136
CONTENTS
Also, computing the elements of the Jacobian matrix, the set of linear equations in
the second iteration becomes
0.2125
0.1156
2.9444 1.4157
2.7075 2.7195
"
(1)
2
(1)
|V2 |
Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation, voltage at bus 2 in the second
iteration is
(1)
(2)
2 = 0.0350
(1)
|V2 | = 0.0773
2 = 0.1 + (0.0350) = 0.135 radian
(2)
|V2 | = 0.8 + (0.0773) = 0.7227 pu
6.12. Figure 60 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system
with generation at buses 1 and 2. The voltage at bus 1 is V = 1.06 0 per unit.
Voltage magnitude at bus 2 is fixed at 1.05 pu with a real power generation of
400 MW. A load consisting of 500 MW and 400 Mvar is taken from bus 3. Line
admittances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. For the purpose of hand
calculations, line resistances and line charging susceptances are neglected.
1
y12 = j40
P2 =
400 MW
............................
y13 = j20
Slack Bus
V1 = 1.06 0
y23 = j20
...
...
...
...
...
.
.........
..
500
MW
...
...
...
...
...
.
..........
..
| V2 |= 1.05
400
Mvar
FIGURE 60
One-line diagram for problem 6.12.
(a) Show that the expression for the real power at bus 2 and real and reactive power
at bus 3 are
P2 = 40|V2 ||V1 | cos(90 2 + 1 ) + 20|V2 ||V3 | cos(90 2 + 3 )
P3 = 20|V3 ||V1 | cos(90 3 + 1 ) + 20|V3 ||V2 | cos(90 3 + 2 )
Q3 = 20|V3 ||V1 | sin(90 3 +1 )20|V3 ||V2 | sin(90 3 +2 )+40|V3 |2
(b) Using Newton-Raphson method, start with the initial estimates of V2 (0) =
1.05 + j0 and V3 (0) = 1.0 + j0, and keeping |V2 | = 1.05 pu, determine the
CONTENTS
137
phasor values of V2 and V3 . Perform two iterations.
(c) Check the power flow solution for Problem 6.12 using the lfnewton and other
required programs. Assume the regulated bus (bus # 2) reactive power limits are
between 0 and 600 Mvar.
By inspection, the bus admittance matrix in polar form is
Ybus
606 2
= 406 2
206 2
406 2
606 2
206 2
206 2
206 2
406 2
(a) The power flow equation with voltages and admittances expressed in polar form
is
Pi =
n
X
|Vi ||Vj ||Yij | cos (ij i + j )
j=1
Qi =
n
X
|Vi ||Vj ||Yij | sin (ij i + j )
j=1
Substituting the elements of the bus admittance matrix in the above equations for
P2 , P3 , and Q3 will result in the given equations.
(b) Elements of the Jacobian matrix are obtained by taking partial derivatives of
the given equations with respect to 2 , 3 and |V3 |.
P2
2
P2
3
P2
|V3 |
P3
2
P3
3
P3
|V3 |
Q3
2
Q3
3
2 + 1 ) + 20|V2 ||V3 | sin( 2 + 3 )
2
2
= 20|V2 ||V3 | sin( 2 + 3 )
2
= 20|V2 | cos( 2 + 3 )
2
= 20|V3 ||V2 | sin( 3 + 2 )
2
= 20|V3 ||V1 | sin( 3 + 1 ) + 20|V3 ||V2 | sin( 3 + 2 )
2
2
= 20|V1 | cos( 3 + 1 ) + 20|V2 | cos( 3 + 2 )
2
2
= 20|V3 ||V2 | cos( 3 + 2 )
2
= 20|V3 ||V1 | cos( 3 + 1 ) + 20|V3 ||V2 | cos( 3 + 2 )
2
2
= 40|V2 ||V1 | sin(
138
CONTENTS
Q3
= 20|V1 | sin( 3 + 1 ) 20|V2 | sin( 3 + 2 ) + 80|V3 |
|V3 |
2
2
The load and generation expressed in per units are
400
= 4.0 pu
100
(500 + j400)
=
= 5.0 j4.0 pu
100
P2sch =
S3sch
The slack bus voltage is V1 = 1.06 0 pu, and the bus 2 voltage magnitude is |V2 | =
(0)
(0)
(0)
1.05 pu. Starting with an initial estimate of |V3 | = 1.0, 2 = 0.0, and 3 =
0.0, the power residuals are
(0)
P2
(0)
P3
(0)
Q3
(0)
= P2sch P2
=
=
(0)
P3sch P3
(0)
Qsch
3 Q3
= 4.0 (0) = 4.0
= 5.0 (0) = 5.0
= 4.0 (1.0) = 3.0
Evaluating the elements of the Jacobian matrix with the initial estimate, the set of
linear equations in the first iteration becomes
(0)
2.8600
63 21 0 2
(0)
1.4384 = 21
41 0
3
(0)
0.2200
0
0 39
|V3 |
Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation, the new bus voltages in the
first iteration are
(1)
(0)
= 0.0275
2 = 0 + 0.0275 = 0.0275 radian = 1.5782
(0)
= 0.1078
3 = 0 + (0.1078) = 0.1078 radian = 6.1790
2
3
(0)
|V3 | = 0.0769
(1)
(1)
|V3 | = 1 + (0.0769) = 0.9231 pu
For the second iteration, we have
(1)
0.2269
61.1913 19.2072
2.8345 2
(1)
0.3965 = 19.2072
37.5615 4.9871
3
(1)
0.5213
2.6164 4.6035 33.1545
|V3 |
and
(1)
= 0.0006
2 = 0.0275 + 0.0006 = 0.0281 radian = 1.61
(1)
= 0.0126
3 = 0.1078 + (0.0126) = 0.1204 radian = 6.898
2
3
(1)
|V3 | = 0.0175
(2)
(2)
(2)
|V3 | = 0.9231 + (0.0175) = 0.9056 pu
CONTENTS
139
(c) The power flow program lfnewton is used to obtain the solution, with the following statements:
clear
basemva = 100;
accuracy = 0.000001;
%
Problem
%
Bus Bus
%
No code
busdata=[1
1
2
2
3
0
6.12(c)
Voltage Angle -Load---Generator-- Injected
Mag. Degree MW MVAR MW MVAR Qmin Qmax Mvar
1.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0
0
0
1.05 0.0
0
0
400 0.0 600 0
0
1.0
0.0 500 400
0.0 0.0
0
0
0];
maxiter = 10;
%
Line code
%
Bus bus R
X
1/2 B
= 1 for lines
%
nl nr pu
pu
pu
>1 or <1 tr. tap at
linedata=[1
2 0.0 0.025
0.0
1
1
3 0.0 0.05
0.0
1
2
3 0.0 0.05
0.0
1];
disp(Problem 6.12(c))
lfybus
% form the bus admittance
lfnewton
% Power flow solution by Gauss-Seidel
busout
% Prints the power flow solution on the
lineflow
% Computes and displays the line flow and
bus nl
matrix
method
screen
losses
The above statements are saved in the file ch6p12c.m. Run the program to obtain
the solution.
6.13. For Problem 6.12:
(a) Obtain the power flow solution using the fast decoupled algorithm. Perform two
iterations.
(b)Check the power flow solution for Problem 6.12 using the decouple and other
required programs. Assume the regulated bus (bus # 2) reactive power limits are
between 0 and 600 Mvar.
(a) In this system, bus 1 is the slack bus and the corresponding bus susceptance
matrix for evaluation of phase angles 2 and 3 form the bus admittance matrix
in Problem 6.12 is
B =
60
20
20 40
