Objectives
Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work
MAE 320- Chapter 4
Identify the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems (fixed
mass).
Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat
at constant pressure.
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in
internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes
in their internal energy and enthalpy.
Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems
that involve heat and work interactions for general pure
substances, ideal gases, and incompressible substances.
The content and the pictures are from the text book: engel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics:
An Engineering Approach, McGraw-Hill, New York, 6th Ed., 2008
Review of Basic Concepts
Moving Boundary Work
Incompressible system
The work associated with a moving boundary is called boundary work.
Compressible system
boundary work (P dV work): The expansion and compression work in a
piston-cylinder device.
Simple system (no electric, gravity and magnetic field)
Simple compressible system
For a simple compressible, two independent intensive properties
can determine the state (for example?)
Closed systems (boundary can be fixed or movable)
A gas does a differential amount of work Wb
as it forces the piston to move by a differential
amount ds.
Work is a path function, use Wb instead
of Wb.
Equilibrium (thermal, mechanical, chemical)
Quasi-equilibrium
Wb is positive for expansion
Wb is negative for compression
Moving Boundary Work
The area under the process curve on a P-V
diagram represents the boundary work.
Moving Boundary Work
The net work done during a cycle is the difference between the work done
by the system (Path A: From Point 2 to Point 1) and the work done on the
system (Path B: From Point 1 to Point 2) .
The boundary work done during a
process depends on the path followed
as well as the end states.
Moving Boundary Work
A rigid tank contains air, from
State 1 ( P1= 500 kPa, T1=150 oC) to
State 2 ( P2= 400 kPa, T2=65 oC)
Moving Boundary Work
Constant-volume processes
Constant-pressure processes
Since V = mv, Hence Wb = P0 (mv2 - mv1) = mP0 (v2 - v1)
Moving Boundary Work
Moving Boundary Work
Isothermal processes
Polytropic processes
For an idea gas at the constant
temperature
PVn = C
P = CV-n
n - polytropic exponent constant
Where C is a constant.
When n = 1 (isothermal process)
P-V diagram for a polytropic process
Moving Boundary Work
Moving Boundary Work
The original pressure is 200 kPa in the absence of a spring
The total pressure:
200 kPa + 120 kPa = 320 kPa
Moving Boundary Work
Moving Boundary Work
Example 4-4:
The total work done by the gas:
2
The total work done by the gas:
W = PdV = ( Po + Pspring )dV
1
W = Po (V2 V1 ) + 12 k ( x22 x12 )
W = 200 10 3 Pa ( 0 .1m 3 0 .05 m 3 ) + 12 150 10 3 ( N / m ) [( 0 . 2 m ) 2 0 )]
W = Po dV + Pspring dV
1
W = 10 103 ( Pa m3 ) + 3 103 ( N m)
F
dV
A
2 kx
W = Po (V2 V1 ) +
Adx
1 A
W = Po (V2 V1 ) +
W = 10 kJ +3 kJ
= 13 kJ
(c) The work done against the spring is 3 kJ
W = Po (V2 V1 ) + kxdx
1
W = Po (V2 V1 ) + 12 k ( x22 x12 )
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
Energy balance for any
system undergoing any
process
For a closed system:
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
(Qin Qout ) + (Win Wout ) + ( E mass ,in E mass ,out ) = U + KE + PE
For a closed system without change in the KE and PE
(Qin Qout ) (Wout Win ) = U = U 2 U 1
If
Qin Qout + Win Wout = Esystem = U + PE + KE
Energy balance in the
rate form
Energy balance when sign convention
is used:
heat input , +
heat output, -
Energy balance in differential form:
work output, work done by system, +
E in E out = dE system
work input, work done on a system, -
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
For a closed System:
qin qout + win wout = esystem = u + pe + ke
Energy balance per
unit mass basis
For a cycle E = 0, thus Q = W
For a closed system, energy balance for a cycle:
The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time is
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion
Example 4 - 5
A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is
maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater within the
cylinder is turned on and pass a current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120 V
source. At the same time a heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs. (a) show that for a
closed system the boundary work Wb and the change in internal change U in
the first law relation can be combined to one term, H, for a constant-pressure
process. (b) determine the final temperature of the steam.
Example 4- 5
Analysis: The tank is a stationary
closed system. Thus the KE= 0,
PE=0
Q (Wother + Wb ) = U = U 2 U1
Q [Wother + Po (V2 V1 )] = U 2 U1
Q Wother = PoV2 PoV1 + U 2 U 1
For a constant-pressure process
P1 = P2 = P0
For a constant-pressure expansion or
compression process
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion
Example 4- 5
Example 4- 5
h2 = 2864.9kJ / kg
Q = -3.7 KJ
Wother is the work done on the gas by the
electric heater. Hence its sign is -
Wother = 120V 0.2 A 5 50s
= - 7200 J= -7.2 kJ
at P= 300 kPa
Based on the value of h2, we need to judge the state of water,
Saturated water? or superheated water?
h2 =2864.9 kJ/kg > hg =2724.9 kJ/kg
(Table A-6)
Hence it is superheated water
From Table A-6:
( 3.7kJ ) ( 7.2kJ ) = H = m( h2 h1 )
( 3.7kJ ) ( 7.2kJ ) = (0.025kg )( h2 2724.9kJ / kg )
h2 = 2864.9kJ / kg
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
Example 4- 6
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
Example 4-6
(a) At first, determine the state of water in the initial state:
25 oC << Tsat@200 kPa = 120. 21 oC (Table A-5)
Pressure 200 kPa > Psat@25C= 3.1698 kPa (Table A-4)
Thus in the initial state, it is a compressed liquid
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
Example 4-6
Example 4-6
(b)
Q = U = m(u2 u1 )
In the initial state, it is a compressed liquid
Determine the state of water in the final state (T=25 oC and v2)
In the final state, it is liquid-gas mixture:
The final pressure inside the tank:
Heater transfer in or out?
Energy Balance For Closed Systems
Specific Heats
For a closed system:
Q in Q out + W in W out = E system = U + PE + KE
qin qout + win wout = esystem = u + pe + ke
Positive sign means heat input
(kJ)
(KJ/kg)
Specific heat at constant volume,
cv: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass
of a substance by one degree as
the volume is maintained
constant.
For a closed system without change in pe and ke
qin qout + win wout = esystem = u = (u2 u1 )
(kJ/kg)
Qin Qout + Win Wout = E system = U = m( u2 u1 )
(kJ)
For a closed system without change in pe and ke, and no phase change
[For example, the ideal gas (or a liquid, or a solid) in a closed system]
qin qout + win wout = esystem = u = cv (T2 T1 )
(kJ/kg)
Qin Qout + Win Wout = Esystem = U = mcv (T2 T1 )
(kJ)
Specific heat at constant pressure,
cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass
of a substance by one degree as
the pressure is maintained
constant.
Attention: KJ is used as the unit of energy in the textbook.
J is used as the unit of energy in the SI unit system.
Specific Heats
The unit of specific heat is
(kJ/kg K) or (kJ/kg oC)
These two units are identical,
since T(K) = T(oC)
Specific Heats
cv and cp are properties. They are intensive properties.
cv and cp are applied to any substance undergoing any process.
cv is related to the changes in internal energy and cp to the changes in
enthalpy.
cv and cp are temperature-dependent.
cp is always greater than cv
A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg C or kJ/kg K.
c v and c p can be
expressed on the molar basis
With the unit:
(kJ/kmol K)
or (kJ/kmol oC)
_
c v = cv M
_
c p = cp M
The relation u = cv T is valid for any
kind of process, constant-volume or not.
The specific heat of a substance
depends on temperature.
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
For a gas, the internal energy is a function of temperature only, not a function
of pressure or specific volume
For the idea gas:
The relationship between cp, cv and R
For an idea gas, Pv = RT
dh = cpdT and du = cvdT
On a molar basis
Where
c v = cv M
Ru = R M
Specific heat ratio
For ideal gases, u, h, cv
and cp vary with
temperature only. They are
independent on pressure
The specific ratio varies with temperature, but this variation is very mild.
For monatomic gases (helium, argon, etc.), its value is essentially constant
at 1.667.
Many diatomic gases, including air, have a specific heat ratio of about 1.4
at room temperature.
Average Specific Heat
Calculation of internal energy
Internal energy and enthalpy change
when specific heat is taken constant at
an average value
(kJ/kg)
Calculate u and h in three ways
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
This is the easiest and most
accurate way when tables are
readily available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
A-2c) as a function of temperature
and performing the integrations. This
is very inconvenient for hand
calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The
results obtained are very accurate.
How to get the average specific heat
Way 1:
T avg = 12 (T1 + T 2 )
c v ,avg = c v (Tavg )
(Table A-2b)
Way 2:
cv,avg = 12 [cv (T1 ) + cv (T2 )]
Way 3:
c v ,avg =
For small temperature intervals,
the specific heats may be
assumed to vary linearly with
temperature.
u (T2 ) u (T1 )
T2 T1
3. By using average specific heats.
This is very simple and certainly very
convenient when property tables are
not available. The results obtained
are reasonably accurate if the
temperature interval is not very
large.
Three ways of calculating u.
Calculation of internal energy
Calculation of internal energy
At low pressures, all real gases approach
ideal-gas behavior, and therefore their
specific heats depend on temperature only.
The specific heats of real gases at low
pressures are called ideal-gas specific
heats, or zero-pressure specific heats, and
are often denoted cp0 and cv0.
Example 4-7
u and h data for a number of gases have
been tabulated.
Table A-17, idea-gas properties of air
Cp for some gases (see Table
A2c for equations).
In the preparation of ideal-gas tables, 0 K is
chosen as the reference temperature.
Calculation of internal energy
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-7
Example 4-7
Note: M is obtained from Table A-1
Calculation of internal energy
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-7
Example 4-8
1 lbm = 0.45359 kg
T (oC) = [T(oF)-32]*5/9
1 psi = 6.895 103 Pa
Note: Cv, avg can be obtained from an alternative way:
cv ,avg = 12 [cv (T1 ) + cv (T2 )]
1 hp = 754.7 W
Cv (T1)= 0.718 kJ/kg
at T1 = 300 K
Cv (T2)= 0.764 kJ/kg
at T2 = 600 K
c v ,avg = [0.718 + 0.764]kJ / kg K = 0.736kJ / kg K
1
2
Calculation of internal energy
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-8
Example 4-8
For a closed system without change in KE and PE, the energy conservation equation is:
Qin Qout + Win Wout = Esystem = U = m(u2 u1 ) = mcc,avg (T2 T1 )
Qin = 0
Qout = 0
Wout = 0
Wsh = U = mcc ,avg (T2 T1 )
Wsh = W t = (0.02 754.7W )(0.5 3600s ) = 27169.2 J = 27.17
kJ
From Table A-2(a), Cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg K
P2
50 6.895kPa
=
(273 + 31.67) K (273 + 44.48) K
P2 = 359 kPa = 52.1 psi
27.17kJ = (1.5 0.45359kg )(3.1156kJ / kg o C )[T2 95 (80 32)oC ]
T2 = 44.48 oC
Calculation of internal energy
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-10
(a) Air is an idea gas at high temperature and low pressure
P1= 150 kPa
V1= 400 L
T1= 300K
P2 = 350 kPa
V2 = 800 L
T2 = ?
T3 =1400 K
Calculation of internal energy
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-10
(b) The work done by gas is illustrated in the figure. The area is
The amount of work done:
Example 4-10
(c) This is a stationary closed system (no mass change), and KE=0, PE=0.
No other work like electric and shaft involved.
Qin Qout + Win Wout = Esystem = U = m(u2 u1 )
Qin Wb ,out = m(u2 u1 )
R is obtained from Table A-1
Hence, the work is 140 kJ
u of air can be obtained from Table A-17
Qin Qout + Win Wout = Esystem = U = m(u2 u1 )
Internal Energy & Enthalpy of Solids and Liquids
Internal Energy of Solids and Liquids
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific volume (or density)
is constant.
Solids and liquids are incompressible substances.
For liquids and solid, the constant-volume and constant pressure
processes are almost identical, Hence:
cp = cv = c
The internal energy changes of liquids and solids:
The specific volumes of
incompressible substances
remain constant during a process.
The cv and cp values of
incompressible substances are
identical and are denoted by c.
Enthalpy of Solids and Liquids
Calculation of internal energy
Enthalpy Changes of incompressible substances:
Volume is constant for solids and liquids
The enthalpy of a compressed liquid
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-12
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-12
Calculation of internal energy
Example 4-12
Analysis: (1) we tank the whole tank as the system. (2) This is a stationary
closed system. (3) The boundary of the system is fixed. (4) No any heat is
transferred though the system boundary (5) no other forms of works is
done. Thus energy balance on the system:
Summary
Moving boundary work
9 Wb for an isothermal process
9 Wb for a constant-pressure process
9 Wb for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
9 Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression
process
Specific heats
9 Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
9 Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of ideal gases
9 Specific heat relations of ideal gases
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of incompressible
substances (solids and liquids)
