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Differential Equations - ODE of First Order

This document discusses ordinary differential equations of order one. It covers variable-separable equations, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and linear differential equations of the first order. Examples of each type are given along with the general methods for solving them. Variable-separable equations can be solved by separating variables and integrating. Homogeneous equations use substitution to make the equation variable-separable. Exact equations involve determining if partial derivatives are equal to find an integrating factor. Linear equations use an integrating factor to solve for the dependent variable in terms of the independent variable and a constant.

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Tristan James Sim
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230 views21 pages

Differential Equations - ODE of First Order

This document discusses ordinary differential equations of order one. It covers variable-separable equations, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and linear differential equations of the first order. Examples of each type are given along with the general methods for solving them. Variable-separable equations can be solved by separating variables and integrating. Homogeneous equations use substitution to make the equation variable-separable. Exact equations involve determining if partial derivatives are equal to find an integrating factor. Linear equations use an integrating factor to solve for the dependent variable in terms of the independent variable and a constant.

Uploaded by

Tristan James Sim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Differential Equations

Ordinary Differential Equations of


Order One

Ordinary Differential Equations of


Order One
1.
2.
3.
4.

Variable-Separable Equations
Homogeneous Equations
Exact Equations
Linear Differential Equations of the First
Order

General Form of Ordinary Differential


Equations of the First Order
Consider the form

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
where both M and N can be functions of x, y, or
both x and y.

Variable-Separable Equations
Given

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If this equation can be expressed as

A ( x ) dx + B ( y ) dy = 0

then it is a variable-separable equation.

Examples
Problems:

1. sin x sin ydx + cos x cos ydy = 0


2. dr = b ( cos dr + r sin d )
3. x cos ydx + tan ydy = 0
2

Examples
Answers:

1. sin y = C cos x
2. r = C (1 b cos )
3. x + tan y = C
2

Homogeneous Equations
Given

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If each term of the equation has a total degree of
n (sum of exponents of all the variables in a
term), then the equation is a homogeneous
differential equation of degree n.

Homogeneous Equations
To solve a homogeneous equation, one may
choose to substitute
or

x = vy

dx = vdy + ydv

y = vx

dy = vdx + xdv

An advantage may be gained if M has fewer


terms than N and x = vy is chosen. Same goes
for N has fewer terms and y = vx. The resulting
equation becomes variable-separable.

Homogeneous Equations
Theorem 1. If M(x,y) and N(x,y) are both
homogeneous and of the same degree, the
function M(x,y)/N(x,y) is homogeneous of
degree zero.
Theorem 2. If f(x,y) is homogeneous of degree
zero in x and y, f(x,y) is a unction of y/x alone.

f ( x, y ) = f ( x, vx ) = x f (1, v ) = f (1, v )
0

Examples
Problems:

1. 3 ( 3 x + y ) dx 2 xydy = 0
2

2. 3 xydx + ( x + y ) dy = 0
2

3. x csc (

y
x

) y dx + xdy = 0

Examples
Answers:

1. x = C ( 9 x + y
3

2. y ( 4 x + y
2

3. ln

2 3

=C

= cos ( y x )

Exact Equations
Given

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If the following partial differentials are equal,

M
y

x=k

N
=
x

y =k

then it is an exact differential equation.

Exact Equations
To solve an exact differential equation, set
F
M=
x

or

F
N=
y

Then solve for F by integrating one of the


functions with respect to its partial differential
independent variable (with the other variable
treated as constant.

Exact Equations
If M was initially chosen, set T(y) with function
terms of N with y variables only. If N was
initially chosen, set T(x) with function terms
of M with x variables only. Solve T by
integrating the function obtained.
The solution is then
F ( x, y ) + T ( x ) = C
or
F ( x, y ) + T ( y ) = C

Exact Equations
Tips and tricks: the shortcuts

y =k

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( y ) dy = C

or

M
x
dx
+
(
)

x=k

N ( x, y ) dy = C

Examples
Problems:
1. 2 x + y cos ( xy ) dx + x cos ( xy ) dy = 0

2. ( w + wz z ) dw + ( z + w z w ) dz = 0
3

3. ( 2 xy tan y ) dx + ( x x sec y ) dy = 0
2

Examples
Answers:
1. x + sin ( xy ) = C
2

2. ( w + z
2

2 2

= 4 wz + C

3. x y x tan y = C
2

Linear Differential Equation of the


First Order
Given

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If this equation can be expressed as
dy + yP ( x ) dx = Q ( x ) dx
or
dx + xP ( y ) dy = Q ( y ) dy

then it is a linear differential equation of the first


order.

Linear Differential Equation of the


First Order
To solve the linear differential equation of the
first order, determine the integrating factor by
P ( x ) dx

v=e

or

P ( y ) dy

v=e

Then solve the equation


vy = vQ ( x ) dx + C

or
vx = vQ ( y ) dy + C

Examples
Problems:
1. y ' = csc x y cot x

2. 2 y ( y x ) dy = dx
2

3. dx (1 + 2 x tan y ) dy = 0

Examples
Answers:
1. y sin x = x + C
2. x = y 1 + Ce
2

y2

3. 2 x cos y = y + sin y cos y + C


2

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