Consider a turbofan engine operating at a Mach number of 0.9 at an altitude where the ambient temperature and pressure are -56.5°C and 22.632 kPa, respectively. The mass ingested into the engine is 235 kg/s through an inlet area of 3 m2. If the diffuser efficiency is 0.9 and the Mach number at the fan entry is 0.45, calculate: (a) the capture area, (ib) the ures at the inlet and fan face, (c) velocities at inlet and the fan face, (d) the diffuser pressure recovery. * The ambient temperature, T,=216.5 K The flight speed is u=MvV(yRT)=271.6 m/s The freestream density is p =P, /RT, = 0.3479 kg/m? Therefore, the capture area is A, = tn /pu = 2.486 m* The capture area is smaller than the inlet area, typical of cruise operation. + From gas tables, for a Mach number of 0.9, the area ratio, A/A*=1.00886. Therefore, A*=2.486/1.00886=2.465 m2 Now, A,/A*=3/2.465=1.217 m? From the gas tables, the corresponding Mach number is M,=0.577. We can also determine the temperature and pressure ratios for this Mach number from the gas tables.+ P,/Po,=0.798, T,/To,=0.93757 * Since, Toy =Tos and Po: =Poay + P,=30.547 kPa and T,=246.9 K + And, uy=M,¥ (yRT,)=181.7 m/s + Since Mach number at the fan is M,=0.45, + For M,=0.45,P3/Po.=0.87027 + From the definition of diffuser efficiency, /G-1) Pao y-1yp) 72 (1+, 22" Me P. ( “Nes a Par | y-1 Pox {4 Mw P rues Substituting, P,, = 36.442 kPa } 10-2) -1 oe) Since, P, =Pr (t+ tt] =31.714kPa and T, = Tos {1+ sw | = 253.1 k Therefore,u, = M,7RT, The pressure recovery is Po_ / Po, = 36.442 / 38.278 = 0.952 43.5 m/s Consider the mixed compression two- dimensional supersonic intake as shown in the figure. The free stream Mach number is 3.0. The intake has a three shock system as shown. Determine the overall total pressure ratio and the overall static pressure ratio.y 1s" The first oblique shock has an upstream Mach number of 3.0 and 6,=15°. From the shock tables, the shock angle is B,=32.250. With B,=32.25° and 3,=15° M,,=M,sinB,= 3.0sin32.25 =1.60, From the normal shock tables, we can find M,,,. My = M,,/sin(By-3,)=2.25 From the normal shock tables, Po2/Pp,=0.8935, P,/P,=2.82 For region 2, the deflection angle, 5, =15+5=20° For M,=2.25 and 8, =20°, B,= 46.95° We find M, in the same way as we calculated M,. M,=1.444 and P,2/P,=0.878, P,/P,=2.992+ Similarly, M,=0.7219 (from the normal shock tables) P,,/P3=0.9465 and P,/P,=2.333 * The overall pressure ratios: + Poa/Po1=Poa/PosxPo3/Po2XPoo/ Pox =0.9465x0.878x0.8935=0.7865 P4/P1=P,/P3xP3/P2xP2/P, =2.333x2.992x2.82=19.691 Air enters a converging duct with varying flow area at T, =400 K, P,=100 kPa, and M,=0.3. Assuming steady isentropic flow, determine T., P,, and M, at a location where the flow area has been reduced by 20 percent. From the isentropic tables, for a Mach number of 0.3, 2.0351, T,/T)=0.9823, 9395 With a 20% area reduction, A,=0.8A, A,/A*= A,/A, x A,/A* =0.8 x 2.0351 =1.6281 For this value of area ratio, from the isentropic tables, T./T,=0.9701, P./P,=0.8993 and therefore M,=0.391of 0.9701 | 0.9823 | P, = 95.7 kPa The static temperature and temperature drops in flow through a converging nozzle. There is an increase in the Mach number. Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle, shown in the Figure, at 1.0 MPa and 800 K with a negligible velocity. For an exit Mach number of M=2 and a throat area of 20 cm2, determine (a) the throat conditions, (b) the exit plane conditions, including the exit area, and (c) the mass flow rate through the nozzle. Throat area = 20cm? T,=800K [> P, = 1 MPa. V=0 M,=2.0The nozzle exit Mach number is given as 2.0. Therefore the throat Mach number must be 1.0. Since the inlet velocity is negligible, the stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature are the same as the inlet temperature and pressure, P,=1.0 MPa and T,=800 K. “Pg = Py /RTp = 4.355kg/m? (a) At the throat, M = 1. From the isentropic tables, p* Tx p* = 0.5283, 7 0.8333, — = 0.6339 ° ° 0 P* = 0.5283P, = 0.5283 MPa T* = 0.8333T, = 666.6K p* = 0.6339p, = 2.761 kg/m? Therefore, V" = /yRT * = 517.5 m/s (b) At the nozzle exit, M = 2. From the isentropic tables, © < 0.1278, = 0.5556, 22 = 0.2300, Po Ty Po M* = 1.6330, 4s = 1.6875 Therefore, P, =0.1278P, =0.1278 MPa T, = 0.5556 Ty = 444.5K Pe = 0.2300p, = 1.002 kg /m* A, =1.6875A* = 33.75 cm?The nozzle exit velocity canbe determined from V, = M_,{yRT_ = 2v1.4 x 287 x 444.5 = 845.2 m/s (c) The mass flow rate can be calculated based on the properties at the throat, since the flow is choked. m=p*A*V* =2.761x0.0002 x517.5 = 2.86 kg/s This corresponds to the highest mass flow possible through the nozzle : choking mass flow rate.