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IS 11359 (1985): Wax Candles [MED 26: Oil Burning
Appliances]
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION" FOR
WAX CANDLES
UDC 665'17: 628'9'045
@ Copyright 1986
IS: 11359 -1985
REAFFIRMED
Gr 3
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI ]10002
January 1986


Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
WAX CANDLES
Oil Burning Appliances ( Non-Pressure Type)
Sectional Committee, CPDC 2
Chairman Representing
SHRI P. N. BHAMBI Indian Institute of Petroleum ( CSIR),
Dehra Dun
SHRI M. K. JAIN
SHRI H. P. GUPTA
DR A. S. SETHI,
Director ( Consr Prods & Med
Instrs)
Members
SHRIK. S. KAMBO ( Alternate to
Shri P. N Bhambi )
MAJ DIPAKANAND Ministry of Defence (DGI ), New Delhi
MAl D. K. BHARGAVA (Alternate)
SHRI A. GHOSH National Test House, Calcutta
SHRI KRISHAN LAL GROVER D. K. Traders, Delhi
SHRIK. S. VERMA ( Alternate)
{
Modi Lantern Works, Modinagar
Association of Indian Engineering
Industry, New Delhi
Jainsons Containers Manufacturing Works,
Meerut
SHRI J. K. KARNANI Prabhat Udyog Ltd, Bombay
SHRIS. CHATURVIlDl ( Alternate)
SHRI A. K. MEHTA Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Bombay
SHRI R. C. MISRA Consumer Guidance Society of India, Bombay
SHRIMATI KRISHNA BASRUR ( Alternate)
SHRI SHYAM OGALE Ogale Glass Works Ltd, Ogalevadi
( Maharashtra )
SHRI M. S, OGALE (Alternate)
SHRI T. R. SEHGAL Office of the Development Commissioner, Srnall
Scale Industry, New Delhi
SHRI S. SHRINATH RAo Department of Petroleum, Ministry of Energy
SHRI M. B. SINGH Ministry of Defence ( R&D ), New Delhi
SHRI V. K. SABHIlRWAL ( Alternate)
SHRI T. N. UBOVEJA Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals
( Inspection Wing ), New Delhi
Director General, lSI ( Ex-officio Member)
Secretary
SHRI D. K. AGRAWAL
Joint Director ( Consr Prods & Med Instrs ), lSI
Copyright 1986
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and reo
production in whole or "in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
AMENDMENT NO.1 JULY 1988
TO
18:11359-1985 SPECIFICATION FOR WAX CANDLES
(Page 3, clause 3.1) - Substitute the following
for the existing clause:
'3.1 The ~ n n l s shall be solid and made from
paraffin wax conforming to type 2 and type 3 (with
mLnLmura -melting point of 58C) as specified in
-1S:4654:-1974*. '
(CPDC 3)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India

IS : 11359 - 1985
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
WAX CANDLES
O. FOR E W 0 R D
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 1 March 1985, after the draft finalized by the Oil Burning Appliances
( Non-Pressure Type) Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Consumer Products and Medical Instruments Division Council.
0.2 The requirements laid down in this Indian Standard are based on the
experiments conducted at the Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehra Dun.
Considerable assistance has also been derived from the following
:specifications:
C-C-91d Candle, Illuminating, Federal Specification, USA.
UNIT-17-1-1D Candle, Illuminating, Department of National
Defence, Directorate of Inter-Service Development, Canada.
Ceylon Standard 189: 1973 Specification for Illuminating Paraffin
Wax Candles, Bureau of Ceylon Standards, Ceylon.
SI 207 Paraffin Wax Candles, The Standards Institution of Israel.
INDjSL/7137 Candle Wax-Non-Drip Type, Ministry of Defence,
India.
,tU For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with the final value, observed or calculated, expres-
sing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS: 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified values in
this standard,
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes requirements of wax candles for use for
illuminating purposes ( excluding ornamental candles ).
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
2
IS : 11359 - 1985
2. DIMENSIONS
2.1 The candles shall be made in the following two sizes:
Size Diameter Length
(1) (2) (3)
mm
150 5'0
220 5'0
mm
10 0'5
20 1'0
I
2
3. MATERIAL
3.1 The candles shall be solid and made from paraffin wax conforming
to any of the type specified in IS : 4654-1974*.
3.1.1 A suitable additives for bringing the performance up to specified
limit shall be permitted. .
3.2 The wicks used in the candle shall be made of fine cotton thread free
from cotton seed skin and kinks. They shall be properly pickled for
24 hours in a non-poisonous mineral salt and shall be centrifuged and
dried before use.
4. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH
4.1 The candle shall be clean, free from dirt and foreign matter, uniform,
free of fractures ( breaks) and distortions (wraped, sags, runs, two or
more fused together) and free from trapped air bubbles. It shall be
straight, cylindrical with a properly finished shoulder and a completely
flat base without recess. The wick shall be properly centred and shall
not be v isible along the shaft of the candle. The wick shall be visible
on thebott om of the candle and shall extend the entire length of the
candle and at least 6 mm beyond the tip. The candle shall be uniformly
white in colour. The finished product shall be free from unpleasant
odour ( pungent and unsavoury ) during burning and non-burning. The
flame shall be non-smoking and non-sputtering.
5. PERFORMANCE
5.1 Mean horizontal luminous intensity ( MHLI ) in candles, luminous
efficiency (LE) cd/g/hr, duration of burning, breaking stress, drip,
smoking and bending tendency shall be as given in Table 1 when the
candles are tested as per the Appendices given in the last col of the
Table 1.
*Specification for paraffin wax ( first revision)
3

IS : 11359 - 1985
TABLE 1 PERFORMANCE AND REQUIREMENTS OF WAX CANDLES
( Clause 5.1 )
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS TEST METHOD
r------.A.------., Ref to Appendix
Size No.1 Size No.2
(1) (2) (3)
Mean horizontal luminous 075
1'5
intensity. Cd, Min
Lighting efficiency, cd/g/h, Min 0'15 0'15
Duration of complete burning, 15
5
h,Min
Drip Nil Nil
Smoking Absent Absent
Breaking stress, kN/m
2
1500 1500
Bending tendency Nil Nil
Deflecnon, angular degrees, Max 3 3
(4)
A
A
B
52
C
5.2 Bending tendency of the candle shall be determined by suspending
the candle horizontalIy with one end fixed [Link], in an air oven at
40
cC
for 24 hours with periodic observations for possible failure.
6. BURNING QUALITY
6.1 The candles shall burn uniformly with an even flame. The flame
shall consume the candle and wick without dripping, excessive smoking,
objectionable odour, and without the necessity of trimming wick.
6.2 The burning time of the candle shall be determined at an ambient
temperature of 29 2C under conditions free from draughts but with
access to air.
7. MARKING
7.1 Each packet shall be clearly and indelibly marked with the manu-
facturer's address, name, initial or recognized trade-mark and also with
the number of candles when packed.
8. PACKING
8.1 Each packet shall contain the number of candles as agreed to between
the purchasers and the suppliers.
8.1.1 The packaging material shall be suitable for providing protection
to candles against damage during transportation.
4
IS : 11359 - 1985
,. SAMPLING PLAN AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
9.1 Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, a
sampling scheme and criteria for conformity may be adopted as given in
Appendix D.
APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.1 )
METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF MEAN HORIZONTAL
LUMINOUS INTENSITY ( MHLI )
A-I. CONVENTIONAL METHOD
A-I.l Photometric Equipment
A-l.l.l The Mean Horizontal Luminous Intensity (MHLI) of the
burning candles shall be measured against a metal filament, sub-standard
electric lamp mounted on a sub-standard photometer bench, with suitable
form of photometer head.
A-I.2 Procedure for Measuring MHLI
A-I.2.1 Mount the test, candle on a candle stand straight, placed on
a table fixed on one of the carriages of the photometer bench (see Fig. 2).
The candle shall be lighted and kept burning free from draught for 10
minutes. It shall be then extinguished and weighed with candle stand
(see Fig. 1 ). The candle shall be relighted and kept burning for 5 minutes
to attain steady state condition, free from draughts. The middle portion
of the flame, photometer head and sub-standard electric lamp shall be in
the same horizontal plane and photometer head shall be placed perpendi-
cular to the incident light from the flame. The sub-standard lamp and
the photometer head shall be kept at any convenient position on the
bench.
A-l.2.2 The burning candle shall be moved to and fro on one side of
the photometer head until the position of balance is reached. Measure-
ment shall be made in a horizontal plane by changing the position of the
candle in four directions at right angles to the axis of the candle differing
by 90. A number of readings in each direction shall be taken and the
average of all these measurements in four directions shall be the mean
horizontal luminous intensity ( MHLI). Duration of complete burning,
smoking tendancy of flame ( see Fig. 4 ) in the initial burning for 10 min
and dripping, if any, shall also be observed.
5

IS : 11359 ~ 1985
10 mm
"'----- DIA 50 mm ~ l
FIG.!. CANDLE STAND
- .:... -:.- - _.- .:.-.. ~ ...:....
14------- 1300 mm'---------e-j
1- SLIDING SHUTTER
3 - BOTTOM PLANK
5 - [Link] CELL
7 - RAILING
2- SlOES
4 - ROOF
6 - UP RIGHTS
8 - LUXMETER
FIG. 2 ENCLOSURE FOR MEASUREMENT OF MEAN HORIZONTAL LUMI'NOUS INTENSITy
6

IS : 11359 - 1985-
A-2. ALTERNATE METHOD
A-2.1 Luxmeter and Other Equipments
A-2.1.1 The measurement of MHLI and burning rate ofthe candle shall
be done, in a wooden enclosure, having dimensions of 300x450 x750 mm
( see Fig. 2 ) painted black from inside with dull black paint after placing
the candle on a candle stand ( see Fig. 1 ). The wooden enclosure shall
consist of following:
a) Luxmeter;
b) Optical bench;
c) Two uprights, which can be slided over the bench; and
d) A rotable metallic disc mounted on the upright for placing the
candle with candle stand.
The enclosure may have a sliding door in the front. The top may be
made into two halves, fixed with hinges, so that one half may be lifted-
off when measurements are not being made, while candle is still burning.
inside the enclosure.
Suitable openings may be provided at the bottom of the enclosure'
for entry of fresh air.
A-2.1.2 Procedure - To carry out the test, the candle shall be mount-
ed straight on a candle stand (see Fig. 1 ) placed on a table fixed on
one of the carriages of the photometer bench. The candle shall be
lighted in the enclosure free from draft and kept burning for 10 min.
It shall be the extinguished and weighed with candle stand.
The candle shall be relighted and kept burning for 5 min to
attain a steady state condition, in the enclosure. The distance between
the flame and photometric cell shall be adjusted to 100 em or any
convenient distance. The flame and photometric cell shall be in the
same horizontal plane and maximum incident light [from the flame shall
fall on the cell.
A-2.1.3 Measurements of lux shall be made in four directions by
rotating the metallic disc on which the candle is placed, differing by an
angle of 90. Average of the four readings shall be taken. Such readings
shall be taken after every 15 min ( that is after 15 min, 30 min, 45 min
and 1 hour). Average of these readings shall be taken. After one hour
of re-lighting, the candle shall be extinguished and weighed with the
candle stand.
Difference between the first and second mass will give consumption
of wax in g/h.
7

IS : 11359 - 1985
During the test, if any abnormality occurs, such asflame disturbed
by draft or any mishandling of the candle, the whole test shall be repeated.
Duration of complete burning smoking tendency of flame ( see Fig. 3 )
in the initial burning for 10 min and dripping if any shall also be observed.
A-2.1.4 Calculations - Mean horizontal luminous intensity (MHLI)
.and lighting efficiency ( LE ) shall be calculated as follows:
Mean horizontal luminous intensity (MHLI) (cd/g/h)=lux X (Distance in
meters?
Lighting efficiency, ( cd/g/h)
Mean horizontal luminous intensity
(MHLI) (cd )
Wax consumption (g/h )
NON SMOKING
SMOK ING
FIG.3 SMOKING TENDENCY OF CANDLES
8

IS : 11359 - 1985
APPENDIX B
( Clause 5.1 )
METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF BREAKING
STRESS OF CANDLE
.n-t. APPARATUS
.B-l.l The breaking stress of the candle shall be determined with the
.help of a test rig as shown in Fig. 4.
PULLEY
BASE
FIG.4 ApPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF BREAKING STRESS
'B-2. PROCEDURE
B-2.1 The candle is supported at two ends and tied at the middle with
.a thread passing over a pulley and attached to a pan for applying load.
'The mass in the pan shall be added gradually. The load at which the
-candle shall break from the centre is noted.
9
IS : 11359 - 1985
B-3. CALCULATIONS
B-3.1 The breaking stress can be calculated as given below:
. 80 g WL
Breaking stress, kN/m
2
= D2
where
W = force applied, N;
L = distance between the supporting ends, m; and
D = diameter of the candle, m.
APPENDIX C
( Clause 5.1 )
METHOD OF TEST FOR DEFLECTION
C-1. APPARATUS
C-1.1 Defleetlon Tester - The deflection tester shall consist of an
accurate protractor chart marked off at each 10 degrees, with the first
10 degrees subdivided into 10 equal parts. A suitable clamp arrange-
ment shall be used to hold candle and protractor chart (see Fig. 5). The
protractor chart shall be in a vertical position.
50
50
80
150 OR 220 rnm
!
90
FIG.5 DEFLECTION TESTER
10

IS : 11359 - 1985
C-l.2 Constant Temperature Cabinet - The constant temperature cabinet
shall be large enough to hold the deflection test or assembly and shall be
capable of maintaining a temperature of 35 le ([Link] the
cabinet continuously for 24 hours ).
C-2. PROCEDURE
C-2.1 The candle shall be placed in the deflection tester with the length
of the candle 150 mm in the case of size 1 and 220 mm in the case of
size 2 above the top of the clamp. The candle shall be at an angle at
5 degrees from the vertical, and so placed that an angular deflection of
the specimen can be accurately noted on the protractory chart. The
assembly shall be placed in the constant temperature cabinet maintained
at 35 I''C. Allow to remain at this temperature for 24 hours with
periodic observations for possible failure. Record angular deflection,
the angular deflection shall be considered as the increase from the initial
5 degree position.
APPENDIX D
(Clause 9 )
SAMPLING CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY OF
WAX CANDLES
n-i. LOT
D-l.l In any consignment of the packets of wax' candles of same dimen-
sions produced under similar conditions out of same raw materials shall
be grouped together to constitute a lot.
D-l.2 The number of packets to be selected from each lot shall depend
upon the size of the lot and shall be in accordance with columns 1 and 2
of Table 2. More or less an equal number of wax candles shall be
chosen from the selected packets to constitute a sample size as given in
column 3 of Table 2.
D-l.2.1 These wax candles shall be selected at random from the lot
and for this purpose procedures given in IS: 4905-1968* may be used.
*Methods for random sampling.
11
IS : 11359- 1985
(4)
a
o
1
1
2
3
5
ACCEPTANCE
No.
,- .A- --,
No. of No. of Wax
Packets Candles
(2) (3)
2 5
3 8
5 13
5 13
8 20
13 32
13 32
LOT SIZE
TABLE 2 SAMPLE SIZE,AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
( Clause D-1.2 )
SAMPLE SIZE
(1)
Up to 15
16 .. 25
26 .. 50
51 .. 100
101 " 150
151 .. 300
301 and above
D-2. NUMBER OF TESTS AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
D-2.1 The number of candles selected at random in accordance with
column 3 of Table 2 shall be tested for mean horizontal luminous
intensity, luminous efficiency, burning quality, duration of burning,
breaking stress, drip, smoking, bending tendency and deflection in
angular degrees as per test method given in Appendix A. The lot shall
be considered as conforming to these requirements if the number of
defective candles found in the sample is less than or equal to the
corresponding permissible number of defective as given in col4 of
Table 2.
D-2.2 The lot shall be considered as conforming to the standard if D-2.1
is satisfied.
12

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