Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Period 1: (1491-1607):
Columbian Exchange (pg 7-8):
a transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the

other for the first time

Indians introduced Europeans to beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco,

and syphilis
Europeans introduced Native Americans to sugarcane, livestock, iron, guns,

germs and diseases (which resulted in the death of millions of Native Americans)
Spanish Colonization (pg 8):
Spain sent explorers and conquistadors to the Americas

They conquered the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in Peru

Sent silver and gold back to Spain

Enslaved the Indians under the Encomienda System and spread Catholicism

French Colonization (pg 10):

Mostly settled in Canada

First permanent French settlement was Quebec founded by Samuel de

Champlain in 1608
Explored Mississippi and claimed Louisiana

English Colonization (pg 9):

John Cabot explored Newfoundland

After the defeat of the Spanish Armada in the late 1500s, England became

more serious about exploration

Sir Walter Raleigh established the failed Roanoke colony in North Carolina in

1587
Period 2: (1607-1754):

Jamestown (pg 25):

First permanent English colony in America

Founded in 1607 by a joint stock company

The colony almost failed because of swamp land, poor leadership, lazy

settlers
Indians helped, but then they started fighting the settlers

John Rolfe began cultivating tobacco, which became a profitable cash crop

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

House of Burgesses (pg 27):

Founded in 1619, the first representative assembly in America, and an early

example of self government

The Maryland Toleration Act (pg 27):
Passed in 1649, was first colonial law granting religious freedom to all

Christians (Catholics and Protestants)

But, the law sentenced to death anybody who didnt believe in Jesus (for ex:

Jews, Atheists, Muslims)

Bacons Rebellion (pg 29):
A rebellion of poor frontier (western) farmers who led a rebellion against

the governor of Virginia, William Berkley

Nathaniel Bacon was upset that Virginias government was not protecting

western farmers against Indian attacks

Although Bacons Rebellion was eventually defeated, it highlighted class

differences between wealthy planters and poor farmers and demonstrated

colonial resistance to royal control
The end of Bacons Rebellion contributed to the transition of slavery

Growth of Slavery (pg 37):

Slavery became increasingly important because of the reduced migration of

indentured servants to America, the need for a stable labor force, (especially
after Bacons Rebellion), and the need for cheap labor to grow cash crops, such as
tobacco, rice, and indigo
Stono Rebellion (quizlet):
The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in

1739 in South Carolina

100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then

tried to escape to S. Florida

The uprising was crushed and the participants executed

The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to

go
Mayflower Compact (pg 27):

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

In 1620, pilgrims aboard the Mayflower wrote and signed a document
pledging to make decisions based on the will of the majority
This was an early form of self government

City on a Hill (pg 25-26):

Speech given by John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts Bay

Colony, that argued the colonists had a covenant with God and must set and
example for others to follow
Basic Ideas/Beliefs of the Puritans (pg 26):
Church of England (Anglican Church) was too similar to the Catholic Church

Puritans followed the teachings of John Calvin and the Doctrine of

Predestination
Left England in search of religious freedom

Creation of Rhode Island (pg 29):

After being banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams founded Rhode

Island as a safe haven for all religions

Rhode Island recognized rights of Native Americans

Allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely

Accepted Anne Hutchinson when she was banished from Massachusetts for

antinomianism (the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation)
Congregationalists (pg 49):
The successors to the Puritans

New England Town Meetings (pg 55):

Local meetings where residents could debate and vote on local issues

These were an early example of democracy in America

George Whitfield (pg 50):

Influential minister from England

Spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies

He gave emotional sermons, attracted huge audiences, and taught that

anybody could understand the Bible

Jonathan Edwards (pg 49):
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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Influential Reverend in New England
Preached that God was angry with human sin and that individuals should
express remorse for their sins
Most famous sermon: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

First

Great Awakening (pg 49-50):

A mass religious reform movement during the 1730s and 1740s
Resulted in more emotional preaching and caused divisions within churches
For the first time, the colonists shared a common experience as Americans
Had a democratizing affect by changing the way people viewed authority

Mercantilism (pg 35):

Economic system in which a country accumulated wealth by using colonies for

raw materials and as markets

Navigation Acts (pg 35):
Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial

built ships
All goods imported into the colonies had to pass through England

Certain goods, such as tobacco, could be exported only to England

Salutary Neglect (pg 36):

Britains policy of ignoring the colonies as long as England continued to make

money
This allowed colonies to develop their own economic and political systems

Albany Plan of Union (pg 70):

Benjamin Franklins Plan for establishing an intercolonial government to raise

troops and collect taxes for a common defense

Although it failed, it set the precedent for future, more revolutionary

congresses
Slavery in Colonial America (pg 37):
Colonies passed slave codes saying that slave status would be inherited &

blacks would be held in bondage for life

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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Slave trade was apart of larger Triangular Trade

Period 3: (1754-1800):
French And Indian War Results (pg 71):
Britain and the Colonists defeat the French and their Native American allies

Britain becomes dominant power in North America

The Era of Salutary Neglect comes to an end as Britain takes a more active

role in colonial affairs

Proclamation of 1763 (pg 72):
To avoid conflict with Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley, the British

prohibited colonists from settling West of the Appalachian Mountains

Virtual Representation (pg 73):

In response to cries of taxation without representation, Britain defended

themselves by saying that the colonistss interests were being represented even
without colonists physically in Parliament
Stamp Act (pg 72):
Passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise revenue to pay for Bristish troops in

the colonies
First direct tax on the colonies

Colonists were outraged and organized the Stamp Act Congress to protest

Townshend Acts (pg 73):

Taxes passed by Parliament on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper

Also allowed for search of private homes for smuggled goods

Sons of Liberty (pg 73):

A revolutionary society organized to intimidate tax agents, organize

boycotts, and rebel against England

Committee of Correspondence (pg 74):
Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Committees would exchange letters about suspicious or potentially

threatening British activities

Declaration of Independence (pg 88):

The second Continental Congress formally separated from England

Jefferson drew on the Enlightenment ideas by John Locke

It listed specific grievances against King George III

Battle of Saratoga (pg 90):

Turning point in Revolutionary War

Resulted in a treaty of alliance with France

Articles of Confederation (pg 92-93):

First form of government in the U.S.

Accomplishments: winning Revolutionary War, Treaty of Paris (1783), Land

Ordinance (1785), Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Weaknesses: war debt, no power to tax, no foreign policy, weak central

government, strong state governments

Shays Rebellion (pg 93):
Revolutionary War veterans and farmers rebelled in Massachusetts against

high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and worthless paper money

After the rebellion was stopped, colonial leaders met to write the

Constitution
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (pg 93):
Congress, (under the Articles of Confederation), set rules for creating new

states
Prohibited slavery in Northwest territory

Great Compromise (pg 105):

Major issue was representation in Congress: large states wanted

proportional representation based on population and smaller states wanted fixed

representation (each state same # of representatives)
Provided for a bicameral (2 house) legislature

The Senate would have equal representation (2 per state) and the House of

Representatives would be based on population

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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Federalists (pg 107):

Argued in favor of the Constitution because they believed in stronger

central government
Leaders: Washington, Madison, Hamilton

Anti-Federalists (pg 107):

Argued against new Constitution because they believed strong central

government would limit democracy and would restrict state rights

Also argued in favor of Bill of Rights to protect civil rights

Federalist Papers (pg 106):

Series of essays written by Madison, Hamilton, John Jay arguing in favor of

Constitution
Bill of Rights (pg 108-109):
First 10 amendments to Constitution

Supported by Anti-Federalists, who believed U.S. needed protection against

a strong central government

Examples: 1st Amendment was protection of speech, religion, press,

assembly, petition

Hamiltons Financial Plan (pg 110-111):

Plan to pay off nations debt from Revolutionary War

Included 4 main aspects: assumption of state debts (federal government

took over state debts), creation of tariff (tax on imports), excise tax (nonessential goods tax to raise revenue for government, ex: whiskey tax), creation
of National Bank
Whiskey Rebellion (pg 113):
1794 rebellion of farmers in western Pennsylvania protesting Whiskey Tax

Washington sent troops to stop the rebellion (wanted to demonstrate

strength of new federal government)

Strict Interpretation (pg 116):

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Follow exactly whats written in Constitution & limit power of federal

government

Loose Interpretation (pg 116):

Believe one can do more than what is written in Constitution (Constitution is

flexible document)
Wouldve allowed for a stronger federal government

Jefferson v. Hamilton (pg 116):

Jefferson: Democratic Republican, strict constructionist, states rights

advocate, pro-French, favored agriculture over industry, believed in weak central

government
Hamilton: Federalist, loose constructionist, supported strong central

government, pro-British, supported business and industry over agriculture

Jays Treaty (pg 111):
1794, in response to Britains seizure of American ships and impressment of

American sailors, Washington sent Jay to Britain

Jay returned with a treaty that opened up trade but did nothing about

impressment & Americans were upset

Washingtons Farewell Address (pg 115):
He warned against political parties and alliances with foreign countries

Alien & Sedition Acts (pg 117):

Passed in 1798 by John Adams and Federalists in Congress during the Quasi

War with France (after XYZ Affair)

Increased citizenship requirements and authorized president to deport

immigrants
Made it illegal for newspapers to criticize government

Mostly used to target Democratic Republicans

Kentucky & Virginia Revolutions (pg 117):

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

In response to the Alien & Sedition Acts, Jefferson & Madison introduced
the statess rights doctrine of nullification

Election of 1800 (pg 117-118):

After a bitter campaign, Jefferson defeated Adams in what was a peaceful

transition from one political party to another (sometimes called Revolution of

1800)
Period 4: (1800-1848):
Marbury v. Madison (pg 134):
Before Adams left office, he made a number of judicial appointments

(Midnight Judges)
When Jefferson became President, he tried to withhold one of the

appointments (Marbury)
When Chief Justice John Marshall ruled this action unconstitutional, it

established the doctrine of judicial review, which allowed the Supreme Court to
decide whether acts of Congress or the President were constitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland (pg 154):
Maryland attempted to tax bank of U.S., but Supreme Court ruled this

action unconstitutional
This case limited statess rights and declared Bank of U.S. constitutional

Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, expanded power of

federal government
Samuel Chase (pg 135):
Federalist Justice on Supreme Court that was impeached by House of

Representatives but acquitted by the Senate

Louisiana Purchase (pg 132):

Jefferson went to France to purchase Port of New Orleans

Napoleon, after losing Haiti to a rebellion, decided he no longer needed

territory in North America and offered all of Louisiana for $15 million

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Although it violated his strict interpretation of the Constitution, the

purchase allowed Jefferson to double size of U.S. and opened the West for
settlement and exploration

Embargo Act (pg 136):

In response to France and Britain seizing American ships and impressing

American sailors, Jefferson prohibited all American merchant ships from sailing
to any foreign port
The Embargo (halt of trading) was a failure and it hurt American economy

War of 1812 (pg 138-141):

Causes: British impressment of American sailors, Britain was arming Indians

on the frontier, & war hawks in Congress were pushing for war
Impact: U.S. gained respect of other nations & recognized Canada as part of

British Empire
Hartford Convention (pg 141):
In 1814, New England Federalists met to voice their opposition to the War

of 1812
They proposed changes to Constitution & the radical Federalists threatened

secession
After the war, the Federalist party declined because they were viewed as

unpatriotic
Era of Good Feelings (pg 150):
Nickname for the Monroe Presidency that was marked by nationalism,

optimism, & one party rule

Many debates about National Bank, tariffs, and internal improvements

Sectionalism over slavery

Economic downturn with Panic of 1819

Clays American System (pg 152):

His plan for economic growth that included protective tariffs, a National

Bank, and internal improvements

Monroe Doctrine (pg 158-159):

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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

A policy towards Europe that declared American neutrality

Monroe warned Europe not to colonize or recolonize any part of the Western
Hemisphere

Doctrine of Nullification (pg 196-197):

The theory that a state had a right to declare a federal law null and void if

it was believed to be unconstitutional

Missouri Compromise (pg 155-157):
A compromise by Henry Clay

Missouri would enter the Union as slave state, Maine entered as free state,

& it prohibited slavery in the rest of Louisiana territory North of the 36/30
latitude
Eli Whitney (pg 161-162):
Responsible for invention of cotton gin, which allowed planters to clean

cotton more efficiently, which increased slavery

Invented interchangeable parts, which was the basis for mass production

Tariff of Abominations (pg 196-197):

A high tax on imported goods that many southerners objected to

South Carolina threatened to nullify it

Eventually a compromise was passed

Jacksonian Democracy (pg 191-193):

A term used for the expansion of democracy in 1820s and 1830s

Universal white male suffrage

Nominating conventions for choosing candidates for public offices

Gag Rule (Dennis definition):

An agreement in Congress not to bring up legislation dealing with slavery

(1830s-40s)
Common Man (pg 192-193):
See Jacksonian Democracy

Candidates tried to appeal to ordinary Americans because more people could

vote
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Worcester v. Georgia (pg 196):

Supreme Court ruled that Georgia could not forcibly remove Indians

Jackson ignored this decision

Spoils System (pg 193):

Awarded government jobs to loyal supporters

Also known as the Rotation of Officeholders or Patronage System

Bank Rechartering (pg 197):

Henry Clay attempted to recharter the National Bank in 1832

Jackson vetoed the bank recharter because he believed it was a monopoly,

he believed it was unconstitutional, & he believed it benefited wealthy at expense

of common people
Indian Removal (pg 196):
Jackson forced Native Americans on a Trail of Tears to settle on Indian

territory west of Mississippi River

Transcendentalism (pg 209):
New England intellectual and spiritual movement that emphasized self

reliance, civil disobedience, individualism, & artistic expression

Ralph Waldo Emerson (pg 209):
Transcendentalist who argued for self reliance & independent thinking

Critic of slavery

Henry David Thoreau (pg 209):

Wrote the book Walden using observations of nature to discover truths

about life and the universe

Wrote essay Civil Disobedience about nonviolent protest

Second Great Awakening (pg 207):

Religious revival during early decades of the 19th century

The movement believed that people were naturally good and preached

perfectionism
Spoke about opportunity and salvation for all, which had democratizing

effect on American society

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Horace Mann (pg 213):

Leading advocate of public school movement

Worked for compulsory education, longer school years, and teacher

education
Dorothea Dix (pg 212):
Led movement for prison reform and separate institutions for mentally ill

Temperance Movement (pg 212):

Reformers targeted alcohol as cause of social ills & called for its prohibition

Brook Farm (pg 209):

Transcendentalist community in Massachusetts

Promoted artistic creativity and innovation

Seneca Falls Convention (pg 214):

1st womens rights convention in U.S. history

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony led campaign for equal voting,

legal, & property rights for women

Declaration of Sentiments (pg 214):
Written at Seneca Falls Convention to address discrimination against women

in society
Modeled after Declaration of Independence

Cult of Domesticity (pg 214):

The idealized view of women as moral leaders in the household

Alexis de Tocqueville (Dennis Definition):

Frenchman who visited U.S. in 1830s

Wrote a book called Democracy in America about general condition of

democracy & equality in the U.S. in comparison to European countries

Nat Turners Revolt (pg 215):
Violent slave rebellion in 1831 in which 55 whites were killed

Led to more restrictive slave codes for fear of future uprisings

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American Colonization Society (pg 215):
The idea of transporting freed slaves to an African colony

Established the colony of Liberia

Abolitionism (pg 214-215):

The movement to end slavery

William Lloyd Garrison (pg 215):

Leader of American antislavery society and publisher of The Liberator, an

abolitionist paper
The Liberator (pg 215):
The antislavery newspaper started by William Lloyd Garrison

Market Revolution (pg 164):

During the early 1800s, it was marked by the growth of cities,

industrialization, and development of modern capitalism

Meant the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence

among people
Lowell System (pg 163):
A textile factory in Massachusetts that recruited young women from farms

and housed them in company dormitories

Toward the middle of the 19th century, they were replaced by immigrants

Transportation Revolution (pg 161):

During early 1800s, this was the development of an efficient network of

interconnecting roads, canals, and railroads for moving people, raw materials, &
manufactured goods
Cotton Gin (pg 178):
Made it easier to clean cotton which made cotton more affordable

Made cotton king in the south & led to expansion of slavery

Who Owned Slaves? (pg 178):

Most southerners didnt own any slaves

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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Members of a small southern elite of wealthy plant owners owned at least
100 slaves and at least 100 acres of land
Majority of slaveholders were farmers who owned fewer than 20 slaves

Southern Justification of Slavery (Dennis Definition):

Argument that slavery was a positive good and that blacks were better off

as slaves because they were well treated

Southerners argued slaves were better off than northern workers

Yeoman Farmers (pg 180):

Average farmer who owned a modest amount of land and perhaps some slaves

Made up majority of southern population

Period 5: (1848-1877):
Mexican War (pg 233-234):
An example of Manifest Destiny

The American war with Mexico was started over border dispute with Texas

(Rio Grande)
James K. Polk (pg 233):
A proponent of Manifest Destiny

Responsible for annexation of Texas & negotiating a border for Oregon with

Britain
Sent troops to disputed territory in Texas, which started Mexican War

Republic of Texas (pg 231):

After winning independence from Mexico, Texas functioned as an

independent republic before annexed by U.S. in 1845

Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty (pg 234):
Ended Mexican War

Mexico recognized Rio Grande as southern border of Texas

U.S. took possession of former Mexican provinces of California and New

Mexico, became known as Mexican cession

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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Wilmot Proviso (pg 234):
A proposal to ban slavery in all new territories acquired from Mexico

Free Soil Party (pg 247):

Northerners who opposed allowing slavery in new western territories

Compromise of 1850 (pg 248):

Admitted California as free state

Decided status of slavery in Utah and New Mexico by popular sovereignty

Banned slave trade, but not slavery, in D.C.

Adopted new, stricter Fugitive Slave Law

Popular Sovereignty (pg 249):

Allowing settlers in the territory to vote on whether to allow slavery or not

Nativism (pg 176):

Discrimination against immigrants

Know Nothing Party (pg 176):

A political party formed in 1850s to target Irish Catholic & German

immigrants in U.S.
Protestants who distrusted Roman Catholics

Kansas Nebraska Act (pg 252):

Law proposed by Steven Douglas to organize territories of Kansas &

Nebraska & allowed them to decide on issue of slavery with popular sovereignty
Repealed Missouri Compromise because those 2 territories were North of

36/30 line and shouldve been freed from slavery

Lincoln Douglas Debates (pg 256):
In race for an Illinois senate seat, the 2 men engaged in a series of debates

that centered on issue of slavery

Freeport Doctrine (pg 257):
In aftermath of Dred Scott Decision, Lincoln challenged Douglass views on

popular sovereignty

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Douglas responded that slavery couldnt exist in a territory that didnt pass
slave codes & this angered southern democrats

Republican Platform on Slavery (pg 255):

Wanted to stop spread of slavery into Western territories

Fugitive Slave Laws (pg 250):

Part of Compromise of 1850

Purpose was to track down runaway slaves to return them to their southern

owners
New law would have strict federal enforcement

Uncle Toms Cabin (pg 250):

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that became most influential book of the

19th century
Depicted the horrors of slavery & convinced many people that slavery was

wrong
Harriet Beecher Stowe (pg 250):
Author of Uncle Toms Cabin

Critic of Fugitive Slave Law

Sumner/Brooks (pg 254):

After Senator Charles Sumner gave speech attacking slavery & South

Carolina, congressman Preston Brooks beat Sumner with his cane

It demonstrated how sectionalism was becoming violent

Bleeding Kansas (pg 253):

A violent conflict between pro-slavery advocates from Missouri & anti
slavery settlers in Kansas
Most famous episode was John Brown & his sons killing pro-slavery advocates

at Pottawatomie Creek
Dred Scott Decision (pg 255-256):
After his owner brought him to free territory, Dred Scott sued for his

freedom & Supreme Court decided the following: Dred Scott was not a citizen &
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therefore couldnt sue, Congress didnt have power to ban slavery in any territory,
Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
Results of 1860 Election (pg 258):
With a split in the democratic party, republican Abe Lincoln won election

without any electoral votes from south

In response, South started to secede from Union

War Aims of North & South (pg 268-269):

North: preserve Union, keep border states from seceding

South: declare independence and form new country, Confederate States of

America
Advantages of North/South (pg 270):
North: more $, more railroads, more industry, larger population, navy

South: fighting defensive war, more experienced generals, high troop morale

Lincolns Actions During Civil War (Dennis Definition):

Pledge to preserve Union

Emancipation Proclamation

Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus temporarily

Instituted martial (military) law in certain border states

Emancipation Proclamation (pg 275):

Lincoln freed slaves in states that were still in rebellion on January 1st, 1863

Homestead Act (pg 281):

Promoted westward settlement by offering 160 acres of land to any person

or family who agreed to farm it for 5 years

Pacific Railway Act (pg 281):
Authorized building of Transcontinental Railroad

Ten Percent Plan (pg 292):

Lincolns plan for reconstruction that said a state government that rebelled

against a union could be accepted back into the U.S. as soon as 10% of the voters
took a loyalty oath
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Radical Reconstruction (pg 295-296):

Congresss plan to reconstruct the Union by punishing the south and

protecting rights of African Americans

Included Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14th and 15th amendments, and Military

Reconstruction Act of 1867

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Dennis Definition):
13th: ended slavery

14th: redefined citizenship to include anyone born or naturalized (legal

immigrant) in U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law for all citizens
15th: right to vote for black males

Freedmans Bureau (pg 292):

Provided food, shelter, medical aid, & education for former slaves

Sharecropping (pg 300):

Former slaves rented land from former owners & paid with a share of their

crop
Kept southern blacks in a cycle of debt

Black Codes (pg 294):

Laws passed by southern states to limit the rights of black freedmen

Prohibited blacks from borrowing $ to buy land, forced them to sign labor

contracts, prohibited them from testifying against whites in court

(To keep them in condition of servitude essentially)

Ku Klux Klan (pg 302):

Organization that terrorized & murdered blacks in the south

Redeemers (pg 302):

Southern conservatives, usually members of democratic party, took control

of south after reconstruction ended

Compromise of 1877 (pg 303):

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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

A deal between democratic and republican candidates for president that

resulted in republican candidate, Hayes, winning against Tilden, & promising to
withdraw northern troops from the south

Period 6: (1865-1898):
Gilded Age (Dennis Definition):
Term used to describe the late 19th century industrialization of American

when some people benefitted, but many did not (false gold coating)
Political Machines (pg 364):
Political parties in major cities came under control of tightly organized

groups of politicians known as political machines

Each machine had a boss who gave jobs to loyal supporters

Corporations (pg 162):

Made it easier for people to from businesses because they could sell shares

of their company to raise capital

Also limited risk and liability of business owners

New Immigration (pg 361):

During the Gilded Age, immigrants started coming over from eastern &

southern Europe, as well as East Asia

Monopolies (Dennis Definition):
One company controlled an entire industry

Captains of Industry vs. Robber Barons (Dennis Definition):

Terms to describe industrialists of late 19th century who made great

strides in innovation & business & philanthropy, but often used illegal tactics to
consolidate their business and eliminate competition

Knights of Labor/American Confederation of Labor (Dennis Definition):

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Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

KOL: organized skilled & unskilled laborers to fight for hours, conditions,
wages, & social justice, they became associated with violence after the
Haymarket Affair
AFL: organized skilled workers to fight for hours, wages, & conditions

Sherman Act (Dennis Definition):

Aimed to break up trusts and restore competition, but was used against

unions in the early years

Social Darwinism (Dennis Definition):
Belief in survival of the fittest applied to society

MONDAY PERIOD 3 FIRST DAY IN FEB MELIS AUDITORIUM

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