PREPARATION OF PROJECT
Deepashree a A P
Vcet puttur
Success project selection
Project foundation of any venture
Innovation & vision form integral aspect of a
project programme
MEANING OF PROJECT
Scientifically evolved work plan
Project is an approval for a capital investment to develop
facilities to provide goods & services world bank.
Project is a non routine, non repetitive ,one-off undertaking
normally with discrete time, financial & technical performance
goalsHarrison
Project is the whole complex of activities involved in using
resources to gain benefits-- gillinger
CONTD.
Project may differ in size nature aims time &
complexity
3 basic common attributes
course of action
Specific objective
Definite time duration
MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT
REPORT
A project report serves like a kind of big road map to reach the
destination determined by entrepreneur.
Hence a project report can be defined as a well evolved course of
action devised to achieve the specified objectives within a
specified period of time.
It is like an operating document.
The preparation of project report is of great significance for an
entrepreneur.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECT
Quantifiable
Assessment of benefits can be made
Power generation
Industrial devpt
Mineral devpt
non quantifiable
Quantitative assessment of benefits cannot be made
Health
education
defence
SECTORAL
Classified as different sector
Automobile
Agriculture
Power
Health
Education
Manufacturing
mining
TECHNO ECONOMIC
Factory intensity-oriented
Based
on intensity of factors
Project
Cause oriented
capital intensive large investment in plant & machinery
labour intensive-large number of human resources
Demanddemand for raw material ,goods, services
Raw material availability of raw materials, skills other resources
magnitude oriented
Depends on level of investment
Large
Medium
small
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
Observation
Trade & professional
Bulletins of research
Govt. sources
PROJECT SELECTION
starts once the entrepreneur has generated few ideas of project.
a tool is generated used what is called SWOT analysis.
The intending entrepreneur analyses his strengths and
weaknesses as well as opportunities/competitive advantages
and threats/challenges offered by each of the project ideas. In
addition the entrepreneur
needs to analyze other related aspects also like raw material,
potential market, labour, capital, location and forms of
ownerships etc.
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PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
Observation
Scarcity
of particular product or services leads to
devpt of that
Observation of existing products leads to new
products
Trade & professional magazine
Keeps
in touch with latest development & trends
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Bulletins of research institution
R&
D bulletins of some institution also provide
new ideas based of findings
Govt sources
Also
provide needed information that help in
identifying new project
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PROJECT SELECTION
Technology
Equipment
Investment size
Location
marketing
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TWO ESSENTIAL PURPOSES OF PROJECT REPORT
Like a road map it describes the direction the enterprise is going
in, what its goals are, where it wants to be, and how it is going to
get there.
It enables the entrepreneur to know that he is proceeding in the
right direction.
The second purpose of the project report is to attract lenders and
investors.
The preparation of project report is beneficial for those small scale
enterprises which apply for financial assistance from the financial
institutions and commercial banks.
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CONTENTS OF A PROJECT REPORT
The significance of project report , there is no substitution for
business plan or project report and there are no shortcuts to
prepare it.
The more concrete and complete project report not only serves as
road map but also earns the respect of outsiders who support in
making and running an enterprise.
Hence project report should be prepared with great care and
consideration
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CONTENTS OF A PROJECT REPORT
General information---company, product profile
Promoter-name , edu qualif, wrk exp
Location
Land & building
Plant & machinery
Capital requirement & cost
Operational requirement & cost
Production process
Raw material
Man power
products
Market
Economic analysis
Working capital
Requirement of funds
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A GOOD PROJECT REPORT SHOULD CONTAIN:
(1) General information: Information on product profile and product details.
(2) Promoter: His/her educational qualification, work experience, project related
experience.
(3) Location: exact location of the project, lease or freehold, location
advantages.
(4) Land and building: land area, construction area, type of construction, cost of
construction, detailed plan and estimate along with plant layout.
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(5) Plant and machinery: Details of machinery required, capacity, suppliers,
cost, various alternatives available, cost of miscellaneous assets.
(6) Production process: Description of production process, process chart,
technical know how, technology alternatives available, production
programme.
(7) Utilities: Water, power, steam, compressed air requirements, cost
estimates sources of utilities.
(8) Transport and communication: Mode, possibility of getting costs.
(9)Raw material: List of raw material required by quality and quantity,
sources of procurement, cost of raw material, tie-up arrangements, if any
for procurement of raw material, alternative raw material, if any
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(10) Man power: Man power requirement by skilled and semi-skilled, sources
of manpower supply, cost of procurement, requirement for training and its
cost.
(11) Products: Product mix, estimated sales distribution channels, competitions
and their capacities, product standard, input-output ratio, product substitute.
(12) Market: End-users of product, distribution of market as local, national,
international, trade practices, sales promotion devices, proposed market
research.
(13) Requirement of working capital: Working capital required, sources of
working capital, need for collateral security, nature and extent of credit
facilities offered and available.
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(14) Requirement of funds: Break-up project cost in terms of costs of land,
building machinery, miscellaneous assets, preliminary expenses, contingencies
and margin money for working capital, arrangements for meeting the cost of
setting up of the project.
(15) Cost of production and profitability of first ten years.
(16) Break-even analysis.
(17) Schedule of implementation.
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PROJECT FORMULATION
Systematic devpt of project idea for eventual
purpose of arriving an investment decision
It involves step by step investigation devpt of
project
Process involves joint effort of team of work
Ssi do no include sophisticated techniques in
preparing project reports
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FORMULATION OF PROJECT REPORT
(1) General information
(2) Project description
(3) Market potential
(4) Capital costs and sources of finance
(5) Assessment of working capital requirements
(6) Other financial aspects
(7) Economical and social variables
(8) Project implementation
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(1) GENERAL INFORMATION
Bio-data of promoter: Name and address, qualifications, experience and other
capabilities of the entrepreneur. Similar information of each partner if any.
Industry profile: A reference analysis of industry to which the project
belongs;
Constitution and organization: The constitution and organization structure of
the enterprise; in case of partnership firm its registration with registrar of
firms, certification from the directorate of industries /district industry
centre.
Product details: Product utility, product range, product design, advantage to
be offered by the product over its substitutes if any.
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(2) PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Site: Location of the unit; owned, rented or leasehold land; industrial area; no
objection certificate from municipal authorities if the enterprise location falls in
the residential area.
Physical Infrastructure: Availability of the certain items of infrastructure
should be mentioned in the project report
Raw material: Requirement of raw material, whether inland or imported,
sources of raw material supply.
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(b) Skilled labour: Availability of skilled labour in the area i.e., arrangements
for training labourers in various skills.
(c) Utilities: These include:
(i) Power: Requirement of power, load sanctioned, availability of power
(ii) Fuel: Requirement of fuel items such as coal, coke, oil or gas, state of
their availability and supply position.
(iii) Water: The sources of water, quality and quantity available.
(d) Pollution control: The aspects like scope of dumps, sewage system,
sewage
treatment plant, infiltration facility etc., should be mentioned.
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(e) Communication and transportation facility: The availability of
communication facilities, e.g., telephone, fax, telex, internet etc., should be
indicated.
Requirements for transport, mode of transport, potential means of transport,
approximate distance to be covered, bottlenecks etc., should be stated in the
business plan.
(f) Production process: A mention should be made for process involved in
production and period of conversion from raw material into finished goods.
(g) Machinery and equipment: A complete list of machines and equipments
required indicating their size, type, cost and sources of their supply should be
enclosed with the project report.
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(h) Capacity of the plant: The installed licensed capacity of the plant along
with the shifts should also be mentioned in the project report.
(i) Technology selected: The selection of technology, arrangements made for
acquiring it should be mentioned in the business plan.
(j) Other common facilities: Availability of common facilities like machine
shops,welding shops and electrical repair shops etc should be stated in the
project report.
(k) Research and development: A mention should be made in the project report
regarding proposed research and development activities to be undertaken in
future.
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(3) MARKET POTENTIAL
(a) Demand and supply position: State the total expected demand for the
product and present supply position, what is the gap between demand and
supply and how much gap will fill up by the proposed unit.
(b) Expected price: Expected price of the product to be realized should also
be mentioned.
(c) Marketing strategy: Arrangements made for selling the product should be
clearly stated in the project report.
(d) After sales service: Depending upon the nature of the product, provisions
made for after-sales should normally be stated in the project report.
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(4) CAPITAL COSTS AND SOURCES OF FINANCE
An estimate of the various components of capital items like land and buildings,
plant and machinery, installation costs, preliminary expenses, margin of
working capital should be given in the project report.
The sources should indicate the owners stae, funds together with funds raised
from financial institutions and banks.
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(5) ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL
The requirement for working capital and its sources of supply should clearly be
mentioned.
It is preferred to prepare working capital requirements in the prescribed formats
designed by limits of requirement.
It will reduce the objections from bankers side.
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(6) OTHER FINANCIAL ASPECTS
A projected profit and loss account indicating likely sales revenue, cost of
production, allied cost and profit should be prepared.
A projected balance sheet and cash flow statement should also be prepared
To indicate the financial position and requirements at various stages of the
project.
The break even analysis should also be presented
Breakdown level indicates the gestation period and the likely moratorium
required for repayment of the loans. Break-even point is calculated as
Break-Even Point (BEP) = F/SV
Where F = Fixed Cost
S = Selling Price/Unit
V = Variable Cost/Unit
The break-even point indicates at what level of output the enterprise will break
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even
(7) ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL VARIABLES
In view of the social responsibility of business, the abatement costs, i.e., the
costs for controlling the environmental damage should be tated in the project.
Arrangements made for treating the effluents and emissions should
also be mentioned in the report
socio-economic benefits should also be stated in the report.
(i) Employment Generation
(ii) Import Substitution
(iii) Ancillaration
(iv) Exports
(v) Local Resource Utilization
(vi) Development of the Area
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(8) PROJECT IMPLIMENTATION
Implementation scheme or a time-table for his project
To the timely completion of all activities
If there is delay in implementation project cost overrun.
Delay in project implementation jeopardizes the financial viability of the
project, on one hand, and props up the entrepreneur to
Drop the idea to set up an enterprise, on the other. Hence there is need to draw
up an implementation schedule for the project and then to adhere to it.
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PLANNING COMMISSION GUIDELINES
In order to process investment proposals and arrive at investment decisions, the
planning Commission has issued guidelines for preparing/formulating industrial
projects.
1. General information: The feasibility report should include an analysis of
the industry AND the past performance of the industry.
2. Preliminary analysis of alternatives:
The gap between demand and supply for the outputs which are to be
produced.
Data on the capacity that would be available from projects that are in
production or under implementation at the time the report is prepared.
A complete list of all existing plants in the industry, giving their capacity
and their level of production actually attained.
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3. Project description: The feasibility report should provide a brief description
of the technology/process chosen for the project.
Information relevant for determining the optimality of the location chosen
should also be included.
To assist in the assessment of the environmental effects of a project every
feasibility report must present the information on specific points, i.e.,
population, water land, air, flora, fauna, effects arising out of the projects
pollution, other environmental destruction, etc.
4. Marketing plan: It should contain the following items:
Data on the marketing plan, demand and prospective supply in each of the
areas to be served.
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5. Capital requirements and cost: The estimates should be reasonably complete
and properly estimated. Information on all items of costs should be carefully
collected and presented.
6. Operating requirements and costs:
Operating costs are essentially those costs which are incurred after the
commencement of commercial production.
Information about all items of operating cost should be collected. Operating
costs relate to cost of raw materials and intermediaries, fuel, utilities, labour,
repair and maintenance, selling expenses and other expenses.
7. Financial analysis: The purpose of this analysis is to present some measures
to asses the financial viability of the project. A Performa balance sheet for the
project data should be presented.
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8. Economic analysis: Social profitability analysis needs some adjustments in
the data relating to the costs and return to the enterprise.
One important type of adjustment involves a correction in input and cost, to
reflect the true value of foreign exchange, labour and capital.
9. Miscellaneous aspects: Other relevant information must be included.
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NETWORK ANALYSIS:
A network generally comprises a set of symbols connected with each other in a
sequential relationship with each step making the completion of an event.
The network diagram and scheduling computations enable the project
formulation team to identify the longest series of activities through the project
implementation phase which determines the project duration
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NETWORKING TECHNIQUES ARE,
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): The PERT is primarily a
scheduling technique. It shows any job or project as a set of processes of operations
called activities which must take place in a certain sequence.
Critical Path Method (CPM): The CPM is a logical mathematical model of the project
based upon the optimal duration required for each activity and optimal use of available
limited resources.
Line of Balance (LOB): Line of balance uses graphic techniques to show the progress
achieved on the project with respect to key events.
Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT): The GERT is a more recently
used network
Workshop Analysis Scheduling Programme (WASP): This technique of networking
system was developed by the British Automatic Energy Authority.
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IMPORTANCE OF NETWORK ANALYSIS
Project considered as sequence of activities or events
Event should be considered as different branches of
operations
Different branches are considered as separate network
Time estimate done on based on either previous
experience
Cost estimates would depend on the project time
estimates
Physical progress of the project, nature of events
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THE FOLLOWING STEPS ARE USED IN PERT
(1) The activities of the project are identified along with their interrelationships
and graphically represented using networks.
(2) The time required for completing each activity is estimated and noted on the
network.
(3) The minimum time required for completing the entire project is estimated.
(4) The critical activities are identified for the efficient allocation of resources in
order to complete the project earlier, if necessary.
(5) Closer watch on critical and other activities so as to complete the project on
time.
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ADVANTAGES OF PERT
(1) It determines the expected duration of activities and consequently of the
project duration.
(2) It incorporates risk analysis in project network.
(3) It determines critical activities in the project.
(4) It determines the most economical scheduled for fixed project duration.
(5) It enables optimal allocation of limited resources.
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LIMITATIONS OF PERT
(1) The time estimates to perform activities constitutes a major limitation of this
technique.
(2) The probability distribution of total time is assumed to be normal which in
real life situations may not be true.
(3) The simple PERT technique does not consider the resources required at
various stages.
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ADVANTAGES OF CPM
(1) CPM allows for a comprehensive view of the entire project. Because of the
sequential and concurrent relationships, time scheduling becomes very
effective.
(2) Identifying critical activities keeps the project manager alert and in a state of
preparedness, with alternative plans ready in case these are needed.
(3) Selective management principle may be used in project management. In the
network analysis, the critical activities become item A the sub-critical
activities item B and all others, item C. Breaking down the project into
smaller components permits better and closer control.
(4) Through the plan schedule derived from CPM, delegation can be effectively
practised.
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LIMITATIONS OF CPM
(1) CPM is deterministic model based on certainty assumptions as regards time.
But it may not be true in practice.
(2) CPM does not use statistical analysis in making time estimates.
(3) It cannot be used as a controlling device since any changes introduced will
alter the entire structure of network.
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PERT AND CPM
PERT
CPM
1. It is event oriented approach
It is an activity oriented approach
2. It allows uncertainty
It does not allow uncertainty
3. It is probabilistic model
It is deterministic model
4. It is time based
It is cost based
5. It averages time
It does not average time
6. It has three estimates of time
It has single estimate of time
7. It is suitable when high precision
It is suitable where reasonable
is required
precision is required.
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ERRORS IN PROJECT REPORT
(1) Selection of project area: Entrepreneurs select wrong area of product or
service by studying wrong or exaggerated data of particular industries.
(2) Market study and analysis: Market research, study and analysis is a critical
aspect for an entrepreneur in selection of a product and market segment.
(3) Selection of technology: An appropriate technology is necessary for any
new enterprise for its survival and growth.
(4) Optimistic estimates: Over optimistic estimates by the entrepreneurs in the
area of productivity, capacity utilization, prevailing marketing conditions, under
estimation of competitors and pricing give wrong selection of products.
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(5) Ownership form: A suitable ownership form be evolved for the project to
avoid stoppages and disputes.
(6) Selection of location: An entrepreneur should not be tempted TO select
locations that are not viable. A location is almost permanent to any project and
as such plays an important role.
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PROJECT APPRAISAL
Project appraisal is an exercise where by, a lending financial institution makes
an independent and objective assessment of various aspects of an investment
proposition to arrive at the financial decision.
Project appraisal means the assessment of project in terms of its economic,
social and financial viability. It is a complete scanning of the project.
Project appraisal can be defined as the promoter taking a second look
critically and carefully at a project as presented by the promoter person
who is no way involved in or connected with its preparation and who is as
such able to take an independent dispassionate and objective view of the
project in its totality as also in respect of its various components.
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(1) ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
An economic analysis looks at the project from the viewpoint of the whole
economy, asking whether the latter will show benefits sufficiently greater than
project cost to justify
Increased Output
Enhanced Services
Increased Employment
Larger Government Revenues
Higher Earnings
Higher Standard of Living
Improved National Income
Improved Income Distribution investment in it.
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2) FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
The purpose of the appraisal of the financial aspects of a
project is generally to ensure its initiation of financial conditions for the sound
implementation and efficient operation
Financial Soundness
Efficient Operation
Cost of Production
Return on Investment
Prospects of Marketing
Profitability
Budgeting
Pricing
Effective Controls
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3) MARKET ANALYSIS:
Financial institutions examine the project to ensure economic
justification of
investment details. They study the marketing scope of the project and also its worth
to the national economy by analyzing the consumption pattern and the potential
demand for the project.
Market analysis covers the following:
Anticipated market for the product
Analysis of market opportunity and specifying marketing objectives
Planning the process of marketing the product
Organization for the marketing process
Life cycle of the product
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(3) TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
The appraisal of the technical aspects involves scrutiny of aspects of the project as
Technology selected
Technical collaboration arrangements made
Capacity/Size of the project
Selection of plant, machinery and equipment
Plant layout and factory building
Technical and engineering services
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5)MANAGERIAL ASPECTS:
Managerial should be competent. Other wise even a good project may fail.
It is rightly pointed out that if the project is week, it can be improved upon but
if the promoters are week and lack in business acumen, it is difficult to reverse
the situation.
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IDENTIFICATION OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
Study of govt rules ®ulation regarding the
different business opportunities
Extensive & in-depth study of promising
investment opportunity
Swot analysis
Market feasibility study
Technical feasibility study
Financial feasibility study
Social feasibility study
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MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY
Nature of market
Cost of production
Selling price & profit
Demand
Market share
Target market
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TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY
Location of the project
Construction of factory
Availability of raw materials
Selection of machinery
Utilities
Production capacity
Staff requirement technical viability
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FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY
Total capital cost of project
Sources of capital
Subsidiary sources for additional finance
Break even analysis
Estimation of cash & fund flow
ROI
Proposed balance sheet
Cost of labour & technology
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SOCIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY
Location
Social problem
Pollution
Other problem
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