Linear Algebra
Vector Spaces
I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS
D E F I N I T I O N O F V E C T O R S PA C E
L I N E A R C O M B I N AT I O N S A N D I N D E P E N D E N T S E T S
V E C T O R S U B S PA C E S
B A S E S A N D D I M E N S I O N O F V E C T O R S PA C E S
DIMENSION THEOREM
INNER PRODUCT AND PROJECTIONS
ORTHONORMAL BASES
ORTHOGONAL COMPLEMENT
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vectors in
2
Definition:
A vector is characterized by:
- a direction;
- an orientation;
- a length.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vectors in
3
Geometric representation:
In:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vectors in
4
Geometric representation:
z
In:
x
y
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vectors in
5
Some Operations:
Multiplication of vectors by scalars:
2x
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vectors in
6
Some Operations:
Vector addition:
x+y
y
x
x
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vectors in
7
Vector norm:
The length or the norm of the vector
number given by:
is the positive real
Example 1:
Consider
and
, two vectors of
a. Calculate
and
;
b. Do the geometric representation of the vectors:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vector Space
8
Definition:
A set of mathematical objects, not empty, is called a Vector Space if two operations,
addition and multiplication by scalars, are defined and if for all
and for all real
numbers
the following axioms are satisfied:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vector Space
9
To the real numbers
we call Scalars.
To the elements of the vector space
we call Vectors.
Some families of mathematical objects that are Vector Spaces:
polynomials of degree equal or inferior to k;
real functions of real variables which are derivable;
real functions of real variables which are continuous.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vector Space
10
Example 2:
Consider the set
Show that
in which we define the following operations:
with this operations is a real Vector Space.
Example 3:
Consider the set
Show that
in which we define the following operations:
with this operations is not a real Vector Space.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vector Space
11
Definition:
Given A and B, subsets of a vector space V, the sum of the set A with the set B, that we
write A + B, is defined by
Example 4:
In
In
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vector Space
12
Theorem:
Let E be a real vector space. Let
and
, arbitrary. We have:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Dependence and
Linear Combination of Vectors
13
Definition:
Let E be a real vector space. Let
We say that u is a linear combination of the vectors
if
Example 5:
Consider the following vectors of
(1,-1,2); (0,-1,1) e (2,1,-1)
Verify that the vector (3,3,-2) is a linear combination of this three vectors.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Dependence and
Linear Combination of Vectors
14
Definition:
We say that the set of vectors
is linearly dependent if
If
we say that the set of vectors
is linearly independent.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Dependence and
Linear Combination of Vectors
15
Example 6:
Verify if the set of vectors {(0,2,3), (1,0,0), (0,-1,2)} is linearly independent.
Theorem:
Let
The vectors
be vectors of a real vector space E ( n > 1 ) .
are linearly dependent if and only if
one of them can be written as a linear combination of the
remaining.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Dependence and
Linear Combination of Vectors
16
Theorem:
If
is a set of linearly dependent vectors then any subset of it (not
empty) is also linearly dependent.
If
is a set of linearly independent vectors then any subset of it (not
empty) is also linearly independent.
Example 7:
Study the veracity of the following sentences:
a. Any set of vectors containing the vector 0 is linearly dependent.
b. A subset of a linearly dependent set is linearly dependent.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vector Subspaces
17
Definition:
Let E be a real vector space and F a subset of E.
We say that F is a vector subspace of E if:
Example 8:
Consider the set
with the usual operations of addition and multiplication by a scalar in
Verify if F is a Vector Subspace of
.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Vector Subspaces
18
Theorem:
Let
be a set of n vectors of a vector space E.
The set
is a subspace of E.
We say that F is the subspace generated by X and its represented by
Example 9:
Find the values of h in which
belongs to the subspace generated by:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Basis and Dimension of a Vector Space
19
Definition:
The vectors
form a basis of a vector space E if:
1. Theyre linearly independent;
2. They span the vector space E.
Theorem:
Any vector of a vector space is written in an unique way as a linear
combination of the vectors of a basis.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Basis and Dimension of a Vector Space
20
Definition:
The coordinates (or components) of a vector in a certain basis are the
coefficients used when we write the vector as a linear combination of the
basis vectors.
Definition:
Dimension of a vector space E, dim(E), is the number of vectors that form
a basis of E.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Basis and Dimension of a Vector Space
21
Theorem:
In a vector space E of dimension n:
a) There arent sets of linearly independent vectors with more than n vectors;
b) Any set of n linearly independent vectors form a basis;
c) Any set of n generators form a basis.
Example 10:
Find the dimension and a basis for the set:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Dimension Theorem
22
Theorem:
If F and G are vector subspaces of the vector space E,
then F + G is also a vector subspace of E.
Let F and G be two vector subspaces of the vector space E,
then
Definition:
If
, then the sum of the subspaces F and G
is called direct sum and denoted by
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Inner Product
23
Definition:
Let x and y be two vectors of
and
, , written in the standard basis
. Their inner product is defined by:
Properties:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Inner Product
24
be the angle formed by the vectors x and y, then
Let
If
then
In this case x and y are called orthogonal.
Theorem:
A set of vectors of
(that doesnt contain the vector 0) mutual orthogonal is linearly
independent, which means that orthogonality implies linear independence.
Any set of n vectors of
mutual orthogonal form a basis.
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Orthogonal Projection
25
Theorem:
Let u and v (not 0) be two vectors of
. It is possible to decompose the vector u in
the sum of two vectors,
where u1 has the same direction of v and u2 is orthogonal to v.
The vector u1 is called the orthogonal projection of u onto v and is given by:
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Orthogonal Projection
26
u2
u
Proj v u
Example 13:
Find the orthogonal projection of u in v, being:
u = (4,2)
and
v = (7,6)
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Orthonormal Basis of
27
Theorem (Orthogonalization of Gram-Schmidt):
Given an arbitrary basis of
the basis
obtained as follows is orthogonal.
Example 12:
Use the process of Gram-Schmidt to find an orthonormal basis of S:
S = <(3,0,-1);(8,5,-6)>
Patrcia Xufre
Linear Algebra
Orthogonal Complement
28
Definition:
Let
. The set of vectors of
which are orthogonal to all vectors of S is
called the orthogonal complement of S and denoted by
Theorem:
If
is a subspace, then its orthogonal complement,
, also is.
Definition:
A plane (n-1 dimensional) of
, defined by a point
and a normal vector v is the set
that we obtain when adding
Patrcia Xufre
