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Real Analysis I: Proofs and Exercises

This document contains 7 problems on real analysis for tutorial 1. The problems cover topics like proving irrational numbers, finding supremums and infimums of sets, properties of supremums and infimums, and using the Archimedean property to evaluate limits. There are also additional optional exercises on similar topics including proving irrationality, evaluating other sets, and properties related to sequences and limits.

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Teo Liang Wei
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359 views2 pages

Real Analysis I: Proofs and Exercises

This document contains 7 problems on real analysis for tutorial 1. The problems cover topics like proving irrational numbers, finding supremums and infimums of sets, properties of supremums and infimums, and using the Archimedean property to evaluate limits. There are also additional optional exercises on similar topics including proving irrationality, evaluating other sets, and properties related to sequences and limits.

Uploaded by

Teo Liang Wei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MH3100/MTH311 Real Analysis I

Tutorial 1

1. Prove that

7 is irrational.

2. Find the supremum and infimum of the set




3 2
(1)n
0, , , , 1 +
,
2 3
n

(n N+ ).

3. Compute, without proofs, the supremum and infimum of the following sets:
(a) {n N : n2 + 6n < 7};
(b) {n/(3n + 5) : n N};
(c) {n/m : m, n N, m, n 6= 0, n < m};
(d) {n/(m + n) : m, n N, m 6= 0}.
4. Prove that if a is in a set A and a is an upper bound of A, then a = sup A.
5. Let A be a set that is nonempty and bounded below. Let B = {x R : x is a lower
bound for A}. Show that inf A = sup B. Use this to explain why there is no need
to assert in the Axiom of Completeness the existence of the greatest lower bound.
6. Suppose that A and B are both nonempty and bounded above. Let C = {x + y :
x A & y B}. Prove that sup C = sup A + sup B.
7. Use the Archimedean property to show that inf{1/n : n Z+ } is 0.

Additional Exercises (if there is time remaining)


1. Prove that

2 5 is irrational.

2. Compute, without proofs, the supremum and infimum of the following sets:
(a) {3, 0.2, /3, e, 3}
(b) {[1 + (1)n ] n+1
: n N & n > 0};
n
(c) {x [x] : x R};
(d) {arctan x : x R}.
3. Show that

n=1 (0, 1/n)

= .
1

4. Determine the truth value of the following statements.


(a) If sup A sup B, then there exist an element in B which is an upper bound of
A.
(b) If a < b for every element a A, then sup A < b.
(c) If a < b for every element a A and b B, then sup A < inf B.

Extra Exercise (Do what you want with them.)


1. Prove that is irrational.
Hint: Let = p/q. For a fixed n, consider the function
(px qx2 )n
fn =
.
n!
R
R
Note that 0 fn (x) sin xdx = [fn () + fn (0)] 0 fn00 (x) sin xdx = [fn () + fn (0)]
R (4)
[fn00 () + fn00 (0)] + 0 fn (x) sin xdx. As fn is a polynomial, the right-hand-side is an
integer, but, when n becomes bigger, the left-hand-side is a number between 0 and
1, which provides a contradiction.
2. Let Z5 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and define addition and multiplication modulo 5. That is,
compute the remainder when a + b, ab are divided by 5, and use this value for the
sum and product, respectively.
(a) Show that for any z Z5 , there exists an a Z5 such that z + a = 0. We call
a the additive inverse of z.
(b) Show that for any z Z5 , there exists an b Z5 such that zb = 1. We call b
the multiplicative inverse of z.
(c) Conclude now that Z5 is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. If fact, Z5 is a finite field of 5 elements.
3. Let xn = (1 + 1/n)n and yn = (1 + 1/n)n+1 , n N, n 1. Obviously, xn < yn .
(a) Prove that {xn } is an increasing sequence and that {yn } is a decreasing sequence.
(b) Prove that limn xn and limn yn both exist and equal to each other. This limit
is denoted as e.
(c) Note that for each n > 0, xn < e < yn . By this inequality, prove that for any
n > 0, 1/(n + 1) < ln(1 + 1/n) < 1/n.
(d) Let
zn = 1 + 1/2 + + 1/n ln n
for n 1. Prove that limn zn exists.
We use c to denote this limit. So far, we do not know whether this constant is
rational or not.
2

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