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Understanding Statistics: Types & Techniques

Lesson 2 discusses statistics, which involves collecting, organizing, and analyzing data. There are two main types of statistics: descriptive statistics, which describe data through summaries and graphics, and inferential statistics, which allow conclusions about relationships between variables. Studies can be descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, or aimed at prediction and control. Key concepts include population, parameters, sample, variables, and types of data. Common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. Sample size is determined using margin of error, confidence level, and formulas like Slovin's. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques are covered.

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130 views3 pages

Understanding Statistics: Types & Techniques

Lesson 2 discusses statistics, which involves collecting, organizing, and analyzing data. There are two main types of statistics: descriptive statistics, which describe data through summaries and graphics, and inferential statistics, which allow conclusions about relationships between variables. Studies can be descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, or aimed at prediction and control. Key concepts include population, parameters, sample, variables, and types of data. Common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. Sample size is determined using margin of error, confidence level, and formulas like Slovin's. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques are covered.

Uploaded by

Myzhel Inumerable
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Lesson 2

Statistics - the science that deals with collection of data, tabulation, organization,
presentation, analysis, interpretation
Types of statistics
Descriptive- describe numerical or graphic summaries of data.
Inferential statistical techniques that allow conclusions to be drawn
about the relationships found among different variables
Types of studies
Descriptive- objective is describe situations and events used to analyze
data from these studies
Explorative- used to explore more
Explanatory- elucidate relationships among variables, use inferential
statistics, may or may not seek to establish causality
Prediction and control- seek to determine which variables predict other
variables and to determine causality, use inferential studies
Population- large collection of objects, places and things.
Parameters- numerical value which describes a population
Sample- small portion or part of the population
Data facts, or set of information gathered
Qualitative and quantitative( discrete: eg, values that are whole; continuous:
eg, values with decimal)
Variable
Nominal- number as name or label
Ordinal- labeled and ranked
Interval- number + rank + unit of interval no zero meaning
Ratio- label + rank + equal unit of interval have the zero
Independent variables stand alone
Dependent cant stand alone

Intervening- between dependent and independent


Determining Sample Size
Margin of error allowed error you want to commit
Confidence level
Slovins formula (large population) n= N/1+Ne^2 * N= population e= allowable
errors*
30% rule of thumb
Sampling techniques
Probability Sampling
Simple random
Systematic random
Stratified random
Cluster sampling
Multistage
Non- Probability sampling
Convenience
Quota
Purposive
Data Gathering Techniques
Direct or interview
Indirect or questionnaire
Registration
Experimental
Observational
Provocature
Clinical
Depth

Focused
Non-directive

Measures of central tendency


Mean (interval, ratio data)
Mode - least reliable (blood type, nominal)
Median middlemost (interval/ratio data/ordinal)
Textual (in paragraph), Graphical (Graphs), Tabular (Table)
Factor
Type of data

Mean
Interval/ratio

Extreme score
Always measurable
Number of score
characteristics

Yes
yes
1
Scores included in
the computation

Median
Interval/ratio/ordin
al
no
Yes
1
Middle value

Mode
nominal
No
no
1,2, .
Popular value

Ways of organizing data


Measure of central tendency finds the center of the distribution; finds where
data tend to merge in the center; finds a single value that describes set of data.
Measure of dispersion

Casio fx-115MS calculator


Press mode, select SD.
Enter number (eg. 77), then press M+
1 will appear.. add other random shnit (eg. 12, 14, 19, 03) press M+ after every
value
When u have all 5, n=5. Press shift +2 to access var thing. Press 1 then = for mean.
Shift 1 = summation.

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