM
34 MW 0 Mvar

38 MW 0 Mvar
25 MW
A

25 MW

120 MW OFF AGC One

A
41 MW

70 MW 0 Mvar
40 MW

MVA

Three
1.00 pu 13 MW 0 MW 19 MW
A A

103%
MVA

Three
1.01 pu 2 MW
A

63 MW 0 Mvar
2 MW

13 MW

1.05 pu

MVA

Four
1.00 pu

79 MW

MVA

Four
1.00 pu 27 MW

MVA

40 MW 0 Mvar
0 MW

0 MW
A

35 MW

MVA

28 MW AGC ON

80 MW 100% 0 Mvar MVA

78 MW

28 MW
A

MVA

2 MW
A

28 MW 28 MW
A

MVA

40 MW AGC ON

Two
1.04 pu 46 MW

20 MW
A

Case Hourly Cost 11155 $/hr

MVA

MVA

Two
1 MW

Case Hourly Cost 14745 $/hr

MVA

MVA

1.04 pu 55 MW 47 MW

2 MW 46 MW

29 MW

29 MW

Five
1.03 pu

Five
1.03 pu

10.8 Mvar
A

100 MW AGC ON
46 MW 3 MW

6 MW

10.8 Mvar
A

Top Area Cost 6265 $/hr

3 MW 6 MW

0 MW 0 Mvar Six
1.04 pu

MVA

MVA

34 MW 0 Mvar

160 MW AGC ON
55 MW 7 MW

15 MW

Top Area Cost 9841 $/hr

7 MW 15 MW

0 MW 0 Mvar Six
1.04 pu

MVA

MVA

63 MW 0 Mvar

MVA

Seven
3 MW 1.04 pu

MVA

Seven
7 MW 1.04 pu

3 MW

7 MW

Left Area Cost 188 $/hr

-40 MW AGC ON

MVA

200 MW AGC ON

200 MW 0 Mvar Right Area Cost 4701 $/hr

Left Area Cost 188 $/hr

-40 MW AGC ON

MVA

201 MW AGC ON

200 MW 0 Mvar Right Area Cost 4716 $/hr

Note the status of transmission line 2-3, the values of generator 1 MW output and how loads change at each time point. See how the line flows and angle contouring change (Note: Contouring should be set to continuously refresh).
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

92

Time Step Simulation Toolbar

The time step simulation toolbar is visible when the dialog is open and time points have been defined. It allows you to control the simulation (continuous or timed), without using the time step simulation dialog. Time Scale
Last Result Status Simulation Control Buttons Present Time for Timed Simulation Timed/Continuous Simulation Progress Bar used in Timed Simulation

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

93

Time Step Simulation Toolbar

Reset the Simulation

Pause a continuous or timed simulation

Solve the previous Time Point

Play the Time Step Simulation in either continuous or timed mode.

Solve the next Time Point

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

94

Summary Page Local Menu

Deletes the time point together with all the input data of that time point Applies the input data of the selected time point to the power system case (makes data available on the case information displays, oneline diagram, etc.). It does not apply scheduled input data.

Brings up a dialog to change the date/time of a time point. It sorts the list afterwards. Solves the selected time point, by first applying both time point and schedule input data. Paste (under Copy/Paste/Send) becomes enabled when the clipboard contains time step data in the correct format.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

95

Time Step Simulation Options

When there is time point input data for area MW load and for individual load MW, always set to individual MW load value first. Then, if set to Areas, only areas are scaled. If set to Zones, only zones are scaled. Important when changing Gen Actual MW and Injection Groups OPF Pricing options Saves binding constraint results in specific results matrix grid.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

96

Time Step Simulation Options

Time Step Simulation allows you to either Apply and Solve or just Apply Data without solving.
Sometimes you want to test only time point or schedule data

Loads the TSB automatically when the case is opened. When saving the TSB, set automatically the Default tsb to be the current tsb.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

97

Time Step Simulation Options

Options Page
The Time Step Simulation can contour oneline diagrams as the simulation takes place. It can also save a list of the resulting images as Bitmaps or JPGs.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

98

Time Step Simulation Options

Options Page
The Time Step Simulation can save data directly to a CSV file. This is meant to enable the time step to store data from very long runs without running out of memory.

The file identifier is used to identify the run. Individual objects have files created for them. For example, Year2010_areas.csv.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

99

OPF and SCOPF Time Step Simulations

Users of OPF and the SCOPF add-ons can obtain time point optimal power flow and securityconstrained optimal solutions by specifying these solution types for one or more time points in the Summary page.
Make sure you become familiar with Simulator OPF and SCOPF before running a Time Step Simulation with these options.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

100

OPF and SCOPF Time Step Simulations

Unconstrained OPF
The Time Step Simulation will remove all the constraints that would normally act in the OPF and will optimize the system to find the minimum operating cost. Simulator will change the set points of the specified controls (generators and phase shifters) to minimize the cost of all Areas and Super Areas set to OPF AGC control. Besides the power flow solution options, the Unconstrained OPF simulation will take all the options that have been defined for a regular OPF solution. Most of these options are defined in OPF Options and Results Dialog under the Add Ons ribbon tab.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

101

OPF and SCOPF Time Step Simulations

OPF
The Time Step Simulation applies the time point and schedule input data and optimizes the control areas set to OPF to minimize cost while enforcing normal operation constraints.
This includes: transmission line thermal limits, interface limits, generator control limits, and load control limits.

The OPF algorithm detects the controls that need to be moved, the constraints that are binding at the solution point, and the unenforceable constraints, i.e., constraints that cannot be enforced with the available controls.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

102

OPF and SCOPF Time Step Simulations

OPF
Some of the quantities that are of interest in the solution of the OPF algorithm, are displayed in the Result: Constraints Pages:
Unconstrained Generator MW Output Final generator MW Output Change in Generator MW Locational Marginal Prices: These are displayed in the Hourly Final Bus LMP Page. Average LMP prices and other LMP metrics are also available in the Results Page for Areas, Injection Groups, Super Areas, and Zones. Binding Constraints as well as Marginal Cost of Limit Enforcement for lines and interfaces.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

103

OPF and SCOPF Time Step Simulations

SCOPF
The SCOPF combines Simulators OPF with Contingency Analysis to optimize a system for minimum cost while enforcing both normal operation and contingency constraints. The solution of an SCOPF Time Step Simulation depends on the options that have been set up for the following tools:
Power Flow Optimal Power Flow Contingency Analysis Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow Time Domain OPF Options
104

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

OPF and SCOPF Time Step Simulations

SCOPF At each time point, the SCOPF Time Step Simulation does the following:
Applies the input data and scheduled actions Solves a power flow If specified, it solves an unconstrained OPF Initializes the base case for the SCOPF by solving a power flow or an OPF Solves the contingencies for the initialized system state Solves the SCOPF optimization problem Displays the results in the matrix grids
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

105

OPF and SCOPF Time Step Simulations

SCOPF
The SCOPF often requires significant computer resources mostly because of the need to solve a large number of contingencies and to calculate their sensitivities. The size of the problem also depends on the size of the system, number of constraints (monitored elements), and number of time points considered. A mechanism to speed up the computation of the PF/OPF/SCOPF Time Step Simulation is to use DC solutions in some of the internal routines:
AC or DC power flow AC or DC contingency analysis. This one will produce the larger time savings. AC or DC SCOPF
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

106

OPF Pricing Options

Different applications of the OPF/SCOPF require special pricing options. A method for congestion pricing consist of solving first the unconstrained case to determine unconstrained LMPs, and then solve the OPF or SCOPF. The difference between these two solutions correspond to the congestion cost or congestion component of the LMP for a given hour.
Check this option to solve an unconstrained OPF (equivalent to economic dispatch) before solving the OPF or SCOPF for each time point.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

107

OPF Pricing Options

It is also customary in LMP markets to price hydro generation at a cost equal to the unconstrained LMP. Simulator will internally modify the cost curve of the hydro generation to match the unconstrained LMP obtained during the initial unconstrained simulation. It will then solve the constrained optimization problem using this cost for the hydro units.
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

Check this option to reset the cost curve of hydro generation to the original cost after each time step. Uncheck this option to explore how Simulator changes the hydro cost to the unconstrained marginal price.
108

OPF Pricing Options

OPF and SCOPF solutions with pricing options do the following for each time step:
Apply time point and schedule input data if unconstrained then begin Solve Unconstrained OPF if price hydro then Hydro Cost = LMP end Solve OPF or SCOPF if unconstrained and price hydro and reset then Reset Price if Save then Save Binding Constraints
2010 PowerWorld Corporation

109

Time Step Simulation and Contingency Analysis

Contingency analysis will take place as part of the SCOPF.
Binding constraints will be saved in the Results: Constraints page.

Sometimes summary information of contingency analysis is required without the SCOPF

For instance, the custom results for transmission lines allows saving the Aggregate MVA Overload and Max% Loading Contingency for each transmission element.

In order to run contingency analysis for a time point, set the corresponding field to YES in the Summary page.

2010 PowerWorld Corporation

110