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Downhole Logging

This document provides an introduction to downhole well logging. It discusses various types of wireline tool measurements that can be taken in a borehole, including nuclear, sonic, electrical, magnetic, and imaging logs. Nuclear logs measure natural gamma radiation or capture spectra to determine properties like shale content or elemental composition. Sonic logs measure compressional and shear wave velocities to infer lithology or fluid content. Electrical logs measure resistivity to identify water, hydrocarbon or clay content. Additional techniques covered include magnetic susceptibility logs, borehole imaging, vertical seismic profiles, and logging while drilling. Examples of specific logs and their applications in geological analysis are also presented.

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MohammadFaisalQureshi
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176 views54 pages

Downhole Logging

This document provides an introduction to downhole well logging. It discusses various types of wireline tool measurements that can be taken in a borehole, including nuclear, sonic, electrical, magnetic, and imaging logs. Nuclear logs measure natural gamma radiation or capture spectra to determine properties like shale content or elemental composition. Sonic logs measure compressional and shear wave velocities to infer lithology or fluid content. Electrical logs measure resistivity to identify water, hydrocarbon or clay content. Additional techniques covered include magnetic susceptibility logs, borehole imaging, vertical seismic profiles, and logging while drilling. Examples of specific logs and their applications in geological analysis are also presented.

Uploaded by

MohammadFaisalQureshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to Downhole

Logging
Alberto Malinverno
Well Logging Principles and Applications
G9947 - Seminar in Marine Geophysics
Spring 2008

in situ
in the natural or original position or place
Pronunciation: (")in-'sI-(")t, -'si-, -(")ty also
-'sE-, -(")ch
Function: adverb or adjective
Etymology: Latin, in position
Date: 1740

Wireline tool strings

Up to 30m

Measurements on
core samples

Measurements in
the borehole

Sensors

Sample

Sensors

Sample

6-arm
caliper

Nuclear Logs
Natural gamma ray
Density
Neutron
Thermal neutron capture

Sonic
Electrical / magnetic
Imaging
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
Logging While Drilling
Examples

Gamma ray shale indicator


Gamma ray log
GR(API) = 4Th(ppm) + 8U(ppm)
+ 16K(%)

Compensated gamma ray


CGR(API) = 4Th(ppm) +
16K(%)

CGR ignores U, which is not


always associated with shales
8

Photoelectric
absorption

Compton
scattering

gamma ray energy

Pair production

137Cs

source of
662 keV gamma rays

Electron density index

Fast/slow n

Fast n

Slow n

Capture
spectroscopy

Neutron
porosity
Fast n

Fast n sources:
- 241Am-9Be (4.35 MeV)
- Accelerator (14MeV)
Thermal n energy = 0.025eV

Neutrons lose most

energy bouncing off H


nuclei
Slowing-down length
for high-energy
neutrons to reach
epithermal energy
(0.1-10 eV) depends on
water-filled porosity
Measurement: flux of
thermal-epithermal
scattered neutrons

Thermal n capture
spectroscopy

Measured gamma-ray
spectrum

Elemental Element gammayield ray spectrum

Detection depends on
Thermal n absorption cross-section
Character of gamma ray spectrum
Elemental abundance

= Core plug analysis


Elemental Capture Spectroscopy (ECS)
measures elemental concentrations of
Si, Ca, S, Fe, Ti, and Gd

Nuclear Logs
Sonic
Monopole
Dipole

Electrical / magnetic
Imaging
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
Logging While Drilling
Examples

Bulk modulus K relates


compressional stress and
strain

Shear modulus relates


shear stress and strain

19

Fast formation

Slow formation

Slow formation

Wyllies time-average
Slowness u = 1/VP
u = (1 )u g + u f

VP /VS and lithology

Nuclear Logs
Sonic
Electrical / magnetic
Resistivity
Electrode devices
Induction

Magnetic susceptibility

Imaging
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
Logging While Drilling
Examples

Electrical properties
A

Ohms law

L
Resistance R*
Resistivity R
Units of resistivity are m (ohmm)

Resistivity

Water

Porosity

25

1927

27

Magnetic susceptibility

Nuclear Logs
Sonic
Electrical / magnetic
Imaging
Electrical
Acoustic

Vertical seismic profile (VSP)


Logging While Drilling
Examples

192 electrodes

0.1 in = 2.54 mm
31

32

1m

Conglomerate in debris flow

Burrowing in shelf deposit

Rip-up clasts in fluvial channel

Overturned sand layers in slump

Cross-beds in tidal sandstone

Stylolites in a limestone

Nuclear Logs
Sonic
Electrical / magnetic
Imaging
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
Logging While Drilling
Examples

Depth

Travel time
After Hardage (1985)

Nuclear Logs
Sonic
Electrical / magnetic
Imaging
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
Logging While Drilling
Examples

Wireline logging

Logging while drilling


(LWD)

45

56 samples

Nuclear Logs
Sonic
Electrical / magnetic
Imaging
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
Logging While Drilling
Examples

Hole-to-hole correlation

Hole 798B

Opal from diatoms Terrigenous material


(Glacial)
(Interglacial)

51

53

Hole 967E
average
core
recovery
15%
54

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