Digital Filter Design Techniques and its Applications
Ripal Patel
Assistant Professor,
Electronics & Telecommunication
Department,
BVM Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120.
September 23, 2015
Introduction to Digital Filter
Most powerful tool of DSP
Analog Filter: component fluctuation over time and temperature
Digital Filter: software control
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Application of Digital Filter
Noise Cancellation
Echo Cancellation in modem
Speech Recognition
Tuning Radio (Band-pass Filter)
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Digital Filter Design
Same as Analog Filter
Design of Analog Filter?
Filter coefficient value instead of filter parameters
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Digital Filter
High Accuracy
Linear Phase (FIR Filters)
No Drift Due to Component Variations
Flexible, Adaptive Filtering Possible
Easy to Simulate and Design
Computation Must be Completed in Sampling Period Limits Real Time Operation
Requires High Performance ADC, DAC & DSP
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Analog Filter
Less Accuracy
Non-Linear Phase
Drift Due to Component Variations
Adaptive Filters Difficult
Difficult to Simulate and Design
Analog Filters Required at High Frequencies and
for Anti-Aliasing Filters
No ADC, DAC, or DSP required
Digital Filtering
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Types of Digital Filters
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter
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FIR Filter
Impulse response finite
Linear Phase
Always stable
Computational cost high as order of the filter increase.
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FIR Filter Design
Three commonly used approaches to FIR filter design:
1. Windowing Techniques
2. Frequency sampling approach
3. Computer-based optimization methods
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FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques
1. Start with ideal infinite duration h(n)
2. Truncate to finite length. (This produces unwanted ripples
increasing in height near discontinuity.)
3. Modify to hw (n) = h(n)w (n) Where, w (n) is the window function
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FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques
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Commonly used windows
Drawback between main lobe width and relative sidelobe level
Rectangular
Bartlett
Hann
Hamming
Blackman
Kaiser
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EXAMPLE - FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques
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IIR FIlter
Impulse response extends for an infinite period of time
Recursive i.e., they utilize feedback
Nonlinear phase
Potentially Unstable
Usually Designed to Duplicate Analog Filter Response
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IIR Filter Design Techniques:
Approximation by derivatives
Impulse Invariant Transformation Method
Bilinear Transformation Method
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Approximation of derivatives
Analog filter with system function H(s)
PM
k
k=0 k s
H(s) = PN
k
k=0 k s
Time domain equivalent of given system function:
M
X
k=0
d k y (t) X d k x(t)
=
k
dt k
dt k
k=0
Approximate a derivative by backward difference:
y (nt0 ) y (nt0 t0 )
dy (t)
|t=nt0
=
dt
t0
=
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y [n] y [n 1]
t0
Approximation of derivatives
Mapping function:
s=
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1 z 1
t0
Relation between s-plane and z-plane
One to one mapping
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Impulse Invariant Transformation Method
hc (t) - impulse response of continuous time filter
hc (nTd ) - equally spaced samples of hc (t) (ALIASING)
hd (n) = Td hc (nTd )
Frequency response:
Hd () =
X
k
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Hc (f k/Td ) |f = 2T
Example: Impulse Invariant Transformation Method
Partial fraction Analog transfer function:
Ha (s) =
N
X
Ak
s sk
k=1
Inverse Laplace transform:
ha (t) =
N
X
k=1
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Ak e sk t u(t)
Example: Impulse Invariant Transformation Method
(Cont...)
Sample Impulse response:
hd (n) = Td hc (nTd )
= Td
N
X
Ak e sk nTd u(nTd )
k=1
= Td
N
X
Ak pkn u(nTd )
k=1
pkn
e sk nTd
Where,
=
Take z transform:
Hd (z) =
N
X
k=1
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TAk
1 pkn z 1
Relation between s-plane and z-plane
One to many mapping
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Impulse Invariant Transformation Method (Cont...)
PRO:linear translation between analog frequency and digital
frequency preserve shape of filter
CON: not suitable as highpass filter due to aliasing
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Bilinear Transformation Method
Most efficient and popular method
algebraic transform between the variables s and z
s=c
1 z 1
1 + z 1
H(z) = Ha (s) |s=(c(1z 1 )/(1+z 1 )
One to one mapping between s-plane and z-plane
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Relation between s-plane and z-plane
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Table: Summary of Analog to Digital Transformation
Technique
Impulse Invariance
Approximation of Derivatives
Bilinear Transform
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Mapping
z = e st0
s=
1z 1
t0
1
s = c 1z
1+z 1
+/+ Preserves shape of filter;
- Aliasing
+ No aliasing;
- Restricted pole location, shape distortion
+ No aliasing;
- Shape distortion
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