PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
Claudia Yuliana Ramrez
B. A Modern languages as a foreign language March 14th, 2014
PHONETICS
Phonetics is a scientific description of what speech sounds exist in a language. It represents how they are produced and perceived and what acoustic properties they have. Phonetics essentially seeks to trace the processes physiologically involved in sound production. It describes the ways the sounds are produced and the points at which they are articulated. (Daniel, 2005, p.1)
PHONOLOGY Phonology is concerned with the regularities that govern the phonetic realisations of sounds in words of a language. It looks at and tries to establish a system of sound distinctions relevant to a particular language. It then seeks to determine how the elements of this abstract system behave in actual speech. Phonology actually delineates the functioning of sounds in particular contexts. (Daniel, 2005, p.1)
Image 1
Forget letters we are talking sounds
it is important to bear in mind,, that we are interested in the sounds which make up words, not the letters with which they are spelled. The word fought, for example has 6 letters, but only three sounds: the /f/, followed by a single vowel sound (written with 2 letters ou, in this word), and the final /t/. The gh is of course, silent (Kirchner, no year, p.2)
CONSONANTS: INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (IPA)
IPA Symbo l p t k b d g f v s Example words Pat, hippy, trip Top, return, pat Cat, biker, stick Bat, rubber, snob Day, adore, bad Guts, baggy, rig Photo, coffee, laugh Voice, river, live Think, author, teeth This, weather, teethe Sit, receive, bass IPA Symbol m n l r w j h t Example words Ship, pressure, rash Jacques, measure, rouge Mice, lemon, him Nick, funny, gain Singer, bang, bank Light, yellow, feel Rice, arrive, very Winter, away Yell, onion Hill, ahead Chop, nature, itch
Zoom, fuzzy, maze
Judge, region, age
(kirchner, no year,p.3)
CONSONANTS
Consonants are often classified by being given socalled VPM-label.
V= Voicing P= Place M= Manner
(Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.6).
VOICING This term refers to the vibration of the vocal folds. (Roach, 2009, p.98) Eg. Dance (voiceless) Television (voiced)
Voiced consonants: b, d, g, v, , z, , l, r, j, w, d, m, n,
Voiceless consonants: p, t, k, f, , s, , h, t (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.7).
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
Consonants are made by producing an obstruction to the flow of air at some point in the vocal tract, and when we classify consonants one of the most important things to establish is the place where this obstruction is made. (Roach, 2009, p.66)
BILABIAL
A sound is made with both (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.8).
Eg: /p/ =put /b/ =best /m/ =many
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LABIODENTAL
Sounds are made when the lower lip is raised towards the upper fron teeth (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.8).
Eg. /f/= far /v/= vest
Image 3
DENTAL
Sounds are produced by touching the upper teeth with the tip of the tongue (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.8).
Eg. //= thanks //= other
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ALVEOLAR
Sounds are made by raising the tip of the tongue towards the ridge that is just behind the upper front teeth (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.9). Eg: /t/= ten /s/= say /d/ =dice /z/= zipper /n/= never /l/= lazy /r/=ring
Image 5
PALATOALVEOLAR
Sounds are made by raising the blade of the tongue towards the part of the palate just behind the alveolar ridge (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.9). Eg. //= she /t/=cheese //= vision /d/= jump
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PALATAL
Sounds are very similar to palato alveolar ones, they are just produced further back towards the velum (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.9). Eg: /j/ yesterday, newlyweds
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VELAR
Sounds are made by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate , called the velum (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.9).
Eg: /k/ =kick /g/= mug //= song
Image 8
GLOTTAL
Sounds are produced when the air passes through the glottis as it is narrowed (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.9). Eg: /h/= huge
Image 9
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
One of the most important things that we need to know about a speech sound is what a sort of obstruction it makes to the flow of air (Roach, 2009, p. 53).
PLOSIVES
Sounds in which there is a complete closure in the mouth, so the air is blocked for fraction of a second and then released with a small burst of sound (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.10 ).
Eg. bilabial /b/=Brain /p/=Power Alveolar /t/=Train /d/=Dead Velar /k/= Kill /g/=Gag
FRICATIVES
Have a closure which is not quite complete. This means that the air is not blocked at any point, and therefore there is no plosion. On the other hand the obstruction is big enough for the air to make a noise when it passes through it (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.10 ). Eg: labiodental /f/ = Fine /v/=Vine Dental //=Thistle //=This Alveolar /s/= Sue /z/=Zoo palato alveolar //=Shore //=Azure Glottal /h/=Hot
AFFRICATES
Are a combination of plosive and fricative.they begin like a plosive, with a complete closure, but instead of a plosion, they have a very slow release, moving backwards to a place where a friction can be heard (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.11).
Eg. /t/= chew, cello /d/= edge
NASALS
Resemble plosives, except that there is a complete closure in the mouth, but as the velum is lowered the air can escape through the nasal cavity (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.11 ).
Eg: bilabial /m/= meat Alveolar /n/= knit, run Velar //=bring
LATERALS
Are sounds where the air escapes around the sides of the tongue (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p. 11). Eg: alveolar /l/= full, light
APPROXIMANTS
Are sounds where the tongue only approaches the roof of the mouth, so that there is not enough obstruction to create any friction (Forel & Pusks, 2005, p.12 ).
Eg: alveolar /r/=red Palatal /j/= year Velar /w/= we
TABLE OF CONSONANTS
Bilabial
Labiodent al
Dental
Alveolar
Palato alveolar
Palatal
velar
Glottal
Plosive Fricative Affricate Nasal Lateral Approximant
p b f v
t d s z t d
k g h
n l
(Forel & Pusks, 2005, p. 12 ).
REFERENCES
Daniel, I. O. (2005). Introductory Phonetics and Phonology of English, Ibadan: Safmos Publishers. Forel, C. & Pusks, G. 2005. Phonetics and Phonology. Geneva: University of Oldenburg. Kirchner, R. (unknown). Phonetics and phonology: understanding the sounds of speech. University of Alberta. Raoch, P. (2009). English phonetics and phonology: Glossary. Retrieved from http://www.cambridge.org/servlet/file/EPP_PED_ Glossary.pdf?ITEM_ENT_ID=2491706&ITEM_V ERSION=1&COLLSPEC_ENT_ID=7 on September 5, 2013
IMAGES
Image 1 http://www.docstoc.com/docs/73497916/THEORGANS-OF-SPEECH Image 2 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bilabial.s vg Image 3 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Labiodental.pn g Image 4 http://emedia.leeward.hawaii.edu/hurley/Ling102 web/mod3_speaking/3mod3.5.2_place.htm
Image 5 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar. png Image 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant Image 7http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/ courses/122/Language/sound_chart.html Image 8 http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/co urses/122/Language/sound_chart.html Image 9 http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/co urses/122/Language/sound_chart.html
