CHAPTER - 1

ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

1. Electric Current
Electrical good conductors have free electrons
which are responsible for the flow of electric
current. The free electrons behave like gas
molecules, their motion is radndom. The speed of
free electrons also depend on the temperature like
that of the gas molecules. The resultant velocity of
these free electrons in any direction is zero.
When potential difference is applied between the
two ends of a conductor, the electrical field is
produced.
E =
dV
dr
r
^
When charged particles are present in an electric
field, a force F acts on them
F = eE
Where e = charge on the electron (1.6 x 10
-19
C)
The direction of this force is the same at that of E
for positive charge but on negative charge it is
opposite to the direction of E. This flow of
positive or negative charge is called the flow of
electric current. The measurement of flow charge
per second is the measurement of current. The
current is denoted by I or i. Thus
i =
q
t
=
flowing charge
time passed

If the number of electrons passing through a
crossection per second is n, then
i = ne
The SI unit of current is ampere.
Thus 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / second
Thus 1 coulomb of charge contains 6.25 x 10
18
electrons and 1 ampere-second is equal to 6.25 x
10
18
electrons.
2. CURRENT DENSITY
Current flowing normally through unit area of
cross-section is called current density. It is a
vector quantity, and is represented by j Thus, if
a current i is distributed uniformly over area A,
then the current density j = i /A.
Units of j are ampere m
-2
and dimensions are
[AL
-2
]
If A

is the vector area and j

is the current
density ,then i = j

. A

. or i= jA cos , there is
the angle between j

and A

.
If the area is of irregular shape, then
i =

. ds

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(1)
3. ATOMIC VIEW OF CONDUCTOR
(1) Every conductor contains a large number of
free electrons or conduction electrons
(2) The free electrons can move in between
interatomic spaces.
(3) The irregular velocity of these electrons is
given by
v
rms
=
|

\
3kT
m
|
|

10
+5
m

sec.
[ m = mass of electron, k = Boltzmann
constant, T = absolute temperature].
(4) The free electrons collide with each other. The
collisisons are elastic, i.e., there is no loss of
energy during collisions.
(5) The di st ance t ravel l ed bet ween t wo
successive collisions is called free path and
the average of all the free paths is called the
mean free path.
(6) Time taken between two successive collisions
is called relaxation time. It is of the order of
10
14
sec.
4. DRIFT SPEED OF FREE ELECTRONS
When we connect the ends of the metallic
conductor to the battery a potential difference is
established across the terminals of the wire. An
electric field is developed across the ends of the
wire. This field accelerates the electrons, but the
speed of the electrons does not increase because
they lose energy due to collisions with the positive
ions. Thus, the electric field gives a constant
velocity to the free electrons along the length of
the wire. This velocity is called drift velocity
(v
d
) of electrons. The order of drift velocity is 10
-4
m/sec.
4.1 RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC
CURRENT AND DRIFT VELOCITY
Let us consider a conductor connected to a battery.
An electric field E is established across the
conductor. The free electrons begin to move with
drift velocity v
d
in the direction opposite to the
field. If a charge q flows through a section of the
wire in t second, then the current in the wire is
i = q

t.
Let A be the area of cross-section of the wire and
n the number of electrons per unit volume. Then
the number of electrons passing per second
through a cross-section of the wire will be nA v
d
.
Hence, in t second, nAv
d
t electrons will pass.
Therefore, the charge passing through any
cross-section of the wire in t sec will be
q = (nV
d
t) e .
Substituting this value of q in eq. (i) we get
i = neA vd
This is the relation between electric current and
drift velocity.
We know that the current density is given by j = i
/ A, therefore v
d
= j / ne.
This is the relation between current density and
drift velocity.
5. ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
The opposition offered by the substance to the
flow of charge is known as electrical resistance. If
the potential difference between the ends of the
conductor is V and the current in the conductor is
i,. then the electric resistance of the conductor will
be given by R = V / i.
The resistance of the conductor
(i) R length of conductor
(ii) R
1
area of cross section
The unit of resistance R in the MKSA system is
ohm. Dimensions of electric resistance are
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[ML
2
T
-3
A
-2
] Besides the lenght and area of
cross-section the resistance depends on material of
conductor.
1 ohm=
1 volt
1 amp
=
1 0
8
e.m.u. of potential
1 0
1
e.m.u. of current
= 1 0
9
e.m.u. of resistance
International ohm is defined as the resistance of
106. 3 cm l ong Hg Col umn of 1 mm
2
cross-sectional area and mass 14.4521 gm. at 0C.
6. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE
The reciprocal of the resistance is called the
electric conductance and its units are mho or
ohm
-1
. It is represented by G. G = 1/R.
7. OHMS LAW
According to this law, if there is no change in the
physi cal st at e of a conduct or ( such as
temperature), then the ratio of the potential
difference applied at its ends and the current
flowing through it is constant.
Thus, if the potential difference applied at the ends
of the conductor be V and the current flowing
through it be i, then according to the ohms law,
we have V/i = R = constant.
A graph drawn between the applied potential
difference V and the current i flown through the
conductor is a straight line. Ohms law is true for
metallic conductors only.
8. Specific Resistance
Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional
to
(i) the length l of the conductor
(i i ) i nversl y proport i onal t o t he area of
cross-section A i.e.
R
l
A
or R =
l
A
Where = specific resistance of the conductor.
The specific resistance is defined as the resistance
offered by a unit cube of the material. In SI
system, the unit for specific resistance is
ohm-metre.
9. Specific Conductivity
The inverse of the specific resistance is called
specific conductivity. i.e.
=
1

ohm
1
m
1
or mho m
1
Since =
E
j
=
j
E
or j = E
= specific conductivity x electric field
The inverse of ressistance of a conductor is called
conductivity
|

\
1
R
|
|

Its SI unit is mho.

10. Effect of Temperature on Resistivity
The resistance of a conductor depends on its
temperature. The temperature coefficient of a
resistance is defined as the change in resistance
per uni t resi st ance per degree change in
temperature.
=
R
t
R
o
R
o
t

Where R
o
and R
t
are the reistances at 0C and tC
of t he conduct or and t i s t he change i n
temperature.
The temperature coefficient may be positive or
negative depends on the nature of the material.
Similarly the coefficient of resistivity
=

t

10.1 (a) For pure metals, the resistance increases
almost linearly with rise in temperature.
i.e. R
t
T
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10.2 (b) Resistivity for alloys The resistivity of
alloys also increaes with rise in temperature, but
the value of temperature coefficient in much less.
Their resistivity is higher and hence they are used
in resistance box, P.O. box and for standard
resistance like nichrome alloys.
10.3 (c) Resistivity for semiconductors For
semiconductors like germanium and silicon, the
temperature coefficient is negative, so also for
carbon and graphite. The reason is that the
relaxation time t decreases as the temperature
increases since they have less number of free
electrons.
10.4 (d) Superconductivity For some materials
t he r esi st ance goes on decreases as t he
temperature decreases, but below a certain
temperature the resistance decreases rapidly. This
phenomenon is called superconductivity. The
resistance of mercury at 4 K is zero. For Nb at 10
K and for Ya Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7
at 90 K, their electrical
resistance is zero. When a current is passed in a
circuit like superconductor, it will flow for a long
time even the source is removed. At low
temperature, for superconductors the property of
cohernce between the electrons is developed.
10.5 (e) Resistivity for electrolytes The
resistivity of dielectrics also decreaes as the
temperature increases. It is due to the fact that
their viscosity decreases as the temperature
increases.
Limitations of Ohms Law
(i) The graph drawn between V and the current i is
not always a straight line.
(ii) The relation between V and i depends on the
positive and negative value of V.
(iii) The relation between V and i is not unique.
Ohmic and Non-ohmic Resistance
The resistors which obey ohms law are termed as
ohmic resistors and which do not obey ohms law
are termed as non-ohmic resistors.
The met al l i c conduct or wi t hi n a cert ai n
temperature range obeys ohms law and hence
they are termed as ohmic resistors, while the
vacuum tubes, semiconductors do not obey the
ohms law and they are termed as non-ohmic
resistors.
11. ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY
ELECTRIC ENERGY
When the ends of a wire are connected to a
battery, then free electrons move with drift
velocity and electric current flows in the wire.
These electrons collide continuously with the
positive ions of the wire and thus the energy taken
from the battery is dissipated. Hence to maintain
the electric current in the wire, energy is taken
continuously from the battery. This energy is
tranferred to the ions of the wire by the free
electrons. Therefore, thermal motion of the ions
increases, i.e., the temperature of the wire rises.
Thus the energy taken from the battery is
converted into heat.
Suppose a current of i ampere is sent in a wire for
t second, when the potential difference applied by
the battery between the end of the wire is V volt.
The work done in taking q coulomb of charge
from one end of the wire to the other at a potential
difference of V volt will be V x q joule. Thus the
work done by the battery is
W = Vq = Vit joule. [ q = it] ...(i)
If the resistance of the wire be R ohm, then V =
iR.
W = i
2
Rt joule. ....(ii)
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or W =
V
2
t
R
joule ....(iii)
Eq. (i), (ii) or (iii) give the energy dissipented in
the wire in t sec.
We know that 1 calorie of heat is equivalent to
4.2 joule of work. Hence the heat produced in the
wire in t sec. is given by
H =
W
4.2
=
Vit
4.2
=
i
2
Rt
4.2
=
V
2
t
4.2R
calorie
ELECTRIC POWER
The rate of doing work, or the rate of dissipation
of energy, is called the power and it is
represented by p.
P = W/t .... (iv)
where W is work done (or W energy is dissipated)
in t sec.
The unit of power is watt. 1 watt = 1 joule / sec.
Substituting the value of W from eq. (i) eq. (iv),
we get.
P = Vit / t = Vi watt ...(v)
But V = iR p = i
2
R watt ...(vi)
or p = V
2
/ R watt. ..(vii)
Eq. (v), (vi) or (vii) gives the electric power (in
watt) dissipated in wire.
UNITS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
To calculate the price of electric-energy a special
unit is used which is called the kilowatt-hour or
the board of trade unit (B.T.U.). We call it as
unit.
1 kilowatt-hour, or 1 unit, is the quantity of
electric-energy which is dissipated in 1 hour in a
circuit when the electric power in the circuit is 1
kilowatt.
1 kwh = 36 x 10
5
joule
If a current of i ampere flows in a circuit for t
hours at V volt, then, the electric energy dissipated
in the circuit
= electric power x time = Vi (watt) x t hour
=
Vit
1000
(kilowatt) (hours)
The number of units consumed in houses is given
by
n =
Total wattage Time in hours
1000

Effect of stretching a wire on its resistance :
There are two cases :
(a) If the length of the wire is changed : Let l
1
and l
2
be the initial and final lengths of the wire
and r
1
and r
2
are the initial and final radii then,
since, the mass of the wire is constant initial
valume = final volume
r
1
2
l
1
= r
2
2
l
2
or
l
1
l
2
=
r
2
r
1
2
now R
1
=
l
1
r
1
2
and R
2
=
l
2
r
2
2

R
1
R
2
=
l
1
r
2
2
l
2
r
1
r
2
=
l
1
2
l
2
2

R l
2
(b) If the radius of the wire is changed : Let
l
1
and l
2
be the initial and final lengths and r
1
and
r
2
be the initial and final radii then since, the mass
is constant
i.e. Initial volume = Final volume, r
1
2
l
1
= r
2
2
l
2
or
l
1
l
2
=
r
2
2
r
1
2
or R
1
=
l
1
r
1
2
, R
2
=
l
2
r
2
2

R
1
R
2
=
l
1
r
2
2
l
2
r
1
2
=
r
2
4
r
1
4
or R 1

r
4
12. COLOUR CODE FOR CARBON RESIS-
TANCES
The value of resistances used in electrical and
electronic circuits vary over a very wide range.
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These resistances are usually carbon resistances
and a colour code is used to indicate the value of
the resistance.
fig.1
A carbon resistance has usually four concentric
rings or bands A,B, C and D of different colours.
The colours of first two bands A and B indicate
the first two significant figures of the resistance in
ohm, while the colour of third band C indicates the
decimal multiplier. The colour of fourth band D
(which is either silver or gold) tells the tolerance.
Sometimes, only three colour bands A, B and C
are marked.
The colours of first two bands A and B correspond
to figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and the colour
of the third band C corresponds to multipliers 10,
10
1
,10
2
, 10
3
, 10
4
,10
5
,10
6
, 10
7
, 10
8
, and 10
9
,
respectively. If the colour of the fourth band is
gold, the tolerance is 5% and in case the colour is
silver, the tolerance is 10%. In case, there is no
fourth band, then its tolerance is 20%.
Note : You can learn the order of colours by the
sentence B B ROY of Great Britain has a Very
Good Wife.
The following table gives the colour code for
carbon resistance.
Letters as
an
ai d t o
Memory
Colour Figure Multiplier Colour Toleran
ce
B Black 0 10 Gold 5%
B Brown 1 10
1
Silver 10%
R Red 2 10
2
No
Colour
20%
O Orange 3 10
3
Y Yellow 4 10
4
G Green 5 10
5
B Blue 6 10
6
V Violet 7 10
7
G Grey 8 10
8
W White 9 10
9
13. COMBINATIONS OF RESISTANCES
There are two combinations of resistances :
(i) Resistances in Series : Adjacent figrue shows
the combinations of three resistances in series.
Same current Flows through all the wires. V
1
,
V
2
, V
3
are the potential differences along each
wire and V the net potential difference. Same
current I flows through different wires.
Therefore
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
V = V1 + V2 + V3
or V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 but V = IR
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
or R = R1 + R2 + R3
fig.2
(ii) Resistances in parallel : Adjacent figure
shows three resistances R
1
, R
2
, R
3
in parallel.
If a battery of e.m.f. E is connected across the
combination, then the potential difference across
each resistance is E, i.e.,
fig.3
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(6)
E = I
1
R
1
= I
2
R
2
= I
3
R
3
or I
1
= E

R
1,
I
2
=
E
R
2
, I
3
= E

R
3
the total current
I = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
but I = E

R,
therefore
E
R
=
E
R
1
+
E
R
2
+
E
R
3
or
1
R
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
The value of equivalent resistance is less than the
resistance of the smallest individual resistance and
therefore the resistances are connected in parallel,
if the resistance in the circuit is to be reduced.
14. Electric Cell
The electric Cell is a device which maintains the
flow of charges continuously in a circuit.
15. E.M.F. OF CELL
E.M.F. of the cell is defined in two way :
(i) Qualitative definition : The pot ent ial
difference across the terminals of the cell in an
open circuit is called the e.m.f.
(ii) Quantitative definition : The energy given
by the cell in the flow of unit charge in the
whole circuit (including the cell) is called the
electromotive froce (e.m.f) of the cell. The
e.m.f. is a characteristic of the cell which
depends upon the nature of the plates and the
electrolyte used in the cell. It is not affected by
the quantity of the 15.1 Electrolyte or the size of
the plates or the distance between the plates.
If during the flow of q coulomb of charge in an
electric circuit, the energy supplied (or the work
done) by a cell is W joule then the E.M.F. of the
cell is given by
E = (W / q) joule/coulomb or volt.
15.2 Potential difference
If for the flow of q coulomb of charge in part of an
electrical circuit, W
1
joule work is done or W
1
joule energy is consumed, then the potential
difference across that part will be V = W
1
/ q volt.
Potential difference is measured by a voltmeter.
16. INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL
The resistance offered by the electrolyte to the
flow of current in the cell is called internal
resistance. Internal resistance (r) of the cell
depends on following factors :
(i) Distance between the electrodes : The
intermal resistance of the cell increases with
increase in the distance between the plates of the
cell.
(ii) Concentration of the electrolyte : Internal
resistance of the cell increases with increases in
the concentration of the electrolyte.
(iii) Area of electrodes : Internal resistance of a
cell decreases with increase in the area of the
plates immersed in the solution.
(iv) Polarisation in the cell : Greater the
polarisatio, greater is the internal reisstance.
17. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS
THE TERMINALS OF THE CELL
Suppose the current i flows in the circuit for time
t. If the charge flown in the circuit in time t be q,
then the energy given by the cell is
W = Eq. But q = it W = Eit
Outside the cell, the potential difference across the
ends of the resistance R is V. Hence the external
work done outside the cell is W
ext
= Vit.
The internal resistance of the cell is r. Hence when
the current i flows in the circuit, the potential drop
in the electrolyte inside the cell will be V = ir.
Therfore, the work done inside the cell is
W
int
= Vit = i
2
rt. ( V = ir)
By the law of conservation of energy, we have
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
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W = Wext + W int Eit = Vit + i
2
rt or E =
V+ir
or V = E ir. .... (i)
It is clear that (i) when the cell is giving current,
that is, when it is being discharged, then the
potential difference V between its plates is less
than its e.m.F. E., (ii) larger the value of i, smaller
will be the value of V. it means that larger is the
current drawn from the cell, smaller will be the
potential difference between its plates.
If in the above eq. (i)

i = 0, then V = E. That is,
when no current is being drawn from the cell, then
the potential difference between the plates of the
cell is equal to the e.m.f.
18. VALUE OF THE CURRENT IN THE
CIRCUIT
If the current in the circuit is i, then the potential
difference between the ends of the resistance R is
given by
V = iR. .....(ii)
Substituting the value of V in eq. (i), we get
iR = E ir, or E = iR + ir = i (R + r)
i = E/(R+r) .....(iii)
Here (R + r) is the total (external + internal)
resistance of the circuit.
19. KIRCHOFFS LAWS
Kirchoff (1842) gave two laws for determining the
current and resistance in a complicated circuit.
These laws are as follows :
I law : In an electric circuit, the algebraic sum
of the currents meeting at any junction in the
circuit is zero, that is
i = 0
fig.4
When applying this law, the current going towards
the junction is taken as positive while that going
away as negative.
In the adjacent figure (a)
i
1
+ i
3
i
2
i
4
i
5
= 0 or i
1
+ i
3
= i
2
+ i
4
+ i
5
Thus the sum of the currents flowing towards the
junction is equal to the sum of the currents flowing
away from the junction.
Therefore when a steady current flows in a circuit
then there is neither any accumulation of charge at
any point in the circuit nor any charge is removed
from there. Thus, Kirchoffs first law expresses
the conservation of charge.
II law :- In any closed mesh of a circuit the sum
of the products of the current and the
resistance in each part of the mesh is equal to
the algebraic sum of the e.m.f.s in that mesh,
that is
iR = E
In applying this law, when we traverse in the
direction of current then the product of the current
and the corresponding resistance is taken as
positive, and the e.m.f. is taken as positive when
we traverse from the negative to the positive
electrode of the cell through the electroyte.
Applying Kirchoffs II law to mesh 1, we have
(see fig. b)
i
1
R
1
i
2
R
2
= E
1
E
2
Similarly, for the mesh 2, we have
i
2
R
2
+ (i
1
+ i
2
) R
3
= E
2
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From these equations we can determine the values
of currents in the different parts of the circuit.
Kirchoffs II law is in accordance with energy
conservation.
20. COMBINATIONS OF CELLS
A cell is a source of electric current. A single cell
cannot give a strong current, therefore, to get
strong current two or more cells are to be
combined. The combination of cells is called a
battery. Cells can be combined in three ways :
(1) In series, (2) In parallel and (3) In mixed
grouping.
(i) Cells in series
Circuit diagram
fig.5

E = E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
+ .....E
n

r = r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
+ .....r
n

If the e.m.f.s of all the n cells and their
internal resistances are same, then I =
nE
(R + nr)
(i) If nr > > R, then I = E/r i.e. The current
obtained from n cells is equal to that obtained
from a single cell.
(ii) If nr << R then I = nE/R
This type of combination is used when the
internal resistance of battery is negligible in
comparison to the external resistance and
e.m.f. required is high.
In this combination same current flows
through all the cells.
(ii) Cells in parallel
Circuit diagram
fig.6
I = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+ ........I
n
The e.m.f. of the combination is equal to the
e.m.f. of a single cell. i.e. E
= E
1
= E
2
= E
3
= ........
I =
E
|

\
R +
r
n
|
|

(i) if r >> R then I = nE/r

I = n x (current obtained from a single cell)
(ii) If r << R then I = E / R
This type of combiniation is used when r >>
R and more current is required in the circuit.
If the e.m.f.s of a n cells and their intenral
resistances are different, then
(i) I = I1 + I2 + I3 + ..... In
(ii) I =

E
1
r
1
+
E
2
r
2
+ . . .
E
n
r
n
(
(

1+ R
|

\
1
r
1
+
1
r
2
+ . . .
E
n
r
n
|
|

(
(

1
r
=
1
r
1
+
1
r
2
+
1
r
3
. . .
1
r
n

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(iii) Mixed grouping of cells
Circuit diagram
fig.7

Resultant current I =
nmE
nr+mR
Where
n = No. of cells connected in series
m = No. of rows of cells
R = External resistance.
E = e.m.f. of a single cell
r = Internal resistance of each cell
For maximum current R = nr/m wher nr/m is
the internal resistance of the resultant battery.
In mixed grouping of cells maximum current
is obtained when the internal resistance of
battery is eaual to the external resistance.
This type of combination is used when more
power is required in the circuit.
21. Wheatstones Bridge
(i) Circuit Diagram
fig.8
Principle For the bridge to be balanced

P
Q
=
R
S

The sensitivity of the bridge depends upon the
value of resistances and is maximum when all
the four resistantces are equal.
Ratio arm AB and BC
Known arm AD
Conjugate arms AC and BD Unknown arm
CD
On mutually changing the positions of cell
and galvanomenter, the condition
P
Q
=
R
S
Remains unchanged.
If R >
QS
P
then current flows from B to D and
if R <
QS
P
then it flows from D to B.
In the balanced condition of the bridge
(a) V
B
= V
D
(b)V
B
V
D
= 0
(c) Current in galvanometer is zero
(d)
P
Q
=
R
S
Meter bridge and post office box are based on
the principle of Wheatstones bridge.
In the experiment of bridge the cell key K
1
is
pressed first and then galvanomenter key K
2
is pressed.
The sensitivity of the bridge is maximum
when
P
Q
> 1
In unbalanced condition the current flowing
in the galvanometer is directly proportional to
P
Q
In wheatstone equivalent circuits, if
P
Q
=
R
S
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(10)
then the current flow in the circuit between B
and D is zero.
R
A
= c =
P + Q) (R + S)
P + Q) (R + S)

22. Meter Bridge
(i) The length of resistance wire in is 1m
(ii) It is used to determine the resistance of a
conducting wire. Resistances ranging from
1 to 103 can be measured with the help
of it.
(iii) Unknown resistance
S= R
l
2
l
1
and S = R
(1001)
1

(iv) The value of R is so selected that the null point
is obtained almost at the middle of the wire.
(v) The one meter long wire acts as two ratio
arms.
fig.9
23. Post-office Box
(i) The instrument used to determine the
breakage in telegraph line in post and
telegraph offices is known as Post office box.
(ii)
In this, the reistances of 10 , 100 and
1000w are often connected between A and B
and B and C. These are known as ratio arms.
(iii)
Resistance from 1 to 5000 are connected
between A and D. This is called known arm.
(iv) Unknown resistance or galvanometer or
Laclanche cell is connected between C and D.
(v)
On increasing the value of
P
Q
, the sensitivity
of the bridge decreases.
(vi) The cell key must not be pressed for long time
otherwise the resistance wire gets heated.
24. Potentiometer
It is a device by means of which potential can be
measured or the potential can be changed in the
circuit, which changes the current.
fig.10
The potentiometer wire is of high resistance
material like manganin or ureka. It is uniform in
cross-section. The length of the laboratory
potentiomenter (in the form of wire) is generally
10 m.
For a uniform wire AB of length L, connected to a
source of e. m.f. E (of negligible internal
resistance), the potential gradient (fall of potential
per unit length) is given by
=
E
L

Hence the p.d. between the fixed point A and a
variable point C on the wire
E1 = l
Thus the value of E
1
is proportional to the length
of the wire provided is kept constant. E
1
i.e. the
potential across the wire AC i.e. V
AC
can be
changed continously from zero to E. Thus the
circuit is a source of variable potential difference.
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(11)
24.1 Uses of potentiometer For the comparison
of e.m.f., s of two cells;
(2) Internal reistance of the cell can be detrmined;
(3) For the comparison of two resistances; and
(4) For calibration of ammeter or voltmenter.
Note Potentiometer circuit is more accurate for
measurement of e.m.f. of a cell in comparison to
voltmeter. Since potentiomenter circuit takes no
current from the cell at null point. Thus
potentiometer measures the e.m.f. while voltmeter
measures the p.d. in closed circuit.
Circuits equivalent to Wheatstons bridge
fig.11
(i) (a) Equivalent resistance between points A
and B in an unbalanced Whetstones bridge as
shwon in the diagram (Fig.)
fig.12
R
AB
=
PQ (R + S) + (P + Q) RS + G (P + Q) (R + S)
G (P + Q + R + S) + (P + R) (Q + S)

fig.13
R
AB
=
2PQ + G(P + Q)
2G + XQ

(ii) The curr ent f l owi ng t hrough t he
galvanomenter in unbalanced bridge as
shown in the diagram (Fig. .....)
fig.14
I
G
=
E (RQ PS)
G (P+Q) (R+S) + PQ (R+S) + RS (P+Q)
(iii) Potential difference between points B and D
in an unbalanced bridge as shown the
following circuit diagram (Fig. .....)
fig.15
V
BD
= V
B
V
D
=
I (QR PS)
(P + Q + R + S)

or
V
BD
= V
B
V
D
=
E (QR PS)
(P + Q + R + S)

(iv) The Equivalent resistance of infinite network
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(12)
of resistances as shown in the diagram
(Fig. ....)
fig.16
R =
1
2
(R
1
+ R
2
) +
1
2
[(R
1
+ R
2
)
2
+ 4R
3
(R
1
+ R
2
)]
1
2

R = R
1
+
RR
3
R+R
3
+ R
2

(v) The internal resistance of equivalent source
made from two sources of different e.m.f.s
and different internal resistances as shown in
the diagram (Fig. 15)
r =
r
1
r
2
r
1
+ r
2

because the internal resistances are connected in
parallel. Total current
i = i
1
+ i
2
=
E
1
r
1
+
E
2
r
2
=
E
1
r
2
+ E
2
r
1
r
1
r
2
fig.17
e.m.f. of the equivalent source
E = i r =
E
1
r
2
+ E
2
r
1
r
1
r
2

r
1
r
2
r
1
+ r
2
E =
E
1
r
2
+ E
2
r
1
r
1
+ r
2
volt
(vi) Total current flowing in the resistance R in
the following circuit diagram (Fig. 16 )
fig.18
i =
E
1
R
2
+ E
2
R
1
[R
2
(R
1
+ R) (R
2
+ R)]
ampere
(xxv) Other important formulae
(a)
R
R
100% = 2
l
l
100%
(b)
R
R
100% = 4
r
r
100%
(c)
R
R
100% = 2
A
A
100%
(d)
R
1
R
2
=
l
1
A
2
l
2
A
1
(e)
R
1
R
2
=
l
1
d
2
2
l
2
d
1
2
=
l
1
r
2
2
l
2
r
1
2
(f)
A
1
A
2
=
l
2
l
1
(g)
H
1
H
2
=
R
1
R
2
Bulbs in series
(h)
H
1
H
2
=
R
2
R
1
bulbs in parallel
(i) When r, and d are constant
R
1
R
2
=
|

\
l
1
l
2
|
|

2
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(13)
(xxvi) Salient fatures of series and parallel combinations of various components
Component Resistance Coil Condenser Bulb Cell
Diagram of series
combination
fig.19 a fig.19 b fig.19 c fig.19 d fig.19 e
Quantity constant in
the combination
Current Current Current Current Current
Ai m of seri es
combination
(a) When resistance
required in more than
the highest reistance
(a) When resultant
inductance required is
great er than the
highest inductance
(a) When resutant
capacity required is
l ess t han t he
minimum capacity
(b) When high
pot ent ial is t o be
divided on various
capacities.
(a) When more light is
r equi red at l ow
wattage.
(a) E = nE
(b) r = nr
(c) R = nr +R
(d) I =
nE
nr+R
Formulae for series
combination
(a) R=R1 + R2
(b) R = nR
(a)L=L + L2 +2M
(b) L = L1 + L2
(a)
1
C
=
1
C1
+
1
C1
Diagram of parallel
combination
fig.20 a fig.20 b fig.20 c fig. 20 d fig.20 e
Quantity constant in
the combination
Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential
Aim of parall el
combination
(a) When resistance
required is less than
the least resistance
(a) When resultant
inductance required is
less than the least
inductance
(a) When the resultant
capacity is greater
t hen t he hi ghest
capacity give.
(b) When hi gher
capacity is required at
low potential.
(a) When less light is
r equi red at hi gh
voltage
When current
required is less
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(14)
Component Resistance Coil Condenser Bulb Cell
other salient features
of series combination
(a)
1
R
=
1
R1
+
1
R2
(b) R =
R
n
(a)
1
L
=
1
L1
+
1
L1 + M
other salient features
of series combination
Lowest wattage bulb
shines maximum
When R>r then
useful
other salient features
of paral lel
compination
Highest wattage bulb
shines maximum
When R>r then
useful
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(15)
Objective Questions
1. Current of 4.8 amperes is flowing through a
conductor. The number of electrons per
second will be
[CPMT]
(a) 3 x 10
19
(b) 7.68 x 10
21
(c) 7.68 x 10
20
(d) 3 x 10
20
2. When the current i is flowing through a
conductor, the drift velocity is v. If 2i currrent
is flowed through the same metal but having
double the area of cross-section, then the drift
velocity will be
(a) v/4 (b) v/2
(c) v (d) 4v
3. Every atom makes one free electron in copper.
If 1.1 ampere current is flowing in the wire of
copper having 1 mm diameter, then the drift
velocity (approx.) will be (Density of copper
= 9 x 10
3
kg m
-3
and atomic weight - 63)
[CPMT]
(a) 0.3 mm/sec (b) 0.1 mm/sec
(c) 0.2 mm/sec (d) 0.2 cm/sec
4. The potential difference between points A
and B of adjoining figure is
[CPMT]
fig.21
(a)
2
3
V (b)
8
9
V
(c)
4
3
V (d) 2 V
5. The specific resistance of manganin is 50 x
10
-8
ohm x m. The resistance of a cube of
length 50 cm will be
(a) 10
6
ohm (b) 2.5 x 10
-5
ohm
(c) 10
-8
ohm (d) 5 x 10
-4
ohm
6. The resistivity of iron is 1 x 10
-7
ohm-m. The
resistance of a iron wire of particular length
and thickness is 1 ohm. If the lenght and the
diameter of wire both are doubled, then the
resistivity in ohm-m will be
[CPMT]
(a) 1 x 10
7
(b) 2 x 10
7
(c) 4 x 10
7
(d) 8 x 10
7
7. In the adjoining circuit, the battery E
1
has an
e.m.f. of 12 volt and zero internal resistance
while the battery E has an e.m.f. of 2 volt. If
the galvanometer G reads zero, then the value
of the resistance X in ohm is
[NCERT]
fig.22
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(16)
(a) 10 (b) 100
(c) 500 (d) 200
8. A wire of resistance R is divided in 10 equal
parts. These parts are connected in parallel,
the equivalent resistance of such connection
will be
[CPMT; MP PAT]
(a) 0.01 R (b) 0.1 R
(c) 10 R (d) 100 R
9. The current in the adjoining circuit will be
[IIT; CPMT]
fig.23
(a)
1
45
ampere (b)
1
15
ampere
(c)
1
10
ampere (d)
1
5
ampere
10. In the circuit shown in the figure, the current
flowing in 2 resistance
[CPMT]
fig.24
(a) 1.4 A (b) 1.2 A
(c) 0.4 A (d) 1.0 A
11. The magnitude and direction of the current in
the circuit shown will be
[CPMT]
fig.25
(a)
7
3
A from a to b through e
(b)
7
3
A from b to a through e
(c) 1.0 A from b to a through e
(d) 1.0 A from a to be through e
12. In meter bridge or Wheatstone bridge for
measurement of resistance, the known and the
unknown resistances are interchanged. The
error so removed is
[MLNR; MP PET]
(a) End correction
(b) Index error
(c) Due to temperature effect
(d) Random error
13. The resistance of a wire is 20 ohms. It is so
streched that length becomes three times, then
the new resistance of the wire will be
[MP PET]
(a) 6.67 ohms (b) 60.0 ohms
(c) 120 ohms (d) 180.0 ohms
14. There are 8 equal resistances R. Two are
connected in parallel, such four groups are
connected in series, the total resistance of the
system will be
[MP PMT]
(a) R/2 (b) 2R (c) 4 R (d) 8R
15.
A cell of internal resistance 1.5 and of e.m.f.
1.5 volt balances 500 cm on a potentiometer
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(17)
wire. If a wire of 15 is connected between
the balance point and the cell, then the balance
point will shift
[MP PMT]
(a) To zero (b) By 500 cm
(c) By 750 cm (d) None of the above
16. 10
-3
amp is flowing through a resistance of
1000 . To measure the correct potential
difference, the voltmeter is to be used of
which the resistance should be
[MP PMT]
(a) 0 (b) 500
(c) 1000 (d) >> 1000
17.
A 2 volt battery, a 15 resistor and a
potentiometer of 100 cm length, all are
connected in series. If the resistance of
potentionmenter wire is 5 . Then the
potential gradient of the potentiometer wire is
[AIIMS]
(a) 0.005 V/cm (b) 0.05 V/cm
(c) 0.02 V/cm (d) 0.2 V/cm
18. An ammeter gives full scale deflection when
current of 1.0 A is passed in it. To convert it
into 10 A range ammeter, the ratio of its
resistance and the shunt resistance will be
[MP PMT]
(a) 1 : 9 (b) 1 : 10
(c) 1 : 11 (d) 9 : 1
19.
Seven resistances each of 20 are connected
with 2 volt battery as shown in figure. The
reading of ammeter will be
fig.26
(a) 1/10 amp (b) 3/10 amp
(c) 4/10 amp (d) 7/10 amp
20. The reading of the ammeter as per figure
shown is
fig.27
(a)
1
8
A (b)
3
4
A
(c)
1
2
A (d) 2 A
21. A cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V having a finite internal
resistance is connected to a load resistance of
2 . For maximum power transfer the internal
resistance of the cell should be
[BIT]
(a) 4 ohm (b) 0.5 ohm
(c) 2 ohm (d) None of these
22. The e.m.f. of a driver cell of potentiometer is
2 V and its internal resistance is negligible.
The length of the potentiometer wire is 100
cm and resistance 5 . How much resistance
is to be connected in sereis with the
potentiometer wire to have potential gradient
of 0.05 mV/cm?
(a) 1985 (b) 1990
(c) 1995 (d) 2000
23. Two uniform wires A and B are of the same
metal and have equal masses. The radius of
wire A is twice that of wire B. The total
resistance of A and B when connected in
parallel is
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(18)
[MNR]
(a)
4 when the resistance of wire A is
4.25
(b)
5 when the resistance of wire A is
4
(c)
4 when the resistance of wire B is
4.25
(d)
5 when the resistance of wire B is
4
24. A cell of e.m.f. E is connected with an external
resistance R, then p.d. across cell is V. The
internal resistance of cell will be
[MNR]
(a)
(E V) R
E
(b)
(E V) R
V
(c)
(V E) R
V
(d)
(V E) R
E
25.
The specific resistance of a wire is , its
volume is 3 m
3
and its resistance is 3 ohms,
then its length will be
[CPMT]
(a)
1

(b)
3

(c)
1

3 (d)
1
3
26. 62.5 x 10
18
electrons per second are flowing
through a wire of area of cross-section 0.1 m
2
,
the value of current flowing will be
[CPMT]
(a) 1 A (b) 0.1 A
(c) 10 A (d) 0.11 A
27. A wire of length 5 m and radius 1 mm has a
resistance of 1 ohm. What length of the wire
of the same material at the same temperature
and of radius 2 mm will also have a resistance
of 1 ohm?
(a) 1.25 m (b) 2.5 m
(c) 10 m (d) 20 m
28. Three resistances of magnitude 2, 3 and 5 ohm
are connected in parallel to a battery of 10
volts and of negligible resistance. The
potential difference across 3 resistance will
be
[CPMT]
(a) 2 volts (b) 3 volts
(c) 5 volts (d) 10 volts
29. Referring to the figure below, the effective
resistance of the network is
[NCERT]
fig.28
(a) 2 r (b) 4 r
(c) 10 r (d) 5r/2
30. Twelve wires of equal length and same
cross-section are connected in the form of a
cube. If the resistance of each of the wires is
R, then the effective resistance between the
two diagonal ends would be
fig.29
(a) 2 R (b) 12 R
(c)
5
6
R (d) 8 R
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(19)
31. A Daniel cell is balanced on 125 cm length of
a potentiometer wire. Now the cell is
short-circuited by a resistance 2 ohm and the
balance is obtained at 100 cm. The internal
resistance of the Daniel cell is
(a) 0.5 ohm (b) 1.5 ohm
(c) 1.25 ohm (d) 4/5 ohm
32. Sensi t i vei t y of potenti ometer can be
increased by
[MP PET]
(a) Increasing the e.m.f. of the cell
(b) I ncr easi ng t he l engt h of t he
potentiometer wire
(c) Decr easi ng t he l engt h of t he
potentiometer wire
(d) None of the above
33.
Kirchhoffs first law i.e. i = 0 at a junction
is based on the law of conservation of
[CBSE]
(a) Charge
(b) Energy
(c) Momentum
(d) Angular momentum
34. The figure below shows currents in a part of
electric circuit. The current I is
[CPMT]
fig.30
(a) 1.7 amp (b) 3.7 amp
(c) 1.3 amp (d) 1 amp
35. In comparting e.m.f. of two cells with the help
of a potentiometer, at the balance point, the
current flowing through the wire is taken from
(a) One of these cells
(b) Both of these cells
(c) The battery in the main circuit
(d) None of the above
36. Lamps used for household lighting are
connected in
(a) Series (b) Parallel
(c) Mixed circuit (d) None of the above
37. In the circuit shown, potential difference
between X and Y will be
fig.31
(a) Zero (b) 20 V
(c) 60 V (d) 120 V
38. In the circuit shown, A and V are ideal
ammeter and voltmeter respectively. Reading
of the voltmeter will be
fig.32
(a) 2 V (b) 1 V
(c) 0.5 V (d) Zero
39. Through an electrolyte, an electric current is
due to drift of
(a) Free electrons
(b) Positive and negative ions
(c) Free electrons and holes
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(20)
(d) Protons
40. When a resistance of 2 ohm is connected
across the terminals of a cell, the current is 0.5
amperes. When the resistance is increased to
5 ohm, the current is 0.25 amperes. The
internal resistance of the cell is
[MP PMT]
(a) 0.5 ohm (b) 1.0 ohm
(c) 1.5 ohm (d) 2.0 ohm
41. Dimensions of a block are 1 cm x 1 cm x 100
cm. If specific resistance of its material is 3 x
10
-7
ohm-m, then the resistance between the
oppsite rectangular faces is
[MP PET]
(a) 3 x 10
9
ohm (b) 3 x 10
7
ohm
(c) 3 x 10
5
ohm (d) 3 x 10
3
ohm
42. The electric intensity E, current density j and
specific resistance k are related to each other
by the relation
(a) E = j / k (b) E = jk
(c) E = k/j (d) k = jE
43. The equivalent resistance of resistors
connected in series is always
[CPMT; MP PMT]
(a) Equal to the mean of component
resistors
(b) Less than the lowest of component
resistors
(c) In between the lowest and the highest of
component resistors
(d) Equal to sum of component resistors
44. A primary cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 volts, when
short-circuited it gives a current of 3 amperes.
The internal resistance of the cell is
[CPMT]
(a) 4.5 ohm (b) 2 ohm
(c) 0.5 ohm (d) 1/4.5 ohm
45. A 50 V battery is connected across a 10 ohm
resistor. The current is 4.5 amperes. The
internal resistance of the battery is
[CPMT; BHU]
(a) Zero (b) 0.5 ohm
(c) 1.1 ohm (d) 5.0 ohm
46. The resistance of a wire of uniform diameter
d and length L is R. The resistance of another
wire of the same material but diameter 2d and
length 4L will be
[CPMT]
(a) 2R (b) R
(c) R/2 (d) R/4
47. A battery of 6 volts is connected to the
terminals of a three metre long wire of
uniform thickness and resistance of the order
of 100 . The difference of potential between
two points separated by 50 cm on the wire will
be
[CPMT]
(a) 1 V (b) 1.5 V
(c) 2 V (d) 3 V
48. Variation of current passing through a
conductor as the voltage applied across its
ends as varied is shown in the adjoining
diagram. If the resistance is determined at the
points A, B, C and D, we will find that
[CPMT]
fig.33
(a) Resistances at C and D are equal
(b) Resistance at B is higher than at A
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(21)
(c) Resistance at C is higher than at B
(d) None of these
49. In the network shown in the adjoining figure
each resistance is 1 ohm. The effective
resistance between A and B is
[CBSE]
fig.34
(a)
4
3
ohm (b)
3
2
ohm
(c) 7 ohm (d)
8
7
ohm
50. You are given several identical resistances
eahc of value R = 10 and each capable of
carrying maximum current of 1 ampere. It is
required to make a suitable combination of
these resistances to produce a resistance of 5
which can carry a current of 4 amperes. The
minimum number of resistances of the type R
that will be required for this job
[CBSE]
(a) 4 (b) 10
(c) 8 (d) 20
51. Resistances of 6 ohm each are connected in
the manner shown in adjoining figure. With
the current 0.5 ampere as shown in figure, the
potential difference V
p
V
Q
is
[CPMT]
fig.35
(a) 3.6 V (b) 6.0 V
(c) 3.0 V (d) 7.2 V
52. A potentiometer is used for the comparison of
e.m.f. of two cells E
1
and E
2
. For cell E
1
the
no deflection point is obtained at 20 cm and
for E
2
the no deflection point is obtained at 30
cm. The ratio of their e.m.fs will be
[MP PET]
(a) 2/3 (b) 1/2
(c) 1 (d) 2
53. The potential difference in open circuit for a
cell is 2.2 volts. When a 4 ohm resistor is
connected between its two electrodes the p.d.
becomes 2 volts. The internal resistance of the
cell will be
[MP PMT; SCRA]
(a) 1 ohm (b) 0.2 ohm
(c) 2.5 ohm (d) 0.4 ohm
54. In the circuit below, ammeter A reading 0.5
A. Bulbs L
1
and L
2
are birghtly lit but L
3
is
not lit. What is the reason ?
fig.36
(a) The ammeter is faulty
(b) The filament of L3 is broken
(c) The resistance of L3 is much lower than
L1 and L2
(d) Ther may be break in the wire between
L2 and L3
55. A new flashlight cell of e.m.f. 1.5 volts gives
a current of 15 amps, when connected directly
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(22)
to an ammeter of resistance 0.04 . The
internal resistance of cell is
[MP PET]
(a) 0.04 (b) 0.06
(c) 0.10 (d) 10
56. The resistances of a wire at temperatures tC
and 0C are related by
[MP PMT]
(a) R
t
= R
0
(1 + t) (b) R
t
= R
0
(1 t)
(c) R
t
= R
0
R
2
(1 + t) (d) R
t
= R
0
2
(1 t)
57. A cell whose e.m.f. is 2 V and internal
resistance is 0.1 , is connected with a
resistance of 3.9 . The voltage across the cell
terminal will be
[CPMT; MP PET; CBSE]
(a) 0.50 V (b) 1.90 V
(c) 1.95 V (d) 2.00 V
58. The e.m.f. of a standard cell balances across
150 cm length of a wire of potentiometer.
When a resistance of 2 is connected as a
shunt with the cell, the balance point is
obtained at 100 cm. The internal resistance of
the cell is
[MP PET]
(a) 0.1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0.5
59.
If n, e, and m respectively represent the
density, charge relaxation time and mass of
the electron, then the resistance of a wire of
length l and area of cross-section A will be
[CPMT]
(a)
2 m l
n e
2
A
(b)
m
2
A
n e
2
l
(c)
n e
2
A
2 m l
(d)
n e
2
A
2 m l
60. A minimum resistance is to be prepared from
a copper wire, its length and diameter should
be
[NCERT]
(a) l and d (b) 2l and d
(c) l/2 and 2d (d) 2l and d/2
61.
The resistance of a wire is 10 . Its length is
increased by 10% by stretching. The new
resistance will now be
(a) 12 (b) 1.2
(c) 13 (d) 11
62. Resistance of tungsten wire at 150C is 133
. Its resistance temp. coefficient is 0.0045 /
C. The resistance of this wire at 500C will
be
(a) 180 (b) 225
(c) 258 (d) 317
63.
The resistance of a wire is 10
6
per metre.
It is bend in the form of a circle of diameter 2
m. A wire of the same material is connected
across its diameter. The total resistance across
its diameter AB will be
fig.37
(a)
4
3
10
6
(b)
2
3
10
6

(c) 0.88 x 10
-6
(d) 14 x 10
-6

AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(23)
64. In the figure shown, the total current from the
battery is
fig.38
(a) 1 A (b) 2 A
(c) 3 A (d) 4 A
65. n identical cells each of e.m.f. E and internal
resistance r are connected in series. An
external resistance R is connected in series to
this combination. The current through R is
(a)
nE
R + nr
(b)
nE
nR + r
(c)
E
R + nr
(d)
nE
R + r
66. A cell of internal resistance r is connected to
an external resistance R. The current will be
maximum in R, if
[CPMT]
(a) R = r (b) R < r
(c) R > r (d) R = r/2
67. Two cells of equal e.m.f. and of internal
resistances r
1
and r
2
(r
1
> r
2
) are connected
in series. On connecting this combination to
an external resistance R, it is observed that the
p.d. across the first cell becomes zero. The
value of R will be
[MP PET]
(a) r
1
+ r
2
(b) r
1
r
2
(c)
r
1
+ r
2
2
(d)
r
1
r
2
2
68. In an experiment of Wheatstone bridge, a null
point is obtained at the centre of the bridge
wire. When a reistance of 10 ohm is
connected in one gap, the value of resistance
in other gap is
[MP PET]
(a) 10 (b) 5
(c)
1
5
(d) 500
69. The current from the battery in circuit
diagram shown is
[IIT]
fig.39
(a) 1 A (b) 2 A
(c) 1.5 A (d) 3 A
70. In the diagram shown, the reading of
voltmeter is 20 V and that of ammeter is 4 A.
the value of R should be
[Rajasthan PMT]
fig.40
(a)
Equal to 5
(b)
Greater from 5
(c)
Less than 5
(d)
Greater or less than 5 depends on the
material or R
71. In the given figure, when key k is opened, the
reading of the ammeter A will be
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(24)
[MP PMT]
fig.41
(a) 50 A (b) 2 A
(c) 0.5 A (d)
10
9
A
72. The resistances in wheatstones bridge circuit
shown in the figure, all have different
resistances and the current through the
galvanometer is zero. If all thermal effects are
negl i gi bl e, t he current t hrough t he
galvanomenter will not be zero, when
fig.42
(a) The battery e.m.f is doubled
(b) The battery and galvanomenter are
interchanged
(c) All resistances in the circuit are doubled
(d) Resistances R1 and R2 are interchanged
73. In the given circuit, the potential of the point
E is
fig.43
(a) Zero (b) - 8 V
(c) - 4 / 3 V (d) 4/3 V
74. The internal resistances of two cells shown
are 0.1 and 0.3 . If R = 0.2 , the potential
difference across the cell
fig.44
(a) B will be zero
(b) A will be zero
(c) A and B will be 2 V
(d) A will be > 2V and B will be < 2V
75. A torch battery consisting of two cells of 1.45
volts and an internal resistance 0.15 , each
cell sending currents throgh the filament of
the lamps having resistance 1.5 ohms. The
value of current will be
[MP PET]
(a) 16.11 amp (b) 1.61 1 amp
(c) 0.1611 amp (d) 2.6 amp
76. Four wires AB, BC, CD, DA of resistance 4
ohm each and a fifth wire BD of resistance 8
ohm are joined to form a rectangle ABCD of
which BD is a diagonal. The effective
resistance between the points A and B is
[MP PMT]
(a) 24 ohm (b) 16 ohm
(c)
4
3
ohm (d)
8
3
ohm
77. In a potentiometer circuit there is a cell of
e.m.f. 2 volt, a resistance of 5 ohm and a wire
of uniform thickness of length 1000 cm and
resistance 15 ohm. The potential gradient in
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(25)
the wire is
[MP PMT]
(a)
1
500
V

cm (b)
3
2000
V

cm
(c)
3
5000
V

cm (d)
1
1000
V

cm
78. The resistance of a galvanomenter is 25 ohm
and it requires 50 m A for full deflection. The
value of the shunt resistance required to
convert it into an ammeter of 5 amp is
[MP PMT; BHU]
(a) 2.5 x 10
4
ohm (b) 1.25 x 10
3
ohm
(c) 0.05 ohm (d) 2.5 ohm
79. A voltmeter having a resistance of 998 ohms
is connected to a cell of e.m.f. 2 volt and
internal resistance 2 ohm. The error in the
measurement of e.m.f. will be
[MP PMT]
(a) 4 10
1
volt (b) 2 10
3
volt
(c) 4 10
3
volt (d) 2 x 10
1
volt
80. A solenoid is at potential difference 60 V and
current flows through it is 15 ampere, then the
resistance of coil will be
[AFMC]
(a) 4 (b) 8
(c) 0.25 (d) 2 2 2 2
81. In the network shown in the figure, each of
the resistance is equal to 2. . . . The resistance
between the points A and B is
[CBSE]
fig.45
(a) 1 (b) 4 4 4 4
(c) 3 (d) 2 2 2 2
82. When the key K is pressed at time t = 0, which
of the following statements about the current
I in the resistor AB of the given circuit is true
[CBSE]
fig.46
(a) I = 2 mA at all t
(b) I oscillates between 1 mA and 2mA
(c) I = 1 mA at all t
(d) At t = 0, I = 2 mA and with time it goes
to 1 mA
83. In the figure given below, the current passing
through 6 resistor is
[Manipal MEE]
fig.47
(a) 0.40 ampere (b) 0.48 ampere
(c) 0.72 ampere (d) 0.80 ampere
84.
A battery of internal resistance 4 i s
connected to the network of resistances as
shown. In order to give the maximum power
to the network, the value of R (in ) should
be
[IIT]
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(26)
fig.48
(a) 4 / 9 (b) 8/9 (c) 2 (d) 18
85. The electromotive force of a primary cell is 2
volts. When it is short-circuited it gives a
current of 4 amperes. Its internal resistance in
ohms is
[MP PET]
(a) 0.5 (b) 5.0 (c) 2.0 (d) 8.0
86. A potential difference of V is applied at the
ends of a copper wire of lenght l and diameter
d. On doubling only d, drift velocity
[MP PET]
fig.49
(a) Becomes two times
(b) Becomes half
(c) Dose not change
(d) Becomes one fourth
87. The figure shows a network of currents. The
magnitude of currents is shown here. The
current I will be
fig.50
(a) 3A (b) 13A
(c) 23A (d) 3A
88. A certain piece of silver of given mass is to be
made like a wire. Which of the following
combinations of length (L) and the area of
cross-section (A) will lead to the smallest
resistance
[MP PMT; CBSE]
(a) L and A
(b) 2L and A/2
(c) L/2 and 2A
(d) Any of the above, because volume of
silver remains same
89. Five resistors of given values are connected
together as shown in the figure. The current
in the arm BD will be
[MP PMT]
fig.51
(a) Half the current in the arm ABC
(b) Zero
(c) Twice the current in the arm ABC
(d) Four times the current in the arm ABC
90. AB is a wire of uniform resistance. The
galvanometer G shows no current when the
length AC = 20 cm and CB = 80 cm. The
resistance R is equal to
[MP PMT]
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(27)
fig.52
(a) 2 (b) 8
(c) 20 (d) 40
91. The circuit shown here is used to compare the
e.m.f. of two cells E
1
and E
2
(E
1
> E
2
). The
null point is at C when the galvanometer is
connected to E
1
. When the galvanometer is
connected to E
2
, the null point will be
[MP PMT]
fig.53
(a) To the left of C (b) To the right of C
(c) At C itself (d) Nowhere on AB
92. A dry cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 V and an
internal resistance of 0.05 . The maximum
current obtainable from this cell for a very
short time interval is
[Kurukshetra CEE]
(a) 30 A (b) 300 A
(c) 3 A (d) 0.3 A
93. The potential difference across 8 ohm
resistance is 48 volt as shown in the figure.
The value of potential diffence across X and
Y points will be
[MP PET]
fig.54
(a) 160 volt (b) 128 volt
(c) 80 volt (d) 62 volt
94. The voltave V and current I graph for a
conductor at two different temperatures T
1
and T
2
are shown in the figure. The ralation
between T
1
and T
2
is
[MP PET]
fig.55
(a) T
1
> T
2
(b) T
1
T
2
(c) T
1
= T
2
(d) T
1
< T
2
95. Four torch bulbs rated 1.5 V and 0.5 A are
connected in parallel. The combination is
joind through a resistance R to a 12 V battery
(see figure). In order that each bulb operates
at its rated value the resistance R shall be
fig.56
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(28)
(a)
3
4
ohm (b)
3
4
ohm
(c)
21
4
ohm (d) 6 ohm
96. A potentiometer circuit shown in the figure is
set up to measure e.m.f. of a cell E. As the
point P moves from x to y the galvanometer
G shows deflection always in one direction,
but the deflection decreases continuously unit
y is reached. In order to obtain balance point
between x and y it is necessary to
fig. 57
(a) Decreases the resistance R
(b) Increase the resistance R
(c) Reverse the terminals of battery V
(d) Reverse the terminals of cell E
97.
A wire has resistance 12 . It is bent in the
form of a circle. The effective resistance
between the two points on any diameter is
equal to
(a) 12 (b) 6
(c) 3 (d) 24
98. In the circuit shown, the point B is earthed.
The potential at the point A is
fig.58
(a) 14 V (b) 24 V
(c) 26 V (d) 50 V
99. The three cells in the circuit have e.m.f. E, E
1
and E
2
. E is always in the circuit, once with
E
1
onl y and t hen wi t h E
2
, onl y t he
galvanometers do not show any current either
with E
1
or with E
2
in the circuit. This indicates
fig.59
(a) E
1
> E
2
(b) E
1
< E
2
(c) E
1
= E
2
(d) E
1
+ E
2
= E
100. The figure shows a network of currents with
values indicated in the branches. The current
I in this circuit is
fig.60
(a) 3 A (b) 5 A
(c) 7 A (d) 10 A
101. Consider the circuit given here with the
following parameters
EMF of the cell = 12 V
Internal resistance of the cell = 2
Resistance R = 4
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(29)
fig.61
Which one of the following statements in
true
(a) Rate of energy loss in the source is = 8
W
(b) Rate of energy conversion in the source
is = 16 W
(c) Power output in R is = 8 W
(d) Potential drop acroos R is = 16 V
102. When a potential differnce is applied across
the ends of a linear metallic conductor
[MP PET]
(a) The free electrons are accelerated
continuouly from the lower potential
end to the higher potential end of the
conductor
(b) The free electrons are accelerated
continuously from the higher potential
end to the lower potential end of the
conductor
(c) The free electrons acquire a constant
drift velocity from the lower potential
end of the conductor
(d) The free electrons are set in motion from
their position of rest
103. In a wire of circular cross-section with radius
r, free electrons travel with a drift velocity V
when a current I flows through the wire. What
is the current in another wire of half the radius
and of the same material when the drift
velocity is 2V
[MP PET]
(a) 2I (b) I
(c) I/2 (d) I/4
104. A current of two amperes is flowing through
a cell of e.m.f. 5 volts and internal resistance
0.5 ohm from negative to positive electrode.
If the potential of negative electrode is 10 V,
the potential of positive electrode will be
[MP PMT]
(a) 5 V (b) 14 V
(c) 15 V (d) 16 V
105. In the circuit shown below the cell has an
e.m.f. of 10 V and internal resistance of 1
ohm. The other resistance are shown in the
figure :
[MP PMT]
fig.62
The potential diffence VA VB is
(a) 6 V (b) 4 V
(c) 2 V (d) 2V
106. Two resistances R
1
and R
2
are made of
di fferent mat eri al s. The t emperat ure
coefficient of the material of R
1
is and of
the material of R
2
is . The resistance of the
sereis combination of R
1
and R
2
will not
change with temperature, if R
1
/ R
2
equals
[MP PMT]
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(30)
(a)

(b)
+

(c)

2
+
2

(d)

107.
A resistance of 4 and a wire of length 5
metres and resistanc 5 are joined in series
and connected to a cell of e.m.f. 10 V and
i nt ernal resi st ance 1 . A paral l el
combination of two indentical cells is
balanced across 300 cm of th wire
[MP PMT]
fig.63
The e.m.f. E of each cell is
(a) 1.5 V (b) 3.0 V
(c) 0.67 V (d) 1.33 V
108. The resistance between the terminal points A
and B of the given infinitely long circuit will
be
[MP PMT / PET]
fig.64
(a) (3 1) (b) (1 3)
(c) (1 + 3) (d) (2 + 3)
109. The current in the arm CD of the circuit will
be
[MP PMT / PET]
fig.65
(a) i
1
+ i
2
(b) i
2
+ i
3
(c) i
1
+ i
3
(d) i
1
i
2
+ i
3
110. The resistivity of a potentiometer wire is 40
X 10
-8
ohm-m and its area of cross-section is
8 x 10
6
m
2
. If 0.2 amp current is flowing
through the wire, the potential gradient will
be
[MP PMT / PET]
(a) 10
2
volt

m(b) 10
1
volt

m
(c) 3.2 10
2
volt

m (d) 1 volt / m
111. A 100 V voltmeter of internal resistance 20
k in series with a high resistance R is
connected to a 110 V line. The voltmeter reads
5 V, the value of R is
[MP PET]
(a) 210 k (b) 315 k
(c) 420 k (d) 440 440 440 440
112. A torch bulb rated as 4.5 W, 1.5 V is connected
as shown in the figure. The emf of the cell
needed to make the bulb glow at full intensity
is
[MP PMT]
fig.66
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(31)
(a) 4.5 V (b) 1.5 V
(c) 2.67 V (d) 13.5 V
113.
In the circuit shown P R, the reading of the
galvanometer is same with switch S open or
closed. Then
[IIT]
fig.67
(a) I
R
= I
G
(b) I
p
= I
G
(c) I
Q
= I
G
(d) I
Q
= I
R
114. In the following Wheatstone bridge P/Q =
R/S. If key K is closed, then the galvanometer
will show deflection
[CPMT]
fig.68
(a) In left side (b) In right side
(c) No deflection (d) In either side
115. In the circuit shown in the figure, the current
through
[IIT]
fig.69
(a) The 3 resistor is 0.50 A
(b) The 3 resistor is 0.25 A
(c) The 4 resistor is 0.50 A
(d) The 4 resistor is 0.25 A
116. A potentiometer wire has length 10 m and
resistance 20 . A 2.5 V battery of negligible
internal resistance is connected across the
wire with an 80 series resistance. The
potential gradient on the wire will be
[CET Karnataka]
(a) 5 10
5
V

mm
(b) 2.5 10
4
V

cm
(c) 0.62 x 10
-4
V/mm
(d) 1 x 10
-5
V/mm
117. An electric iron draws 5 amp, a TV set draws
3 amp and a refrigerator draws 2 amp from a
220 volt main line. The three appliances are
connected in parallel. If all the three are
operating at the same time, the fuse used may
be of
[ISM Dhanbad]
(a) 20 amp (b) 5 amp
(c) 15 amp (d) 10 amp
118.
A uniform wire of 16 resistance is made
into the form of a square. Two opposite
corners of the square are connected by a wire
of resistance 16 . The effective resistance
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(32)
between the other two opposite corners is
[EAMCET (Med.)]
(a) 32 (b) 16
(c) 8 (d) 4
119. If six identical cells each having an EMF of
6V are connected in parallel, the EMF of the
combination is
[EAMCET (Med.)]
(a) 1 V (b) 36 V
(c)
1
6
V (d) 6 V
120. Consider the circuit shown in the figure. The
current I
3
is equal to
[AMU]
fig.70
(a) 5 amp (b) 3 amp
(c) 3 amp (d) 5/6 amp
121. For what value of R the net resistance of the
circuit will be 18 ohms
[Raj. PET]
fig.71
(a) 8 (b) 10
(c) 16 (d) 24
122. If V
AB
= 4V in the given figure, then
resistance X will be
[Rja. PET]
fig.72
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 15 (d) 20
123.
20 A current flows for 30 seconds in a wire,
transfer of charge will be
[Raj. PMT]
(a) 2 10
4
C (b) 4 10
4
C
(c) 6 10
4
C (d) 8 10
4
C
124. In the adjoining circuit, the e.m.f. of the cell
is 2 volt and the internal reistance is
negligible. The resistance of the voltmeter is
80 ohm. The reading of the voltmeter will be
[CPMT]
fig.73
(a) 0.80 volt (b) 1.60 volt
(c) 1.33 volt (d) 2.00 volt
125.
In the figure, current through the 3 resistor
is 0.8 ampere, then potential drop through 4
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(33)
resistor is
[CBSE]
fig.74
(a) 9.6 V (b) 2.6 V
(c) 4.8 V (d) 1.2 V
126. Two resistances R
1
and R
2
are joined as shown
in the figure to two batteries of emf E
1
and E
2
.
If E
2
is short-circuited, the current through R
1
is
[NDA]
fig.75
(a) E
1

R
1
(b) E
2

R
1
(c) E
2

R
2
(d) E
1

(R
2
+ R
1
)
127. What will be the equivalent resistance
between the two points A and D
[NTSE]
fig.76
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 30 (d) 40
128. What is the equivalent resistance between A
and B in the figure below if R = 3
[SCRA]
fig.77
(a) 9 (b) 12
(c) 15 (d) None of these
129. If the resistivity of a potentiometer wire be r
and area of cross-section be A, then what will
be potential gradient along the wire
[Raj. PET]
(a)
l

A
(b)
l
A
(c)
lA

(d) lA
130. From the graph between current I and voltage
V shown below, i dent ify t he port ion
corresponding to negative resistance
[CBSE]
fig.78
(a) AB (b) BC
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(34)
(c) CD (d) DE
131. What is the equivalent resistance of the
circuite
[CET]
fig.79
(a) 6 (b) 7
(c) 8 (d) 9
132.
In the Wheatstones bridge shown, P = 2 , Q
= 3 , R = 6 and S = 8 . In order to obtain
balance, shunt resistance across S must be
[SCRA]
fig.80
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 8
133. When two resistances are connected in prallel
then the equivalent resistance is
6
5
. When
one of the resistances is removed then the
effective resistance is 2 . The resistance of
the wire removed will be
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c)
3
5
(d)
6
5

134. The equivalent resistance between the points
X and Y in the adjoining circuit (Fig.), will
be
(a) 10
(b) 40
(c) 30
(d) 20
fig.81
135. The V I graph for a conductor at temperature
T
1
and T
2
are shown in the figure (Fig. ) (T
2
T
1
) will be proportional to V
fig.82
(a) cos 2 (b) cot 2
(c) sin 2 (d) tan 2 2 2 2
136. In the adjoning figure (Fig. ), the equivalent
resistance between the points A and H will
be
fig.83
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(35)
(a)
7
8
(b)
8
7

(c)
9
11
(d)
11
9

137.
In the circuit shown, the current in 2
resistance will be
fig. 84
(a) 1.25 A (b) 1.5 A
(c) 1.8 A (d) 0.9 A
138. In the circuit shown, if key K is open, then
ammeter reading will be
fig.85
(a) 50 A (b) 2A
(c) 0.5 A (d)
10
9
A
139. Two cells of equal e.m.f. E but of different
internal resistances r
1
and r
2
are connected in
parallel and the combination is connected
with an external resistance R. To obtain
maximum power in R, its value must be
fig.86
(a)
r
1
2
(b)
r
2
2
(c)
r
1
+ r
2
2
(d)
r
1
r
2
r
1
+ r
2
140. The reading of ammeter in the adjoining
diagram will be
fig.87
(a)
2
17
A (b)
3
11
A (c)
1
13
A (d)
4
15
A
141. A potential difference of 20V is applied
across the ends of a coil. The amount of heat
generated in it is 800 cal/s. The value of
resistance of the coil will be
(a) 12 (b) 1.2
(c) 0.12 (d) 0.012
142. The reading of the ideal voltmeter in the
adjoning diagram will be
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
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fig.88
(a) 4V (b) 8V
(c) 12V (d) 14V
143. The potential difference between the points A
and B in the given circuit will be
fig.89
(a) 8 V (b) 4 V
(c) 2 V (d) 1 V
144. In the figure below the effective resistance of
the network is
fig.90
(a) 2R (b) 4 R
(c) 10 R (d) 5 R/2.
145. The resistance of hexagon circuit represented
in figure
fig.91
(a) r (b) 0.5 r
(c) 2 r (d) 3 r
146. The resistance of the circuite between A and
B shown in the figure if each resistance is 2
. . . .
fig.92
(a) 5 (b) 7
(c) 9 (d) 11
147.
What should be the value of R in so that the
total resistance of the network shown is 2 R
?
fig.93
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 6
148. Figure shows a potentiometer circuit for
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(37)
measuring the internal resistance r of a cell Y.
When the cell is on open circuit T is the
balance point on the wire PQ. The resistor R
2
is used
fig.94
(a) to make the galvanometer G more
sensitive.
(b) to produce a long balance length.
(c) because G is a sensitive galvanometer
(d) to protect the potentiometer wire.
149. In the circuit shown below an ammeter of
negligible resistance and a voltmeter of very
high resistance are used when key K is open,
the voltmeter reads 1.53 V. When the key is
closed, the ammeter reads 1.0 A and the
voltmeter reads 1.03 volt. The resistance R is
Fig. 94A
(a) 0.5 ohm (b) 1.03 ohm
(c) 1.53 ohm (d) 0.53 ohm
150. The current I in the given circuit is
[CBSE]
fig.95
(a)
1
45
amp (b)
1
15
amp
(c)
1
10
amp (d)
3
5
amp.
151. Determine the resistance R measured with a
Wheatstone bridge as shown figure, if at R
1
= 1.5 , l
1
= 20 cm, l
2
= 80 cm there is no
current through the galvanometer.
fig.96
(a) 3 (b) 6
(c) 9 (d) 12
152. The figure shows a circuit with E as the
earthing of the common slate. The potentials
at P and Q are
fig.97
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(38)
(a) 0 V, 1000 V (b) 1000 V, 0 V
(c) + 600 V, 400 V (d) + 400 V, 600 V
153. In a circuit given below, when key K
1
is
closed the ammeter reads I
0
whether K
2
is
closed. or open but when K
1
is open then
ammeter reads I
0/2
when K
2
is closed Assume
that ammeter resistance is much less than R
2
.
The above data gives for r and R
1
respectively
the values (all in ohms)
fig.97(A)
(a) 0, 50 (b) 50, 100
(c) 100, 50 (d) 0, 100
154. The reading of ammeter A in the circuit
shown below is
fig.98
(a)
1
4
A (b)
1
2
A
(c)
3
4
A (d) 4 A.
155. A circuit is set up as shown. If at one time R
1
+ R
2
= 10 ohm, the internal resistance of cell
is 1 ohm and the e.m.f of the battery is 6 volt
the reading of the ammeter (negligible
resistance) will be
fig.99
(a) 6 A (b) 60 A
(c)
6
11
A (d) 0.6 A
156. In the circuit shown in the figure below the
cells E
1
and E
2
have e.m.fs 4V and 8V and
internal resistance 0.5 ohm and 1.0 ohm
fig.100
respectively. Then the potential difference
across cell E
1
and E
2
will be
(a) 3.75 V, 7.5 V
(b) 4.25 V, 7.5 V
(c) 3.75 V, 3.75 V
(d) 4.25 V, 4.25 V
157. In the circuit shown the electrical resistance
between points A and B is
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(39)
fig. 100A
(a) 24 ohm (b) 12 ohm
(c) 18 ohm (d) 9 ohm
158. The long resistor between A and B has a
resistance of 300 ohm and is tapped at one
third points as shown in figure. Then the
equivalent resistance between A and B is
fig.101
(a) 70 (b) 475
(c) 32 (d) 20
159. In the circuit diagram shown below the
potential differences between points A and B
is zero. Then the e.m.f. of the battery is
fig.102
(a) 11 V (b) 10 V
(c) 1 V (d) 6 V
160. In the electric circuit shown below, the
reading of the voltmeter V
1
is 26 volt, and the
reading of the ammeter A
1
is 2 ampere. What
is the reading of voltmeter V
2
?
fig.103
(a) 52 V (b) 26 V
(c) 13 V (d) 8 V
161. Figure below shows an infinitely long
seriesparallel chain. Each resistance of this
chain is 100 . Then the total resistance
between A and B is
fig.104
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(40)
(a) 100 (3 + 1) ohm
(b) 100 (3) ohm
(c) 100 (3 1) ohm
(d) 100
|

\
1
3
|
|

ohm
162. Figure below shows an infinite circuit by the
repetition of the same link, consisting of
resistance R
1
= 4 and R
2
= 3
fig. 105
The resistance of this circuit between A and
B is
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 7 (d) 6
163. Three bulbs B
1
, B
2
and B
3
are connected to the
mains as shown in the figure given below.
How will the incandescence of bulb B
1
be
affected if one of bulbs B
2
or B
3
i s
disconnected from the circuit.
fig.106
(a) No change in incandescence
(b) Bulb B1 will become brighter
(c) Bulb B1 will become less bright
(d) The bulb B1 may become brighter or
dimmer depending upon the candle
power of t he bul b whi ch i s
disconnected.
164. The least number of cells each of emf 2.1 volt
and internal resistance of 0.525 ohm to
produce a current of 6 ampere in an external
resistance of 0.7 ohm will be
(a) 3 (b) 12
(c) 6 (d) 8
165. A five-pointed regular star as shown in the
figure has been soldered together from a
uniform wire. The resistance of the arm EL =
r ohm. Then the resistance of the section FL
is
[Given Sin 18 = 0.3090]
fig.107
(a) 0.62 r (b) r
(c) 0.973 r (d) 1.5 r
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(41)
Answer Sheet
1 a
2 c
3 b
4 c
5 a
6 a
7 b
8 a
9 c
10 d
11 d
12 a
13 d
14 b
15 d
16 d
17 a
18 d
19 c
20 b
21 c
22 c
23 a
24 b
25 b
26 c
27 d
28 d
29 d
30 c
31 a
32 b
33 a
34 a
35 c
36 b
37 d
38 d
39 b
40 b
41 b
42 b
43 d
44 c
45 c
46 b
47 a
48 d
49 d
50 c
51 c
52 a
53 d
54 c
55 b
56 a
57 c
58 b
59 a
60 c
61 a
62 d
63 c
64 d
65 a
66 a
67 b
68 a
69 a
70 c
71 b
72 d
73 c
74 a
75 b
76 d
77 b
78 a
79 c
80 a
81 d
82 d
83 b
84 c
85 a
86 c
87 c
88 c
89 b
90 c
91 a
92 a
93 a
94 a
95 c
96 a
97 c
98 d
99 b
100 c
101 b
102 c
103 c
104 b
105 d
106 d
107 b
108 c
109 b
110 a
111 c
112 d
113 a
114 d
115 d
116 a
117 a,c
118 d
119 d
120 d
121 c
122 d
123 c
124 c
125 c
126 a
127 c
128 d
129 a
130 c
131 c
132 d
133 c
134 a
135 b
136 b
137 d
138 b
139 d
140 c
141 c
142 b
143 a
144 d
145 b
146 b
147 c
148 c
149 b
150 d
151 b
152 c
153 a
154 c
155 c
156 b
157 d
158 c
159 d
160 d
161 c
162 d
163 b
164 b
165 a
Q.No. Ans Q.No. Ans Q.No. Ans Q.No. Ans Q.No. Ans Q.No. Ans
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(42)
Hints and Solutions
1. (a) Number of electrons flowing per second
= 4.8 / 1.6 x 10
19
= 3 10
19
2. (c)
vd =
J
ne
vd J (current density)
J1 =
i
A
and J2 =
2i
2A
=
i
A
= J1;
(vd)1 = (vd)2 = v
3. (b) Density of Cu
= 9 x (mass of 1 m
3
of Cu)
10
3
kg

m
3

.
.
.6.0 x 10
23
atoms has a mass
= 63 x 10
-3
kg
Number of electrons per m
3
are
=
6.0 10
23
63 10
3
9 10
3
= 8.5 10
28
Now drift velocity = vd =
i
neA
1.1
8.510
28
1.610
19
(0.510
3
)
2
= 0.1 10
3
m

sec
4. (c) Given circuit can be changed as shown
fig.108
Let the voltage on 10 and 5 are V1
and V2 respectively, then
V1 + V2 = 2V..... (i)
V1
10
=
V2
5
.... (ii)
(Because in series, current is same)
Putting
V1 = 2V2 in (i), we get V2 =
2
3
V
P.D. between A and
B = V1 =
4
3
volt
5 (a)
we know that
R1
R2
=
|

\
l1
l2
|
|

2
Suppose
l1 = = 100 , then l2 = 100 + 0.1 = 100.1

R1
R2
=
|

\
100
100.1
|
|

2

R2
R1
=
|

\
100.1
100
|
|

2
= 1.002
% change
=
Final resistance (R2) Initial resistance (R1)
Initial resistance (R1)
= 100
=
1.002 R1 R1
R1
= 0.2%
6. (a) Resistivity of some material is its
intrinsic property and is constant at
particular temperature. Resistivity does
not depend upon shape.
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
(43)
7. (b) For no current through galvanometer,
we have
|

\
E1
500 + X
|
|

X = E
|

\
12
500 + X
|
|

x
= Z X = 100
8. (a) Each part will have a resistance
r = R/10 Let equivalent resistance be rR,
then
1
rR
=
1
r
+
1
r
+
1
r
.......10 times

1
rR
=
10
r
=
10
R

10
=
100
R

rR =
R
100
= 0.01 R
9. (c)
Requivalent =
(30 + 30)30
(30 + 30) + 30
=
60 30
90
= 20
i =
V
R
=
2
20
=
1
10
ampere
10. (d) Resistance of upper part
= R1 = 10 + 2 = 12
Resistance of lower part
= R2 = 25 + 5 = 30
Now i
1
R
; hence

i1
i2
=
R2
R1
i1 =
i2R2
R1
fig.109
But i1 + i2 = 1.4 i2 = 1.4 i1
i1 R1 = (1.4 i1) R2
12i1 = 1.4 30 30i1 42i1 = 1.4 30
i1 =
42
42
= 1
11. (d) Since 10 volt>4 volt, therefore direction
is from a to b. Now equivalent resistance
of the circuit = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6
Current =
V
R
=
10 4
6
= 1.0 ampere
13. (d) R2
R1
=
l2
l1

A1
A2
But vol ume i s const ant , hence
r2
2
l2 = r1
2
l1
A2l2 = A1l1
A1
A2
=
l2
l1

R2
R1
=
l2
l1

l2
l1
=
l2
2
l1
2
But l2 = 3l1
R2 =
9l1
2
l1
2
R1 = 9R1 = 9 20 = 180
14. (b)
Resistance of parallel group =
R
2
Total equivalent resistance
= 4 x
R
2
= 2R
15. (d) Balance point has some fixed position
on potentiometer wire. It is not affected
by cutting the potentiometer wire.
fig.110
AISECT TUTORIALS : PHYSICS : SET-12
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