Factors affecting fatigue life
The factors affecting fatigue life of a component:
1. Stress Level
Fatigue life is highly dependent on
2. Surface Effects
Surface finish is important because in fatigue, cracks usually start
at the surface.
Design: Notches, discontinuities, grooves, holes, threads
increase the stress concentration, and the sharper the
discontinuity the more severe the stress concentration. Therefore
to design against fatigue, avoid irregularities
Factors affecting fatigue
Surface treatment: Machining introduces scratches and
grooves, therefore polishing a machined surface will increase
fatigue life. Fatigue life can be improved by introducing a
compressive residual stress on the surface layer (shot peening
and case hardening).
3. Environment
Thermal fatigue: Fluctuating temperatures can cause
thermal stresses due to thermal expansion of the
components.
Corrosion fatigue: If the component is exposed to a
corrosive environment, pits caused by corrosion can act
as initiation sites and corrosion can also increase the
crack growth rate.
Summary
Fatigue crack growth rate varies with
cyclic stress intensity: Paris law
Also in position to determine the fatigue
life of a component
Mechanism of fatigue crack formation
in HCF and LCF
Fracture surface of fatigued component
show peculiar features: Striations mark
Lecture 16
Materials at high
temperatures
Jayant Jain
Assistant Professor,
Department of Applied Mechanics,
IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016
Creep
Creep is slow, continuous
deformation with time: strain
depends on stress, temperature
and time
Creep test
Creep testing and creep curves
Metals, polymers and ceramics all show creep curve of this nature
In designing against creep the secondary stage is the most important
Creep rate vs. stress
Where n is creep exponent
Power law creep
Variation of creep rate with stress
Creep rate vs. temperature
R gas constant
Q activation energy for creep
Combining stress and temperature
dependence
Variation of creep rate with
temperature
Effect of stress and temperature
on creep strain
Stress-Rupture Curve
Design data based on creep is generally presented in a
stress-rupture curve allows you to identify either the
design stress or rupture life at a given temperature
Materials: engineering, science, processing and design, 2nd edition Copyright (c)2010 Michael Ashby, Hugh Shercliff, David
Cebon
Creep mechanism
If we want to make engineering materials more resistant to creep
deformation and creep fracture, we must look at how creep and
creep-fracture take place on an atomic level.
The following are the main mechanisms of creep deformation
1) Dislocation creep
2) Diffusional creep
3) Grain boundary sliding
The rate of (1) and (2) is limited by diffusion of atoms
Atomic diffusion: Mechanism
How atomic diffusion takes place in crystalline solids??
Bulk diffusion takes place by two mechanism:
Jump from one interstice to another
Movement requires vacancy to sit next to it
Interstitial diffusion
Vacancy diffusion
C, O, N, B and H diffuse interstitially in most crystals
Zn atom diffuses in brass
Fast diffusion paths: Grain boundary
and dislocation core
Grain boundary diffusion
Dislocation-core diffusion
Dislocation creep
Plastic deformation takes place by the motion of dislocations
Dislocation has to move through various obstacles: GB, PPT,
solute atoms, lattice resistance
Diffusion of atoms can Unlock dislocations from obstacles
in their path, and the movement of these unlocked dislocations
under the applied stress is what leads to dislocation creep
Dislocation creep also known as power law creep
Dislocation Creep: Edge dislocation
How does the unlocking occurs??
The dependence of creep rate on applied stress is due to climb force
Climb force, more dislocations become unlocked per second, more dislocations
glide per second, higher the strain rate will be
