History Notes 9/6/2012

Article I. Westward Movement

The Dispossessed
Groups who are dispossessed
Tenants
Sharecroppers
Migrants
Agriculture became big business
Dispossessed labors worked land that didnt own
Crop lien system
Seed, meat sold on credit to workers and charge interest,
could be up to 60%, Landlords would take 50% of crop. Made
you stay in debt. Never get from under debt. Tied poor people
to land.
Agribusiness
Impact of inventions on farming
Inventions create more opportunities to farm land with less
people( fertilizers, plows)
Impact of increased crop production on prices
Farmers response- increased production(wrong)
Western Industry
Mining
Gold, Silver, Copper, etc.
Different types of people
Prospectors
Peddlers
Saloonkeepers
Prostitutes
Gamblers
Cattlemen
Follow the railroad(transport cattle to market)
Indian Policy
1860s-1870s
Sioux- 300 sent to death
Crazy Horse
Treaty of Fort Laramie- abandon trail; establishment of two
reservation Oklahoma Western Dakotas( two refused Sitting
Bull Crazy Horse)
George Armstrong Custer- 1874 violates treaty goes into
Bozeman Trail. He starts a rumor that there is gold in the
black hills of Montana.
Little Big Horn- three prong attack on Sioux. Custer divides
force and surround village. U.S. governor authorizes to kill as
many Native Americans as possible
Bozeman Trail- trail in Sioux country near ancient burial of
Native American
Battle of Wounded Knee 1889-1900
Religious Revival
Wovoka- advocates the
Ghost Dance The dead would come back to life and
drive white man back
Sitting Bull December 9 1890 shot in escape Wounded Knee
200 Indians dead 25 soldiers dead
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Effort to Americanize the Indians
Proposed introducing Indians to individual land ownership
and agriculture with 25 years
Subjugation of Indian People
Direct and indirect assaults on their culture
White disease and alcohol
Railroads
Hunting habits of white men






The Gilded Age
Coined by Charles Dudley Warner & Samuel Clemson
Social and Cultural Change
Results of several factors
Industrialization
Urbanization
Immigration
Westward expansion
Changes in societys constraints and explanation
Urban Growth
Cities with populations of more than 50,000 grew twice as fast as rural areas
Urban Growth from:
Migration
Mechanization of farm work
Birth and death rates- rural vs. urban
Immigration
Rapid growth affected the nature of cities
1885 first skyscraper- William LeBaron Jenney- 10 stories
Steel frames allowed skyscrapers to be even taller
Passenger elevators
New forms of transportation allowed to expand outward
Streetcar lines
Electricity
1888- Frank Sprague- electric powered street car
By 1902 97% of nations streetcars powered by electricity
Subways
Little urban planning
Services couldnt keep up with growth
Problems
Contaminated drinking water
Disposal of sewage
Cleaning streets
Garbage removal
Poverty and the City
Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives
Statistics
Tenements
Overcrowding
Hazardous conditions
Blamed widespread urban poverty ongreedy landlords, corrupt officials, on
the poor themselves
Charity Organization Society (COS)
Individual character defects produced poverty
Assistance for poor rewarded immorality and laziness
Assistance should only be temporary
Settlement house
Initiative of young, college-educated men and women
Took an environmental approach to help the poor deal with problems the faced in
Housing
Nutrition
Sanitation
Open a house in the slums
First settlement in the US- established in NY in 1886
1889- several women opened a settlement house in NY
First settlement house in Chicago Hull House- established by Jane Addams and Ellen
Gates Starr
1910 400 Settlement houses up and running
Post reconstruction Politics
1876 Rutherford B Hayes
Stalwarts
Problems getting Republican nomination in 1880
1880 between James A Garfield-48.5% Winfield Scott Hancock-48.1%, and James B
Weaver (Greenback- Labor Party)
Garfield and Arthur
Garfield is assassinated
Chester Arthur
One of weakest US presidents
Terrible reputation prior to election
Efficient and honest as president
Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
Proposed by Senator George Pendleton
Background- got job on qualifications 1
st
, Jackson changed it so you had to part
of president party, person who assassinated Garfield lost his job
Far-reaching consequences
Created the merit system for filing federal positions
Designated certain federal position as classified Today 90% then 10%
In 1883- pushed for tariff reform
As a rule
Democrats opposed tariffs
Republicans supported tariffs
Election of 1884 James G. Blaine vs. Grover Cleveland
Blaine vs. Cleveland
Party nominations
Character- Cleveland(sheriff of Buffalo) untarnished record paid someone else to
take place in Civil War, bachelor, fathering children outside of marriage( Cleveland
underdog)
Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion Speech New York City
Prohibition Catholics Democrats
Supposedly anti-Catholic
Blaine loses 10000 votes in New York
Cleveland 219 Blaine 182
Blaines speech screwed himself
Grover Cleveland
First democrat president before the Civil War
Considered best president between Lincoln and Teddy Roosevelt
Lower tariffs, support of modern navy with building of ships, not a supporter of
territorial expansion
Interstate Commerce Act of 1886
Established the interstate commerce commission
ICC- regulated interstate commerce(railroads) and new inventions (telephone &
electricity)
Marked a major jump in government power
ICC- first government commission to regulate business
Election of 1888
Candidates
Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison (4 million dollars spent)
Money was a major issue
Grand Army of the Republic
Lord Sackville-West letter- fake written by republicans
Election results- Cleveland wins popular vote , Harrison 283 electoral votes
Winning popular vote doesnt win nothing
Benjamin Harrison
Honest republican but dumb
McKinley Tariff- highest tariffs in US history
Sherman Anti-trust Act- outlawed monopolies
Expansion Hawaii
Hawaii- Queen Liliuokalani- Sanford Dole
Election of 1892
Three Party Election
Cleveland (Dem)
Harrison Republic
James B. Weaver( Populists)
Farmers Alliance- Peoples Party- Populist Party- one of the most popular third
party
Populist Party Platform
Income Tax
8 hour work day
Child labor laws
Popular election of Senators
Australian ballot- secret ballot
Initiative and Referendum- group of citizens have a petition so they can propose a
law to government
Government ownership of methods of communication
Restriction on Immigration
Cheap money
Election results
Cleveland-46%-227 e.v.
Harrison-43%- 145 e.v.
Weaver- 8.5%- 22 e.v.
Cleveland gets congress to sign off on income tax. Later found unconstitutional
Election of 1896
William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan
Campaign
McKinley- Republican- Advance Agent of Prosperity
Bryan- Democrat & Populist- The Cross of Gold speech
Election results
McKinley -7,102,246- 51%- 271 e.v.
Bryan 57%- 170 e.v.
McKinley Administration
Advance Agent of Prosperity
Economic upturn
Even more farmers more prosperous
Conservative big business friendly
Period of rapid social change
Split Social Darwinists/Republicans/McKinley v Populists/Labor Unions/
Democrats
End of Exam 1 Notes







Progressive era
I. Definition
A. Organized response to industrialization and its socioeconomic consequences
1. Immigration
2. Urban growth
3. Concentration of corporate power
4. Widening class division
B. Age of scientific innovation
1. Government conducted massive statistical studies
2. Vice commissions created
C. Age of social awareness- particularly among young, Protestant, middle class
Americans
II. Spanned Three Presidencies
A. Work of Numerous Groups
1. NAACP- National Association for Colored People
2. Prohibition Movement
3. Social Gospel Movement
4. Womans Suffrage Movement
B. Political Reform in the States
1. Restoring sovereignty to the people
a) Direct primary
b) Seventeenth Amendment direct election of senators
2. Creating a virtuous electorate- electorate informed understand importance of
voting, free of corruption-
3. Australian ballot- secret ballot- corruption within voting process
4. Personal registration Law
5. Disfranchisement
a) Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
6. Woman Suffrage
C. Nineteenth Amendment
1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state account of sex
2. Congress had the power to enforce this with appropriate legislation
D. Economic & Social reform in the States
1. Progressives wanted to
a) Limit the power of corporations
b) Strengthen organized labor
c) Offer social welfare protection to the weak
2. Wisconsin- Robert La Follette
3. Direct primary
4. Tax law directed at railroad corporations
5. Civil service law
6. Regulation of railroads and utility rates
7. First state income tax-Wisconsin
8. Labor laws Wisconsin- ex workmans comp, limit amount of hours worked per
week, minimal wage for women
9. New York- second only to Wisconsin in the vigor & breadth of its progressive
movement
10. Focused fighting political corruption
11. Public service commission
12. Factory investigating committee
13. Reforms to improve working & living conditions of NYs urban poor
14. Labors laws similar to Wisconsin, workers have to right to form union,
legislation to limit on monopolies
E. Theodore Roosevelt
F. Square Deal
1. TR campaigned on the promise of a Square Deal for the American people in
1904
2. First major domestic problem Trusts
a) Philander Knox- attorney general
b) Northern Securities Company (NSC)
c) Sherman Anti-trust Act
d) Supposedly violating Sherman anti-trust act
3. Trustbuster
G. Anthracite Coal Strike
1. United mine workers of America. May 7, 1902
2. Teddy 1
st
president to negotiate in behalf of strike in end everything works out.
TR changed the nature of world where congress was in charge.
H. Railroad regulation
1. Problems with the railroad system
2. TR decided to address the problems with the railroad system in 1906
3. Congress passed the Hepburn Act
a) Gave the ICC the authority to set maximum railroad rates and to examine
the finical records of the various railroad companies
4. Marked change in the Federal Governments role
I. Food
1. Upton Sinclairs The Jungle
2. Meat inspection Act of 1906
a) Strict sanitary requirements for meat processors
b) Create federal meat inspection
c) Forerunner for program we have today
3. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
a) Companies have to honest on labels
b) Must be honest and accurate
4. Dr. Harvey Wiley- Department of Agricultures chief chemist
J. Environment
1. John Muir and the sierra club- preservationists
2. Conservationist
3. Gifford Pinchot- head of the newly created US Forrest Service
K. 1908 Presidential Election
1. Republican candidate- William Howard Taft
2. Democratic candidate- William Jennings Bryan
3. Results
a) Taft- 51.6% -7,675,321- 321 e.v.
b) Bryan-
L. Taft Administration
1. Dollar Diplomacy
2. Trustbuster
3. Payne-Aldrich Tariff
4. Mann-Elkins Act
a) Authorized the ICC to act on its own initiative in correcting discriminatory
freight rates
5. Bureau of Mines
a) Limit exploitation of mineral resources
M. Ballinger- Pinchot Affair
1. Richard Ballinger- Secretary of the Interior
2. Gifford Pinchot- head of the US Forest Service
3. Taft fired Pinchot
N. Election of 1912
1. Three major candidates
a) Republicans nominate Taft
b) Progressives nominate Roosevelt
c) Democrats nominate Wilson
2. +Campaign platform
a) TR- New Nationalism
(1) Social justice
(2) Graduated income tax
(3) Workmans compensation
(4) Government regulation of children and women
(5) Strengthens bureau of corporations
(6) Womens suffrage
b) Wilson- New Freedom
(1) Government protect people
(2) Support small business
(3) Anti-trust
(4) Lower tariffs
(5) In favor of free trade
O. Election Results
1. Wilson- 6,296,547- 41.9%- 435 e.v.
2. Roosevelt- 4,118,571- 27.4%-88 e.v.
3. Taft- 3,486,720- 23.2%- 8 e.v.
4. Debs- 900,672(Socialist)- 6.0%
5. Chafin(Prohibition)- 206,275- 1.4%
6. This Progressive high water mark
7. Wilson bought more southerners to government
8. Changes the nature of republican party
P. Woodrow Wilson
1. Last progressive president
2. Most comprehensive reform program of any president between the civil war and
the new deal
3. Underwood-Simmons Tariff- 1
st
major reduction of tariff (37% to 29%) 300 items
added to free list (including, sugar, wool, wood, coal, and steel rails for railroads)
4. Federal Reserve Act
a) Established the Federal Reserve
b) Federal Reserve system regulates currency and the credit supply (makes
it easier for business to get loans)
5. Clayton Anti-Trust Act- prohibited
a) Price fixing ( to prevent corporations to make monopoly)
b) Tying contracts (Limit where a company buy resources)
c) Interlocking directorates capitalized at $ 1 million or more
d) Acquisition of stockholdings that lessened competition
e) Clayton anti-trust Act benefited labor ( union had the right to strike and
picket line peacefully)
6. Federal Warehouse Act (loan money accessible to farmers)
7. Workingmens Compensation Act (federal service only)-1916
8. Adamson Act- sets the number of hours a railroad worker can work-8
9. 16
th
Amendment
a) Federal income tax- $3000 or more- highest rate 7%
10. 17
th
Amendment
a) Popular election of senators
Becoming a World Power 1865-1913
Imperialism- practice by which a nation acquires and holds colonies and other
possessions, denies the self-government, and usually exploits the economically
Worldwide Imperialism
Europe
United States
Manifest Destiny- the belief that God or Nature had destined the US to spread its
republican institutions throughout North America
Expectations of a continued expansion
East Asia and the Pacific
China and most favored nation states
1844- first treaty between the US and China (gave China most favored country
status)
Foundation for Open Door Policy
Treaty between A & B commercial privileges extended by A to C automatically
extended to B
Open Door Policy
All nations should have equal access to trading & development rights in China
John Hay Secretary of State
Supporter of Open Door Policy
Turner Thesis
1893- no more frontier in continental US
Focus on overseas expansion
Dominant factors in creating American democracy & shaping nation character-
cheap land& new frontier
Hawaii
Interest fueled by growing trade prospects
King Kamehameha the Great
1848- ships stop in Hawaii for supplies
David Kalahaua -1874
Treaty of reciprocity- sugar-duty free
Indigenous population
1887 pivotal year gave US exclusive power to Pearl Harbor- rumor king
gave him bribes for opium trade
Queen Liliuokalani
1891- became queen
Advocated change
1893- overthrown
1893- Hawaii became a US possession
US Navy
Need for overseas expansion
1885-1889- Secretary of the Navy- William C. Whitney
Alfred Thayer Mahan
President of Naval War College
The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1600-1783 Very important book
The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1600-1783
Elements central to greatness on the seas:
Production of goods
Shipping to carry on this commerce
Colonies to provide both markets and products to be used in the home country-
geography population matters. Strong government to maintain
Mahan stressed the following:
Support for a strong merchant marine
Large, modern navy centered on battleships capable of carrying American
power to distant seas
Mahans Vision for Empire
Extend American power beyond national boundaries
Establish & control a canal through Central America
Command the Caribbean
Dominate Hawaii and other strategic locations in the Pacific
Create naval bases at key points in the Atlantic & Pacific
Spanish American War
1) Causes
a) Cuba- (sugar- Spains last real colony- series of revolutions against Spain, 200,000 Cubans die
in internment camps)
b) Yellow Journalism- W R Hearst, New York Journal & J Pulitzer, New York Telegram
c) American Imperialism
d) Humanitarian Resources
e) Big Business
f) Glory
2) Sparks
3) de Lome letter- McKinney weak president who is easily manipulated, knows that agreement
between Spain and Cuba was fake, published by Hearst in New York Journal, reforms may not
actually happen, give Spain some initiative
4) Sinking of the USS Maine
a) Nobody knows what happened
5) Teller Amendment
a) Cuba was and should independent
b) Demand that Spain withdraw from Cuba
c) US President had authority from Congress to use force to kick Spain out of Cuba
d) US had no desire to annex Cuba
6) Declaration of war 1898
a) John Hay called it splendid little war
7) Mobilizing for War
a) Navy- much more prepared than army
b) Army- woefully unprepared 25,000 men, behind
c) National Guard- were poorly trained, substandard weapons, could they serve outside of US?
d) Volunteers- many, enthusiastic but do not have any training
e) War Department- concentrate on finding a launch point
8) Navy
a) Early planning
b) Philippines
c) Admiral George Dewey
d) Emilio Aguinaldo - join forces with Dewey to get at Spain
e) Cuba
9) Army
a) Tampa- was not a huge community /had harbor but only one pier and only one railroad
line/ no special staff to oversee loading and unloading
b) Cuba- Daiquiri- east of Santiago
c) General Shafter
d) San Juan Heights
i) Rough Riders
ii) Teddy Roosevelt
e) Surrender July 16
th

10) Manila
a) July- 15,000 American troops arrive
b) 13 August assault on Manila
c) 10 December 1898- war formally ended
11) Treaty of Paris
a) Cuba gained its independence
b) Spain ceded Puerto Rico & Guam to US
c) US bought Philippines for $20 million
12) Treaty consequences
a) Acquisition of territory 1
st
time did not grant US citizenship
b) Foraker Act- established civilian government, lust legislative body, governor must be
approved by the US
c) Filipino independence movement
i) Aguinaldo
ii) 1899-1902- cost 4200 soldiers died $400,000,000 similar government like Puerto Rico
iii) 1
st
appointed governor Taft
iv) Never given US citizenship
d) Consequences of 1880s-1890s
i) Guam, Hawaii, Samoa Islands, Puerto Rico
ii) Shows that US has powers
13) Post- Spanish-American War
a) Election of 1900
b) Candidates
i) William Jennings Bryan- Democrat
ii) William McKinley- Republican
c) McKinley assassination
d) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
14) Panama Canal Project
a) France- Ferdinand de Lesseps engineer of project under French , ran out of money
b) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850- neither would freeze each other out of project GB and US
c) Hay-Pauncefote Treaties/ Treaty of 1901- British back out of project US sole rights
d) Philippe Bunau-Varilla keep going in same stop
e) Columbia versus Nicaragua volcano erupts in Nicaragua
f) 1904- Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty US control over 10 miles long for canal $10 million upfront
and $250,000 every year. Panama would become US protectorate
g) Ultimate cost 10 years cost of construction $400 million/ finished 1914/ because of location
to military medical community for disease such as malaria and yellow fire/ Panama Canal
let US become World Power





















World War I
A. Events leading up to WWI
1. German Unification Franco Prussian war was the last German Unification war
Germany got Alsace & Loraine
2. Europe is a powder keg
3. Three Emperors League- tied Germany, Austria,& Russia; no war against each
other
4. Dual Alliance/ Triple Alliance- Germany and Austria no Russia Italy added
5. Reinsurance Treat- secret agreement between Russia &Germany
B. Wilhelm II stupid genius
1. Wilhelm fires Bismark-1890- cancels Reinsurance treaty
2. Alfred Thayer Mahan
3. Admiral Tirpitz- tries to convince Wilhelm to use restraint focus on North Sea
C. Events leading up to WWI
1. Series of crises
a) First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference
b) Second Moroccan
c) Balkan Crisis- Gavrilo Princip
2. June 28 1914 Franz Ferdinand in
a) In parade wrong turn Ferdinand shot
D. Major Causes
1. Nationalism
2. Militarism
3. Imperialism want empire
E. Military Plans
1. French- Plan 17- get provinces back
2. British- do what it takes to win
3. German- Schlieffen Plan take Russia six weeks to mobilize entire army. Six
weeks to beat France then back to Russia. French want Alliance and Lorraine.
F. Nature of the War
1. Trenches-
2. No Mans Land-
3. Lice months without bath
4. Rats- disease size of cats, ate humans
5. Mud like quicksand
6. Gas- 1
st
war with chemical warfare
G. Battle of Verdun
1. 21 Feb 15 Dec 1916
2. Commanders
a) Falkenhayen objective kill as many French as possible not interested in
land.
b) Petain
3. Casualties
a) French 377,000 469,000
b) German 337,000- 373,000
H. Battle of the Somme
1. 1 July- November 1916
2. British commander- General Sir Douglas Haig
3. 7 day bombardment
4. 1
st
day casualties
5. Total casualties
a) British 415,000
b) French 195,000
c) German 600,000
I. Decision for 1917
1. Russia- negotiate treaty during Bolshevik revolution
2. Britain- new government compromises
3. France- due or die offensive, mutiny in army.
4. Germany- return to navy policy unrestricted submarine warfare, they know will
antagonize US
5. United States- enter war
J. US actions prior to 1917
1. Neutrality
a) Lusitania-NY to England- hidden munitions 128 Americans died/ Wilson
demand stop to U Boats
b) Sussex- French ship sunk unarmed/ US gives Germany ultimatum
2. Economic ties to the Allies
a) By 1917 invested .5 million dollars
b) American banks loaned 2 million dollars to Britain and France
3. National Defense Act of 1916
a) Double size of existing army
b) Appropriated the largest navy expenditures in US peacetime history
c) Election of 1916 Wilson barely gets elected
K. US got involved
1. Wilsons views
a) Need for League of Nations
(1) Organization that would allow a balance of power
b) Peaceful end of war no winner
c) Govt by the consent of the people
d) Freedom of the seas
e) Reduction of arms
2. Unrestricted submarine warfare
3. Diplomatic relations with Germany
4. Zimmermann telegram
a) If US goes against Germany/ Mexico attacks US and receives all of land
lost against the US in Spanish American War
5. US declaration of war
a) Senate 82 for to 6 nay
b) House 373 for to 50 nay
L. US Mobilization
1. War production
2. Economy- War Industries Board- Bernard Baruch
a) Oversee production of wartime material
b) Baruch overseer over board
3. Set & meet production quotas
4. Allocate raw materials
5. Develop new industries
6. Make the entire economy more efficient
7. Fuel conservation daylight savings time went in effect for 1
st
time-
8. Consolidation of rail transportation
a) All railroads work together as one unit
M. Us prepared for war
1. National War labor Board
a) Mediated labor disputes
b) Endorsed collective bargaining
c) Gave some support for an 8-hour work day in exchange for a s no-strike
pledge from labor
2. Financed the war
a) Normally taxes
b) New income taxes accounts about half of revenue
c) USA spent 33 billion dollars
d) Started liberty bonds
N. Impact on American Civil Liberties
1. 1917- Espionage Act
2. 1918- Sedition Act anybody who criticized US government in writing
3. Civil Liberties Bureau
a) Precursors of ACLU
O. Mobilizing the military
1. April 1917- 210,000 Federal & Federalized National Guard Troops & 97,000
National Guardsmen
2. American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
3. 1917 Selective Service Act
a) Any man between 21-30 are eligible for compulsory service
4. Officer Training Schools
a) 90 day training school
b) 4 month training school for teams
c) Many troops
P. American Forces in Combat
1. Men 250,000 a month
2. Women were not allowed in army
a) 18,000 women served in nurse corp. no rank, pay
3. African Americans 30 000 on front lines
a) Most treated as second class
b) Not allowed to enlist in navy except cooks
c) No marines
d) Mostly commanded by white officers
Q. End of the War and the Peace
1. Armistice signed at 11 AM on November 11,1918
2. Versailles Peace Treaty signed in Versailles near Paris France
R. Peace Process
1. Framers had two choices divide Germany or keep Germany as one
2. Result a treaty that does not dismantle Germany
S. Peace Conference
1. Began on Jan 18,1919
a) US- Wilson
b) GB- David Lloyd George
c) Fra- Georges Clemenceau
d) It- Vittorio
e) Representatives from Germany and other defeated nations excluded
T. Wilsons Fourteen Points
1. Challenged secret treaties
2. Points 1-5- provided a general context for lasting peace
a) Treaties
b) Freedom of Seas
c) Trade
d) Armaments
e) Colonial claims
3. Points 6-13- addressed particular situations
a) Return of territories France had lost to Germany in 1871
b) Self-determination in Central Europe and the Middle east `
4. Point 14- a general association of nations that could afford mutual
guarantees of political independence & territorial integrity to great and small states
alike
U. Important Provisions
1. Germany could not have tanks or aircraft or a navy and her army was reduced
to 100,000 men
2. Germany was forced to give up territory to France, Belgium, and Poland-
creation of a demilitarized zone
3. Germany was forced to pay reparations 33 billion dollars over time with 25%
interest
4. League of Nations to be created
V. Versailles Peace Treaty
1. Signed on June 28, 1919
2. German representatives forced to sign the treaty
3. US Senate never ratifies treaty
II. The 1920s
A. Aftermath of WWI in America
1. Rapid military and industrial demobilization
2. 1919 raising inflation, coming home of troops, widespread fear of communism,
violation of civil rights, prohibition
3. High cost of living- doubled during the war
a) Labor unrest
b) End of war- end of no-strike pledge
4. Managements position
5. Largest and most dramatic labor conflict in 1919United States Steel
Corporation vs. AFL
a) Demand union recognition, collective bargaining, 8 hr. workday, and
higher wages
b) Blamed it on communist
c) Jan 1920- strike over and union broke
B. First Red Scare
1. Government & corporate leaders
2. Late April 1919- mail bombs
3. Anti-Red campaign organized by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer
4. Palmer raids
a) J. Edgar Hoover
b) Thousands arrested some deported
5. Sacco- Vanzetti case
a) Nicola Sacco & Bartolommeo Vanzetti Italian-born anarchists
b) Charges with murder and robbery
c) Questionable outcome killed because of political views?-1920 executed
1927
C. Race Riots & Lynchings
1. Racial tensions during & after the war
2. Black soldiers experiences in Europe vs. US
3. Southern mobs 10 document cases of soldiers lynched in uniform
a) More than 70 lynched
b) Some burned alive
4. Lynchingnot just in the south
a) Riots in Washington D.C.
b) Chicago riots black and white 38 dead 1000 black homes burned to the
ground
c) Omaha NB mob took man from jail accused of rape and lynched
D. Election of 1920
1. Contest-- emotion vs. issues
2. Candidates
a) D- James Cox
b) R- Warren G. Harding
3. Issues
a) Democrat- pro-league of Nations
b) Republican- lower taxes, raise protective tariff, restrict immigration,
provide aid to troubled farmers, bring things back to normal, end labor unrest
4. Results
a) President
(1) Harding 61% 404 Electoral votes modest president
(2) Cox 31% 127 electoral votes
b) Congress
(1) Republican 22 seats in senate
(2) Republican 167 seats in house
E. Presidential Appointments
1. Secretary of State- Charles Evans Hughes
2. Sec. of AgricultureHenry Wallace
3. Sec. of CommerceHerbert Hoover
4. Sec. of TreasuryAndrew Mellon
F. Importance of Mellons appointment
1. Millionaire businessman
2. Lower taxes on rich
3. Raise tariffs
4. Laissez-faire business
5. Reduce National Debt- cut government spending
6. Extreme
a) Tax bore by lower class
b) Reduce tax by 2/3
c) Propose eliminating inheritance tax
G. Important Legislation
1. Revenue Act of 1921
a) Reduce income tax rate from 75 to 50%
2. FordneyMcCumber Tariff
a) Add new items to tax list ex. Chemicals
3. Budget and account of 1921
a) Director of the Budget
(1) Advise president for balanced budget
b) Comptroller General
(1) To oversee spending
(2) Audit appropriations
4. Mellon 8 yrs. balanced budget reduce national debt
H. Change in the White House
1. Teapot Dome Scandal
a) Allegations that sectary of interior accepted bribes from oil companies in
exchange for leases.
b) Several min indicted 3 jailed
2. Speaking tour
a) Tried to correct the wrong by teapot dome scandal
b) Falls ill while in Alaska
c) Surgeon general thought food poisoning actually had heart attack and
dies
3. Calvin Coolidge
a) Ran for president in 1924
b) Replace people in administration who were responsible for scandals
c) Receive republican ticket
d) 54% of popular vote 382 electoral votes 160
I. Prosperity of the 1920s
1. Federal reserve
2. Construction industry booms
3. Automobile industry
a) Spawned other industries roadside stands,
b) Road construction 1920-1921 paved roads doubled
c) Symbolized 1.6 million 3.6 million cars a year
4. No Immediate economic collapse post WWI
J. Roaring Twenties
1. Women
a) Flappers- short skirts, night clubs, more flasher than before
b) Vote
2. The Great Gatsby- example of time period
K. Election of 1928
1. Candidates
a) R- Herbert Hoover
b) D- Alfred E. Smith- former governor of NY, first Catholic to for president,
opposed prohibition, many thought that pope would have more control over the
years
2. Results
a) Hoover 58.2%-- 44 electoral votes
b) Smith 40.9% -87 electoral votes
L. Hoover and the Great Depression
1. Stock market crash of 1929
a) Over-speculation
b) Unregulated Market
c) Black Thursday- 24 Oct- 1 hour lost 3 billion dollars
d) Black Tuesday- 29 Oct stock market lost 15 billion dollars- single
largest lost in a single day
M. Causes of the Great Depression
1. Lack of diversification of the American economy
a) 3 most important industries
(1) Construction
(2) Automobiles
(3) steel
b) No other industries capable of sustaining economy
2. Poor distribution of purchasing power
3. US position in international trade
a) 1930- Smoot-Hawley Tariff
4. International debt structure- worldwide consequences
N. Hoovers response
1. Phase 1- local issue
2. Phase 2- placing blame
3. Phase 3- expansion of Fed govt.s role
a) 1932- Reconstruction Finance corporation
(1) Loan to private banks
(2) Loans to businesses
(3) Jumpstart the economy
O. Impact
1. Bonus Army
a) Appeal to congress to payout pensions early
2. Hoovervilles
3. Huge publicity
P. Election of 1932
1. Candidates
a) R- Herbert Hoover
b) D- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2. FDRs campaign pledge- New Deal
Q. Election results
1. FDR-57%- 472 e.v.
2. Hoover-39.7%-59 e.v.
3. Democrats won both houses
4. Seen as a mandate
III. New Deal
A. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1. Campaign promise-New Deal for the American people
2. Projected an infectious optimism
3. Fireside Chats
4. Master at handling the press
5. 1933- first task- alleviate the immediate economic crisis
IV. First New Deal
A. Banking Crisis
1. March 6, 1933- FDR proclaimed a Bank Holiday
a) Closed all American banks for 4 days
2. March 9, 1933- Emergency Banking Act
a) Designed primarily to protect larger banks
b) Provide for treasury dept. inspection of all banks
c) Provided federal assistance to some troubled banks
d) Provided for thorough reorganization of those in most trouble
e) 1 billion dollars of gold redeposit in banks
3. Economy act
a) Balance the federal budget
b) Reductions government employees cuts/ WWI veterans pension cut by
15%/allowed the sale of alcohol again
B. New Deal legislation- agricultural recovery
1. 1933- Agricultural Adjustment Act
2. Most important provision crop reduction
a) Wheat
b) Cotton
c) Tobacco
d) Corn
e) Rice
f) Hogs
g) Dairy products
3. Creation of Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
4. Funding from tax of food production
5. Problems
a) Spring agricultural season already under way
b) Confiscates certain % of extra ending destroying it
6. 1936-supreme court ruled against crop reduction
C. Agricultural Recovery
1. Soil conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
2. Permitted government to pay farmers to reduce production for specific reasons
3. Resettlement administration act
a) Relocate farmers forced off the land
4. Farm security Administration Act
a) Provide housing and loans to help tenant farmers become independent
5. Rural Electrification Act
a) Provide thousands of rural families with electricity for the 1
st
time
D. National Industrial Recovery Act
1. National Recovery Administration
2. Hugh S. Johnson
3. Temporary blanket code
4. Section7(a) gave legal protection to the right of workers to form unions and
engage in collective bargaining minimum wage
5. 1935- Supreme Court ruling- rejected it as unconstitutional like most of the first
new deal
E. Regional Planning
1. Tennessee Valley Authority Act
2. Tennessee Valley Authority in May 1933
3. Goal of dams
a) Cheap source of electricity
b) Stop flooding
c) Encourage development of local industries
d) Reforestation
e) Improve farm production
F. Finical Recovery
1. Repudiation of the Gold Standard
a) Executive order- made the shift from gold standard to government-
managed currency
2. Glass-Steagall Banking Act
a) Gave govt. authority to curb irresponsible speculation by banks
b) Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
3. Truth in Securities Act
a) Designed to renew faith in stock market
b) Federal Trade Commission (FTC)- companies would lie about profits
4. Securities & Exchange Commission
a) Established by Congress to police the stock market
G. Federal Relief Programs
1. Federal Emergency Relief Act
a) Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
b) Cash grants to states
2. Public Works Administration
a) Work relief program
(1) Civil Works Administration (CWA)
(2) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
H. New Deal Critics
1. Conservative Right
a) American Liberty League
2. Liberal Left
3. Dr. Francis E. Townsend
a) Townsend Plan- safety net for elderly
4. Father Charles E. Coughlin- catholic priest
a) National Union for Social Justice
5. Senator Huey P. Long
a) Share-Our-Wealth Plan
I. Second New deal
1. 1935- new set of initiatives
2. National Labor Relations (or Wagner) Act
a) Provided more protection than Section7(1)
b) Outlawed group of unfair practices by which employers had been
fighting unionization
c) Created National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
J. Social Security Act
1. Social insurance for elderly & unemployed
2. Established variety of programs
3. Two types of assistance for elderly- 15 bucks a month,
4. Limits- could not make too much money began in 1942
5. Expanded governments activities
6. Aid to Dependent Children went single mothers
K. Federal Relief Programs
1. Works Progress Administration
a) Federal Writers Project
b) Federal Art Project
c) Federal Music Project
d) Federal Theater Project
(1) Offered night courses
(2) Employed teachers
2. National Youth Administration
3. Emergency Housing Division of the Public Works Admin
L. Demise of the New Deal
1. Court-Packing Scheme
a) Public oppositions
2. Supreme Court rulings
a) State minimal wage law in the West Coast Hotel v Parrish
b) Wagner Act
c) Social Security Act
3. Efforts to purge Congress
4. Recession of 1937
a) Unbalanced budget
b) Cutbacks on relief programs
c) Federal reserve raised interest rates
M. Economic Impact of New Deal
1. Failed to revive or reform economy
2. Unemployment remained high
3. Economic growth
4. Economic boom of WWII ended depression
5. Important & lasting effects on economy
a) New deal helps establish basis for future federal fiscal policy
b) Prevents depression from getting war
c) Established the rudiments of welfare in US
d) Created protection for large groups of people
N. Political impact of New Deal
1. Power of fed govt.
2. State & local govt.
3. Presidency pre-eminent center of authority
4. Congress didnt have as much power
5. Democratic party becomes more cohesive
O. Black America & New Deal
1. Conditions of African Americans did not change
2. Eleanor Roosevelt- advocate for racial justice
3. Black Cabinet
a) Mary McLeod Bethune
b) Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration
4. New deal relief programs
5. By 1935- 30% of African Americans were receiving some form of government
assistance
6. African Americans began to support FDR
7. By 1936- over 90% of African Americans were voting Democratic
V. US Foreign Policy 1930s-WWII
A. Background
1. Isolation avoid involvement in foreign wars
2. 1921- Washington Naval Conference
B. Europe in the 1920s
1. League of Nations
2. Germany
3. National Socialist Germany Workers Party
4. President Hindenburg
5. Adolf Hitler
a) Secretly increases size of army
b) Has navy and air force
c) Has people to start building tanks
C. US Isolationism
1. Old Wilsonian internationalists
2. Other Americans
3. President Roosevelt
a) Proposed membership in World Court
b) Senates response
D. Road to War in Europe
1. 1934- Hitler- dictatorial control
2. 1935- Saar plebesite- stay apart of Germany
3. 1936
a) Rhineland
b) Spanish Civil War
c) League of Nations
E. Appeasement
1. Reasons for dont want see what happened in ww1 happen again
2. Prime minister Neville Chamberlain- believes if does not give in he want have
support with war
3. French still afraid of Germany/ can take it on alone
F. Implementation
1. Feb- March 1938 Anschluss
2. 1938- Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
a) September Munich Conference
3. March 1939- Czechoslovakia
G. Appeasement?
1. Poland
2. 9 August 1939- Nazi-Soviet Non- Aggression Pact
a) 10 year peace
b) Division of Poland
c) Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
d) Third Party Disputes
H. War
1. Poland
a) 1 September 1939
(1) Germany invades Poland because Poles invaded Germany
2. No more appeasement
a) Britain and France declare war
b) Could not save Poland
I. US policy re War in Europe
1. Neutrality Act of 1935
a) Mandatory arms embargo
b) Warning to American citizens travel at your own risks
2. Neutrality of 1936-contiunation of 1935
3. Neutrality act of 1937
a) Cash-and-Carry Policy
J. US Military
1. Congress increased size of Army
2. Limited National Emergency
3. Neutrality Act of 1939- cannot go in war zone
a) Can sell munitions on cash-and-carry
4. 1940Destroyers for Bases Program
a) 50 ships for naval bases and Roosevelt cancel contract with airplane
manufactures
K. Upping the Ante
1. September 1940- Burke-Wadsworth Act 1
st
peace time war draft federalize the
National Guard
2. Presidential pressure on Congress
3. March 1941- Lend-Lease Act sell or lease arms crucial to US allies
4. Danger on the high seas- Secretary of War Henry Stimson and hemispheric
defense- convoy protection going to Britain / protecting Atlantic all the way to
Iceland
5. June 1941- a new player
6. Roosevelts U-boat policy
7. Rueben James sunk
8. New Naval Policy- could arm merchant vessels; American ships could sail
all the way to the Great Britain and Soviet Union
L. 1941- US moves toward war
1. April- secret meeting
2. June- US forces in Greenland
3. August FDR and Churchill
a) Atlantic charter
4. September US troops in Iceland
M. Asia 1931-1937
1. Japan invades Manchuria
2. Japan invades China
3. FDRs Quarantine Speech
a) Intent
b) Reaction
4. 12 December sinking of the USS Panay on Yangtze River
5. Other Japanese aggression
6. September 1940- Tripartite Pact
7. FDRs tough tone terminates Japanese treaty
N. Heading for a Confrontation
1. July 1941 Indochina
2. Next target- Dutch East Indies
a) US warning
b) Ignored by Japan
c) US response cut off oil from Japan
3. Japans choice
O. No other choice but
1. Willingness to compromise?
a) Prince Konoye
b) Admiral Nomura
c) Sectary of State Cordell Hull
2. Changes in Tokyo
a) General Hideki Tojo
b) Admiral Yamamotos plan for war
P. December 7, 1941
1. Pearl Harbor
2. Singapore
3. Guam
4. Philippines
5. Hong Kong
Q. War
1. December 8 US declares war Japan
2. December 12 Italy and Germany declare war on US
VI. Second Red Scare
A. Setting the stage
1. 1948 presidential election
a) Democrats- Harry S. Truman
b) Republicans- Thomas E. Dewey (NY Gov.)
2. Congress clashes with Truman
B. Trumans response
1. Executive Order #9835- Federal Employee Loyalty Program
2. Attorney General Tom Clark
3. Purge of federal employees- 3000 employees discharged from job for being
disloyal
4. Dennis v. United States (1951)- Supreme court decided on US side because
communism was more important to stop instead of following the US constitution
C. Contributing Factors
1. Partisan political maneuvering
2. Collapse of the Soviet-American alliance
3. Setbacks in US foreign policy
4. Disclosures of Soviet espionage
5. Cold War setbacks
a) Soviets- atomic bomb
b) Chinese Civil War
D. Scare took hold
1. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin
2. Testimony of ex-Communists- Whittaker Chambers and Eliza Bentley
3. Implication of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
4. US Communist Party
E. Congressional Committees
1. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
2. Senate Internal Security Subcommittees (SISS)
3. McCarthyism
4. HUAC vs. Hollywood
5. Impact of McCarthyism
a) Stress on people investigated
b) People humiliated and sometime prison time
VII. Civil Rights Movement
A. African Americans & World War II
1. Migration to the North
2. Double V Campaign
a) Victory at home and in the war
3. Return from war and want change
B. American South- 1940s, 1950s, 1960s
1. Segregation separate but equal- Plessy v Ferguson- era of Jim Crow
2. Second Reconstruction
a) Why was there a need for a second reconstruction
C. Things are different
1. African Americans- more power, more consciousness
2. New organizations, new people
a) NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People
b) Martin Luther King Jr.
c) Malcolm X
3. Support from Presidents Truman- Johnson
4. Supreme court rulings
D. President Truman
1. 1948- requested that Congress pass a Civil Rights package
2. Congress refused
3. Ordered the integration of the US military
E. Education
1. Schools were racially separate, but equal- but that was in theory only
2. 1950- Oliver Brown initiated a law suit
F. Brown v. Board of Education Topeka KS
1. Kansas Courts rejected the suit
2. NAACP appealed
3. Rev. Oliver Brown
4. Thurgood Marshall
5. Argument concept of separate but equal was inherently unequal
6. 1954- supreme court issued decision under Chief Justice Earl Warren---
separate but equal schools were unconstitutional
G. Resistance to Brown
1. Pres. Eisenhower
2. Southern Congressional Representatives- Southern Manifesto
3. Sen. Byrd from VA- massive resistance by white southerners
H. 1957- Challenge at Central High School (Little Rock, Arkansas)
1. Opposition from parents and students
2. Gov. Orval Faubus used national guard troops to prevent registration
3. September 20- Federal judge ordered integration of Central High School
4. Governor complied and withdrew the National Guard
5. September 23- 9 African American students slipped into school
6. Mayor requested Federal troops
7. September 24 Eisenhower took action nationalized Arizona national guard &
1000 Paratroopers
8. Eisenhower sent the troops to uphold the law & restore order, not integrate
the schools
9. Nationals guard changed
I. Aftermath
1. 1958-1959 school year, Little Rock closed the high schools rather than
integrate them
2. Supreme Court ruled in Cooper v. Aaron (1959)-
a) African American right to attend school could not be nullified openly
and directly by state officials
b) State officials could not nullify indirectly by evasive schemes for
segregation
3. Integration occurred slowly
a) By 1955 less than 2% integrated
J. Challenges to College Segregation
1. University of Southern Mississippi Clyde Kennard
a) Convicted of stealing chicken feed spent 7 years locked up
2. University of Mississippi- James Meredith 1962
a) Feds help assist Meredith in registration
b) 1962- feds 100 Marshalls sent to protect Meredith
c) Next sent 5000 army troops
K. Montgomery Bus Boycott
1. December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a
white man
2. Parks was arrested
3. Bus boycott
4. African- American community leaders appealed to city & bus officials
5. Dec. 5- rally at the Holt Street Baptist Church
6. Montgomery Improvement Association
7. Dec 6 Parks was tried, found guilty, & fined $10, plus $4 in court costs
8. Bus boycott- 90% effective
9. Violence
10. Segregation of Montgomery buses challenged in court
11. Supreme Court ruled in Gayle et al. v. Browser (1956)
L. Passive Resistance
1. 1956- King and other Black leaders formed the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)- new civil rights organization
2. 1960- sit-in in a North Carolina Woolworths store
M. Birmingham
1. 1963- Good Friday- King led the first march
a) King and others
b) Led to letter from Birmingham jail
N. Children of Birmingham
1. May 3- another march- of young & old
2. Caught on TV- including the arrest of more than 1,300 battered and bruised
children
O. Results
1. Brutality shown on television
2. May 10- fearing more violence, king met with members of Birmingham
business community
3. Violence continued
4. Troops sent to Birmingham
5. June 1963, Kennedy announced that he would send congress civil rights
legislation that would mandate integration in places of public accommodation
P. March on Washington August 1963
1. More than 250,000 people there
Q. Civil Rights Act on 1964
1. Ended Jim Crow by prohibiting segregation
2. Provisions
a) Illegal to discriminate reasons of race, religion, or gender in the places
& businesses that severed the public
b) Established the federal Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)
c) Empowered the President to withhold federal funds from institutions
that violated the act
R. Fighting for Voting Rights
1. In the South, whites controlled the polls
2. Numerous efforts to register African voters- target of violence
3. Mid-1964- SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- led by Bob
Moses- organized Freedom Summer in Mississippi
S. Freedom Summer
1. Whites and Blacks opened Freedom Schools
a) Promote literacy, teach black history, prepare people to vote
2. Freedom Summer work was dangerous
a) June August 1964 (MS)- more than 35 shootings and 30 buildings
(including churches) bombed
b) Hundreds beaten and arrested
c) Six workers murdered
3. 3 workers disappeared from Philadelphia, MS
a) James Chaney- A CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) volunteer
from Mississippi
b) Michael Schwerner- a NY social worker
c) Andrew Goodman a NY student
(1) Took FBI 6 months to find James beaten then shot several
times all buried in newly contrasted dam 5 miles away
T. Selma Alabama
1. King announced a voter registration drive 2.1% of eligible voters registered
2. King called for a freedom march from Selma to Montgomery
U. Freedom March
1. March 7, 1965- hundreds of freedom marchers were met by 50 Alabama
state troopers and policemen led by Sheriff Jim d
2. Television coverage of the incident stirred nationwide
3. President Johnson provided protection when Governor George Wallace did
not
V. Voting Rights Act of 1965
1. Banned literacy tests for voting
2. Provided federal registrars to monitor disputed elections
3. Provide legal measures to prevent disenfranchisement
4. Applied the act where voter turnout in 1964 was less than 50%