St.

CroixRiverCrossingPreliminaryEngineering
ConceptRefinementReport
Preparedfor:
MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportationand
WisconsinDepartmentofTransportation
Preparedby:
ParsonsBrinckerhoff
June2010
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 i
TableofContents
1 ExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................11
1.1 PierConfiguration............................................................................................................11
1.2 BoxGirderConfiguration.................................................................................................12
1.3 PedestrianTrailLocation.................................................................................................12
1.4 CableAnchorageDetails..................................................................................................12
1.5 ApproachandRampsSpanArrangement........................................................................12
1.6 ApproachandRampsColumns........................................................................................13
1.7 BridgeLighting.................................................................................................................13
2 Introduction..................................................................................................................................21
2.1 ProjectDescription..........................................................................................................21
2.1.1 ProposedRiverCrossingDescription...............................................................................21
2.2 ReportPurposeandObjective.........................................................................................22
2.3 [Link]..............................................................................23
2.4 GeneralDefinitionofanExtradosedBridge....................................................................24
3 AcknowledgementofCommitments............................................................................................31
3.1 ReferenceDocuments.....................................................................................................31
3.2 Commitments..................................................................................................................31
4 RiskEvaluation..............................................................................................................................41
4.1 RiskMatrixandSummary................................................................................................41
4.2 InvestigationandEvaluationofRiskFactors...................................................................42
4.2.1 StructuralAnalysis...........................................................................................................42
4.2.2 BridgeLightingandSigning..............................................................................................43
4.2.3 VisualQuality...................................................................................................................44
4.2.4 Construction.....................................................................................................................45
4.2.5 MaintenanceandInspection...........................................................................................46
5 DivisionIStructuralAnalysis.........................................................................................................51
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................51
5.2 Objectives........................................................................................................................51
5.3 BaseModeling.................................................................................................................52
5.4 LongitudinalAnalysis.......................................................................................................52
5.5 TransverseAnalysis..........................................................................................................54
5.6 SuperstructureCrosssectionInvestigation.....................................................................55
5.7 InboardPedestrianTrail..................................................................................................56
5.8 BoxGirderDepth.............................................................................................................57
5.9 SingleBoxGirderFeasibility.............................................................................................58
5.10 TransverseDiaphragminvestigation...............................................................................59
5.11 PierInvestigation.............................................................................................................59
5.12 Fixity/LongitudinalMovementInvestigation.................................................................512
5.13 GradeInducedMovementInvestigation.......................................................................513
5.14 TwoBoxGirderLoadDistributionInvestigation............................................................513
5.15 WindLoadVibrationAnalysisInvestigation................................................................515
5.15.1 BackspanUplift/MaximumBackspanLengthInvestigation.........................................517
5.16 ExtradosedStayCableAnalysis......................................................................................517
5.17 PointsofInterestLocalAnalysis..................................................................................519
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6 DivisionIIStructuralAnalysis.......................................................................................................61
6.1 IntroductionandObjectives............................................................................................61
6.1.1 BoxGirderWidthTransitionInvestigation......................................................................61
6.1.2 BoxGirderDepthEconomyInvestigation.......................................................................61
6.1.3 Fixity/LongitudinalMovementInvestigation..................................................................62
6.1.4 GradeInducedMovementInvestigation........................................................................62
6.1.5 BoxGirderDepthTransitionInvestigation......................................................................62
6.2 InvestigationMethods:LongitudinalAnalysis.................................................................62
6.3 BaselineModelDescription.............................................................................................64
6.3.1 Piers.................................................................................................................................64
6.3.2 BoxGirders......................................................................................................................66
6.3.3 TransitionSpan................................................................................................................67
6.3.4 PedestrianTrail................................................................................................................67
6.4 AlternativeR1Investigation..........................................................................................610
6.4.1 GradeInducedMovementInvestigations.....................................................................615
7 BridgeLightingandSigning..........................................................................................................71
7.1 ReviewofRequirementsforArchitecturalandRoadwayLighting.................................71
7.2 LightingCriteria...............................................................................................................71
7.3 LightingAlternativesAnalysis..........................................................................................75
7.3.1 SourceSelection..............................................................................................................75
7.4 ArchitecturalLighting....................................................................................................711
7.4.1 Option1A......................................................................................................................712
7.4.2 Option2A......................................................................................................................713
7.4.3 Option2AA....................................................................................................................714
7.4.4 Option3.........................................................................................................................715
7.4.5 Option4.........................................................................................................................716
7.4.6 PreferredOption...........................................................................................................716
7.5 RoadwayLighting..........................................................................................................717
7.6 LoopTrailLighting.........................................................................................................718
7.7 NavigationandObstructionLighting.............................................................................718
7.8 LightTrespass/Glare/EnvironmentalImpacts...........................................................718
7.9 SystemMaintenance.....................................................................................................719
7.10 BoxSectionInspectionLighting.....................................................................................719
7.11 Signing...........................................................................................................................720
7.11.1 ReviewoftheVisualQualityManual............................................................................720
7.11.2 AdditionalConceptRefinements..................................................................................720
8 VisualQuality................................................................................................................................81
8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................81
8.2 Objectives........................................................................................................................82
8.3 RefinementProcess.........................................................................................................82
9 Construction.................................................................................................................................91
9.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................91
9.2 ConstructionStagingAreas.............................................................................................91
9.3 CastingYard.....................................................................................................................91
9.4 [Link]............................................................................91
9.4.1 PrecastConstruction.......................................................................................................92
9.4.2 CastinPlaceConstruction.............................................................................................93
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ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 iii
9.5 PermittingRequirements.................................................................................................93
9.6 ErosionControlandEnvironmentalCompliance.............................................................94
9.7 FoundationConstructionMethods..................................................................................94
9.8 SubstructurePierandTowerConstruction.....................................................................95
9.9 Reinforcingsteelarrangementscongestionanddetailing..............................................95
9.10 Posttensioningtendonsandgrouting............................................................................96
9.11 StayInstallation...............................................................................................................96
9.12 Specialarchitecturalformingandfinishing.....................................................................96
9.13 Industryforum.................................................................................................................97
10 MaintenanceandInspection......................................................................................................101
10.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................101
10.2 CriticalElements............................................................................................................101


ListofFigures
[Link]................................................................................................................41
[Link](top)andRendered(bottom)IsometricViewofGlobalModel...............................52
[Link]..................53
[Link]..........................................................................54
[Link]..........................................................................55
[Link]..................................................................................56
[Link].......57
[Link].................................................................................................................59
[Link]....................................................................................510
[Link]...........................................................................................512
[Link].....................................................................................................513
[Link]......................................................................514
[Link].......................................................................................................514
[Link]........................................................................................................515
[Link]..................................................516
[Link]............................................................................518
[Link]..................................................................................................519
[Link](BottomView)..................................................................520
[Link](TopView)........................................................................520
[Link].................................................................................521
Figure520.Pier8ElevationShowingWidenedSuperstructureandFullSuperElevation..............522
Figure521.Span8TypicalSection...................................................................................................523
[Link]....................................................................................523
Figure523.IsometricViewof3DAnalysis.......................................................................................524
[Link]....................................63
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ConceptRefinementReport
iv June2010
[Link](ModelingofConstructionStage6,
Bridge82048).....................................................................................................................63
Figure63.StressOutputCheckedat10LocationsintheCrosssection...........................................64
Figure64.Pier1onTH36(BridgeNo.82045)..................................................................................65
Figure65.TypicalPieronTH36Approaches(OthersSimilar)..........................................................66
[Link].........................................................................................67
Figure67.BaselineModel82045Er0A,Bridge82045EB(EBTH36)...............................................68
[Link],Bridge82045EB(EBTH36)................................68
Figure610.Model82045Er1ADoublestemColumnsinAlternativeR1SpanArrangement.....611
Figure69.PlanandElevationofAlternativeR1ModelsforEBandWBTH36...........................611
Figure611.Model82045Er1BSinglestemColumnsinAlternativeR1SpanArrangement.......612
Figure612.PlanandElevationofModel82045Wr1BWBTH36withSinglestemColumns
inAlternativeR1SpanArrangement................................................................................612
[Link].82047(NERamp)StickModelandRenderedModel.................................613
[Link].82047RenderedPlanandElevationfromStructuralModelwith
Details...............................................................................................................................613
[Link].82048(SERamp)StickModel(Left)andRenderedSectionalModel
(Right)...............................................................................................................................614
[Link].82048(SERamp)PlanandElevationViewofRenderedModel.................614
[Link].............................................615
[Link]........................................................................................................................76
[Link].............................................................................................76
[Link].........................78
[Link].....................................................78
[Link].......................................................................................................79
[Link](CoolWhiteatTest
Current)............................................................................................................................710
[Link]......................................711
[Link].................................................................................711
Figure79.LightingOption1a...........................................................................................................712
Figure710.LightingOption1b........................................................................................................712
Figure711.LightingOption2a.........................................................................................................713
Figure712.LightingOption2b........................................................................................................713
Figure713.LightingOption2aa.......................................................................................................714
Figure714.LightingOption2bb......................................................................................................714
Figure715.LightingOption3..........................................................................................................715
Figure716.LightingOption4a.........................................................................................................716
Figure717.LightingOption4b........................................................................................................716
[Link]........................................................716
[Link]......................................................................716
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ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 v
[Link]........................................................................717
[Link]..........................................................................................................717
[Link]..................................................................718
[Link]................................................................................718
[Link].............................................................................................................719
[Link]............................................................................................720
[Link]........................................83
[Link]
forEaseofConstruction......................................................................................................84
[Link]..................................................85
[Link].....................86
[Link]...................87
[Link].........................................87
Figure87.Highercurbheightwith6verticalpicketspacingandintegralLEDlightfixtures
incorporatedintopostonpedestrianhandrailing.............................................................88
[Link].................................89
[Link](Left)andTypicalSingleStemPier(Right)along
MinnesotaApproach........................................................................................................810
[Link]..................................................................810


ListofTables
[Link].............................................................................................42
[Link]....................................................................................58
[Link]...............................................................................................69
Table62.SpanArrangementR1...................................................................................................610
[Link]...................................................................................615
[Link]........................................72
[Link]...................................................................72
[Link].....................................................................73
[Link](English)..........................................................74
[Link](Valuesinlux).......................................................................75
Table76.FluxCharacteristicsforLUXEONK2withTFFCJunctionandCaseTemperature=
25C.....................................................................................................................................79

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 i
AcronymsandAbbreviations
2D twodimensional
3D threedimensional
AASHTO AmericanAssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials
ASBI AmericanSegmentalBridgeInstitute
avg average
BMP bestmanagementpractice(s)
cd/m
2
candelaspersquaremeter
CSL Crossholesoniclogging
cy cubicyards
DB designbuild
EB eastbound
EoR engineerofrecord
fc Concrete28daycompressivestrength
fc Footcandles
FEIS FinalEnvironmentalImpactStatement
F
GUTS
Prestressingstrandguaranteedultimatetensilestrength
FHWA FederalHighwayAdministration
f
pu
Prestressingstrandspecifiedultimatetensilestrength
ft feet
I severityofimpact
IES IlluminatingEngineeringSociety
IESNA IlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofNorthAmerica
InGaN indiumgalliumnitride
kips thousandpounds
ksi thousandsofpoundspersquareinch
LED lightemittingdiode
Lpile A Program for the Analysis of Piles and Drilled Shafts Under Lateral Loads
LRFD LoadandResistanceFactorDesign
lux SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance
mA milliamps
max maximum
min minimum
Mn/DOT MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportation
NDE Nondestructiveevaluation
NE northeast
P probabilityofoccurrence
PB ParsonsBrinckerhoff(PBAmericas,Inc.)
PGL Profilegradeline
[Link]
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ii June2010
PTI PostTensioningInstitute
RFP requestforproposal
RGB Redgreenbluecolormodel
SE southeast
sf squarefeet
SFEIS SupplementalFinalEnvironmentalImpactStatement
Tj junctiontemperature
UPR/R UnionPacificRailroad
USCG [Link]
UV ultraviolet
VE valueengineering
VQAC VisualQualityAdvisoryCommittee
VQM VisualQualityManual
VQRC VisualQualityReviewCommittee
WB westbound
WisDOT WisconsinDepartmentofTransportation




Certification
Iherebycertifythatthisreportwaspreparedbymeorundermydirectsupervision,
andthatIamadulyLicensedProfessionalEngineerunderthelawsoftheStateof
Minnesota.
[Link]
PENo.42965
June30,2010

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 11
1 ExecutiveSummary
ThisConceptRefinementReporthasbeendevelopedbyParsonsBrinckerhoff(PB),
undercontractwiththeMinnesotaDepartmentofTransportation(Mn/DOT).PBis
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Projectasdocumentedinthe2006SupplementalFinalEnvironmentalImpact
Statement(SFEIS).
Thepurposeofthereportistodocumenttheresultsofinvestigationsofthe
followingaspectsofthebridge:
StructuralAnalysis
BridgeLightingandSigning
VisualQuality
Construction
MaintenanceandInspection
Thereportseparatesthestructuralanalysisportionofthestudyintotwodivisions.
DivisionIisfortheextradosedportionofBridge82045,andDivisionIIisforthe
approachspansofBridge82045andtherampsdesignatedBridges82047and
[Link]
divisions.
Thestartingpointfortheconceptrefinementistheconceptdesignpresentedinthe
VisualQualityManual(VQM).Thisconceptisbasedontheuseofconcrete
[Link],theriver
crossingportionofthemainlinestructureisanextradosedbridgewithshorttowers
[Link]
refinementeffortistoconfirmthefeasibilityoftheVQMconceptandtodevelop
[Link]
componentoftheconceptrefinementeffortwascoordinationwiththeVisual
QualityAdvisoryCommittee(VQAC).Meetingswiththecommittee,consistingofa
subsetofthestakeholdergroupsinvolvedintheSFEISprocess,wereusedtopresent
[Link]
studiesundertaken,andinputfromthecommittee,anumberofrefinementswere
incorporated.
Asummaryoftheresultsoftheconceptrefinementeffortareasfollows:
1.1 PierConfiguration
TheVQMconceptthreecolumnpierwithacentercolumnundertheboxgirder
girderswasrevisedtoatwocolumnpierbyeliminatingthecentercolumn.
Structuralanalysisdeterminedthatthecentercolumnwasnotnecessary,andwith
posttensioningthecrossgirderbetweenthetwocolumnshadsufficientstrengthto
[Link],theremovalofthecenter
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
12 June2010
columnhadbeenthedesireoftheVisualQualityReviewCommitteeduringthe
developmentoftheVQM,butstructuralfeasibilityneededtobeconfirmedbefore
[Link]
improveconstructability.
1.2 BoxGirderConfiguration
Twoboxgirderconfigurationswerestudiedfortheroadwaydeck,atwoboxgirder
configurationasshownintheVQM,[Link]
analysisandconstructabilitystudiesdeterminedthatbothconfigurationswere
viable.
1.3 PedestrianTrailLocation
TheVQMconceptwiththepedestriantrailoutboardoftheboxgirdersandpassing
aroundthenorthpiercolumnwasrevisedtoaninboardconfigurationwiththe
pedestriantraillocatedontheboxgirderandpassinginsideofthenorthpier
[Link]
[Link]
totheconcept,butwiththebenefitofimprovedconstructabilityandlongterm
[Link],pedestrianoverlookswere
atthepierstopermitpeopletostopandviewthescenicriverwhileremovedfrom
[Link],itwasdeterminedthatthree
overlookslocatedatalternatingpierswithintheriverwouldbeappropriate.
1.4 CableAnchorageDetails
TheVQMconceptwiththeanchoragesexposedalongthesideoftheboxgirders
wasrevisedtocoverthesidefaceoftheanchoragesprovidingasmoothlinealong
[Link]
Co.,Ltd.,[Link]
exposedanchoragesdidnotseemtobeinharmonywiththesmoothcurvingforms
[Link]
appearanceandtheaddedverticalfaceprovidesadditionalprotectionfromthe
elementsforthecableanchorage.
1.5 ApproachandRampsSpanArrangement
TheVQMconceptassumedtypicalspansofapproximately300feetforthe
Minnesotaapproachspansandrampstominimizethenumberofpiersatthe
[Link]
approachspansandtworampstructurescrossfourwetlandareas,withtheprimary
impactsfromconstructioninBasinQandBasinQForested.The300footspan
arrangementproposedintheconceptdesignwouldhaverequiredextensive
[Link],analternatespan
arrangementwasdevelopedthatpermittedagreateramountofbalancedcantilever
[Link]
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 13
intheconceptdesignarenotconducivetosegmentalconstruction,specificallyat
[Link]
theseconditionsoccurovertheBasinQwetlands.
1.6 ApproachandRampsColumns
TheVQMconcepthastwinstempierswitha10footspacebetweenthestems.
Visuallythepiershadaheavylookandstructurallythepiersstiffnesscouldnotbe
[Link],an
alternatetwinstemarrangementwitha5footspacebetweenthestemsanda
[Link]
wasfeasibleandbasedonreviewbytheVQAC,[Link]
additiontostructuralandaestheticbenefits,thesinglestemcolumnismore
economicalandimprovesconstructability.
1.7 BridgeLighting
Bridgelightingstudieswereperformedforbothfunctionallightingandarchitectural
[Link],pedestriantraillighting,
aerialobstructionlighting,[Link]
forarchitecturallightingwereaddedtothefunctionallightinginphotovisualizations
[Link]
lightinglevelswerepreferred,andtheproposedarchitecturallightingislimitedto
[Link]
andtraillighting,whichprovidelowlevelsoflightonthecablesandcolumnsabove
theroadway,thedesiredeffectisachieved.
Thisconceptrefinementreportisnotafinalengineeringreport,anditisanticipated
thatfinaldesignwillbeperformedbyothersunderaseparatecontract.

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 21
2 Introduction
2.1 ProjectDescription
ThisConceptRefinementReporthasbeendevelopedbyPB,undercontractwiththe
[Link]
[Link]:
MinnesotaS.P.8214114,S.P.8214(82045),S.P.8214(82047),S.P.8214(82048)
[Link]
terminiarealongTH36/STH64fromTH5inMinnesotato150
th
Avenuein
[Link].
CroixRiverCrossingProjectasdocumentedinthe2006SFEIS.
2.1.1 ProposedRiverCrossingDescription
[Link]
identifiedasMnDOTBridgeNos.82045,82047,and82048.
ThealignmentofthebridgefollowsahorizontallycurvedextensionoftheTH36
alignmentthatwillpassjusttothesouthoftheOakParkHeightswatertreatment
[Link]
acrossandapproximatelyperpendiculartotheriverintersectingthebluffsin
Wisconsin,[Link]
spans,whichextendfromtheMinnesotablufftotherivercrossbothhighquality
woodedwetlandsadjacenttotheriverandlowerqualitywetlandsinlandfromthe
[Link]
connectTH36toTH95inMinnesota.
Requirementsforthesebridgeshavebeendevelopedandaredocumentedintwo
reports,the2006SFEIS,andtheVQM(January2007).
Thoserequirementsaresummarizedasfollows:
Theextradosedriverspanswillhavenomorethan6piersinthewater.
Theextradosedtowersvaryinheightfromapproximately220feetonthe
Wisconsinsidetoapproximately170feetontheMinnesotaside(towerheights
areabovenormalpoolelevationandincludeapproximately60feetoftower
abovethedeck).
Theextradosedspanlengthsareapproximately480feetandthebackspans
approximately290feet.
Theextradosedtypicalsectionconsistsoftwo12footlanesineachdirection,6
footinsideshoulders,10footoutsideshoulders,anda12footsidewalkonthe
northsideofthebridge.
Aesthetics,landscaping,andcontextsensitivedesignsareintheVQM.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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Mn/DOTBridge82045(WisDOTBridgeB55224)(MainlineTH36and
STH64)
BridgeNo.82045spansMinnesotaTH95,theUnionPacificRailroad(UPR/R),
wetlands,[Link]
[Link]
lengthfromabutmenttoabutmentisapproximately5,[Link]
comprisedofmainriverspanswithalengthofapproximately3,460feetand
[Link]
haveanextradosedsuperstructurethatcombinesconcreteboxgirderswithcable
[Link]
fromapproachspanstoriverspansoccursatacommonpierlocatedjustinlandfrom
[Link]
lengthsrangingfrom180to300feet.
Mn/DOTBridge82047(TH36WBofframptoTH95)
BridgeNo.82047spanstheUPR/R,localroadways,[Link]
concreteboxgirdersuperstructurethatframesintoanapproachspanofBridge
82045.ThestructuredepthisdirectlyrelatedtothatoftheBridge82045riverspans.
Thetypicalsectionhasavariablelanewidthrangingfrom16to32feet,with4foot
insideandoutsideshoulders.
Mn/DOTBridge82048(TH36EBonrampfromTH95)
BridgeNo.82048spanstheUPR/R,localroadways,[Link]
concreteboxgirdersuperstructurethatframesintoanapproachspanofBridge
82045.ThestructuredepthisdirectlyrelatedtothatoftheBridge82045riverspans.
Thetypicalsectionhasavariablelanewidthrangingfrom16to32feet,and4foot
insideandoutsideshoulders.
2.2 ReportPurposeandObjective
TheConceptRefinementReportthatwilllookatanumberofitemsforinvestigation
describedinfurtherdetailwithinthereport.
Thecontentofthereportisseparatedintotwodivisions:
DivisionIisfortheextradosedportionofBridge82045(B55224),
DivisionIIisfortheapproachspansofBridge82045(B55224)andtheramp
Bridges82047and82048.
Itemsforstudyandevaluationwillinclude:
StructuralAnalysis
BridgeLightingandSigning
VisualQuality
Construction
MaintenanceandInspection
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 23
Thereportprovidestheresultsoftheinvestigationandevaluationofriskforeachof
[Link]
impactstodesignfeasibility,constructability,costs,schedule,environmentalrisks,
aesthetics,longtermdurability,maintenance,[Link],a
riskanalysismatrixisprovidedthatsummarizestheriskassessmentforeaseof
understanding.
Thereportisarrangedinthefollowingformatandcontent:
TableofContents
ExecutiveSummary
Introduction
AcknowledgementofCommitmentsTheReportwillcitecommitmentsmadein
[Link]
SFEIS,VisualQualityManual,etc.
RiskEvaluation
ContentDivisionsIandII
Portionsofthereportmaybeincorporatedintoafuturedesignbuildrequestfor
proposal(RFP)fortheproject.
2.3 [Link]
AnewrivercrossingnearStillwatertoreplacetheagingliftbridgehasbeen
[Link]
[Link]
forwarduntil1995whenFHWAapprovedandFinalEnvironmentalImpact
Statement(FEIS).Finaldesignbeganin1995,butin1996theNationalParkService
reactingtofederalpermitapplicationsdeterminedthattheproposedbridgewould
[Link],apartoftheNationalWildandScenic
[Link],thefederalpermitscouldnotbeissuedand
workonthenewrivercrossingstopped.
Beginningin1998effortstorevivetherivercrossingbeganculminatinginthe
[Link]
andthecontextofthebridgewithinthewildandscenicriverwaywerecritical
[Link]
between2004and2006,theextradosedbridgetypewasselectforthemainriver
crossingthroughanextensivestakeholderprocessthatinvolvedlocalstateand
federalgovernmentagencies,aswellas,[Link]
parallelwiththeSFEISprocess,aVQMwasdevelopedtooutlinetheaestheticvalues
[Link]
[Link]
includedapublicopenhousetogatherpublicinputfortheaestheticdevelopment
ofthebridge.
[Link]
Chapter1ofthe2006SupplementalFinalEnvironmentalImpactStatement.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
24 June2010
2.4 GeneralDefinitionofanExtradosedBridge
TheextradosedbridgeconceptwasfirstproposedbyFrenchengineerJacques
Mathivatin1988.Inthepast20yearsover40extradosedbridgeshavebeenbuilt
aroundtheworld,[Link]
[Link]
todepthratioof30to35comparedtoatypicalprestressedgirderbridgewitha
spantodepthratioof20to25,theeconomyofashallowergirderisrealizedwith
[Link]:spanratioof1:8comparedto1:4fora
cablestayedbridgegivesastructureheightthatismuchlessimposingthanacable
[Link],theextradosedbridge
permitsallowablecablestressesof0.6f
pu
comparedto0.45f
pu
foracablestayed
[Link]
thenumberofposttensioningtendonsneededtosupportthebridge.

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 31
3 AcknowledgementofCommitments
3.1 ReferenceDocuments
2006SupplementalFinalEnvironmentalImpactStatement
VisualQualityManual
3.2 Commitments
ThisConceptRefinementReportandassociatedConceptDrawingshavebeen
developedbyPB,undercontractwithMn/[Link]
accordancewiththeconceptsandcommitmentsincludedinthe2006Supplemental
FinalEnvironmentalImpactStatementandtheVisualQualityManual.

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 41
4 RiskEvaluation
4.1 RiskMatrixandSummary
Riskmanagementisanintegralpartofallphasesofprojectdelivery,fromplanning
[Link]
managementisthesystematicprocessofidentifying,analyzing,andrespondingto
[Link].A
standarddictionarydefinitionofriskis:exposuretothechanceofinjuryorloss;a
[Link]
[Link]
thebeginning,thesevariables,suchas,subsurfacegeology,materialquantitiesand
costs,andmaterialandlaboravailability,[Link],these
risksbegintobetobecomelessvariableasinformationisgatheredandengineering
[Link]
[Link]
Crossing,[Link]
aretobeassessedfortheseeightriskfactors,withanadditionalrisksassessedasa
ninthriskfactor.
Assessmentofriskisbasedonascalefrom1to3fortheprobabilityofoccurrence
(P),andonascaleof1to3fortheseverityofimpact(I).Scoringisqualitative,with
lowdefinedas1,mediumdefinedas2,[Link]
multipleofPxI,[Link]
illustratedinFigure41.

[Link]
Insomecasesacategorymaynotbeapplicable,inwhichcase,avalueof0willbe
applied.Table41showsthesummaryofriskassessment.
Low Med High
L
o
w
M
e
d
H
i
g
h
Impact (I)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

o
f

O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e

(
P
)
Significant
Risk Area
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
42 June2010
[Link]
RiskFactor
Structural
Analysis
Bridge
Lighting&
Signing
Visual
Quality Construction
Maintenance
&Inspection
Designfeasibility 3 1 1 1 2
Constructability 2 1 2 1 1
Cost 4 1 2 6 1
Schedule 1 1 1 6 0
Environmentalrisks 1 1 1 3 1
Aesthetics 1 1 1 1 2
Longtermdurability 2 1 1 2 3
Maintenance 2 1 1 2 3
Total 16 8 10 22 13
Average 2.0 1.0 1.25 2.75 1.63

4.2 InvestigationandEvaluationofRiskFactors
4.2.1 StructuralAnalysis
DesignFeasibility
Probability(P):1 ImplementationofaQA/QCprocedureinthedesignprocess
willhelpconfirmthedesignisfeasible.
Impact(I):3 Whenamajorerrorisfoundduringconstruction,theimpactto
costandscheduleissevere.
Constructability
Probability(P):1 Properconstructabilityreviewswillsignificantlyreducethe
chanceofconstructionproblems.
Impact(I):2 Errorsfoundduringconstructioncanbecorrected.
Costs
Probability(P):2 Overlyconservativedesignand/ordesignerrorswillincrease
constructioncost.
Impact(I):2 Conservativedesignwillnotsignificantlyincreaseconstruction
cost,butdesignerrormay.
Schedule
Probability(P):1 [Link]
clearlydefinedandthereviewprocessintegratedintothe
designprocess,topermittimelyreviewsandissuingof
constructiondrawings.
Impact(I):1 Lackofapprovedconstructiondrawingscansloworstop
construction.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 43
EnvironmentalRisks
Probability(P):1 Lowrisk.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
Aesthetics
Probability(P):1 Lowrisk.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
LongtermDurability
Probability(P):1 Properanalysisanddesigndetailingwillensurethelongterm
durabilityofthestructure.
Impact(I):2 Serviceabilityissuescanbecorrectedwithremedialwork,but
additionalcostsareincurred.
Maintenance
Probability(P):1 Accessibilityforinspectionandmaintenancemustbe
consideredthroughoutthedesignprocess.
Impact(I):2 Accessibilityformaintenanceandinspectionisofcritical
importance.
4.2.2 BridgeLightingandSigning
DesignFeasibility
Probability(P):1 Proposedbridgelightandsigningdetailsarefairlystandard.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
Constructability
Probability(P):1 Proposedbridgelightandsigningdetailsarefairlystandard.
Impact(I):1 LowImpact.
Costs
Probability(P):1 Proposedbridgelightandsigningdetailsarefairlystandard.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
Schedule
Probability(P):1 Proposedbridgelightandsigningdetailsarefairlystandard.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
EnvironmentalRisks
Probability(P):1 Spilloverlightingcanbeassessedduringlightingtestsand
adjustmentsmadeasneeded.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
44 June2010
Aesthetics
Probability(P):1 Plannedaestheticlightinglevelsareminimizedtosubtly
[Link]
accuratedesignandvisualizationofthelightingsystem
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
LongtermDurability
Probability(P):1 LEDfixtureshavelongoperatinglifeandarelowcostto
operate.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
Maintenance
Probability(P):1 LEDfixtureshavelongoperatinglifeandarelowcostto
operate.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
4.2.3 VisualQuality
DesignFeasibility
Probability(P):1 Preliminaryengineeringhasvettedthedesignfeasibilityofthe
aestheticdesignelementsofthebridge.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
Constructability
Probability(P):1 Thedesignfeaturesincludemanycurvedsurfaces,butthe
conceptrefinementhasconformedthevarioussurfacesto
standardgeometricshapes.
Impact(I):2 Themanycurvedsurfaceswillprovidemoreofachallengethan
constructionwithflatsurfaces.
Costs
Probability(P):2 Theformingsystemsrequiredforthevariousdesignelements
willcostmorethanstandardformingsystems.
Impact(I):1 Therepetitiveuseoftheseformingsystemswillminimizethis
additionalcost.
Schedule
Probability(P):1 Somereductioninproductionratesmayoccurduetocurved
formofthevariousdesignelements.
Impact(I):1 Aswithallconstructionoperations,thereisalearningcurve,
butasoperationsarerepeatedproductivityincreases.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 45
EnvironmentalRisks
Probability(P):1 Visualimpactsareaddressedinthevisualqualityprocess,
whichprovidesguidancetoensurethebridgefitsintothe
environment.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
Aesthetics
Probability(P):1 Thevisualqualityprocesshasdevelopedaestheticstandards
forthebridge.
Impact(I):1 Lowimpact.
LongtermDurability
Probability(P):1 Theaestheticfeaturesdonoimpactlongtermdurability.
Impact(I):1 LowImpact
Maintenance
Probability(P):1 Theaestheticfeaturesdonotimpactmaintenance.
Impact(I):1 LowImpact
4.2.4 Construction
DesignFeasibility
Probability(P):1 Theplannedconstructionmethodsareincludedinthedesign
processusingconstructionstageanalysestoensurethatthe
[Link]
methodsarestandardmethods.
Impact(I):1 Coordinatedconstructionplanningduringthedesignphasewill
limitdesignimpacts.
Constructability
Probability(P):1 Theplannedconstructionmethodsusingconcretesegmental
constructionwitheithercastinplaceorprecastsegmentsare
standardmethodsusedthroughouttheworld.
Impact(I):1 Coordinatedconstructabilityreviewsduringthedesignphase
willlimitconstructabilityimpacts.
Costs
Probability(P):2 Foundationconstructioncostsarelessdefinedthanothercosts,
becausepreliminaryfoundationcapacityisrelativelylow.
Impact(I):3 Foundationcostsaresignificant,andcostreductionorincrease
canbesignificant.
Schedule
Probability(P):2 Constructionisthelargestprojectactivityandcontrolsthe
[Link].
[Link]
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46 June2010
Impact(I):3 Theconstructionschedulemustbecloselymonitoredtoensure
[Link]
schedulebeginstoslip,workaroundschedules,or
supplementalschedulesmustbedevelopedtogettheproject
backontrack.
EnvironmentalRisks
Probability(P):1 Constructionoperationsbytheirverynatureimpactthe
[Link]
necessarytoensureenvironmentalcompliance.
Impact(I):3 TheMinnesotaapproachspanscrossenvironmentallysensitive
[Link]
[Link]
unmonitoredconstructionoperationscanhadserious
[Link],excavatedsoils,
andpetroleumproductsareamongthenumerousitemsthat
cancauseenvironmentaldamage.
Aesthetics
Probability(P):1 Properworkmanshipisutmostimportancetoproducefinished
workofthespecifiedquality.
Impact(I):1 Typicalfinishingmethodswillremedyminorworkmanship
errors.
LongtermDurability
Probability(P):1 MaterialcontrolsandconstructionQA/QCprogramsmustbe
implementedandmaintainedtoensurethattherequirements
oftheplansandspecificationsareincorporatedintothework.
Impact(I):2 Incorporatingspecifiedmaterialsusingproperconstruction
methodsandworkmanshiparecriticaltolongtermdurability.
Outofspecificationmetalproductsand/orconcretewillhavea
detrimentaleffectonlongtermstructureperformance.
Maintenance
Probability(P):1 SeeLongtermDurability.
Impact(I):2 SeeLongtermDurability.
4.2.5 MaintenanceandInspection
DesignFeasibility
Probability(P):1 Designdetailswillaffectmaintenanceandinspection.
Maintenanceandinspectionshouldbeconsideredthroughout
thedesignprocess.
Impact(I):2 Designthatdoesnotincludeconsiderationofmaintenanceand
inspectionaccesswillimpactoperations.
[Link]
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June2010 47
Constructability
Probability(P):1 MaintenanceandInspectionhavelittleimpacton
constructability.
Impact(I):1
Costs
Probability(P):1 Inspectionandmaintenancearedirectlyrelatedtocost.
Impact(I):1 Thecostoffuturemaintenanceandinspectionisdirectlylinked
toaccessibility.
Schedule
Probability(P):0 None.
Impact(I):0 None.
EnvironmentalRisks
Probability(P):1 Themaintenanceofthebridgedrainagesystemiscritical.
Impact(I):1 [Link]
overflowtroughwilllimitleakageuntilrepairsaremade.
Aesthetics
Probability(P):1 Thearchitecturalsurfacetreatmentislonglastingarerequires
littlemaintenance.
Impact(I):2 Lackofmaintenancewillhaveanegativeimpactonthe
structuresappearance.
LongtermDurability
Probability(P):1 Thelongtermdurabilityofthebridgedependsonthe
inspectionandmaintenanceprograms,butconcretesegmental
bridgesareamongthemostdurablebridges.
Impact(I):3 Poorinspectionandmaintenancecangreatlyreducethelife
[Link]
thataremostvulnerabletowearandbearingsandexpansion
[Link]
[Link]
sheathingneedtobeinspectedonasystematicbasis.
Maintenance
Probability(P):1 SeeLongtermDurability.
Impact(I):3 SeeLongtermDurability.

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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5 DivisionIStructuralAnalysis
5.1 Introduction
[Link]/DOT
[Link].82045(WisDOTBridgeB55224)(MainlineTH36andSTH64).Forthe
purposeofthisreport,thebaselinestructureisdefinedasastructurethatconforms
[Link]
eightspan,extradosedstructurewithalengthof3,460feet,andaspan
arrangementof290feet480feet480feet480feet480feet480feet
[Link],sixarelocatedintheriverwithonepier
[Link]
thesevenpiersconsistofthreecolumnsbelowroadwaylevel,withthetwoexterior
columnsextendingabovetheroadwayastowersforanchoringoftheextradosed
[Link]
[Link]
cablesarearrangedintwoplanesandanchorinananchorpodattheexterioredge
ofeachboxgirder,[Link]
of252cables,[Link]
60feetabovetheroadway,thusgivingatowervs.spanratioof1:8,whichisideal
[Link]
[Link]
baselinestructurearedescribedinthefollowingsectionsofthisreport.
5.2 Objectives
Thespecificconceptrefinementprogramconsistsofdevelopingappropriate
structuralmodelsandperformingstructuralanalysestodeterminetheadequacy
[Link],thebaseline
[Link]
structuralanalysisutilizesaglobalmodelforlongitudinalandtransverseeffects,and
localizedmodelingperformedattwopointsofinterestidentifiedduringtheglobal
[Link],specificinvestigationsand
evaluationswillincludethefollowing:
BaseModeling
SuperstructureCrosssectionInvestigation
PierInvestigation
Fixity/LongitudinalMovementInvestigation
GradeInducedMovementInvestigation
TwoBoxGirderLoadDistributionInvestigation
WindLoadVibrationAnalysisEvaluation
BackspanUpliftInvestigation
ExtradosedStayCableAnalysis
PointsofInterestLocalAnalysis
[Link]
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5.3 BaseModeling
Thebasemodelisconfiguredaccordingtothestructurepreviouslydefinedinthe
[Link](3D)
structuralmodelofthebridge,includingexplicitlymodeledfoundationelements
[Link]
substructurecomponentsaremodeledusingbeamelementswithprismaticsection
[Link]
boxgirdersaremodeledindependentlyandareconnectedbytransversemembers
[Link]
alsomodeledindependentlytomorerealisticallysimulatethelongitudinalstiffness.
Themodelsimulatestheanticipatedconstructionsequenceanddurationtocapture
thelockedindeadloadforcesfromconstructionandtosimulatethelongterm
[Link],asshowninFigure51,
isusedforallgloballongitudinalanalyses,withmodificationsincorporatedas
preliminaryresultsdeterminedthatproposedrefinementswerestructurally
feasible.

[Link](top)andRendered(bottom)IsometricViewofGlobalModel
5.4 LongitudinalAnalysis
Aswithallsegmentalbridges,thedesignofasegmentalextradosedbridgeis
[Link]
RiverCrossing,thestructuralarrangementconformstoabalancedcantilever
constructionsequence,[Link]
balancedcantileverfashion,thesubstructureconsistingofthefoundationandpieris
[Link]
[Link]
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girderareeithercastonaformtravelerforcastinplaceconstructionorerected
usingadeckmountedliftingsystemorland/waterbasedcraneforprecast
[Link],orinthecaseofprecast,aseachpairof
segmentsiserected,cantileverposttensioningtendonsinthetopflangethat
[Link],for
theextradosedstructure,thecablesareinstalledandstressedandcantilever
constructionprogresses.

[Link]
Theconstructionatthevariouspierscanproceedinanumberofsequences,but
typicallyconstructioneitherproceedsfromoneendofthestructuretotheother
end,[Link]
completedatapiernearesttoanabutment,anumberofsegmentsadjacenttothe
[Link]
thetwosectionsofgirder,andcontinuityposttensioningtendonsinthebottom
[Link]
constructioniscompletedatsubsequentpiers,aclosuresegmentiscastbetween
adjacentsectionsofgirder,andcontinuityposttensioningtendonsinthebottom
flangeareinstalledandstressedtomakethespancontinuous.
Inadditiontothechangingstructuralsystemasthecantileversareconstructedand
thespansaremadecontinuous,timedependenteffectsduetoincreasingconcrete
strength,concretecreepandshrinkage,andposttensioningsteelrelaxationmustbe
[Link],
thetimedependenteffectscontinuetooccur,andtheanalysisevaluatesthese
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
54 June2010
effectsforapredeterminedtimeinterval,typicallyto10,000days,whichisdefined
astimeinfinity,whenitisassumedalltimedependenteffectshaveoccurred.
Followingthe10,000dayanalyses,externalloadssuchastruckandwindforcesare
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Figure53.

[Link]
5.5 TransverseAnalysis
TheextradosedbridgeconfigurationintheVQMconsistsoftwocableplanes,which
areconnectedtothesuperstructurealongtheoutsideedgeofeachboxgirder.
Transversemembersbetweentheboxgirdersarerequiredtotransferandbalance
theforcesimposedbythestaycablesinadditiontotransferringunbalancedlive
loadsbetweentheindividualboxgirders,[Link]
primarilyresiststensionforcesandtheupperclosurepourmemberresists
compressionforcesaswellasverticalshearforcescausedbyunbalancedliveloads.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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[Link]
Todeterminethedemandsonthetransversemembers,a3Danalyticalmodelofa
[Link]
[Link]
liveloadconditionswerestudiedaswellastheforcesinducedinthemembers
[Link]
analysis,ithasbeendeterminedthataposttensioningtendonof24strandsis
requiredandthe4footdeepclosurepourofthetopflangeissufficienttoresist
compressionandshear.
5.6 SuperstructureCrosssectionInvestigation
ThesuperstructureofthebaselinestructuredescribedintheVQMconsistsoftwo
concretesegmentalboxgirdersconnectedbyfulldepthdiaphragmsatthecable
supportlocations,asshowninFigure55.Theboxgirdersarecomprisedofa3cell
crosssection,[Link]
boxgirdersare20feetdeepand42.25feetwideatthetopflangeorroadwaylevel,
[Link]
[Link]
intersection,[Link]
roadwaylevelbytheadditionofasmallerradiuscurveatthetop3feetoftheweb.
Thetopflangeoftheboxgirderishaunchedadjacenttoeachwebtoprovideroom
forposttensioninganchoragesoneithersideoftheinteriorwebs,andonthe
[Link]
totheinteriorwebstopermitthetopsurfaceoftheflangetofollowthecurved
soffitfaceandreducetheflangethicknessatthemidspanbetweenthewebs.
[Link]
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[Link]
Thebaselinepedestriantrailcantileversfromtheedgeofthenorthernboxgirder,
[Link]
concretebracketsattachedtotheboxgirderatthesameintervalasthecable
[Link].
Severalaspectsofthesuperstructurecrosssectionwereevaluatedduringthe
project,whichincludegirderdepth,feasibilityofasingleboxgirdersuperstructure
[Link]
feasibilityandpossiblebenefitsofintegratingthecantileveredpedestriantrailwith
theboxgirder,asrecommendedintheCostReductionandValueEngineering
(CRAVE)Study.
5.7 InboardPedestrianTrail
AfterdiscussionswithMn/DOT,WisDOTandtheVQAC,thecantileveredpedestrian
[Link]
[Link],
improvedoperations,easeofmaintenanceandinspection,andpotentialcost
[Link]
[Link]
overallshapeandsymmetryamongthetwoboxgirdersismaintained,however,the
[Link]
widenedtoawidthof493andthemedianbarrierisshifted67southofthe
[Link]
showninFigure56.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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[Link]
5.8 BoxGirderDepth
Aspreviouslymentioned,theboxgirderillustratedintheVQMhasaconstantdepth
[Link],itwasconcluded
thatfromastructuralperspective,[Link]
determinedthataboxgirderdepthof16feetismoreadvantageous.The16foot
deepgirderwasfoundtobemoreeconomicalandmorecompatiblewiththe
approachspans,whilestillmaintainingthearchitecturalproportionsdescribedin
[Link],especiallysincethe
[Link]
thatthe16footdeepgirderalternativeisapproximately$12.50persquarefootof
bridgearealessexpensivethanthe20footdeepgirderalternative,asshownin
[Link]
thesame.
[Link]
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58 June2010
[Link]
Bridgelength................................................ 3,460ft
Numberofpiers............................................ 7
Piercrossgirderwidth.................................. 20ft
Girderlength................................................ 3,320ft
Bridgearea................................................... 354,000sf
Concreteunitcost........................................ $700.00/cy
Reinforcing,epoxycoatedunitcost............. $1.25/lb
Reinforcingweight........................................ 250lb/cy
BoxGirder
Depth(ft)
Cross
section
Area(sf)
WebWidth
(ft)
Concrete
Volume(cy)
Concrete
Cost($)
Reinforcing
Cost($)
TotalCost
Reduction
20 175.140 1.25 43,071 30,150,027 13,459,833
16 157.313 1.50 38,687 27,081,142 12,089,795
Difference 4,384 (3,068,885) (1,370,038) (4,438,923.00)
Differencepersf (12.54)

5.9 SingleBoxGirderFeasibility
AccordingtotheVQM,bothasingleboxgirderandadoubleboxgirder
[Link]
superstructurealternativesisshowninFigure57.
Bothalternativeshavebeenevaluatedfromstructural,constructability,and
[Link],ithas
[Link]
determinedthattheoptimalsuperstructuredepthforthesingleboxgirder
[Link],thedoubleboxgirder
alternativewouldmostlikelybeconstructedusingprecastsegmentsandthesingle
boxalternativewouldmostlikelyconstructedbycastingthesegmentsinplaceusing
aformtraveler,duetothesizeandweightofthesegmentastheweightofasingle
[Link]
duration,itisbelievedthatthedoubleboxgirderalternativewouldrequirelesstime
toconstructsincetheprecastsegmentscanbecastconcurrentlywiththe
constructionofthebridgesubstructure.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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[Link]
5.10 TransverseDiaphragminvestigation
Althoughitisnotexplicitlystated,itappearsthatthestructuralsystemsshownin
[Link]
transverseanalysisonthestructure,ithasbeendeterminedthatfulldepth
[Link],amuchlightertransversetiememberand
[Link]
[Link]
informationonthetransversediaphragms,pleaseseetheTransverseAnalysis
sectionofthisreport.
5.11 PierInvestigation
AsshownintheVQM(baselinestructure)andinFigure58,thedeckissupportedat
eachpierbythetwooutsidecolumns,whichextendabovethedeckforanchoringof
theextradosedcablesandonecentercolumnthatterminatesatthecrossgirderat
[Link]
60feetabovethegirder,andsothereforevaryinheightabovethewaterlinefrom
170feetatthepierclosesttotheMinnesotashoreto212feetatthepieronthe
[Link]
dimensionsfromtoptobottom,withthesmallerdimensionatthetopofthepier.
Theinteriorcolumnissplitintotwostemsbelowthegirder,andcombinesintoa
[Link]
twostemsfromthetopofthepierto104feetbelowtheroadwaylevel,withthe
[Link]
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510 June2010
exceptionofthetoweranchorhousing,whichextendsfromjustbelowthetopof
[Link]
onlyattheupstreamanddownstreamfaceofthecolumn,creatingaCshaped
[Link]
bya20footwideby25footdeeprectangularshapedcrossgirderattheroadway
level.Thecrossgirderisahollowsectionbetweencolumnswith5footthicknessfor
thetopandbottomflanges,[Link],thecrossgirderhas
asolidcrosssectioncomprisedofadiaphragminfillinadditiontotheflangeand
[Link]
boxgirderfrom20feetto16feet,thecrossgirderdepthhasalsobeenreducedthe
[Link]
crossgirderdepthis21feet.

[Link]
[Link]
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TheVisualQualityAdvisoryCommitteespreferenceistohaveonlythetwostay
towercolumnsateachpier(eliminatethecentercolumn)tomaintainthelightand
[Link]
evaluatedthefeasibilityofatwocolumndesigninplaceofthethreecolumndesign
[Link]
ofcost,constructability,andaestheticsincludingimpacttotheoverallappearance
ofthetwocolumnoptioncomparedtothethreecolumnoption.
Therearethreecriticalcomponentstobeconsideredwhendeterminingthe
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
theexpansionjointsonlyattheendsoftheextradosedbridgecreatesignificant
demandsonPiers8and14duetothelongitudinaldisplacementsfromthethermal
[Link]
[Link]
indeterminingthefeasibilityoftowerbentsconsistingoftwo,ratherthanthree,
[Link]
allpiers,thepiercrossgirderissubjectedtosizeableshear,verticalbendingand
torsion.
Basedonouranalysisandourengineeringjudgment,ithasbeendeterminedthat
[Link]
[Link]
doublestemsectionofthepiercolumnprovideadequateflexibilitytoaccommodate
thelongitudinaldisplacementdemandsfromthermaleffectsandlongtermcreep
[Link],additionalflexibilityofthe
[Link]
shortestpier,[Link]
location,resultingrelativelyshort,[Link]
[Link]
sectionproperties,thedoublestemsectionwillrequireapproximately2%
reinforcement,[Link]
[Link]
[Link],
pleaseseetheFixity/LongitudinalMovementInvestigationsectionofthisreport.

[Link]
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[Link]
5.12 Fixity/LongitudinalMovementInvestigation
Thefixity/longitudinalmovementinvestigationevaluatedthepierandbearingfixity
requirements,pierstiffnesseffectsduetothermalmovements,andotherissues
uniquetolong,[Link]
effectsandlongtermcreepandshrinkage,thepiercolumnsaredeflectedandthe
[Link]
engineeringjudgment,ithasbeendeterminedthattheeightspanextradosed
portionofBridge82045(B55224)canbemadecontinuouswithexpansionjoints
[Link]
sectionofthepiercolumnsprovideadequateflexibilitytoaccommodatethe
longitudinaldisplacementdemandsfromthermaleffectsandlongtermcreepand
shrinkage,[Link],additional
[Link]
thoughitisnottheshortest(thereforestiffest)pier,[Link]
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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isduetoshallowrockatthefootinglocation,resultingrelativelyshort,stiffdrilled
shafts.
Theexpectedmovementoftheextradosedbridgeduetothermaleffectsis
approximately+/8inchesandtheexpectedshorteningofthesuperstructuredueto
[Link]
theeastabutmenthavingamovementratingof26inchesandtheexpansionjointat
[Link]
[Link]
Investigationsectionofthisdocumentformoreinformation.

[Link]
5.13 GradeInducedMovementInvestigation
Thebridgeisonaconstant+1.74%[Link]
investigationtoevaluatethetendencyofthebridgetomovepermanentlyinthe
[Link]
[Link]
configurationalleviatesthismovement.
5.14 TwoBoxGirderLoadDistributionInvestigation
Thetwoboxgirderloaddistributioninvestigationevaluatedtherequirementsfor
transferoftransverseloadsintheregionsalongthebridgewherecablestaysand
diaphragmsdonotexist,asshowninFigure511.
[Link]
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[Link]
Oncetheclosurebetweentheindividualgirdersiscomplete,thetwogirdersno
longeractindependently,[Link]
Figure512,thedeflectionofbothboxgirdersisapproximatelythesamewhenonly
oneboxgirderissubjectedtofullliveload.

[Link]
Ithasbeendeterminedthattheclosurepourbetweenthetwoboxgirdersis
sufficienttotransferunbalancedliveloadsandtopreventdifferentialdeflection
[Link]
performanceoftheclosure,transverseposttensioningwillbeintegratedinto
thedesign.AdetailoftheproposedclosurepourisshowninFigure513.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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[Link]
5.15 WindLoadVibrationAnalysisInvestigation
[Link]
[Link]
extradosedtype,itisactuallyaboxgirderbridgewithpartiallyexposedpost
tensioningtendonsandthereforethebridgebehaviorisveryclosetotraditionalbox
[Link]
thathaveexperiencedlargevibrationsunderwindloadandthereisapossibilitythat
[Link]
vulnerabilitytoexcessivevibrationhasbeenperformedandisdiscussedbelow.
AnEigenvaluedynamicanalysiswasperformedontheStCroixRiverCrossingand
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link],whenthisratioisnearthe
rangeof2to3,thebridgehashigherpossibilityofwindinducedvibration.
Therefore,adetailedwindstudyisdeemednecessaryduringfinaldesignofthis
bridge.
[Link]
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[Link]
Bridgestructuraldynamicresponsetowindiscommonlystudiedbyperforming
[Link]
bridgeandprovidearealisticpredictionofthebridgedynamicresponsetowind.A
[Link]
mostvulnerableconditionofthisbridgeisbeforethespansareclosedandwhilethe
[Link],severalcriticalconstructionconditionsin
additiontothecompletebridgearerecommendedfordetailedstudy.
Inaccordancewiththesefindings,itisrecommendedthatthedesigncriteriainclude
aerodynamicevaluationofthebridgewiththetestingcriterialistedasfollows:
[Link].10AerodynamicEvaluation
Awindexpertshallperformwinddatacollectionandanalysisto
determinethedesignwindspeed.
Theaerodynamicstabilityofthestructureshallbedeterminedby
performingwindtunneltestsonaeroelasticmodelsofthestructure.
Abuffetinganalysisshallbeperformedbasedonthedatameasured
fromthewindtunneltests.
Thebuffetinganalysiswillgenerateequivalentstaticwindloadsto
[Link]
criticalconstructionconditionsaswellasthecompletedstructure.
[Link]
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Largeamplitudevibrationofsomestaycablesinlightrainandlowwindhasbeen
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
recommendedthatthistypeofPEpipeberequiredfortheStCroixRiverCrossing.
Theallowablestressinthecablesoftheextradosedbridgeis0.6F
GUTS
or162ksi.
Theallowablestressinthecablesofcablestayedbridgeis0.45F
GUTS
or122ksi.
Thehigherallowabletensilestressintheextradosedbridgehastheeffectof
loweringthepossibilityofexcessivevibration.
TheContractorwillberequiredtodesignthecablesinaccordancewithPTI
GuideSpecificationsRecommendationsforStayCableDesign,Testingand
Installation,[Link]
experiencewindinducedvibration.
5.15.1 BackspanUplift/MaximumBackspanLengthInvestigation
Thebackspanuplift/maximumbackspanlengthinvestigationevaluatedthe
[Link]
[Link]
noupliftisthattheliveloadtodeadloadratioontheextradosedbridgeisquitelow.
Anotherreasonisthattheproposedbackspanlengthis290feet,whichis50feet
longerthanhalfofthemainspan.Theadditional50feetofspanlengthontheback
spaneffectivelyactsacounterweighttoresisttheupliftingforceswhenthemain
[Link]
themainpiersiseffectiveatresistingthelongitudinalrotationofthesuperstructure
causedbythefullyloadedmainspan,whichalsolimitstheabilityofthebackspanto
[Link]
backspansupportisapproximately800kips,basedonatwobearingpergirder
configuration.
5.16 ExtradosedStayCableAnalysis
Thecablesofthebaselinestructurearearrangedintwoplanesandanchorinan
anchorpodattheexterioredgeofeachboxgirder,withtypicalspacingof20feet
betweencables,asshowninFigure515.Thereareatotalof252cables,with36
cablesanchoredateachpier.
[Link]
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[Link]
Thecablesareconnectedtothetowerstarting22feetabovetheroadwaylevel,
[Link]
[Link]
connectedtotheboxgirderatanchoragepodsspacedat20feetalongtheexterior
[Link]
stationanddownstationfromthepier.Thefirstcablepairislocated55feetfrom
thecenterlineofpier,withtheninthcablepairlocated215feetfromcenterlineof
pier.Thisleavesaspaceof50feetinthemidspanbetweentheninthcablepairof
adjacentpiers.Theangleofthecablesfromthehorizontalplanevariesfrom14
[Link]
boxgirderstogether.
Theextradosedcableswereinitiallysizedassumingthattheywouldresist
approximately60%ofthedeadloadmomentofthecantileverpriortoclosure.
Followingthisinitialsizing,theaveragecabletension(1250kips)wasselectedtobe
appliedtoeachextradosedcableuponinstallation.
AccordingtotheCableStaysRecommendationsoftheFrenchInterministerial
CommissionofPrestressing,staycableswithachangeinstresscausedbyliveload
[Link]
to60%oftheguaranteedultimatetensilestrength,thatis,0.6GUTS,underthe
[Link]
causedbyliveload(HL93withnopedestrianload)[Link]
approximately4ksi(asshowninFigure516),whichdefinesthecablesas
extradosed.Utilizingtheallowabletensionlimitof0.6F
GUTS
,allcablesarecomprised
of370.6inchdiameterstrands.
[Link]
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[Link]
5.17 PointsofInterestLocalAnalysis
[Link]
locationistheintegralpiercrossgirdertocolumnconnection,whichisacomplex
[Link]
elementmodelwasgeneratedtostudytheforceflow,stressconcentrationsand
[Link]
[Link]
localizedanalysisindicatethatproposedintegralconnectionisstillfeasible.
However,therewillbeareasofstressconcentrationthatwillneedtobeaddressed
duringfinaldesign.VariousstressdiagramscanbeseeninFigure517through
Figure519.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
520 June2010

[Link](BottomView)

[Link](TopView)
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 521

[Link]
Thesecondareaofinterestistheconfigurationofthefirsttwospans(spans8and9)
oftheextradosedbridge,whichhaveavariablewidthsuperstructurecausedbythe
[Link]
withinspan8,inwhichthewidthvariesfrom135feetatPier7to110feetatPier8.
Specialconsiderationoftheframingofspan8isrequiredduetoitsincreasedwidth.
Itshouldalsobenotedthatinadditiontotheincreasedwidth,thesuperelevationis
[Link]
theframing,thevaryingsuperelevationmustbeconsideredinthecrossgirderand
[Link],butonesolution
[Link]
[Link]
openappearancetotherestoftheextradosedstructureaswellasmaintaining
thesamegeometryfortheboxgirders.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
522 June2010

Figure520.Pier8ElevationShowingWidenedSuperstructureandFullSuperElevation
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 523

Figure521.Span8TypicalSection

[Link]
Todeterminethedemandsonthetransversemembers,a3Danalyticalmodelofa
[Link]
modeledusingplateelementsandthetransversemembersweremodeledusing
[Link]
inducedinthemembersduringtheinitialstressingofthestaycablesduring
[Link],itcanbe
[Link]
strutdesignwillalsokeeptheextradosedstaycableforceincreasetoaminimum.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
524 June2010

Figure523.IsometricViewof3DAnalysis
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 61
6 DivisionIIStructuralAnalysis
6.1 IntroductionandObjectives
Therearethreebridgesinthisportionofthework:BridgeNo.82045(MainlineTH
36approachunits),BridgeNo.82047(TH36WBofframptoTH95),andBridgeNo.
82048(TH36EBonrampfromTH95).Thetypicalmainlinesuperstructureis
comprisedoftwoparallelconcretesegmentalboxgirdersconnectedbyaclosure
pouratthetopflange,whiletherampsuperstructuresareasingleconcrete
[Link]
connectedmonolithicallytothesuperstructure,withtheexceptionofthemainline
[Link]
spanadjacenttotheextradosedriverspansisatransitionspanthathasawider
crosssectiontoaccommodatetheonrampandofframplanes.
Theconceptrefinementprogramconsistedofdevelopingappropriatestructural
modelsandperformingstructuralanalysestoevaluatetheadequacyofthe
[Link]
configurationpresentedintheVQMandtheMn/DOTprovidedroadwaydesignfiles.
Variationsonthebaselinemodelweredevelopedasthelayoutandconstruction
impactswereexaminedforreductionofimpactandoveralltechnicalenhancement.
ThesevariationsweredesignatedR1,R2,etc.,toindicatethelayoutversionbeing
[Link]
VQM.
Themodelingapproachutilizedglobalmodelingforlongitudinalandtransverse
effects,andlocalizedmodelingwasperformedatpointsofinterestidentified
[Link],specific
investigationsandevaluationsincludedthefollowing:
6.1.1 BoxGirderWidthTransitionInvestigation
Theboxgirderwidthtransitioninvestigationevaluatedthetransitioninboxgirder
widthattheramptermini,ontheMinnesotaside,andinvestigatedoptionsfor
[Link]
backspanoftheextradosedportionoftherivercrossingtothegreatestextent
possible.
6.1.2 BoxGirderDepthEconomyInvestigation
Theboxgirderdeptheconomyinvestigationevaluatedwaystoeconomizethedepth
[Link]
VQM,thedepthofsectionofthefirst6spansvariesfrom10feetto20feet.The10
footdepthisrequiredtoprovideverticalclearanceoverTH95inSpan1andthe20
footdepthisrequiredtomatchthedepthoftheextradosedspans.
[Link]
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62 June2010
6.1.3 Fixity/LongitudinalMovementInvestigation
Thefixity/longitudinalmovementinvestigationevaluatedpierandbearingfixity
requirements,pierstiffnesseffectsduetothermalmovements,andotherissues
uniquetolong,[Link]
expansionjointsonlyexpectedtobeattheendsoftheextradosedspansandthe
westabutment.
6.1.4 GradeInducedMovementInvestigation
Thegradeinducedmovementinvestigationevaluatedpotentialofthebridgeto
movepermanentlyinthedownhilldirectionandprovideperformancerequirements
foraDesignBuildRFP.TheMinnesotaapproachspansofBridge82045(B55224)
areona1.25%gradetravelingtowardWisconsin.
6.1.5 BoxGirderDepthTransitionInvestigation
Theboxgirderdepthtransitioninvestigationevaluatedrecommendationsregarding
[Link]
restrictionsoverTH95atthefirstspanoftheriverbridgeapproachspansthat
[Link]
atsomelocationafterspanningoverTH95toaccommodatelongerspanlengths
[Link]
VQM,thedepthtransitionbeginsinSpan1justeastofTH95andterminatesat
Pier2.
6.2 InvestigationMethods:LongitudinalAnalysis
Aswithallsegmentalbridges,thedesignisdependentontheconstructionsequence
[Link],thestructuralarrangement
[Link]
consistingofthefoundationandpierisbuiltfirstfollowedbyconstructionofthe
[Link]
castinplaceconstructionorerectedusingadeckmountedliftingsystemor
land/[Link],orinthe
caseofprecast,aseachpairofsegmentsiserected,cantileverposttensioning
tendonsinthetopflangethatanchorattheendsofthetwocantileversareinstalled
andstressed.
Theconstructionatthevariouspierscanproceedinanumberofsequences,but
[Link]
balancedcantileverconstructioniscompletedatapiernearesttoanabutment,a
numberofsegmentsadjacenttotheabutmentaresupportedontemporary
[Link],and
continuityposttensioningtendonsinthebottomflangeareinstalledandstressedto
[Link]
subsequentpiers,aclosuresegmentiscastbetweenadjacentsectionsofgirder,and
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 63
continuityposttensioningtendonsinthebottomflangeareinstalledandstressedto
makethespancontinuous.
Cantileverconstructionand
thespanclosureschangethe
[Link]
withthesechangesaretime
dependenteffectsdueto
increasingconcretestrength,
concretecreepand
shrinkage,andpost
tensioningsteelrelaxation
whichmustbeconsideredin
thedesignofsegmental
[Link]
structureiscompleted,the
timedependenteffects
continuetooccur,andthe
analysisevaluatesthese
effectsforapredetermined
timeinterval,typicallyto
10,000days,whichisdefinedastimeinfinity,whenitisassumedalltimedependent
effectshaveoccurred.

[Link]
Followingthe10,000dayanalyses,externalloadssuchastruckandwindforces
[Link]
[Link]
construction.
[Link]
(ModelingofConstructionStage6,Bridge82048)
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
64 June2010

Figure63.StressOutputCheckedat10LocationsintheCrosssection
6.3 BaselineModelDescription
6.3.1 Piers
TheVQMillustratestwinstemwallpiershavingacurvedsurfaceontheoutward
[Link]
fromtoptobottomwiththesmallerdimensionatthetopofthestemwalls.A
[Link],theouterandinner
stemfacesareplumb,butthediagonalcutprovidesasidefacethatdecreasesin
[Link]
flangewidthoftheboxgirder.
Thedoublestempierswereexaminedthroughinitialvisualrenderings,bridge
elevationviewsofeachstructure,approximatematerialquantitiesandanestimated
[Link]/DOTandtheVQAC,therewas
generalconsensusthatasinglestempierwouldbepreferredtoobtain
constructability,[Link]
significantlyaffectsthestructuralanalysis,allmodelsweresuffixedwitheitheran
AorBtoindicatewhetherdoublestempiersorsinglestempierswere
modeled,[Link],structuralmodel82045_R1Awasvariation1
onthebaselinemodelandutilizeddoublestemcolumns,whereasmodel
82045_R1Bwasbaselinevariationonewithsinglestemcolumns.
[Link]
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June2010 65
Fromouranalysesitisapparentthatasinglestemcolumnisaviableoptionwiththe
caveatthatexpansionjointlocationswillrequireawiderplatformforbearingsand
[Link]
columnwithanapproximately146longitudinaldimensionatRampPier5Rand
[Link],doublestemcolumnsconnectedwitha
piercapmaybeutilized.

Figure64.Pier1onTH36(BridgeNo.82045)
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
66 June2010

Figure65.TypicalPieronTH36Approaches(OthersSimilar)
6.3.2 BoxGirders
ThebaselineboxgirdersalongtheTH36mainlinearecomprisedofa3cellcross
section,[Link]
beginsatthewestabutmentwith10footdeepboxgirdersthattransitiontoa20
[Link]
typically428wideatthetopflangeorroadwaylevel,witha16.0footwidthatthe
[Link]
[Link],formingan
[Link]
additionofasmallerradiuscurvewithinthetop3feetoftheweb.
[Link]
[Link],
althoughtherewassomeindicationintheproposedrailroadandPlantAccessRoad
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 67
[Link]
indication,preliminarydesignproceededwiththeassumptionthattheapproach
rampstructuresshouldalsoincludeaboxgirderdepthtransitionfrom10feetto
20feet.Thisassumptionfittherampstructureswellbecauseaconstant20foot
depthappearedvisuallytoodeepfortheramps,especiallyasthesestructures
descendedtowardtherespectiveexitorentranceintersection.
Thebaselinerampboxgirdersaretypically274wideatthetopflangeorroadway
level,[Link]
circularcurvedfaceswitharadiusof50.0feetfortheexteriorwebsand36.0feet
[Link],formingan
[Link]
additionofasmallerradiuscurveatthetop3feetoftheweb.

[Link]
Thetopflangeoftheboxgirderishaunchedadjacenttoeachwebtoprovideroom
forposttensioninganchoragesoneithersideoftheinteriorwebs,andonthe
[Link]
totheinteriorwebstopermitthetopsurfaceoftheflangetofollowthecurved
soffitfaceandreducetheflangethicknessatthemidspanbetweenthewebs.
6.3.3 TransitionSpan
Theapproachspanadjacenttotheextradosedriverspansisatransitionspanthat
[Link]
crosssectionconsistsoftwoboxgirdersimilartothemainline,buttheboxgirder
dimensionsvarytoaccommodatetheadditionalroadwaywidth.
6.3.4 PedestrianTrail
Apedestriantrialcantileversfromtheedgeofthetransitionspanandthenorthern
[Link]
attachedtotheboxgirderatapproximately20footinterval.
Thesixbridgesaredividedintofourbaselinemodelsasfollows:
Theinitialfocuswasondeterminingconstructibleandfeasibleboxsectionsforuse
[Link]
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
68 June2010
[Link]
[Link]
minimaltolimittheenvironmentalimpactsandcostimpacts,butnonethelessthese
areaswereaccuratelymodeledintheanalysesforconstructionstagingandtendon
geometry.Bridge82045wasmodeledinabaselinemodelconsistingofdoublestem
piersinandfivespanconfigurationasillustratedinFigure67andFigure68and
[Link],theanalysisistermed
82045Er0AtoindicateBridge82045,Eastboundinthebaselineconfigurationwith
doublestemcolumns.

Figure67.BaselineModel82045Er0A,Bridge82045EB(EBTH36)

[Link],Bridge82045EB(EBTH36)
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 69
[Link]
BridgeNo.
Length
(feet)
SpanArrangementfrom
WesttoEast(feet) Comment
82045(EB) 1609 180229300300300 Mainlineeastbound
82045(WB) 1609 180229300300300 Mainlinewestbound,similartoeastboundand
notuniquelymodeled
82045(EB) 300 300 Transitioneastbound
82045(WB) 300 300 Transitionwestbound,similartoeastboundand
notuniquelymodeled
82047 1031 125300300301 OfframpTH36WB/TH95
82048 1296 91300300300300 OnrampTH36EB/TH95

Pursuanttothestudysobjectives,thebaselineboxgirderdepthof20feetwas
investigatedinboththeextradosedandapproachunitmodelsandspan
[Link],anoptimaldepthof16feetwasdetermined
[Link],however,the16
footdepthwasnotstructurallyviableinthetransitionspanwiththebaselinespan
[Link]
forcethetransitionspantobeasinglespan,[Link],balanced
cantileverconstructionenvisionedformuchofthebridgeconstructionisnot
[Link],thebaselineconfigurationwould
requirea20footdeepboxgirderinthe300foottransitionspanthatwouldbe
entirelycastonfalsework.
[Link]
weresetforthetransitionspaninvestigation:
Toenableconstructionviatheprecastbalancedcantilevermethod
Tominimizethefalseworkandassociatedpermanentimpactsinthewetlands
below
Tomovetheexpansionjointsoverthesupportlocationsandeliminatehingesfor
maintenancereasons
Toenableuseofa16footdeepstructurethatwascompatiblewiththeoptimal
structuredepthfoundfortheextradosedspans
Decreasingtheboxgirderdepthto16wouldalsointroducesavingsinmaterialand
supportstructurecostsduetotheincreasedweightofthesuperstructure.
Paralleltothegirderdepthinvestigation,thebaselinespanswereexaminedfor
feasibility.ResultsfromtheseanalysesindicatedBridge82045appearedtohavea
viablearrangementgiventhe20boxgirderdepth,[Link]
baselinespanarrangementsthatwerenotonlyinefficientbutappearedimpractical
[Link]
thisreason,[Link]
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
610 June2010
totheVQM,orbaseline,[Link],variationsofspan
arrangementswereinvestigatedusingengineeringjudgmentwhichsuited:
TheVQMboxgirdersection
Siteconstraintssuchaswetlandavoidanceandrailroadclearances
Balancedcantileverconstructionmethodtominimizeheavydutyfalseworkin
sensitiveareas
Theresultingspanarrangementsweredraftedandpresentedatawetland
coordinationmeetingonSeptember2nd,[Link]
configurationassuggestedbyPBwereagreeabletothestakeholdersanditwas
[Link]
preferredarrangementsaredescribedindetailinthenextsections.
6.4 AlternativeR1Investigation
AlternativeR1istheresultofgirderdepthinvestigations,spanefficiencyandsite
constraints.TheR1spanarrangementsareindicatedinTable62.
Table62.SpanArrangementR1
BridgeNo.
Length
(feet)
SpanArrangementfrom
WesttoEast(feet) Comment
82045(EB) 1909 184224300300183161 Mainlineeastbound
82045(WB) 1909* 184235300300183161* Mainlinewestbound
82047 1031 104195243233202 OfframpTH36WB/TH95
82048 1296 126192199199199199168 OnrampTH36EB/TH95
*IndicatesspanmeasurementwithrespecttoEBTH36alignment
WithintheR1spanarrangement,variouscolumnconfigurationswereinvestigated.
Thesemodelsweresuffixedwithaletterdesignationtoindicatethecolumntype
[Link]:
A=baselinemodelwithdoublestemstypicalexceptatPier1,Bridge82045
B=singlestemcolumnswithan8footlongitudinaldimensionandfc=4ksi
C=singlestemcolumnswithan6footlongitudinaldimensionandfc=5ksi
Inalloftheseinstancesbridgemodelingusingtruecoordinatesalongtherespective
[Link],ahorizontaldatumof70wasestablishedforaconstantgirder
elevationwhilethecolumnheightswerecorrectlycalibratedtotheheightfromPGL
[Link],3rotationaland3translationalspringsserve
[Link]
arefinedpilingarrangementandcheckedthroughtheuseofindustrystandardLpile
Groupsoftware.
[Link]
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June2010 611
Forallbridgesitisassumedthata
pairofbearingssupportsthe
superstructureattheWest
Abutments,Pier1andtheendpiers.
Theintroductionofbearingsatthe
WestAbutmentandPier1aredueto
theshortheightofthesesupport
structures,whichcreatesahigh
stiffnessandresistanceagainst
[Link]
bearingsarenecessarybecausethey
areexpansionjointlocations.
Bridge82045EBwasmodeledwith
bothadoublestemcolumnanda
[Link]
modelsservedasabasisfor
[Link],columnoptionA
(Doublestemcolumns)wereeliminatedduetoMn/DOTpreferenceandcolumn
[Link]
[Link].Figure610throughFigure612illustratethevariousanalysesthatwere
developedinthisprogram.

Figure610.Model82045Er1ADoublestemColumnsinAlternativeR1SpanArrangement

Figure69.PlanandElevationofAlternativeR1
ModelsforEBandWBTH36.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
612 June2010

Figure611.Model82045Er1BSinglestemColumnsinAlternativeR1SpanArrangement

Figure612.PlanandElevationofModel82045Wr1BWBTH36withSinglestem
ColumnsinAlternativeR1SpanArrangement
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 613
Bridge82047,[Link],includesacantileveredsidewalkintheVQMwhich
wasintegratedwiththeboxsectionafterdiscussionswithMn/[Link]
inclusionofthesidewalk,thisramphasawidthverycomparablewiththetypicalTH
[Link],
twoturnlanesareaddedonthestructurenecessitatingvariablewidthsectionsup
to606inwidth.Adepthincreaseof6footisintroducedinspanfourtomatchthe
[Link]
momentsandprovidesavisuallyappropriatetransition.

[Link].82047(NERamp)StickModelandRenderedModel

[Link].82047RenderedPlanandElevationfromStructuralModelwithDetails
[Link]
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614 June2010
Bridge82048(SERamp)[Link]
widthislargestatthebeginningwheretheroadwaywouldpermitthree12foot
[Link]
roadwaywidthisamenabletoasinglecellboxgirder,thisbridgehasbeen
envisionedasatwocellboxgirderduetothelackofcounterbalancingoverhangs.
Withoutcantileveroverhangstodecreasethetopslabspan,highrestraintforces
willdevelopdirectlyunderthebarriersandnecessitatemoretransversepost
tensioningandathicker,[Link],atwocellstructure
[Link]
placedinthesecondspanfromtheendoftheramptoenablethedeepergirders
effectivenessintheendspan.ModelR1BisillustratedinFigure615through
Figure616.

[Link].82048(SERamp)StickModel(Left)
andRenderedSectionalModel(Right)

[Link].82048(SERamp)PlanandElevationViewofRenderedModel
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 615
6.4.1 GradeInducedMovementInvestigations
Gradeinducedmovementwasexaminedbyusingtwomodelsthatwereidenticalin
allrespectsexceptthegrade.ForthisinvestigationtheEBBridge82045Alternative
[Link],agradeof5%wasmodeledinlieuofthe
actual1.25%slope.BothmodelswererunandthedisplacementsatPier7,the
downhillendsupport,wereexamined.
AscanbeseeninTable63,[Link]
takenatatimeequalto10,000daysafterconstruction,whichisanindustry
standardtimeforwhichallconstructioninducedloadeffectsshouldberealized
(Selfweight,elasticshortening,creep,shrinkage,etc.).
[Link]
Model
Description Time
DX
(Feet)
DY
(Feet)
DZ
(Feet)
VectorSum,Net
movement
(Feet)
Horizontal T_INFINITY 0.194 0.236 0.042 0.305
5%grade T_INFINITY 0.194 0.236 0.037 0.306

[Link]
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 71
7 BridgeLightingandSigning
7.1 ReviewofRequirementsforArchitecturalandRoadwayLighting
TheVisualQualityManualdiscussesmanyaspectsofthedifferenttypesoflighting
forthebridge,roadway,[Link]
oflightingaswellasthelightingapproachtobeusedfordifferentareas.
Specificconcernsincluded:
Designshouldminimizethenegativeimpactthatbridgelightingcouldhaveon
thescenicrivervalley.
Lightingshouldmeettheneedsforrequiredsafetylevelsbutminimize
spilloverintotheriverway.
Architecturallightingmustbethoughtfullydesignedtoenhancethestructure
withoutintrudingintothesensitivenaturalenvironment.
PreliminaryinvestigationswereconductedduringthepreparationoftheVQMinto
[Link]
thefollowingrecommendations.
Roadwaylightingusingdavitpoleswithtwinarmsandcontemporarystyle
luminairesmountedinthemedian.
Awhitelightsourcesuchasmetalhalideispreferredduetoaestheticand
qualityreasons
Traillightingcouldusealowlevellightingsystemtoprovideadequate
pedestrianvisibilitywithminimizedlighttrespass.
Navigationchannellightingisnotrequiredbutlightingidentifyingthepiers
locationsforboatersisrequiredforsafetyreasons.
FAAobstructionlightsarerequiredatthetopsofthepiertowers.
Theseconcernsandrecommendationwerecarriedintothisphaseofdesignandare
addressedanddiscussedinthevariouslightingapproachesinthisreport.
7.2 LightingCriteria
[Link]
derivefromtheextradosedstructuraldesignandthebiomorphicaestheticconcept.
Theeffectsunderconsiderationincludeilluminatingthecablesfrombelowwith
narrowbeamfloodlights,grazingthetowersurfaceseitherinsideoroutside,and
[Link]
criteriaoftheIlluminatingEngineeringSociety(IES)[Link]
recommendedinIESRP3399LightingforExteriorEnvironmentsisshownin
Table71(excerptedfromTable2ofthatdocument).
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
72 June2010
[Link]
AreaDescription
AverageTargetIlluminance(Vertical)
(lux/footcandles)
Brightsurroundingsandlightsurfaces 50/5
Brightsurroundingsandmediumlightsurfaces 70/7
Brightsurroundingsanddarksurfaces 100/10
Darksurroundingsandlightsurfaces 20/2
Darksurroundingsandmediumlightsurfaces 30/3
Darksurroundingsandmediumdarksurfaces 40/4
Darksurroundingsanddarksurfaces 50/5

Theverticalvalueonthestructuralelementswillbedesignedto20to30lux(2to3
footcandles)associatedwiththecategoriesofDarkSurroundingsandLightto
MediumLightSurfaces(note:RP33hasanerrorinthetabledescription).
ForroadwaylightingcriteriatherecommendationsofIESNARecommendedPractice
[Link]
ANSI/IESRP805StandardPracticeforRoadwayLightingisshowninTable72and
Table73.
[Link]
Road
Pedestrian
Conflict
Area
PavementClassification
(minimummaintainedaveragevalues)
Uniformity
Ratio
E
avg
/E
min

Veiling
Luminance
Ratio
L
max
/L
avg

R1
(lux/fc)
R2&R3
(lux/fc)
R5
(lux/fc)
FreewayClassA 6.0/0.6 9.0/0.9 8.0/0.8 3.0 0.3
FreewayClassB 4.0/0.4 6.0/0.6 5.0/0.5 3.0 0.3
Expressway High 10.0/1.0 14.0/1.4 13.0/1.3 3.0 0.3
Medium 8.0/0.8 12.0/1.2 10.0/1.0 3.0 0.3
Low 6.0/0.6 9.0/0.9 8.0/0.8 3.0 0.3
Major High 12.0/1.2 17.0/1.7 15.0/1.5 3.0 0.3
Medium 9.0/0.9 13.0/1.3 11.0/1.1 3.0 0.3
Low 6.0/0.6 9.0/0.9 8.0/0.8 3.0 0.3
Collector High 8.0/0.8 12.0/1.2 10.0/1.0 4.0 0.4
Medium 6.0/0.6 9.0/0.9 8.0/0.8 4.0 0.4
Low 4.0/0.4 6.0/0.6 5.0/0.5 4.0 0.4
Local High 6.0/0.6 9.0/0.9 8.0/0.8 6.0 0.4
Medium 5.0/0.5 7.0/0.7 6.0/0.6 6.0 0.4
Low 3.0/0.3 4.0/0.4 4.0/0.4 6.0 0.4

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 73
[Link]
Road
Pedestrian
Conflict
Area
Average
Luminance
L
avg
(cd/m
2
)
Uniformity
Ratio
L
avg
/L
min
(maxallowed)
Uniformity
Ratio
L
max
/L
min
(maxallowed)
Veiling
Luminance
Ratio
L
max
/L
avg
(maxallowed)
FreewayClassA 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3
FreewayClassB 0.4 3.5 6.0 0.3
Expressway High 1.0 3.0 5.0 0.3
Medium 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.3
Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3
Major High 1.2 3.0 5.0 0.3
Medium 0.9 3.0 5.0 0.3
Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3
Collector High 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.4
Medium 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.4
Low 0.4 4.0 8.0 0.4
Local High 0.6 6.0 10.0 0.4
Medium 0.5 6.0 10.0 0.4
Low 0.3 6.0 10.0 0.4

TheAmericanAssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials(AASHTO)
alsohaverecommendationsintheAASHTORoadwayLightingDesignGuide2005
which,ingeneral,areinagreementwiththeIESandareshowninTable74.
Basedontheserecommendationsconsideringthebridgeroadwaytobeclassifiedas
afreeway,aaverageilluminanceof6to12lux(.6to1.1footcandles)andaverage
luminanceof0.4to1.0candelas/squaremeter(cd/m
2
)wouldbesuitabledesign
ranges.
Forthepedestrianareaadjacenttotheroadway,thelightingcriteriadescribedinIES
DG594RecommendedLightingforWalkwaysandClass2Bikewaysismostsuitable.
RP8hasapedestrianareacriteriabutitappliestosidewalksandwalkwaysadjacent
[Link]
isseparatedandprotectedfromtheroadwaysotherecommendationsofDG5are
moreapplicable.
UsingTable2ofthisguideandclassifyingthebridgewalkwayasapedestrian
overpassanaveragehorizontalvalueof2lux(0.2footcandles)andavertical
illuminancevaluesof5lux(0.5footcandles)shouldbeused.

[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
74 June2010
[Link](English)
Roadwayand
Walkway
Classification
OffRoadway
Light
Sources
GeneralLand
Use
IlluminanceMethod LuminanceMethod
Veiling
Luminance
Ratio
3

L
v(max)
/L
avg

(max)
AverageMaintainedIlluminance
Minimum
Illuminance
(fc)
Illuminance
Uniformity
Ratio
6

avg/min
(max)
AverageMaintainedLuminance
R1
(fc)(min)
R2
(fc)(min)
R3
(fc)(min)
R4
(fc)(min)
L
avg

cd/m2
(min)
Uniformity
L
avg
/L
min

(max)
Uniformity
L
max
/L
min

(max)
Interstateand
otherfreeways
Commercial 0.6to1.1 0.6to1.1 0.6to1.1 0.6to1.1 0.2 3:1or4:1 0.4to1.0 3.5:1 6:1 0.3:1
Intermediate 0.6to0.9 0.6to0.9 0.6to0.9 0.6to0.9 0.2 3:1or4:1 0.4to0.8 3.5:1 6:1 0.3:1
Residential 0.6to0.8 0.6to0.8 0.6to0.8 0.6to0.8 0.2 3:1or4:1 0.4to0.6 3.5:1 6:1 0.3:1
Otherprincipal
arterials
Commercial 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.4
As
uniformity
ratioallows
3:1 1.2 3:1 5:1 0.3:1
Intermediate 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.0 3:1 0.9 3:1 5:1 0.3:1
Residential 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 3:1 0.6 3.5:1 6:1 0.3:1
Minorarterials Commercial 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.0 4:1 1.2 3:1 5:1 0.3:1
Intermediate 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 4:1 0.9 3:1 5:1 0.3:1
Residential 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 4:1 0.6 3.5:1 6:1 0.3:1
Collectors Commercial 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.9 4:1 0.8 3:1 5:1 0.4:1
Intermediate 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 4:1 0.6 3.5:1 6:1 0.4:1
Residential 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 4:1 0.4 4.1 8:1 0.4:1
Local Commercial 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 6:1 0.6 6:1 10:1 0.4:1
Intermediate 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 6:1 0.5 6:1 10:1 0.4:1
Residential 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 6:1 0.3 6:1 10:1 0.4:1
Alleys Commercial 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 6:1 0.4 6:1 10:1 0.4:1
Intermediate 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 6:1 0.3 6:1 10:1 0.4:1
Residential 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 6:1 0.2 6:1 10:1 0.4:1
Sidewalks Commercial 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 3:1
Useilluminancerequirements
Intermediate 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 4:1
Residential 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 6:1
Pedestrianand
bicycleways
2

All 1.4 2.0 2.0 1.8 3:1

1
Meeteithertheilluminancedesignmethodrequirementsortheluminancedesignmethodrequirementsandmeetveilingluminancerequirementsforboththeilluminanceand
theluminancedesignmethods.
2
[Link],useroadwaydesignvalues.UseR3requirementsforwalkway/bikewaysurfacematerials
[Link],suchasIESNAorCIE,maybeusedforpedestrianandbicyclewayswhendeemedappropriate.
3
L
v(max)
referstothemaximumpointalongthepavement,[Link]
v
termandtheL
avg
term.
4
[Link]
offroadwaysources.
5
Physicalroadwayconditionsmayrequireadjustmentofspacingdeterminedfromthebaselevelsofilluminanceindicatedabove.
6
Higheruniformityratiosareacceptableforelevatedrampsnearhighmastpoles.
7
SeeAASHTOpublicationentitledAPolicyonGeometricDesignofHighwayandStreetsforroadwayandwalkwayclassifications.
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 75
[Link](Valuesinlux)

AverageConditions SpecialConditions
1

AvgMaintained
Illuminance
Levels
Horizontal
Levels(E
avg
)
2

Horizontal
AvgtoMin
Avg
Min
Maintained
AvgVertical
Levels(E
avg
)
3

AvgtoMin
Ratio
Sidewalksalongstreetsbyareaclassifications
4

Commercial 10 4:1 20 5:1

Intermediate 5 4:1 10 5:1
Residential 2 10:1 5 5:1
ParkwalkwaysandclassIbikeways 5 10:1 5 5:1
Pedestriantunnels 20 4:1 55 5:1
Pedestrianoverpasses 2 10:1 5 5:1
Pedestrianstairways 5 10:1 10 5:1

7.3 LightingAlternativesAnalysis
7.3.1 SourceSelection
BasedonthedirectionoftheVisualQualityManualfortheuseofawhitelight
sourcelikemetalhalide,areviewofpossiblesourcesmeetingthiscriteriawas
[Link]:
MetalHalide
Fluorescent
Induction
LED
Eachofthesesourceshasuniqueoperatingcharacteristicsintermsofefficiency,
lamplife,temperatureimpacts,andlumendepreciation,soadescriptionofeachis
[Link]
statedeviceandnotaconventionallamptype,moreinformationisprovided
includingsomeLEDbasics.
MetalHalide
Metalhalidelampsarehighintensitydischargelampswhichoperatebyvaporizing
variousmaterialsatextremelyhighvoltages,[Link]
lampsareavailableinvariouscolortemperaturesandarefairlyefficientatabout70
80lumensperwatt.Thelifeofametalhalidelampwillrangefromabout12,000to
20,000hoursdependingonthelampwattageused(ratedlifeisdeterminedasthe
timewhen50%ofthelampshavefailed).Metalhalidelampsdoexperiencesome
[Link]
lampsarepronetoshortenedlifeinconditionsencounteringsustainedvibration
becauseofarctubefailureandmechanicalfailureofthelampcomponents.
[Link]
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76 June2010
Fluorescent/Induction
Fluorescentsourcesoperatebygeneratinganultravioletarcspanningovertwoends
[Link]
[Link],externaltothelamptogeneratean
[Link],operatingat
highfrequency,helpextendthelamplifeofthissourcetoover100,000hours.
Linearfluorescentlampsaresometimesconsideredforbridgelightingbecauseof
[Link]
lighting.AT8fluorescentlampwithreducedmercurycontent,operatingin
conjunctionwithaprogrammedstartballastwillprovidealamplifeofover40,000
[Link]
electronicballastsaredurableinhighvibrationenvironmentswhenusedinproperly
[Link]
optimizedforabulbwalltemperatureof77degreesF,thelampsoutputcanbe
reducedbyoverhalfinverycoldenvironments.
Inductionlampshavealowerefficiencythansomelinearfluorescentlamps,
[Link]
approximately100,[Link]
whenthehighfrequencydriverfailstooperate.
LED
(partsofthetextincludedinthissectionareexcerpted
fromtheUSDepartmentofEnergydocumentsat
[Link])
LEDsdifferfromtraditionallightsourcesinthewaythey
[Link],atungsten
filamentisheatedbyelectriccurrentuntilitglowsoremits
[Link],anelectricarcexcitesmercury
atoms,whichemitultraviolet(UV)[Link]
thephosphorcoatingontheinside
ofglasstubes,theUVradiationis
convertedandemittedasvisible
light.
AnLED,incontrast,isa
[Link]
achipofsemiconductingmaterial
treatedtocreateastructurecalled
apn(positivenegative)junction.
Whenconnectedtoapower
source,currentflowsfromthep
sideoranodetothenside,orcathode,[Link]
carriers(electronsandelectronholes)[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
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June2010 77
anelectronmeetsahole,itfallsintoalowerenergylevel,andreleasesenergyinthe
formofaphoton(light).
ThespecificwavelengthorcoloremittedbytheLEDdependsonthematerialsused
tomakethediode.
RedLEDsarebasedonaluminumgalliumarsenide(AlGaAs).BlueLEDsaremade
fromindiumgalliumnitride(InGaN)andgreenfromaluminumgalliumphosphide
(AlGaP).Whitelightiscreatedbycombiningthelightfromred,green,andblue
(RGB)LEDsorbycoatingablueLEDwithyellowphosphor.
ColorCharacteristics
Unlikeincandescentandfluorescentlamps,LEDsarenotinherentlywhitelight
[Link],LEDsemitlightinaverynarrowrangeofwavelengthsinthevisible
spectrum,[Link]
[Link],tobeused
asagenerallightsource,whitelightisneeded.
WhitelightcanbegeneratedfromLEDsbyeithercoatingablueLEDwithayellow
phosphor,orbyusingmonochromaticred,green,andblue(RGB),LEDsand
operatingthematdifferentlevelstomixandcreatewhite,oranyothercolorlight.
Formostapplicationswerethelightsourceisvisible,white(coated)LEDareused.
ForRGBconfigurations,unlessusinganintermediateopticmaterial,whenviewing
thesourcesdirectlyyoucanseetheindividualred,greenandblueLEDsandthe
[Link]
colorscreatesawhitesurface.
LEDswithahighcorrelatedcolortemperature(whicharecoolerorbluerin
appearance)tendtobethemoreefficientLEDsintermsoflumensperwattof
[Link]..
[Link]
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78 June2010
PhotometricCharacteristics
[Link]
(fromPhillipsLuxeonK2)isshowninFigure73andFigure74.

[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 79
EffectofElectricalVariations
ThelightoutputofanLEDisrelatedtotheamountofcurrentitisbeingoperated.
Thegreaterthecurrent,[Link]
[Link]
theperformancedataprovidedforparticularLEDsandthecurrentthattheywillbe
actuallyoperated.
Table76.FluxCharacteristicsforLUXEONK2withTFFCJunctionandCaseTemperature=25C
MinimumPerformanceatTestCurrent TypicalPerformanceatIndicatedCurrent
Color PartNumber
Minimum
LuminousFlux
(lm)at100mA
TypicalLuminousFlux(lm)
at1600mA at700mA at350mA
CoolWhite LXK2PWC40200 200 275 170 95
LXK2PWC40180 180 250 150 85
LXK2PWC40160 160 220 135 75

[Link]
[Link]
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710 June2010
LEDsalsorequireadriver,similartothewayafluorescentandhighintensity
discharge(HID)lightsourcescannotfunctionwithoutaballast,whichprovidesa
[Link]
powertotheappropriatevoltage(typicallybetween2and4voltsDCforhigh
brightnessLEDs)andcurrent(generally2001000milliampsormA),andmayalso
includedimmingand/orcolorcorrectioncontrols.
CurrentlyavailableLEDdriversaretypicallyabout85%[Link]
shouldbediscountedby15%toaccountforthedriver.
EffectofTemperature
TheluminousfluxfigurescitedbyLEDmanufacturersarebasedonanLEDjunction
temperature(Tj)[Link]
[Link],luminousfluxis
measuredunderinstantaneousoperation(perhapsa20millisecondpulse)inopen
[Link]
[Link]
10%15%lesslightthanindicatedbythetypicalluminousfluxrating.

Source:PhilipsLuxeonK2(10/07)
[Link]
(CoolWhiteatTestCurrent)
EstimatedLife
LEDs,muchlikethemercurylamp,willcontinuetooperateforlongperiodsoftime
[Link]
LEDcannotbebasedonhowlongitisstilloperatingbuthowlongitisstillbeingan
[Link]([Link],LightingResearchCenter,2000)
hasshownthatforgenerallighting,amajorityofoccupantscanacceptalighting
levelreductionofupto30%,[Link],aswellasfor
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 711
standardization,thelifeofanLEDisestablishedtobethetimewhenitslightlevel
hasbeenreducedto70%[Link]
70
life.

Source:AdaptedfromBullough,[Link]:[Link],[Link]
ProductInformationProgram,LightingResearchCenter,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute.
[Link]
Bythismethod,mostcurrentlyavailableLEDsareratedbetween40,000and60,000
[Link]
[Link]
beextended120,000hoursorhigherbydrivingtheLEDsatreducedcurrent.
BecauseLEDsaresolidstatedevices,withoutarctubes,theyareverystableinhigh
vibrationenvironmentssuchasbridgesassumingproperconstructionofthesold
stateelementsandcircuitboards.
TheadvancementofLEDtechnologyisexponentiallyfasterthanconventionallamp
[Link],LEDsshould
surpassallothersourcesintermsofoperatinglifeandenergyefficiencywithinthe
[Link],theuse
[Link]
currentsandlowercolortemperaturestobettercomplimenttheproposedfinishes
ofthebridgeandeliminatetheenvironmentalimpactsofhighercolortemperature
sources.
7.4 ArchitecturalLighting
Thearchitecturallightingoptions
forthebridgerangedfromno
accentlightingtoeither
floodlightingorusingpoint
sourcestoaccentmostofthe
[Link]
sectionofthereportwewill
discusstheprogressionofeach
optionasdesignedandpresented
totheVisualQualityCommitteeandwhereconsensuswasreached.
[Link]
[Link]
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712 June2010
Thebasearchitecturallightingoptionlookedatnoaccentlightingforthebridge
[Link]
illuminatedtotherequiredlightinglevelsdiscussedinthecriteriasectionusing
metalhalidelampsinstandardcobraheadstylefullcutoffluminaireson35davit
[Link]
values.
7.4.1 Option1A
Fromthebaseoptionofjust
usingtheroadwaylighting,the
roadwaylightingluminaireswere
replacedwithLEDluminaires
havingincreased
distribution/outputtothefront
[Link]
allowedmorelightingtobe
placedonthecablesfromthe
roadwaylightingequipment.
Theroadwaylightinghoweveris
mountedonthemedianwhichis
notcenteredbetweenthecables
duetotheadditionofthe
walkwayononesideofthe
[Link],the
lightingonthecablesisdifferent
dependingonwhichdirection
[Link],[Link]
north,theilluminatedsectionofthecablesisnotashighduetheincreaseddistance
totheluminairesotheeffectislesspronounced.
Floodlightswereaddedatthe
baseofthepierswhichlightthe
insidesurfaceofthesplitpier.
Fourfloodlightswereusedfor
eachpierconsistingofnarrow
[Link]
floodlightswerealsoRGBcolor
changefloodlightsallowingthe
lowerpierstochangecolorfor
thepurposeofspecialoccasions
[Link]
[Link],each
groupoffloodlightsoneachpierandbeindividuallycontrolledandsettodifferent
presetcolors.

Figure79.LightingOption1a
Figure710.LightingOption1b
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 713
7.4.2 Option2A
Thenextlightingalternative
investigatedwastoaddLED
floodlightstotheupperportion
[Link]
floodlightingalternatives
analysisistokeepaddinglayers
oflightinanattempttoreach
theproperbalanceand
perspective.
TwoLEDfloodlightswereused
atthetopportionofthepier
directeddownthefaceofthe
[Link]
floodlightsaddedtheeffectof
visuallylengtheningthe
perceivedheightofthetowers.
Italsohastheeffectconnecting
thebottomtothetopofthe
towers.
Thenegativeeffectsofthese
lightsincludetheadditionof
morelightingintothenight
environmentatthebridgeandit
[Link]
cablesareilluminated,anobserverseesthecablelightingontheoppositesideof
[Link],theilluminatedtowerwouldnot
usuallylineupwiththeilluminatedcablescausingsomeclutterandpotentiallyan
unbalancedappearance.
Figure711.LightingOption2a
Figure712.LightingOption2b
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
714 June2010
7.4.3 Option2AA
Thenextprogressionofsurface
floodlightingincludedanother
groupoffloodlightsmountedat
thetopofthetowerstolightthe
[Link]
additionalfloodlightswouldadd
symmetrytotheilluminated
surfacesofthebridgeandalso
increasethevisualinteresttothe
motoristpassingoverthebridge.
Whenusingthewhitelightthe
floodlightsdidseemtomore
[Link]
theroadwaythelightingalso
helpedaccentuatethefulltower
[Link]
howeverdidnotproducethe
[Link]
lighting,particularlywiththe
higherangleforwarddistribution
tendedtowashoutthecolor
impactofthefloodlightsand
maketheeffectsomewhat
muddyandinconsistent.
Figure713.LightingOption2aa
Figure714.LightingOption2bb
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 715
7.4.4 Option3
Option3investigatedtheuseof
aconventionalmethodofcable
[Link]
bridgescanbedoneintwoways
[Link]
mostoftenusedmethodis
floodlightsmountedatthebase
ofthecableaimedalongits
[Link]
typeoflightingtendsto
uniformlylightthecables
regardlessoftheviewing
[Link]
anotherlightingmethodwhere
thefloodlightsarearranged
alongthebridgeandaimed
vertically,grazingthecables.
Withthistypeofarrangement
thecablesappearmorebrightly
litonthesideofthetower
wheretheobserverislocated.
Whentheobserverchanges,so
doesthelocationofperceived
[Link]
thisalternativehoweverthefirst
methodwasusedaimingalong
[Link]
donewithstandardmetalhalide
floodlightsorwithLED
floodlights.
Whilethisarrangementdoesgivethetowersastrongvisualappearancefroma
driversperspectiveitignoresthelowerportionofthetowersandfrontfacesby
onlyilluminatingtheoutsideface.
Figure715.LightingOption3
[Link]
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716 June2010
7.4.5 Option4
Thelastoptioninvestigatedwas
variousarrangementsofdirect
[Link]
option,lowerwattagesources
usingglobesoropaquelenses
areusedtodotorlinethe
structurewithpointsoflight.
Themostcommonlyused
applicationofthistypeof
lightingistheanecklacelighting
systemoftenusedon
suspensionbridges.
Whileusefulasnecklacelighting
wherethecurvingarchofthe
maincablesarehighlightedby
thepointsoflight,itonly
seemedtodetractfromthe
strongstructuralelementsthat
[Link]
design.
7.4.6 PreferredOption
Asaresultofdiscussingthe
variousoptionsandconsidering
thelongstandingconcerns
aboutenvironmentalimpacts,
spilllighting,conflictwiththe
naturalbeautyoftheriverand
surroundingarea,thesimple
andsubtleapproachseemedto
[Link]
aestheticstandpoint,the
organicandgracefuldesignof
thebridgeseemedbetter
complementedbyamore
naturalmoonlitglowthana
strongfeaturetypeof
lightingsystem.
Figure 717.LightingOption4b
Figure 716.LightingOption4a
[Link]
SunnysideMarina

[Link]
[Link]
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June2010 717
ThisoptionusinglowerpierLED
floodlightsastheonlyadded
lightingtotheroadwayand
pedestrianlightingwasgenerally
agreedtobethecorrect
[Link]
properbalanceoflightinginthis
situationandenvironmentwill
requireastrictcriteriaand
explicitspecificationsintheRFP
documentstoachievethe
[Link]
byusingthecalculatedresultsofthecurrentdesignasthelightlevelcriteriafor
varioussurfacesofthebridgeandspecifyingfixtureoutputanddistributionrequired
forinstallation.
ThelowerpierlightingwouldalsobeRGBcolorchangelightingprogrammedwith
presetlightingcolorswhichcanbeactivatedremotely.
7.5 RoadwayLighting
Theroadwaylighting,aspartially
describedinthearchitectural
lightingsection,ismadeupof
medianmounted35poles,with
8davitarms,spacedat160
[Link]
arrangedtocoincidewiththe
[Link]
luminairesare292wattLED
[Link]
analysistheluminaireusedwas
aBetaLED12barunitsimilarto
theluminairecurrentlyusedon
[Link]
shouldalsobenotedthatthe
lightingcalculationswere
performedattheratedoutput
anddrivecurrentofthe
luminairesandistherefore
higherthanrequired.
Inordertoextendthe
maintenancelifeoftheLEDsalowerdrivecurrentwillbespecifiedinthe
design/buildRFPsothatthelightinglevelsareloweredtothecriterialevelsandthe
associatedwattagewillbereduced.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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7.6 LoopTrailLighting
Thelooptraillightingconsistsof40wattLEDlinearluminaires,integratedintothe
[Link]
theIESNAforbothstandardand
enhancedsecuritybyproviding5
luxminimumvertical
[Link]
verticalilluminance,facial
[Link]
improvesthepedestrians
comfortlevelandsenseof
securitywhiletravelingoverthe
[Link]
objectcontrastinthewalkway
areawhichwillaidcyclistsin
seeingunexpectedobstacles.
7.7 NavigationandObstructionLighting
EventhoughthereisnodefinednavigablechannelbytheCoastGuardintheareaof
theproposedbridge,concernswereraisedaboutthevisibilityofthebridgepiersby
[Link]
[Link]
result,bridgenavigationlightsareproposedtobe
placednearthebottomofeachofthepiers,oneon
[Link]
increasetheiroperatinglife.
FAAobstructionlightswillberequiredatthetopof
[Link]
[Link],
redobstructionlightsandwouldalsouseLED
technologytolengthentheirservicelife.
7.8 LightTrespass/Glare/EnvironmentalImpacts
BecauseoftheconcernscontainedintheVisualQualityManualandfromthe
meetingsdiscussingtheproject,minimizinglighttrespass,glare,andskyglowwere
[Link]
[Link]
conceptdesignthefollowingapproacheswereusedtominimizeenvironmental
impacts:
LightingwasdesignedtomeettheminimumrecommendedvaluesoftheIESNA.
[Link]
bottomofthepiersarenarrowdistributionLEDswithmostlightcontained,and
blocked,bythebridgedeck.
[Link]
Luminaires

[Link]
ObstructionLights
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 719
Theproposedcontrolsystemforthelightingwouldleavetheroadwaylighting
systemon,butturnoffboththearchitecturallightingandthepedestrianlighting
atapredeterminedtime(possibly12AM).Byusingthenavigationlightingthe
[Link]
horizontalilluminancerequirementsforthesidewalkcanbemetwiththe
[Link]
metbutitisanticipatedthatpedestrianvolumeswillbeverylowandtherefore
unnecessary.
Veilingluminancecalculationshavebeenperformedtomakesurethelighting
systemprovidedlimitsdisabilityglaretotheprescribedlimitsoftheIES.
7.9 SystemMaintenance
Maintenancewasastrongconsiderationwhenevaluatingproposedlightingsystems
[Link].
Alsotheuseofreducedcurrentoperationextendsthelifeandoverallefficiencyof
theLEDsconsiderably.Forthesystemsproposedweanticipateaminimumofa10
[Link],with
[Link]
keyconsiderationswhenreviewingtheproposedsysteminclude:
Thelowerpierfloodlightsandpiernavigationlightswillneedtobemaintained
[Link]
ladders/[Link]
systemproposedandshortondurationwilllikelyyieldamuchlongerthan10
yearservicecyclebutmaintenancepredictionsincludedinthisreporthavebeen
keptconservative.
Theobstructionlightsonthetowerwouldbemaintainedbyaccessthroughthe
towers
Theroadwaylightingwouldbemaintainedbyconventionalmeans,mostlikely
requiringalaneclosureonbothsidesoftheroadway
ThetrailpedestrianlightingsystemwouldrequirereplacementoftheLEDstrip
afterthe10+[Link]
veryconservativeestimatebasedontheproposed
controlsystemandhoursofoperation.
7.10 BoxSectionInspectionLighting
Theinterioroftheboxsectionofthebridgewillbe
[Link]
theseinspections,alightingandcontrolsystem,aswell
asmaintenancereceptacles,[Link]
thisproject,itisproposedtouseLEDutilitylightswithin
thebox,controlledby3wayswitchesandtimerand/or
[Link]/sensorsareusedforturningthelightingoff,ifithas
inadvertentlybeenleftilluminatedafteraninspection.

[Link]
Light
[Link]
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720 June2010
7.11 Signing
ThesigninglimitsfortheSt
CroixRiverCrossingwill
includetheentirebridgeand
approximately100feetbeyond
[Link]
purposeofthesigningisto
conveythenecessary
informationina
comprehensiblemanner
allowingthedriveradequate
timetoinitiateanyallowable
actionrequiredinasafe
manner.
7.11.1 ReviewoftheVisual
QualityManual
Thelocationofsignswillbebasedoncurrentsignplacementstandardsadoptedby
Mn/DOTandWisDOTandwherepossible,willbeplacedintheroadsideconsistent
[Link]/DOThasadditionallystatedthattheydidnotwantanylarge
overheadsignsmountedinthemedianofthebridge.
Whereoverheadsignstructuresarerequired,theyshouldbeaneutralgrayincolor
[Link],Mn/DOT,incontrasttotheVQM,has
specificallyrequiredthatalloverheadsignstructuresusethestandardtrussstyle
configurationmountedontoastandardsignpostorwherepossibleconnected
[Link]
elevationofthesigntrussshallbeconsistentwithadoptedMn/DOTstandardsfor
overheadsigningandwillbeafunctionofthesignpanelsizesbeingaccommodated.
Thetrussshouldalsobemountedsoastoallowforthepossibilityofaddingafuture
walkwayandsignlightingsystem.
Whereitisrequiredthatsignsbemountedonabridgeoverpasstoservethe
motoristsontheunderpassingroad,thesignsshouldbeattachedinanunobtrusive
[Link],thatshallmeanthetopofthe
signshouldnotextendabovethebridgerailandthebottomofthesignshouldnot
extendbelowthebottomofthestructure.
Thecurrentsigningconceptonlydepictsonesigntobemountedoneachsigntruss
[Link]
thatallsignsonthesamestructurehavethesameverticaldimensionandare
mountedatthesameelevation.
7.11.2 AdditionalConceptRefinements
Allothersigningbeyondthelimitsoftheprojectornotdirectlyattachedtothe
bridgestructureitselfshallbeprovidedforbyothersunderaseparatecontract.

[Link]
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 721
Additionalsigningfordelineators,markers,speedlimits,routeconfirmationsigns,
andtrailsignsshallbelocatedasneedanddefinedbytheContractorandapproved
byMn/DOT.
Asaresultofeliminatingthemedianmountedoverheadsignstructures,the
structureforthebeginandendjunctionsignshavenotbeendefinedatthetimeof
thiswritingastoiftheywillbemountedoverheadormountedofftothesideofthe
[Link].
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
June2010 81
8 VisualQuality
8.1 Introduction
[Link]
[Link]
wasdevelopedbetween2004and2006,theextradosedbridgetypewasselectfor
themainrivercrossingthroughanextensivestakeholderprocessthatinvolvedlocal
stateandfederalgovernmentagencies,aswellas,localandnationalcitizen
[Link],aVQMwasdevelopedtooutline
[Link]
[Link]
VQMprocessincludedapublicopenhousetogatherpublicinputfortheaesthetic
developmentofthebridge.
ThroughtheVQMprocess,apreferredarchitecturaltreatmentwasselectedfroma
[Link]
[Link]
characterizedbycurvedplanes,taperedforms,smoothsurfaces,andexpressed
jointsbetweenparts.
Inthepreliminaryengineeringphaseoftheproject,thestakeholderinvolvementhas
[Link]
theVQRCmemberorganizations,andincludesthefollowingmembers:
CityofBayport,MN
CityofOakParkHeights,MN
CityofStillwater,MN
[Link],WI
MinnesotaStateHistoricPreservationOffice
NationalParkService
ThepurposeoftheVQACisto:
PerpetuatetheworkthathasbeenaccomplishedthroughtheEnvironmental
ProcessandVisualQualityProcess
AssisttheProjectTeamthroughtheinterpretationoftheVisualQualityManual
inareaswheretheintentisnotfullydefined.
AdvisetheProjectTeamregardingrefinementstotheconceptualdesignduring
thepreliminaryengineeringphase
AssisttheProjectTeaminevaluatinghownewlydiscoveredaspectsdiscovered
duringpreliminaryengineeringrelatetothepreviouslydevelopedconcept
design.
AttendVQACMeetingstoofferinputandcommentonvisualqualityissues
relatedtothepreliminaryengineering.
Informtheagenciesororganizationsthatarerepresentedofinformation
presentedordiscussedwithregardtotherelationshipbetweentheconceptual
[Link]
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82 June2010
designdocumentedintheVisualQualityManualandthepreliminary
engineeringdesign.
Inaddition,publicinvolvementwascontinuedthroughtwoopenhouses,wherethe
conceptrefinementwaspresentedforpublicinputandcomment.
8.2 Objectives
Thespecificobjectivesoftheconceptrefinementthroughthepreliminary
engineeringphaseinclude:
Collaboratewiththestructuraldisciplinetostudyandexecuterefinementsof
theconceptdesignusingtheVQMforguidance.
Developarchitecturaldrawingsthatsupportproposedstructuraldesignconcepts
andcomplimenttheintentdescribedintheVQMincluding:
o 2Ddrawingsshowingthevariousconceptrefinements.
o 2Dlightingdrawingsshowingtheriverbridgeatnight,ontheriverupand
downstreamandontheroadwayfromtheMinnesotaandWisconsinsides.
o 2Ddrawingstodescribethedesignintenttoboththeprofessionalandthe
layman.
o 2DCADdrawingsindicatingaccuratescaleandproportiontobeusedfor
discussionpurposeswiththeDesignTeamandtheVQAC
o 2DCADdrawingsdevelopedforformalpresentationstotheDOTs,other
agencies,andthepublicatlarge.
o RefinementstotheconceptspresentedintheVQM,suchasfurtherdesign
[Link],tobepresentedto
obtainconcurrenceoftheDesignTeamandinputfromtheVQAConthe
refinements.
ProvideinputtotheMn/DOTVisualizationUnitfortheirpreparationofphoto
realisticrenderingsofthebridgeinbothdaytimeandnighttimesimulations.
8.3 RefinementProcess
TheVQMpresentsaconceptdesignandvisual,functional,andengineeringguidance
[Link]
Organicconceptas:
Thepartslookasiftheywerefoundinnature,orshapedbynaturalforces.
Theverticalpierformsarereedlike;thegirdersareroundedandtaperedlike
bonesortreebranches;andwalls,barriersandrailingsarecurvedandblended
intothelargerforms.
Transitionsaregradualandsmooth;edgesaresoftandcurved;andcolorsare
unifiedandnaturalexpressionsoftheirmaterials.
Inpreparationfortheconceptrefinementandaspartofthepreliminary
engineering,theconceptdesignwasreviewedandevaluatedtomorefully
[Link]
requiredclosecollaborationbetweenthearchitecturaldisciplineandthestructural
[Link]
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discipline,sothattheaestheticvaluesoutlinedintheVQMarecoordinatedwiththe
[Link]
bridgeanditsrelationshiptothebluffs,wetlands,andriverareofutmost
importance,butthestructuralintegrityofthebridgeisthebackbonethatsupports
[Link]
whileexpressingtheintendedcontextsensitivedesign.
Withthesevaluesinmind,thefocusoftheVisualQualityeffortwas:
PierConceptRefinement:Theconceptpierisathreecolumnpierwithtwo
exteriorcolumnsthatextendabovetheroadwaytoprovideanattachmentfor
thestaycables,whiletheinteriorcolumnisunderthebridgegirdersalongthe
[Link],thepreferenceofthe
VQRCwastohaveatwocolumnpier,butathreecolumnpierwasincludedin
theconceptuntilstructuralinvestigationwasperformedtoverifythefeasibility
[Link]
characterdesiredoftheriverbridge,andthetwocolumnconveysthese
attributestothefullestextent.
Throughtechnicalanalysisofthestructureitwaspossibletoconfirmthatthe
[Link]
changingthesizeorformofthecolumnwhileretainingthepreferredshapeand
[Link],it
becamenecessarytomodifytheloweredgeofthecrossgirdertoprovidegreater
[Link]
edgealongthecrossgirderwasalsoretainedthoughtheradiusofthecurvededge
[Link]
slightlydifferentbutacceptablevisualappearanceofthecrossgirder.

[Link]
PierColumnShapeRefinement:ThepiercolumnshapedepictedintheVQMhas
variabledimensionsfromtoptobottomofcolumncreatingataperedcylindrical
crosssectionthatisslightlycantedtowardthebridgecenterlineasthecolumn
[Link]
[Link]
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(CRAVE)studyundertakeninlate2008,recommendedthatthepiercolumn
shapebesimplifiedtoimproveconstructabilityandprovidecostsavings.
Anumberofrefinementswereexploredbuttheonechosenretainsthevisual
[Link]
chosenrefineddesignconsistsofauniformslopingandcantedexterioronthree
[Link]
achievethis,shorttangentsegmentswereintroducedintothecolumnsectiononall
foursidessothattransitionalblockingcouldbemoreeasilyintroducedintothe
[Link]
[Link]
andtoreducecost.
Nearthebaseoftherivercolumns,[Link]
tobelocatedatthesurfacewaterelevationandslopeupwardclosingthehollow
[Link]
[Link]
lodgingofdrift.

[Link]
forEaseofConstruction
PedestrianTrailLocation:IntheVQMconcept,thepedestriantrailcantileversfrom
thenorthedgeofthebridgegirderoutboardofthenorthplanecablestays
(outboardscenario).Thisrequiresthetrailtocurveoutwardandaroundthenorth
[Link]
trailberelocatedontothebridgegirder,placingthetrailinboardofthenorthcable
[Link],improved
[Link]
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operations,maintenanceandinspection,[Link]
inboardofthecables,interferencebetweenpedestrian/bicycletravelandthecables
iseliminated,andpedestrianscanberemovedfromthethroughtrafficofthetrail
byplacingoverlooksatthepiers.
Boththeoutboardandinboardtraillocationswereevaluatedforconstructability,
safety,operationsandmaintenance,[Link]
[Link]
theinboardtrailconceptprovidessuperiorsafety,operationsandmaintenance
[Link],emergency,snowremoval
[Link]
safetyasthealignmentaffordstrailusersaclearsightlinesalongtheentirelength
[Link]
lightingsystemsareadequatetoprovidepedestrianlightingneedsforcertainuse
conditionsandintimesofhigheruse,itiseasilysupplementedwithlowlevel
[Link]
systemsofthebridgeyetstillprovidesampleviewingofthestructureandits
componentsaswellasviewstotheriverbeyond.

[Link]
[Link]
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[Link]
PedestrianTrailOverlook:TheVQMconceptdoesnothavespecificlocations
[Link]
inboardtrailprovidestheopportunitytousethespaceadjacenttothenorth
[Link]
trailalignmentforpedestrianstoenjoythescenicrivervalley,whileseparated
frombicycletraffic.
[Link]
overlookconceptwasdevelopedtotakeadvantageoftheopportunityfornon
motorizedbridgeuserstohaveanunobstructedviewoftherivernorthofthe
[Link]
[Link]
outoftheflowofnonmotorizedtrafficandawayfromthevehicularroadwayand
[Link]
partofthethroughtrailfacility,theoptionwasexploredtoconstructanoverlookat
[Link]
[Link]
threelocations,pierlines9,11,and13.
[Link]
consideredtheplatformundersideasanopportunitytoprovideadynamicdaytime
elementandtouselightingatnighttoaccentuatethisfeature.
[Link]
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[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
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PedestrianTrailRailing:TheVQMconceptisafullheightmetalrailingwitha
[Link]
inputfromtheVQACrelatedtocurbheightandrailingdetailsincludingtrail
lightingfixturesbuiltintotherailing.
Thepedestrianrailingdesignwasrefinedtosimplifytherailasmuchaspossible
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
toaheightof27witha4verticalbarspacingandthen6minimumverticalbar
spacingthereafter.Botha4spacedrailandacombined4and6spacedrailwere
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
alsowouldbesubjectedtogreatermechanicaldamagefromsnowremoval
operationsandothermaintenanceactivities.
Thechosenrailconsistsofatallerconcretecurbuponwhichthemetalrailis
attached.Theaddedcurbheightof213/4inchesallowsthemetalrailingtobe
constructedsolelywith6inchcentertocenterseparationwhichreducesthe
amountofmaterial,aswellasvisuallylightenstherailingmakingitmore
[Link]
fabricatedinmoduleswhichwillreducecost,andenhanceconstructabilityand
maintenanceoperations.
Toincreasethelevelsoflightingonthetrail,therailingpostshavebeendesignedin
pairedarrangementwhichprovidesanestinglocationforthesmallLEDlighting
[Link]
prominenceofthefixtures.

Figure87.Highercurbheightwith6verticalpicketspacingandintegralLEDlightfixtures
incorporatedintopostonpedestrianhandrailing.
[Link]
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CableAnchorages:TheVQMConcepthasportrayedindividualcableanchor
[Link]
thesideofthebridgeandexposesthesupportingelementsaspartoftheoverall
[Link]
confirmthestructuraldimensionsneededtosupportthebridgeandtomaintain
thearchitecturaldetailstoprovideacoordinatedandsmoothtransitionofthe
podintothegirders.
[Link]
[Link]
structuralrequirementsfortheanchoragesweredeterminedandcanbeeasilymet
[Link]
[Link]
alternativesweremodeledandillustratedfortheVQACandMn/[Link]
unanimouslychosethecoveredcablealternativebecauseitsupportedthelinear
formofthemainbridgeelementsmoreeffectivelythantheexposedcable
[Link],maintenanceandoperations
benefitstothecoveredscenarioasiteasiertobuild,andprovidesagreaterlevelof
protectionforthecableterminationsontheundersideofthedeckwithoutlimiting
inspectionaccesstocableanchorages.

[Link]
[Link]
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MinnesotaapproachStructures:
TheVQMdesignoftheMinnesota
Approachincludedapierdesign
composedoftaperedcolumnsin
[Link]
1:33andthepairsareseparatedby
10.
Twoalternativecolumnformswere
[Link]
apairedcolumnconceptwhich
reducedtheslopeto1:66andthe
separationbetweenthepairto5
[Link]
conceptwasasinglestemdesign
utilizingthe1:[Link]
twoalternativesweremodeledandillustratedfromvariousviewpointsalongthe
[Link]
taperedcolumnformperformedvisuallyaswellifnotbetterthanthepair
[Link]/DOTagreedthesingle
columnformwasacceptable.

[Link](Left)andTypicalSingleStemPier(Right)along
MinnesotaApproach

[Link]
connections
[Link]
ConceptRefinementReport
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9 Construction
9.1 Introduction
Thissectiondiscusseswhatareconsideredtobesomeofthemorecritical
constructionissuesforbothlandbasedconstructionandconstructionoftheriver
spansthatwillneedtobeaddressedforthesuccessfulconstructionoftheproject.
Inaddition,constructionofmajorbridgesrequiresthatconstructabilitybe
investigatedandevaluatedateverystageofdesigndevelopmentaswellasduring
constructionasthesuccessfulDesignBuild(DB)Contractorplanstheconstructionof
[Link]
bridgewillbefullycompliantwiththecontractrequirementsandthatacceptable
standardsforconstructionmeansandmethodshavebeenmet.
9.2 ConstructionStagingAreas
Constructionstagingareaswillberequiredfortherivercrossingbridgeworkandfor
[Link]
[Link]
adjacenttotheprojectareabecauseofthecomplexityoftheterrain,thewetlands,
theriverway,[Link]
theDBContractortomakearrangementsforadditionalstagingareasasnecessary
[Link]
potentialstagingareasareavailabletothecontractoraswellasthatheis
responsibleforanyadditionalstagingareasthathedeemsmayberequired.
9.3 CastingYard
Inadditiontoconstructionstagingareas,iftheDBContractorelectstouseprecast
constructionfortheapproachspans,theriverspans,orboth,itwillbenecessaryto
utilizeanexistingcastingyardfacilityortosetupanewfacilityspecificallyforthis
[Link],thecastingyardwillneedtohavesufficientareafortheprecast
operations,[Link]
canbeexpectedthatforaprojectofthissize,aparceloflandthatis20acresor
[Link]
approximatelyonethirdofthetotalnumberofsegmentsmayberequiredthough
thisisclearlydependentontheplannedandactualscheduleforprecastingand
erection.
9.4 [Link]
TheDBContractormayelecttoutilizeeitherprecastorcastinplaceconstruction
methodsoracombinationthereofperhapsdifferentiatingbetweentheapproaches
[Link]
willbemadeinconsiderationofthecontractorsexperienceandpreference,
availabilityofequipment,aswellasprecastplantconsiderationsincludingtransport,
scheduleandeconomics.
[Link]
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Someoftheprosandconsofeachconstructionmethodincludethefollowing.
9.4.1 PrecastConstruction
Withover5000linearfeetofbridgedeckthereisanopportunityforcost
[Link]
haveconstantdepthsegmentsandtheapproacheswilltransitiontoashallower
[Link]
andreducesthecostofprecastformsandallowsforimprovedefficiency.
Ifthescheduleallows,precastoperationscouldbesetupindoorstoallowyear
roundproductionofsegments.
Oneadvantageofprecastconstructionisthatprecastingcanproceedconcurrent
withconstructionofsubstructureelementstofurthershortentheschedule.
Dependentonthelocationofthecastingfacility,transportofsegmentstothe
erectionsitebybargeandpositioningthesegmentsforliftingcouldbevery
[Link]
truck.
Precastsegmentheightisexpectedtobeinarangefrom10feetto16feet,
approximately10feetlongandupto52feetwide.
Precastsegmentweightsareexpectedtobeintherangeof145to160tons
[Link]
castingyardtothejobsitemustbecheckedforanyspecialrestrictionsorpermits
thatmayapply.
Utilizingprecastsegmentswouldlimittheamountofconcretetobedeliveredon
therivertothepiers,towersandsomelimitedcastinplacesuperstructure
closurejoints.
Therepetitiousnatureofprecastingsegmentsinafactorystyleenvironment
tendstoleadtoahigherqualityoffinishedconcreteproduct.
Onthedownsidetheprecastmethodrequirestheuseofeitheranexisting
precastfacilityorestablishmentofanewfacilityfortheproject.
Someexistingcastingyardsknowntoexistwithina100mileradiusofthe
projectsitethatcouldbeconsideredincludethreecommercialfacilities
constructingprecastbridgebeamsandpipeproductsandonecontractorowned
facilitypreviouslyutilizedforprecastsegments.
Eveniftheprecastmethodisselected,somecastinplaceworkwouldstillbe
requiredonapproachesatthetransitionsections.
Erectioncanbeongoingatmultiplelocationsandcanshareerectionequipment.
Erectioninwintermonthscanproceedprovidedheatedenclosuresareusedand
[Link]
expectedthattheremaybetimeswhenitissimplytoocoldtoproceedwith
erectionevenwithsuchmeasuresbeingtaken.
[Link]
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9.4.2 CastinPlaceConstruction
Again,thelargequantityofbridgedeckconstructionoffersefficiencyiftheDB
Contractorelectstousetravelersforcastinplaceconstruction,particularlyfor
spansoverthewater.
Castinplaceworkontheapproachescould,alternatively,bedoneonfalsework
ratherthanbyuseoftravelers.
Thetravelerscanbeeasilyshippedtositebybargeortruck.
Castinplacedeckconstructionoverwaterwouldbemorelikelytoberestricted
duringseverelowtemperaturesfrommidDecembertomidMarch.
Bothmethodsrequiretheuseofspecializedequipmentandpreviousexperiencein
thistypeofconstructionshouldbemandatoryincludingPTtendoninstallationand
[Link]
[Link]
structuresintheUS,itmaynotbepracticaltoincludeasimilarrequirementforthe
StCroixRiverCrossing,though,requiringsupervisorypersonneltohaveexperience
withtheconstructionofatleasttwosegmentalorcablestayedstructuresinthelast
10yearsshouldbeconsidered.
Inordertoprovideforsegmenterectiontoproceedthroughwintermonths,special
[Link],
tendongroutingmaybepostponedinthewintermonthsbytheuseofacorrosion
inhibitoruntilsubstratetemperaturesriseagainwherefreezingoffreshlyplaced
groutisnolongeraconcern.
9.5 PermittingRequirements
TheMinnesotasideoftheriverbridgehasenvironmentalrestrictionswithahigh
qualitywetlandinthearea,verylimitedaccess,[Link]
Wisconsinsideoftheriverhasbluffimpactsandmusselbedsadjacenttotheshore.
Itisessentialthatthepermittingisestablishedbasedonreasonableassumptionsof
[Link]
thedeliveryandsiterelocationsoflargepiecesofequipmentsuchascranes,
travelers,haulers,[Link]
throughouttheprojectlimitsextendingtotheriverfromTH36andSTH35.
Considerationneedstobegivenatthisstageforpermanentaccesstypicallyinthe
formofa12to15footwidecorridorparallelingeachstructure.
AccesstoPier14ontheWisconsinbluffwillbeparticularlychallengingasthegrade
[Link]
acquisitionontheWisconsinsideprovideforswitchbackingoftheaccessroadas
needed.
ItisnotedthattheconceptdrawingtitledWetlandImpactDetailsincludesan
aerialviewoftheMinnesotaapproachspansareashowingtemporaryand
permanentaccessroadsaswellasareasthatareexpectedtobeimpactedlessthan
[Link]
[Link]
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Contractorbegivensomeflexibilitytodevelophisownmeansandmethodsthat
couldaffectthoseareasperhapsbydefiningalimitingimpactassessmentandthe
permittingrequirementsbytheappropriateagenciesforanyDBContractor
proposeddeviationsfromwhathasbeenindicated.
9.6 ErosionControlandEnvironmentalCompliance
Giventhesensitivityofthewetlandareasandwatercoursesthattheprojectistobe
constructedover,itisessentialthaterosioncontrolmeasuresbeemployedduring
[Link]
contractdocumentsadequatelyspellouttheminimumrequirementsand
[Link]
construction,thiswillbeprimarilybasedonstandardbestmanagementpractices
(BMP)forerosionandsedimentcontrol,establishmentofconstructionlimits,
signage,spillpreventionandcontrol,trainingoftheworkforceinenvironmental
awarenessandmonitoring.
Forworkoverwater,theContractormustplanhisoperationsandcontrolthework
topreventcontaminationofthewatercourseparticularlyduringcofferdam
installation,excavation,trestleconstruction,bargemovementsand
spudding/anchoring,dredging,handlinganddisposalofdrillshaftspoils,equipment
[Link]
individualonthecontractorsstaffwhosesoleresponsibilityisenvironmental
[Link]
environmentalcomplianceitemssothatMn/DOTandWis/DOTcancontroland
exactlywhatisrequiredinthisarea.
9.7 FoundationConstructionMethods
Acofferdamisanticipatedtobeconstructedateachpierfortheconstructionofthe
drilledshaftfoundationcapsincethetopofthestructuralcapisassumedtobeat
[Link]
[Link]
drillingoftheshafts,thecofferdamcouldserveasatemplateforshaftconstruction.
Oncethecofferdamframeworkandsteelsheetingisinplacewithseveralbracing
tiersthatactasadrilledshaftlinertemplate,thedrilledshaftoperationcanbegin.
Eachdrilledshaftcasingwillbeplacedbyalargecraneonabargeanddrivenbya
[Link]
[Link],a
drillrigandtheappropriatesupportequipmentsuchasamudplant,drillingtools
andascowwillbemobilizedtobegindrillingtheshaftsandrocksockets.
Oncetherocksocketiscomplete,anairliftcanbeusedforcleaningtheshaftby
recyclingthedrillingfluidthoughthemudplantwhichseparatesthefluidfromthe
[Link]
placementofthereinforcingcagewillfollowthecleaningprocessandwillrequirea
[Link]
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largecraneduetotheweightofthereinforcingwhichwilllikelybesplicedinseveral
sections.
TremiesandCSLtubeswillbeplacedpriortotheconcreteplacementineachdrilled
[Link],abarge
mountedconcretebatchplantmayproveeconomicallyfeasible.
Uponcompletionofthedrilledshaftswithinthepiercofferdam,excavationforthe
tremiesealcantakeplacebyusingawaterjetandanairliftcoupledwithamud
[Link],concreteforthetremiesealwillbeplaceduptoan
[Link]
thesealtoremovelaitanceandhumpsfromthetremielocationsfromprotruding
[Link],formingand
placementofthefoundationcapandthebridgecolumnscanthenbeconstructedin
thedry.
9.8 SubstructurePierandTowerConstruction
Accesstothepierlocationscouldbebybargeasdescribedabovefordrilledshaft
operations,byaseriesoffloatingpontoons/[Link]
pontoonswouldbequicktoinstallandcouldbemoreeasilyreconfiguredaswork
[Link]
andwouldnothavetoconsideraccessandmovementsduringwintermonthswhen
[Link]
justoneortwopiersfromeithershorewhichwouldstillleavethecenterspansopen
[Link],itwillbesubjecttoUSCGapprovaland
permitting.
Thepierandtowerconstructionwillrequiredeliveryofrebarandconcreteandwill
requirecranesupport.Withtheheightofthetowersexceeding200feetabovethe
waterlevel,itmaybeefficienttoutilizetowercranessupportedonthepermanent
[Link],
stayanchorboxes,cableinstallationandtensioning.
Theuniquepierandtowercrosssectionwillposesomechallengesinformingand
maylimittheamountofreusethateachformcanfulfillonasinglecolumnbut
shouldpermitreuseonotherpiersandtowers.
Itcanbeexpectedthatthepier/towerconstructionwillbemadeinapproximately
tenliftsincludingthreeorfourliftsforthetowerheadincorporatingthestayanchor
assemblies.
9.9 Reinforcingsteelarrangementscongestionanddetailing
SincethisisaDesignBuildproject,itistobeexpectedthattheDBEngineerof
Records(EoR)designdrawingswillbedetailedsuchthatrebarshopdrawingsare
[Link]
bendingdiagramsforconstructionandtoverifyandresolveconflictswithstay
[Link]
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hardware,PThardwareandanyotherembedsrequired,suchasladdersand
[Link]
alsoberesponsibleforidentifyingpossibleconflictsandfortheirresolutioninthe
developmentofthedesigndrawings.
Thedesigndrawingsshouldalsoidentifyanyelementsthatarefracturecriticalsuch
ascomponentsofthestayanchorassembliesinthetowerheadsandshouldprovide
clearrequirementsforallweldssizes,weldclassificationandNDErequirements.
9.10 Posttensioningtendonsandgrouting
Completedetailsoftheposttensioningsystemmustbeprovidedbythepost
[Link]
[Link]
theprevioussection,itistheresponsibilityoftheEoRtoensurereinforcement
detailingiscompatiblewiththeposttensioningsystemandcablestayhardwareand
thatdimensionalconflictsareresolvedonthedesigndrawings,notinthefield.
Tensioningandgroutingofthesystemshouldbeperformedbytrainedand
[Link]
[Link]
closeinspectionbyQCpersonneltoensurethattheworkisperformedin
compliancewithcontractrequirementstoensurethatthelifeofthestructureisnot
[Link]
inclusionofmockuptendongroutingtodemonstrateadequacyofgrouting
equipmentandmethodsandfortrainingofgroutingcrews.
9.11 StayInstallation
Foranextradosedstructure,cabletensioningmorecloselyresemblespost
tensioningtendonstressingthantheoperationsthatareuniquetocablestayed
[Link]
andforinstallationofthetendonsdohoweverneedtobecarefullyplannedand
carriedoutsuchthatthesecriticalelementsarenotdamagedduringconstruction.
9.12 Specialarchitecturalformingandfinishing
Itisnotedthatspecialarchitecturalformingandfinishinghasbeenidentifiedforthis
[Link],towersandthe
[Link]
intheVisualQualityManual(January2007)aswellastheongoingconcept
refinementprocessItshouldberecognizedthattherewillbeapremiumcost
associatedwiththespecialarchitecturalformingandfinishingandtheContract
documentsmustbeclearonwhatopportunitytheDBContractormayhaveto
proposealternateformsforanyoftheseelementsandtheprocessforapprovalof
anysuchdeviations.
[Link]
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9.13 Industryforum
AnindustryforumwasheldduringtheASBIannualconventiononOct25,[Link]
theforumcontractorswerebriefedontheconceptualdetailsfortheStCroixRiver
[Link]
[Link]
isrecommendedthatamoreformalforumbeheldpriortoissuingtheRFPtogather
additionalcontractorinput.

[Link]
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10 MaintenanceandInspection
10.1 Introduction
MaintenanceandInspectionareverycriticalconsiderationsforanybridgeproject
particularlysowhenthebridgemaybeoutsideofthetypicalbridgeconstruction
practiceasisthecasefortheStCroixRiverCrossingutilizingextradosedspansthat
arerelativelyuncommonintheUS.
[Link]
[Link]
formaintenanceandinspectionmustbeincorporatedintothedesigndevelopment,
andspecificmaintenanceandinspectionproceduresmustbedevelopedforthe
longlifeexpectedforthestructure.
10.2 CriticalElements
Operation,inspection,maintenanceandaccessrequirementsforeachofthe
[Link]
Contractorwillberequiredtoaddresseachofthoserequirementsduringthefinal
[Link]
Operation,InspectionandMaintenanceManualpreparedspecificallyfortheStCroix
[Link]
ofthebridgeincludingalistofcomponentslikelytorequirereplacementwithinthe
expectedlifeofthestructure.
Itemsthatwillrequireongoingoperationandmaintenanceinclude:
Antiicingsystem
BridgeLighting
NavigationLighting
AviationLighting
Lightinginsidethebridge
Lightinginsidethetowers
Drainage
Signage
Itisanticipatedthattheseelementswillbeinspectedatleastonceperyearbutmay
requireimmediateattentionshouldsomethingceasetofunctionatanytime.
Lifeexpectancyoftheseitemsislessthanthestructurelifeexpectancyandwill
likelyrequirefullreplacementanumberoftimesoverthelifeofthestructure.
Itemsthatwillrequireinspectionandperiodicmaintenanceinclude:
Bearings
Expansionjoints
Overlay
Paintedsurfaces
[Link]
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Itisrecommendedthattheseitemsbeinspectedeverytwoyearsandintheevent
thatanyunusualstructurebehaviororeventhasoccurred.
Itcanbeexpectedthattheseelementsorcomponentsofthemsuchasbearing
pads,willalsohavetobereplacedanumberoftimesovertheexpectedlifeofthe
structure.
Itemsthatwillrequireinspectionandmayrequireperiodicmaintenanceinclude:
CablesandProtectionSystems
Anchoragesystems
Posttensioningsystems
Concretesubstructureelements
Concretesuperstructureelements
Foundationsincludingriverpiersbelowwater
Thesearecriticalsupportelementsofthestructureandifconstructedwithcareand
attentiontodetailshouldprovideserviceforthelifeofthestructurewithlittle
[Link]
changesinserviceandanyindicationsofdistressmustbeinvestigatedand
addressed.
Accessisakeyaspectofanyinspectionprogramanditwillbenecessarytomake
[Link]
beparticularlythecaseforinspectionoftheexteriorsurfacesofthesuperstructure
[Link]
underbridgesnoopersormanliftsthatarecurrentlyinservicewillbeabletoreach
tothoseareas.
Substructurepierswillrequireinspectionfromamanliftmountedonabarge.
FortheApproachstructuresitwillbeimportantthatpermanentaccessbe
[Link]
particularlyimportantwheretherearewetlandsadjacenttothebridge.