KNS4553
SOIL DYNAMICS
KANIRAJ SHENBAGA
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK
Learning Objective 3
By the end of this course, the students should be
able to design machine foundations complying with
design criteria, evaluate liquefaction potential of
saturated soil, suggest preventive measures,
evaluate lateral earth pressures during earthquakes,
and recommend vibration isolation measures.
Learning Objective 4
By the end of this course, the students should
be able to investigate contemporary practices
and issues on applications of soil dynamics in
machine foundations and earthquake
engineering and prepare technical reports of
the investigations.
KNS4553 Soil Dynamics
Machine Foundations
Types of Machine Foundations
Block foundation
A pedestal of concrete on which the machine rests.
Box or caisson foundation
A hollow concrete block which supports the machinery at the top.
Wall foundation
A pair of walls which support the machinery at the top slab.
Frame foundation
A frame work of columns, beams, and slabs. The machinery is
supported on the top deck slab.
Block Foundation
http://mechanicaldatahelp.blogspot.com/2011/05/machine-foundations-ii.html
Types of Machines
Based on operating speed:
Low to medium frequencies (< 500 rpm)
Medium to high frequencies (300 to 1000
rpm)
Very high frequencies (> 1000 rpm)
1 rpm = 1 revolution per minute = 2 radians per minute
Machines Producing Periodical Forces
Reciprocating engines (50 to 250 rpm),
compressors, and large blowers:
Low to medium speed machines; Usually
supported on a block foundation
Diesel engines and gas engines:
Medium to high frequency machines
Machines Producing Periodical Forces
High speed internal combustion engines,
electric motors, and turbo generators:
Very high speed machines
Turbo generators are usually supported on
frame foundations, and others on block
foundation.
Electric Motor Support
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=images+of+machine+foundations&view=detail&id=51A66497BBA89E6F0328D059EF7FC06D35167732&first=0&qpvt=images+of+machine+foundations&FORM=IDFRIR
Turbogenerator Foundation
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=images+of+turbogenerator+frame+foundations&view=detail&id=56716CD0DE953A83499DDE5748D03F17FCB7D873&first=0&FORM=IDFRIR
Turbogenerator Foundation
http://www.coyne-et-bellier.fr/en/dun/sin/fiche_lavrion_industrie.html
Machines Producing Periodical Forces
Forge hammers and presses:
Usually supported on block foundation
For the construction of a large hammer
foundation see:
http://www.fluekiger.ch/americanenglish/our-new-drop-forginghammer/index.html
Typical configurations of the mounting systems in hammer foundations:
(a) one-mass foundation, (b, c), two-mass foundation with springs and dampers
http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0022460X03010198-gr1.gif
Direct spring support of a Forging Hammer
http://www.gerb.com/en/arbeitsgebiete/arbeitsgebiete.php?ID=151
Data for Machine Foundation Design
Loading diagram giving the magnitude and
position of static and dynamic loads exerted by
the machine on the foundation
Power and operating speed of machine
Details of grooves, openings, ducts, embedded
parts, etc., in the foundation
Soil data
KNS4553
Soil Dynamics
Design Requirements
Design Criteria
A machine foundation should satisfy two criteria:
a) Static load criteria
b) Dynamic load criteria
Static Load Criteria
a) The foundation should be properly located
(location criterion).
b) It must be safe against failure by rupture of soil
(bearing capacity criterion).
c) The foundation must not excessively (settlement
criterion).
Dynamic Load Criteria
a) No resonance should occur.
Resonant frequency must be very large or very small
compared to the operating speed of the machine.
b) The amplitude of motion (displacement or rotation)
must be within permissible limits under service
conditions.
Permissible limits: Prescribed by manufacturers of machine,
Code provisions, Empirical guidelines (for preliminary
design)
Richards Chart for Limiting
Amplitudes of Displacement
in Vertical Vibration
How to use the chart
Determine the amplitude of
displacement.
Locate the point on the chart.
Evaluate the response of persons
to the vibration.
Response Spectra
When response limits are defined simultaneously by
values of displacement, velocity, and acceleration,
the plot is called a response spectra for vibration
limits.
Point B corresponds to:
Frequency = ? cps
Displacement = ? inch
Velocity ? in/sec
Acceleration = ? g
Response Spectra for
Limiting Amplitudes
of Motion in Vertical
Vibration
Point A corresponds to:
Frequency = 10 cps
Displacement = 10-4 inch
Velocity 0.007 in/sec
Acceleration = 10-3 g
Note: Limits based on amplitude of quantity
Barkans Recommendations
Type of machine
Permissible amplitude of
displacement, mm
Low speed machinery (500 rpm)
0.20 0.25
Hammer foundation
1.00 1.20
High speed machinery
(a) 3000 rpm
Vertical vibration
Horizontal vibration
0.02 0.03
0.04 0.05
(b) 1500 rpm
Vertical vibration
Horizontal vibration
0.04 0.06
0.07 0.09
Blakes Recommendation
AA: Dangerous. Shut it down now
to avoid danger
A: Failure is near. Correct within
two days to avoid breakdown.
B: Faulty. correct it within 10 days
to save maintenance dollars.
C: Minor faults. Correction wastes
dollars.
D: No faults. Typical new
equipment
Note: Limits based on peak
to peak value of quantity
Blakes Service Factors
Service Factorsa
Single-stage centrifugal pump, electric
motor, fan
Typical chemical processing
equipment, Noncritical
Turbine, turbogenerator, centrifugal
Compressor
Service Factor indicates the importance of a
machine in the installation.
Example 1: A centrifuge has a 0.01 in (0.250
mm) amplitude at 750 rpm. The value of the
service factor is 2. The effective vibration
therefore is 2 X 0.01 = 0.02 in (0.50 mm). This
point falls in Class A in the chart. The
vibrations, therefore, are excessive, and failure
is imminent unless the corrective steps are
taken immediately.
Example 2: A link-suspended centrifuge
operating at 1250 rpm that has 0.003 in
(0.075mm) amplitude with the basket empty.
The service factor is 0.3, and the effective
vibration is 0.0009 in (0.0225mm). This point
falls in class C and indicates only minor fault.
1
1.6
Centrifuge, stiff-shaftb; multistage
centrifugal pump
Miscellaneous equipment,
characteristics Unknown
Centrifuge, shaft-suspended, on shaft
near basket
0.5
Centrifuge, link-suspended, slung
0.3
Exercise 1
A machine operates at a circular frequency of 31.4
rad/s and causes its foundation to vibrate vertically
at an amplitude of displacement of 0.13 mm in steady
state vibration. Evaluate the response of persons to
the vibration using:
(a) Richarts chart, and (b) response spectra.
Barkans Recommendations
The foundation must be preferably placed above water level to
reduce propagation of vibration.
The machine foundation should be placed at a lower level than
the surrounding structures and be separated from adjacent
structures.
The combined centre of gravity of machine and foundation, and
the centroid of the base area should as for as possible lie in the
same vertical line.
There must be scope to incorporate future corrections in the
base area or mass of the foundation if it becomes necessary
due to inadequate performance of the foundation.
KNS4553
Soil Dynamics
Dynamic Analysis of Block Foundations
Degrees of Freedom of Block Foundations
In general, 6 degrees of freedom
3 translational modes (Vertical,
Longitudinal, Lateral)
3 rotational (Rocking, Pitching,
Yawing)
For cylindrical foundations, only 4
degrees of freedom due to
symmetry
2 translational modes (Vertical,
Sliding/Horizontal)
2 rotational modes (Rocking,
Torsional/Yawing)
Dynamic Analysis Approaches
Empirical and semi-empirical formulae
Soil-as-spring approach
Elastic half-space approach
Empirical and Semi-empirical Formulae
Formulae available for vertical vibration only.
Damping is neglected. Therefore, resonant frequency is
equal to natural frequency. (Keep operating speed away
from natural frequency.)
The formulae do not consider amplitude of displacement.
Not possible to check whether within permissible limits.
Can be used for approximate preliminary calculations, not
for final design.
Units as specified in the formulae should be used.
Converse Formula
= .
.
+ .
fn = natural frequency, cps
= unit weight of soil, pcf
G = shear modulus of soil, psi
Pd = maximum dynamic load, lb
Wv = static weight of vibrator or machine, lb
ro = radius of foundation or of an equivalent circular area in the case
of rectangular foundation, in
Alpans Formula
fn = natural frequency, cpm
W = static weight of machine and foundation, kgf
A = contact area of foundation, m2
= a constant (3,900 for peat; 69,000 for plastic clay;
82,000 for sand; 111,000 for sandstone)
Exercise 2
A foundation block and machine weigh 12,000 kgf.
The foundation has a base area of 10 m2. If the block
foundation rests on sand, make a preliminary
estimate of its natural frequency.
