4.16 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals a,b for the circuit shown.
Solution: To find RTh, replace the 72 V source with a short circuit:
Note that the 5 and 20 resistors are in parallel, with an equivalent resistance of 520 = 4 . The equivalent 4 resistance is in series with the 8 resistor for an equivalent resistance of 4 + 8 = 12 . Finally, the 12 equivalent resistance is in parallel with the 12 resistor, so RTh = 1212 = 6 . Use node voltage analysis to find vTh. Begin by redrawing the circuit and labeling the node voltages:
The node voltage equations are:
Place these equations in standard form:
Solving, v1 = 60 V and vTh = 64.8 V. Therefore, the Thevenin equivalent circuit is a 64.8 V source in series with a 6 resistor.
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4.17 Find the Norton equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals a,b for the circuit shown.
Solution: We begin by performing a source transformation, turning the parallel combination of the 15 A source and 8 resistor into a series combination of a 120 V source and an 8 resistor, as shown in the figure on the left. Next, combine the 2, 8 and 10 resistors in series to give an equivalent 20 resistance. Then transform the series combination of the 120 V source and the 20 equivalent resistance into a parallel combination of a 6 A source and a 20 resistor, as shown in the figure on the right.
Finally, combine the 20 and 12 parallel resistors to give RN = 2012 = 7.5. Thus, the Norton equivalent circuit is the parallel combination of a 6 A source and a 7.5 resistor. 4.18 A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 100 k is used to measure the voltage vAB in the circuit shown. What is the voltmeter reading?
Solution: Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to A, B using source transformations. To begin, convert the series combination of the 36 V source and 12 k resistor into a parallel combination of a 3 mA source and 12 k resistor. The resulting circuit is shown below:
Now combine the two parallel current sources and the two parallel resistors to give a 3 + 18 = 15 mA source in parallel with a 12 k60 k= 10 k resistor. Then transform the 15 mA source in parallel with the 10 k resistor into a 150 V source in series with a 10 k resistor, and combine this 10 k resistor in series with the 15 k resistor. The Thevenin equivalent is thus a 150 V source in series with a 25 k resistor, as seen to the left of the terminals A,B in the circuit below.
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Now attach the voltmeter, modeled as a 100 k resistor, to the Thevenin equivalent and use voltage division to calculate the meter reading vAB:
4.20 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals a,b for the circuit shown. (Hint: Define the voltage at the leftmost node as v, and write two nodal equations with VTh as the right node voltage.)
The node voltage equations are
The dependent source constraint equation is
Substitute the constraint equation into the node voltage equations and put the two equations in standard form:
Solving, v = 172.5 V and vTh = 30 V. Now use the test source method to calculate the test current and thus RTh. Replace the current source with a short circuit and apply the test source to get the following circuit:
Write a KCL equation at the rightmost node:
The dependent source constraint equation is
Substitute the constraint equation into the KCL equation and simplify the right-hand side:
Therefore,
Thus, the Thevenin equivalent is a 30 V source in series with a 10 resistor. 4.21 a) Find the value of R that enables the circuit shown to deliver maximum power to the terminals a,b. b) Find the maximum power delivered to R.
First find the Thevenin equivalent circuit. To find vTh, create an open circuit between nodes a and b and use the node voltage method with the circuit below:
The node voltage equations are:
The dependent source constraint equation is Place these three equations in standard form:
Now create a short circuit between nodes a and b and use the mesh current method with the circuit below:
The mesh current equations are
The dependent source constraint equation is Place these four equations in standard form:
a) For maximum power transfer, R = RTh = 3
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b) The Thevenin voltage, vTh = 120 V, splits equally between the Thevenin resistance and the load resistance, so
