I.

HISTORY

Woodblock printing
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used
widely throughout East Asia. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on
textiles and later on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from
China date to before 220 A.D.
In East Asia
The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang
Dynasty China, 868 A.D. (British Library)
The earliest surviving woodblock printed fragments are from
China. They are of silk printed with flowers in three colours from
the Han Dynasty (before 220 A.D.). They are the earliest example
of woodblock printing on paper appeared in the mid-seventh
century in China.
By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, and the first extant complete printed
book containing its date is the Diamond Sutra (British Library) of 868. By the tenth century,
400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in
print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day.
Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms, but the
technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique
then spread to Persia and Russia. This technique was transmitted to Europe from China, via the
Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing
cards. However, Arabs never used this to print the Quran because of the limits imposed by
Islamic doctrine.
In the Middle East
Block printing, called tarish in Arabic developed in Arabic Egypt during the ninth-tenth
centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest that these print
blocks made from non-wood materials, possibly tin, lead, or clay. The techniques employed are
uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little influence outside of the Muslim
world. Though Europe adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, initially for fabric,
the technique of metal block printing remained unknown in Europe. Block printing later went out
of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing introduced from China.
In Europe
The earliest known woodcut, 1423, Buxheim, with hand-colouring Block printing first
came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed
on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively
easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious

images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints produced in very large numbers from
about 1425 onward.
Around the mid-fifteenth-century, block-books, woodcut
books with both text and images, usually carved in the same
block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and
books printed with movable type. These were all short heavily
illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many
different block-book versions: the Ars moriendi and the Biblia
pauperum were the most common. There is still some
controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction
preceded or, the majority view, followed the introduction of
movable type, with the range of estimated dates being between
about 1440 and 1460.

Movable-type printing
Copperplate of 12151216 5000 cash paper
money with ten bronze movable types
Jikji, "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and
Son Masters" from Korea, the earliest known book
printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothque
Nationale de France, Paris

II.

Evolution

Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal
type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type allowed for much
more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing.
Around 1040, the first known movable type system was
created in China by Pi Sheng out of porcelain. Sheng used clay
type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a
more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex system
of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese
characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still,
the main method in use there remained woodblock printing
(xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for
printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters".
Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It
was used in large-scale printing of paper money issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable
type spread to Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty.
Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The Jikji,
published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was used, adapted
from the method of casting coins. The character was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed
into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into the mould, and finally the type was
polished. The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar HenriJean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's". East[Cast?] metal movable type was spread to
Europe between the late 14th century and the early 15th century.
Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced what is regarded as the first modern
movable type system in Europe (see printing press), along with innovations in casting the type
based on a matrix and hand mould; adaptations to the screw-press; the use of a linseed-oil base
for ink; and the creation of a softer and more absorbent paper. Gutenberg was the first to create
his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin,antimony,Copper and Bismuth the same components
still used today.
A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick
The printing press
Johannes Gutenberg started work on his printing
press around 1436, in partnership with Andreas
Dritzehen whom he had previously instructed
in gem-cutting and Andreas Heilmann, the
owner of a paper mill. It is not until a 1439
lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record
exists: witness testimony discussed type, an
inventory of metals (including lead) and his type
mould.
Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page setting and printing using a press
was faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces were sturdier and the lettering more

uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the
Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type for Western languages. The
printing press rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around
the [Link]-setting room - c. 1920
Gutenberg's innovations in movable type printing have been called the most important
invention of the second millennium.
Rotary printing press
The rotary printing press was invented by Richard
March Hoe in 1843. It uses impressions curved around a
cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other
substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly
improved by William Bullock.

What is music?
Music is an art form, social activity or cultural activity whose medium is sound and
silence. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm
(and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness),
and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a
musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of
these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and with vocal techniques
ranging from singing to rapping, and there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces and
pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek (mousike; "art of the
Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the
production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the
study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music.
Articles about Music:
Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious
or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. When music was
only available through sheet music scores, such as during the Classical and Romantic eras, music
lovers would buy the sheet music of their favourite pieces and songs so that they could perform
them at home on the piano. With the advent of sound recording, records of popular songs, rather
than sheet music became the dominant way that music lovers would enjoy their favourite songs.
With the advent of home tape recorders in the 1980s and digital music in the 1990s, music lovers
could make tapes or playlists of their favourite songs and take them with them on a portable
cassette player or MP3 player. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their favorite songs, which
serve as a "self-portrait, a gesture of friendship, prescription for an ideal party... an environment
consisting solely of what is most ardently loved."
Amateur musicians compose and/or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their
income elsewhere. Professional musicians are employed by a range of institutions and
organisations, including armed forces (in marching bands, concert bands and popular music
groups), churches and synagogues, symphony orchestras, broadcasting or film production
companies, and music schools. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session
musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings. There are often many links
between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with
professional musicians. In community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with
professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and
community orchestras.
A distinction is often made between music performed for a live audience and music that is
performed in a studio so that it can be recorded and distributed through the music retail system or
the broadcasting system. However, there are also many cases where a live performance in front
of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in both
classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are
prized by music lovers. In the jam band scene, live, improvised jam sessions are preferred to
studio recordings.

Julian Felipe

History of
Printing

Republic of the Philippines

Submitted by:
Roselyn J. Panuga
Grade 7-Love
Submitted to:
Mrs. King Ryan Severino
Teacher