CONDRETE TESTING SOLUTIONS

LTD

REV 1

The Policy of the CTSL

1.

PURPOSE

1.1

This publication outlines the policy of the NAB-MALTA on the traceability of measurement.

1.2

The criteria on traceability which accredited laboratories have to meet are specified in
clause 5.6 of MSA ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing
and calibration laboratories and clause 5.6.3 of MSA ISO 15189 Medical laboratories
Particular requirements for quality and competence.

2.

INTRODUCTION

2.1

Measurement results form the basis for many critical decisions in testing and
calibration. It is crucial that all measurements are made with the appropriate assurance
of accuracy and traceability.

2.2

Proper calibration of instrumentation traceable to international measurement standards is

an essential first step to ensuring the required accuracy.

2.3

Accuracy is defined as the closeness of the agreement between the result of a

measurement and the (conventional) true value of the measured quantity. The
quantitative expression of this concept should be in terms of uncertainty. The accuracy of
measurement achieved is influenced by a number of factors, including:

2.4

(a)

The nature of the measuring instrument used;

(b)

The calibration status of the measuring instrument;

(c)

The environment in which the measurement is carried out;

(d)

The procedure followed in performing the measurement.

The responsibility for specifying the level of uncertainty to be achieved in tests lies with
the laboratories themselves. Therefore the testing arrangements of the laboratories
(including supporting calibration) have to be sufficient (and have to be shown to be
sufficient) to achieve the level of uncertainty claimed. The verification that these
arrangements are indeed adequate to ensure the level of uncertainty claimed will form a
central part of the NAB-MALTA assessment procedure. The NAB-MALTA will also wish to
establish that the claimed uncertainty is compatible with limits stated or implied in
technical specifications for the tests for which the laboratory holds or seeks accreditation,
and that it is consistent with generally accepted technical considerations in the area of
testing concerned.

ATG11 NAB-MALTA Policy on Traceability

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National Accreditation Board Malta

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Traceability of measurement is essential if the results of various measurements are to be

mutually comparable, and if uncertainty of measurement is to be meaningfully assigned.

2.5.1

The NAB-MALTA requires that all measurements necessary for the proper performance of
a test be traceable, where the concept is applicable. This applies not only to the principal
measurements involved in the test, but also to any subsidiary measurements that may
significantly affect the results of the test or its validity.

2.5.2 Examples:

For electrical impedance tests at a specified frequency, the measurements of

frequency as well as impedance should be traceable back to national standards.

For testing of concrete cubes to BS 1881, not only should the load calibration of
the compression testing machine be traceable to national force standards, but
measurements to establish cube weight should also be traceable back to national
standards of mass.

2.5.3 If traceability is to achieve its purpose, not only must an unbroken chain of calibrations
exist, but every calibration in the traceability chain must be carried out in a technically
sound manner: the staff, equipment, environment and procedures involved in the
calibration must be adequate for the task involved. The precise technical requirements
that are appropriate, for any given calibration, depend on a number of features, including
the accuracy sought in the calibration, the nature of the equipment involved, and the use
to which the calibrated equipment is to be put.
2.6

For most types of test, it is necessary for the calibrations to be carried out in accordance
with quite stringent technical requirements, at all stages of the calibration chain. For
example, the calibration of a concrete cube testing machine against a load cell has to be
carried out according to an established protocol, by suitably trained and experienced
operators.

2.6.1 For more straightforward types of test measurement (or for subsidiary measurements
whose accuracy does not significantly affect the test result or its validity), the technical
requirements at the lower end of the traceability chain may well be less stringent. For
example, in spread-of flame tests, the stopwatch used to measure time interval (which is
the principal measurement involved in this case) may reasonably be calibrated by testing
staff against broadcast time signals.
2.6.2 The criteria to be used in such decisions are that the overall uncertainty of the
measurement shall not be jeopardized by inaccuracies in subsidiary measurements.
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Intervals between calibrations of measuring standards and measuring equipment shall be

established by the testing laboratory on the basis of stability, purpose and usage.

2.7.1

Intervals shall be established so that recalibration occurs prior to any probable change in
accuracy that is of significance to the use of the equipment. Depending on the results of
preceding calibrations, intervals of calibration shall be shortened, if necessary, to ensure
continued accuracy.

2.8

The selection of a conservatively short initial calibration interval and documented reviews
of these intervals in the light of calibration results are features of a good calibration
system which will be sought by NAB-MALTA assessors. A guide to the selection of
calibration intervals is given in OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology)
International Document No. 10.

3.

DEFINITION OF TRACEABILITY

3.1

The formal definition of traceability is given in the International Vocabulary of Basic and
General Terms in Metrology (see VIM: 1993, 6.4) as the property of the result of a
measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references,
usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons
all having stated uncertainties.

3.2

Traceability is further characterised by:

a)

An unbroken chain of comparisons going back to stated references

acceptable to the parties, usually a national or international standard.

b)

Uncertainty

of

measurement;

the

uncertainty

of

measurement

of

measurement for each step in the traceability chain must be calculated or

estimated according to agreed methods and must be stated so that an overall
uncertainty for the whole chain may be calculated or estimated.
c)

Documentation; each step in the chain must be performed according to

documented and generally acknowledged procedures the results must be
recorded.

d)

Competence; the laboratories or bodies performing one or more steps in the

chain

must

supply

evidence

for

demonstrating that they are accredited.

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National Accreditation Board Malta

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their

technical

competence,

e.g.

by

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Reference to SI units; the chain of comparisons must, where possible, end at

primary standards for the realisation of the SI units.

f)

Calibration intervals; calibrations must be repeated at appropriate intervals;

the length of these intervals will depend on a number of variables, e.g.
uncertainty required, frequency of use, way of use, stability of the equipment.

4.

NAB-MALTA POLICY ON TRACEABILITY OF MEASUREMENT RESULTS.

4.1

Laboratories accredited by the NAB-MALTA shall be able to demonstrate that calibration

of critical, and hence the calibration or test results generated by that equipment,
relevant to their scopes of accreditation, is traceable to the International System of
Units (SI units).

4.2

Critical equipment used by testing and calibration laboratories is considered by the

NAB-MALTA to be the equipment necessary to perform a test or calibration from the
scope of accreditation and which have a significant effect on the uncertainty of
measurement of test or calibration result.

4.3

The NAB-MALTA recognises that, due to the nature of some tests, it is not possible,
realistic or relevant to expect traceability of measurement results

4.4

Accredited calibration laboratories, for equipment and calibrations relevant to their

scopes of accreditation, shall in all cases, where possible, derive their traceability:

either directly from an appropriate national metrology institute

or by a calibration laboratory accredited

by either the NAB-MALTA or by other

accreditation bodies which are EA MLA signatories in calibration,

or from a calibration laboratory that can demonstrate competence, measurement

capability and traceability with appropriate measurement uncertainty. In such a case
the accredited CAB is to clearly demonstrate how it has selected the calibration
laboratories

4.4.1 The NAB-MALTA considers an appropriate national metrology institute to be one that
participates

regularly

and

successfully

in

relevant

interlaboratory

comparisons

performed by BIPM and/or by regional metrology organisations.

4.4.2 Laboratories holding only management systems certification will be deemed to have not
demonstrated the necessary technical competence.
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Where the concept of traceability is relevant and technically possible, accredited testing
laboratories shall be required by the NAB-MALTA to ensure the traceability of their inhouse calibration and/or accredited test results to an external calibration provider that
is accredited for suitably small uncertainties or that can otherwise demonstrate its
competence, or to a national metrology institute or national reference laboratory or to a
certified reference material or mutual consent standard or agreed method.

4.6

Where the calibration of test equipment concerned is technically straightforward, it will

be acceptable for laboratories to calibrate their own test equipment, in a competent
manner, against suitable reference standards that have been calibrated by accredited
calibration laboratories or against the National Measurement Standards held by the
National Metrology Institutes.

4.6.1 In this case, NAB-MALTA Assessment Team will seek assurance of the laboratorys
internal traceability, by examining the laboratorys calibration system in the course of
normal NAB-MALTA assessment. As well as examining the laboratorys competence to
carry out the appropriate test measurements, the assessors will be concerned with the
suitability of any reference standards the laboratory may hold, and with the laboratorys
capability to calibrate its working instruments against such reference standards.
4.7

It is emphasised that calibration certificates issued by equipment manufacturers or

agents are not acceptable evidence of external traceability, unless these are clearly
identified as having been issued by an acceptably accredited calibration laboratory.

5.

REFERENCES

5.1

The following are important reference documents:

EA 4-07
ILAC P10

5.2

Traceability of Measuring and Test Equipments to National Standards

ILAC Policy on Traceability of Measurement Results.

Documents are available for download from the following websites:

NAB-MALTA: [Link]
EA: [Link]
ILAC: [Link]

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National Accreditation Board Malta

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Traceability of Measurement
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IAF: [Link]

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