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PortableDocumentFormat
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Mainpage "PDF"[Link],seePDF(disambiguation).
Contents
ThePortableDocumentFormat PortableDocumentFormat
Featuredcontent
Currentevents (PDF)isafileformatusedtopresent
Randomarticle documentsinamannerindependent
DonatetoWikipedia ofapplicationsoftware,hardware,and
Wikipediastore operatingsystems.[2]EachPDFfile
Interaction encapsulatesacompletedescription
Help ofafixedlayoutflatdocument,
AboutWikipedia includingthetext,fonts,graphics,and
Communityportal
otherinformationneededtodisplayit. AdobePDFicon
Recentchanges
Contactpage Filename .pdf
APDFfilecaptures extension
Tools Internet application/pdf ,[1]
documenttext,fonts,
Whatlinkshere mediatype application/xpdf
images,andeven
Relatedchanges application/xbzpdf
Uploadfile
formattingofdocuments application/xgzpdf
Specialpages fromavarietyof Typecode 'PDF'[1](includingasingle
Permanentlink [Link] space)
Pageinformation mailaPDFdocumentto UniformType [Link]
Identifier(UTI)
Wikidataitem yourfriendsanditwill
Citethispage Magic %PDF
lookthesameontheir number
Print/export screensasitlookson Developedby AdobeSystems
Createabook yours,eveniftheyhave Initialrelease June15,199323yearsago
DownloadasPDF Latestrelease 1.7
Applecomputersandyou
Printableversion
haveaPC.[3] Extendedto PDF/A,PDF/E,PDF/UA,
Inotherprojects PDF/VT,PDF/X
WikimediaCommons Standard ISO320001
Contents[hide] Openformat? Yes
Languages
1 Historyandstandardization Website [Link]/devnet
Afrikaans
2 Technicalfoundations /pdf/pdf_reference_archive
Alemannisch .html
2.1 PostScript

Azrbaycanca 3 Technicaloverview
3.1 Filestructure
3.2 Imagingmodel
3.2.1 Vectorgraphics
()
3.2.2 Rasterimages

Boarisch 3.2.3 Text
Bosanski [Link] Fonts
Catal [Link] StandardType1

Fonts(Standard
etina
14Fonts)
Cymraeg
[Link] Encodings
Dansk
3.2.4 Transparency
Deutsch
Eesti 3.3 Interactiveelements
3.3.1 AcroForms
Espaol [Link] FormsData
Esperanto Format(FDF)
Euskara [Link] XMLFormsData
Format(XFDF)
Froyskt 3.3.2 AdobeXMLForms
Franais Architecture(XFA)
Galego
3.4 Logicalstructureand

accessibility

3.5 Securityandsignatures

3.5.1 Usagerights

Hrvatski
3.6 Fileattachments
Ido 3.7 Metadata
BahasaIndonesia 4 Intellectualproperty
slenska 5 Technicalissues
Italiano 5.1 Accessibility
5.2 Virusesandexploits
BasaJawa
5.3 Usagerestrictionsand

monitoring

5.4 Defaultdisplaysettings
Kinyarwanda
Kurd 6 Content
7 Software
Latvieu 7.1 Editing
Ltzebuergesch 7.2 Annotation
Lietuvi 7.3 Other
Lumbaart 8 Seealso
Magyar 9 References

10 Furtherreading
Malagasy
11 Externallinks

BahasaMelayu
Nederlands Historyandstandardization [ edit ]
Mainarticle:HistoryandstandardizationofPortableDocumentFormat
Norskbokml
Norsknynorsk PDFwasdevelopedintheearly1990s[4]asawaytosharecomputerdocuments,
Occitan includingtextformattingandinlineimages.[5]Itwasamonganumberofcompeting
Polski formatssuchasDjVu,Envoy,CommonGroundDigitalPaper,FarallonReplicaand
Portugus evenAdobe'[Link]
Romn WorldWideWebandHTMLdocuments,PDFwaspopularmainlyindesktop

[Link]

Scots
[Link],untilitwas
SimpleEnglish officiallyreleasedasanopenstandardonJuly1,2008,andpublishedbythe
Slovenina InternationalOrganizationforStandardizationasISO320001:2008,[6][7]atwhich
Slovenina timecontrolofthespecificationpassedtoanISOCommitteeofvolunteerindustry
/srpski experts.In2008,AdobepublishedaPublicPatentLicensetoISO320001granting
Srpskohrvatski/
royaltyfreerightsforallpatentsownedbyAdobethatarenecessarytomake,use,
Suomi sell,anddistributePDFcompliantimplementations.[8]
Svenska
However,therearestillsomeproprietarytechnologiesdefinedonlybyAdobe,such

asAdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)andJavaScriptextensionforAcrobat,
Tarandne
whicharereferencedbyISO320001asnormativeandindispensableforthe
Trke [Link]
notstandardizedandtheirspecificationispublishedonlyonAdobes
website.[9][10][11][12][13]Manyofthemarealsonotsupportedbypopularthirdparty
TingVit
[Link]

proprietarytechnologies,theypresentaccessibilityissuesforsomeusers.
Yorb
In2014,ISOTC171votedtodeprecateXFAforISO320002("Nextgeneration
PDF").[14]
Editlinks

Technicalfoundations [ edit ]

ThePDFcombinesthreetechnologies:

AsubsetofthePostScriptpagedescriptionprogramminglanguage,for
generatingthelayoutandgraphics.
Afontembedding/replacementsystemtoallowfontstotravelwiththe
documents.
Astructuredstoragesystemtobundletheseelementsandanyassociated
contentintoasinglefile,withdatacompressionwhereappropriate.

PostScript [ edit ]

PostScriptisapagedescriptionlanguageruninaninterpretertogeneratean
image,[Link]
featuresofprogramminglanguagessuchas if and loop [Link]
largelybasedonPostScriptbutsimplifiedtoremoveflowcontrolfeatureslike
these,whilegraphicscommandssuchas lineto remain.

Often,[Link]
graphicscommandsthatareoutputbythePostScriptcodearecollectedand
[Link],graphics,orfontstowhichthedocumentrefersalsoare
[Link],[Link],theentire
PostScriptworld(fonts,layout,measurements)remainsintact.

Asadocumentformat,PDFhasseveraladvantagesoverPostScript:

PDFcontainstokenizedandinterpretedresultsofthePostScriptsourcecode,
fordirectcorrespondencebetweenchangestoitemsinthePDFpage
descriptionandchangestotheresultingpageappearance.
PDF(fromversion1.4)supportsgraphictransparencyPostScriptdoesnot.
PostScriptisaninterpretedprogramminglanguagewithanimplicitglobalstate,
soinstructionsaccompanyingthedescriptionofonepagecanaffectthe
[Link],allprecedingpagesina
PostScriptdocumentmustbeprocessedtodeterminethecorrectappearance
ofagivenpage,whereaseachpageinaPDFdocumentisunaffectedbythe
[Link],PDFviewersallowtheusertoquicklyjumptothefinal
pagesofalongdocument,whereasaPostScriptviewerneedstoprocessall
pagessequentiallybeforebeingabletodisplaythedestinationpage(unlessthe
optionalPostScriptDocumentStructuringConventionshavebeencarefully
compliedwith).

Technicaloverview [ edit ]

Filestructure [ edit ]

APDFfileisa7bitASCIIfile,exceptforcertainelementsthatmayhavebinary
[Link]
versionoftheformatsuchas %PDF1.7 .TheformatisasubsetofaCOS
("Carousel"ObjectStructure)format.[15]ACOStreefileconsistsprimarilyof
objects,ofwhichthereareeighttypes:[16]

Booleanvalues,representingtrueorfalse
Numbers
Strings,enclosedwithinparentheses( (...) ),maycontain8bitcharacters.
Names,startingwithaforwardslash( / )
Arrays,orderedcollectionsofobjectsenclosedwithinsquarebrackets
( [...] )
Dictionaries,collectionsofobjectsindexedbyNamesenclosedwithindouble
pointybrackets( <<...>> )
Streams,usuallycontaininglargeamountsofdata,whichcanbecompressed
andbinary
Thenullobject

Furthermore,theremaybecomments,introducedwiththepercentsign( % ).
Commentsmaycontain8bitcharacters.

Objectsmaybeeitherdirect(embeddedinanotherobject)[Link]
objectsarenumberedwithanobjectnumberandagenerationnumberanddefined
betweenthe obj and endobj [Link],alsocalledthecross
referencetableandmarkedwiththe xref keyword,followsthemainbodyand
givesthebyteoffsetofeachindirectobjectfromthestartofthefile.[17]Thisdesign
allowsforefficientrandomaccesstotheobjectsinthefile,andalsoallowsforsmall
changestobemadewithoutrewritingtheentirefile(incrementalupdate).
BeginningwithPDFversion1.5,indirectobjectsmayalsobelocatedinspecial
[Link]
havelargenumbersofsmallindirectobjectsandisespeciallyusefulforTagged
PDF.

AttheendofaPDFfileisatrailerintroducedwiththe trailer [Link]

contains

adictionary
anoffsettothestartofthecrossreferencetable(thetablestartingwiththe
xref keyword)
andthe %%EOF endoffilemarker.

Thedictionarycontains

areferencetotherootobjectofthetreestructure,alsoknownasthecatalog
thecountofindirectobjectsinthecrossreferencetable
andotheroptionalinformation.

TherearetwolayoutstothePDFfiles:nonlinear(not"optimized")andlinear
("optimized").NonlinearPDFfilesconsumelessdiskspacethantheirlinear
counterparts,thoughtheyareslowertoaccessbecauseportionsofthedata
requiredtoassemblepagesofthedocumentarescatteredthroughoutthePDFfile.
LinearPDFfiles(alsocalled"optimized"or"weboptimized"PDFfiles)are
constructedinamannerthatenablesthemtobereadinaWebbrowserplugin
withoutwaitingfortheentirefiletodownload,sincetheyarewrittentodiskina
linear(asinpageorder)fashion.[18]PDFfilesmaybeoptimizedusingAdobe
AcrobatsoftwareorQPDF.

Imagingmodel [ edit ]

ThebasicdesignofhowgraphicsarerepresentedinPDFisverysimilartothatof
PostScript,exceptfortheuseoftransparency,whichwasaddedinPDF1.4.

PDFgraphicsuseadeviceindependentCartesiancoordinatesystemtodescribe
[Link],rotate,or
[Link],which
isacollectionofgraphicalparametersthatmaybechanged,saved,andrestored
[Link](asofversion1.6)24graphicsstateproperties,of
whichsomeofthemostimportantare:

Thecurrenttransformationmatrix(CTM),whichdeterminesthecoordinate
system
 Theclippingpath
Thecolorspace
Thealphaconstant,whichisakeycomponentoftransparency

Vectorgraphics [ edit ]

AsinPostScript,[Link]
usuallycomposedoflinesandcubicBziercurves,butcanalsobeconstructed
[Link],PDFdoesnotallowasinglepathtomix
[Link],filled,orusedforclipping.
Strokesandfillscanuseanycolorsetinthegraphicsstate,includingpatterns.

[Link]
[Link]
pattern,withthecolorsspecifiedinthepatternobject,oranuncoloredtiling
pattern,[Link]
withPDF1.3thereisalsoashadingpattern,whichdrawscontinuouslyvarying
[Link]
shade(Type2)andradialshade(Type3).

Rasterimages [ edit ]

RasterimagesinPDF(calledImageXObjects)arerepresentedbydictionarieswith
[Link],andthe
streamcontainstheimagedata.(Lesscommonly,arasterimagemaybe
embeddeddirectlyinapagedescriptionasaninlineimage.)Imagesaretypically
[Link]
generalpurposefilters

ASCII85Decodeafilterusedtoputthestreaminto7bitASCII
ASCIIHexDecodesimilartoASCII85Decodebutlesscompact
FlateDecodeacommonlyusedfilterbasedonthedeflatealgorithmdefinedin
RFC1951 (deflateisalsousedinthegzip,PNG,andzipfileformatsamong
others)introducedinPDF1.2itcanuseoneoftwogroupsofpredictor
functionsformorecompactzlib/deflatecompression:Predictor2fromtheTIFF
6.0specificationandpredictors(filters)fromthePNGspecification(RFC
2083 )
LZWDecodeafilterbasedonLZWCompressionitcanuseoneoftwogroups
ofpredictorfunctionsformorecompactLZWcompression:Predictor2fromthe
TIFF6.0specificationandpredictors(filters)fromthePNGspecification
RunLengthDecodeasimplecompressionmethodforstreamswithrepetitive
datausingtherunlengthencodingalgorithmandtheimagespecificfilters
DCTDecodealossyfilterbasedontheJPEGstandard
CCITTFaxDecodealosslessbilevel(black/white)filterbasedontheGroup3
orGroup4CCITT(ITUT)faxcompressionstandarddefinedinITUTT.4and
T.6
 JBIG2Decodealossyorlosslessbilevel(black/white)filterbasedonthe
JBIG2standard,introducedinPDF1.4
JPXDecodealossyorlosslessfilterbasedontheJPEG2000standard,
introducedinPDF1.5

[Link]
datatobestoredinexternalfilesbytheuseofexternalstreamsorAlternate
[Link],includingPDF/AandPDF/X,prohibitthese
features.

Text [ edit ]

[Link]
[Link]
charactersarespecifiedusingtheencodingofaselectedfontresource.

Fonts [ edit ]

[Link]
characteristicsofatypeface,[Link]
caseiscalledanembeddedfontwhiletheformeriscalledanunembeddedfont.
Thefontfilesthatmaybeembeddedarebasedonwidelyusedstandarddigital
fontformats:Type1(anditscompressedvariantCFF),TrueType,and(beginning
withPDF1.6)OpenType.AdditionallyPDFsupportstheType3variantinwhich
thecomponentsofthefontaredescribedbyPDFgraphicoperators.

StandardType1Fonts(Standard14Fonts) [ edit ]

Fourteentypefaces,knownasthestandard14fonts,haveaspecialsignificancein
PDFdocuments:

Times(v3)(inregular,italic,bold,andbolditalic)
Courier(inregular,oblique,boldandboldoblique)
Helvetica(v3)(inregular,oblique,boldandboldoblique)
Symbol
ZapfDingbats

Thesefontsaresometimescalledthebasefourteenfonts.[19]Thesefonts,or
suitablesubstitutefontswiththesamemetrics,shouldbeavailableinmostPDF
[Link],sinceAdobeAcrobatversion6,mostofthesefontsarenot
guaranteedtobeavailableinthereader,andmayonlydisplaycorrectlyifthe
systemhastheminstalled.[20]Fontsmaybesubstitutediftheyarenotembedded
inaPDF.

Encodings [ edit ]

Withintextstrings,charactersareshownusingcharactercodes(integers)thatmap
[Link]
encodings,includingWinAnsi,MacRoman,andalargenumberofencodingsfor
EastAsianlanguages,andafontcanhaveitsownbuiltinencoding.(Althoughthe
WinAnsiandMacRomanencodingsarederivedfromthehistoricalpropertiesofthe
WindowsandMacintoshoperatingsystems,fontsusingtheseencodingswork
equallywellonanyplatform.)PDFcanspecifyapredefinedencodingtouse,the
font'sbuiltinencodingorprovidealookuptableofdifferencestoapredefinedor
builtinencoding(notrecommendedwithTrueTypefonts).[21]Theencoding
mechanismsinPDFweredesignedforType1fonts,andtherulesforapplying
themtoTrueTypefontsarecomplex.

Forlargefontsorfontswithnonstandardglyphs,thespecialencodingsIdentityH
(forhorizontalwriting)andIdentityV(forvertical)[Link]
necessarytoprovideaToUnicodetableifsemanticinformationaboutthe
charactersistobepreserved.

Transparency [ edit ]

TheoriginalimagingmodelofPDFwas,likePostScript's,opaque:eachobject
drawnonthepagecompletelyreplacedanythingpreviouslymarkedinthesame
[Link]
transparencyisused,newobjectsinteractwithpreviouslymarkedobjectsto
[Link]
ofnewextensionsthatweredesignedtobeignoredinproductswrittentothePDF
[Link],filesthatuseasmallamountof
transparencymightviewacceptablyinolderviewers,butfilesmakingextensiveuse
oftransparencycouldbeviewedincorrectlyinanolderviewerwithoutwarning.

Thetransparencyextensionsarebasedonthekeyconceptsoftransparency
groups,blendingmodes,shape,[Link]
[Link]
usedbyAdobePhotoshopatthetime.WhenthePDF1.4specificationwas
published,theformulasforcalculatingblendmodeswerekeptsecretbyAdobe.
Theyhavesincebeenpublished.[22]

TheconceptofatransparencygroupinPDFspecificationisindependentof
existingnotionsof"group"or"layer"inapplicationssuchasAdobeIllustrator.
Thosegroupingsreflectlogicalrelationshipsamongobjectsthataremeaningful
wheneditingthoseobjects,buttheyarenotpartoftheimagingmodel.

Interactiveelements [ edit ]

PDFfilesmaycontaininteractiveelementssuchasannotations,formfields,video
andFlashanimation.

RichMediaPDFisatermthatisusedtodescribeinteractivecontentthatcanbe
[Link]
[Link],thejewelofthecompanywas
Flash,andtheFlashplayerwasembeddedinsideAdobeAcrobatandAdobe
Reader,removingtheneedforthirdpartypluginssuchasFlash,QuickTime,or
[Link],thiscausedariftwithAppleasQuickTimevideo
[Link]
triggeredthewarbetweenAppleandAdobeovertheFlashiPhone/iPaddispute.
RichMediaPDFwillnotoperateinApple'siOSdevicessuchastheiPad,and
interactivityislimited.

InteractiveFormsisamechanismtoaddformstothePDFfileformat.

PDFcurrentlysupportstwodifferentmethodsforintegratingdataandPDFforms.
BothformatstodaycoexistinPDFspecification:[23][24][25][26]

AcroForms(alsoknownasAcrobatforms),introducedinthePDF1.2format
specificationandincludedinalllaterPDFspecifications.
AdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)forms,introducedinthePDF1.5
[Link]
specification,[Link]
notcompatiblewithAcroForms.[27]

AcroForms [ edit ]

[Link]
([Link],Radiobuttons,etc.)andsomecode([Link]).

AlongsidethestandardPDFactiontypes,interactiveforms(AcroForms)support
submitting,resetting,[Link]"submit"actiontransmitsthenames
andvaluesofselectedinteractiveformfieldstoaspecifieduniformresource
locator(URL).Interactiveformfieldnamesandvaluesmaybesubmittedinanyof
thefollowingformats,(dependingonthesettingsoftheactionsExportFormat,
SubmitPDF,andXFDFflags):[23]

HTMLFormformat(HTML4.01SpecificationsincePDF1.5HTML2.0since
1.2)
FormsDataFormat(FDF)
XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)(externalXMLFormsDataFormat
Specification,Version2.0supportedsincePDF1.5itreplacedthe"XML"form
submissionformatdefinedinPDF1.4)
PDF(theentiredocumentcanbesubmittedratherthanindividualfieldsand
values).(definedinPDF1.4)

AcroFormscankeepformfieldvaluesinexternalstandalonefilescontaining
key:[Link](FDF)andXML
FormsDataFormat(XFDF)files.[28][29][30]Theusagerights(UR)signaturesdefine
rightsforimportformdatafilesinFDF,XFDFandtext(CSV/TSV)formats,and
exportformdatafilesinFDFandXFDFformats.[23]

FormsDataFormat(FDF) [ edit ]
TheFormsDataFormat(FDF)is FormsDataFormat(FDF)
basedonPDF,itusesthesame Filename .fdf
syntaxandhasessentiallythesame extension

filestructure,butismuchsimpler Internet application/[Link][31]

mediatype
thanPDF,sincethebodyofanFDF
Typecode 'FDF'
documentconsistsofonlyone
Developedby AdobeSystems
[Link] Initialrelease 1996(PDF1.2)
isdefinedinthePDFspecification Extendedfrom PDF
(sincePDF1.2).TheFormsData Extendedto XFDF
Formatcanbeusedwhen Standard ISO320001:2008
submittingformdatatoaserver, Openformat? Yes
receivingtheresponse,and
[Link]
standalonefilesthatcanbeimportedbackintothecorrespondingPDFinteractive
form.BeginninginPDF1.3,FDFcanbeusedtodefineacontainerforannotations
[Link]
encapsulatesinformationsuchasX.509certificates,requestsforcertificates,
directorysettings,timestampserversettings,andembeddedPDFfilesfornetwork
transmission.[30]TheFDFusestheMIMEcontenttypeapplication/[Link],filename
[Link]'FDF'.[23]Supportforimportingand
exportingFDFstandalonefilesisnotwidelyimplementedinfreeorfreewarePDF
[Link],thereisnoimport/exportsupportinEvince,Okular,
Poppler,KPDForSumatraPDF,however,Evince,OkularandPopplersupport
[Link]
forstandaloneFDFfilesisimplementedinAdobeReaderexportandimport
support(includingsavingofFDFdatainPDF)isforexampleimplementedinFoxit
ReaderandPDFXChangeViewerFreesavingofFDFdatainaPDFfileisalso
supportedinpdftk.

XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF) [ edit ]

XMLFormsDataFormat XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)
(XFDF)istheXMLversionof Filename .xfdf
FormsDataFormat,butthe extension

XFDFimplementsonlya Internet application/[Link][32]

mediatype
subsetofFDFcontaining
Typecode 'XFDF'
formsandannotations.
Developedby AdobeSystems
TherearenotXFDF Initialrelease July2003(referencedinPDF1.5)
equivalentsforsomeentries Latestrelease 3.0
intheFDFdictionarysuch (August20097yearsago)

astheStatus,Encoding, Extendedfrom PDF,FDF,XML

JavaScript,Pageskeys, Standard No(understandardizationasISO/CD

194441[33])
EmbeddedFDFs,Differences
Website XFDF3.0specification
[Link],
XFDFdoesnotallowthe
spawning,oraddition,ofnewpagesbasedonthegivendataascanbedone
[Link](butnotincluded)in
PDF1.5specification(andinlaterversions).ItisdescribedseparatelyinXML
FormsDataFormatSpecification.[29]ThePDF1.4specificationallowedform
submissionsinXMLformat,butthiswasreplacedbysubmissionsinXFDFformat
[Link]
2014,XFDF3.0isintheISO/IECstandardizationprocessundertheformalname
ISO/CD194441DocumentmanagementXMLformsdataformatPart1:XFDF
3.0.[33]

XFDFcanbeusedthesamewayasFDFe.g.,formdataissubmittedtoaserver,
modificationsaremade,thensentbackandthenewformdataisimportedinan
[Link]
[Link]
importingandexportingXFDFstandalonefilesisnotwidelyimplementedinfreeor
freewarePDFsoftware.ImportofXFDFisimplementedinAdobeReader5and
laterversionsimportandexportisimplementedinPDFXChangeViewerFree
embeddingofXFDFdatainPDFformisimplementedinpdftk(pdftoolkit).

AdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA) [ edit ]
Mainarticle:XMLFormsArchitecture

InthePDF1.5format,AdobeSystemsintroducedanew,proprietaryformatfor
forms,namelyAdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)forms.TheXFA2.02is
referencedinthePDF1.5specification(andalsoinlaterversions)butisdescribed
separatelyinAdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)Specification,whichhas
severalversions.[34]XFAspecificationisnotincludedinISO320001PDF1.7and
[Link]
wasnotstandardizedasanISOstandard.In2011theISOCommittee(TC171/SC
2/WG8)urgedAdobeSystemstosubmittheXFASpecificationfor
standardization.[10]

[Link]
"disabledfeatures"foruseofXFAForms,thatactivateonlywhenopeningaPDF
documentthatwascreatedusingenablingtechnologyavailableonlyfrom
Adobe.[35][36]TheXFAFormsarenotcompatiblewithAdobeReaderpriorto
version6.

XFAformscanbecreatedandusedasPDFfilesorasXDP(XMLDataPackage)
[Link]
Specification.[23]TheXDPmaybeastandalonedocumentoritmayinturnbe
[Link]
[Link]
file,alongwithXMLformandtemplatedata.[34]PDFmaycontainXFA(inXDP
format),butalsoXFAmaycontainPDF.[34]WhentheXFA(XMLForms
Architecture)grammarsusedforanXFAformaremovedfromoneapplicationto
another,theymustbepackagedasanXMLDataPackage.[37]

WhenthePDFandXFAarecombined,theresultisaforminwhicheachpageof
[Link]
toasXFAF(XFAForeground).Thealternativeistoexpressalloftheform,
includingboilerplate,directlyinXFA(withoutusingPDF,oronlyusing"ShellPDF"
whichisacontainerforXFAwithminimalskeletonofPDFmarkup,orusingapre
rendereddepictionofastaticXFAformasPDFpages).Itissometimescalledfull
XFA.[37]

StartingwithPDF1.5,thetextcontentsofvariabletextformfields,aswellas
markupannotationsmayincludeformattinginformation(styleinformation).These
richtextstringsareXMLdocumentsthatconformtotherichtextconventions
specifiedfortheXMLFormsArchitecturespecification2.02,whichisitselfasubset
oftheXHTML1.0specification,augmentedwitharestrictedsetofCSS2style
attributes.[23]InPDF1.6,PDFsupportstherichtextelementsandattributes
specifiedintheXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)Specification,2.2.InPDF1.7,PDF
supportstherichtextelementsandattributesspecifiedintheXMLForms
Architecture(XFA)Specification,2.4.[23]

[Link]
isrecommendedtoincludeinthePDFmarkupasimpleonepagePDFimage
displayingawarningmessage(e.g."Toviewthefullcontentsofthisdocument,you
needalaterversionofthePDFviewer.",etc.).PDFprocessorsthatcanrender
XFAcontentshouldeithernotdisplaythesuppliedwarningpageimageorreplace
itquicklywiththedynamicformcontent.[38]ExamplesofPDFsoftwarewithsome
supportofXFArenderingincludeAdobeReaderforWindows,Linux,macOS(but
notAdobeReaderMobileforAndroidoriOS)orNuancePDFReader.

In2014,ISOTC171votedtodeprecateXFAforISO320002("Nextgeneration
PDF").[14]

Logicalstructureandaccessibility [ edit ]

A"tagged"PDF(ISO320001:200814.8)includesdocumentstructureand
semanticsinformationtoenablereliabletextextractionandaccessibility.
Technicallyspeaking,taggedPDFisastylizeduseoftheformatthatbuildsonthe
[Link]
standardstructuretypesandattributesthatallowpagecontent(text,graphics,and
images)tobeextractedandreusedforotherpurposes.[39]

TaggedPDFisnotrequiredinsituationswhereaPDFfileisintendedonlyforprint.
Sincethefeatureisoptional,andsincetherulesforTaggedPDFasspecifiedin
ISO320001arerelativelyvague,supportfortaggedPDFamongstconsuming
devices,includingassistivetechnology(AT),isuneven.[40]
AnAIIMprojecttodevelopanISOstandardizedsubsetofPDFspecificallytargeted
ataccessibilitybeganin2004,eventuallybecomingPDF/UA.

Securityandsignatures [ edit ]

APDFfilemaybeencryptedforsecurity,ordigitallysignedforauthentication.

ThestandardsecurityprovidedbyAcrobatPDFconsistsoftwodifferentmethods
andtwodifferentpasswords,userpassword,whichencryptsthefileandprevents
opening,andownerpassword,whichspecifiesoperationsthatshouldberestricted
evenwhenthedocumentisdecrypted,whichcaninclude:printing,copyingtext
andgraphicsoutofthedocument,modifyingthedocument,oraddingormodifying
[Link](controlsopening)encryptsthe
fileandrequirespasswordcrackingtodefeat,withdifficultydependingon
passwordstrengthandencryptionmethoditispotentiallyverysecure(assuming
goodpasswordandencryptionmethodwithoutknownattacks).Theowner
password(controlsoperations)doesnotencryptthefile,andinsteadrelieson
clientsoftwaretorespecttheserestrictions,[Link]"owner
password"canberemovedbymanycommonlyavailable"PDFcracking"software,
includingsomefreeonlineservices.[41]Thus,theuserestrictionsthatadocument
authorplacesonaPDFdocumentarenotsecure,andcannotbeassuredoncethe
fileisdistributedthiswarningisdisplayedwhenapplyingsuchrestrictionsusing
AdobeAcrobatsoftwaretocreateoreditPDFfiles.

Evenwithoutremovingthepassword,mostfreewareoropensourcePDFreaders
ignorethepermission"protections"andallowtheusertoprintormakecopyof
excerptsofthetextasifthedocumentwerenotlimitedbypassword
protection.[42][43][44]

ThereareanumberofcommercialsolutionsincludingAdobeLiveCycleRights
ManagementandLocklizardPDFDRM[45]thataremorerobustmeansof
[Link]
theyalsoreliablyenforcepermissionsinwaysthatthestandardsecurityhandler
doesnot.[46]

Usagerights [ edit ]

BeginningwithPDF1.5,Usagerights(UR)signaturesareusedtoenable
additionalinteractivefeaturesthatarenotavailablebydefaultinaparticularPDF
[Link]
[Link],itcanbeusedto
allowauser:[23]

tosavethePDFdocumentalongwithmodifiedformand/orannotationdata
importformdatafilesinFDF,XFDFandtext(CSV/TSV)formats
exportformdatafilesinFDFandXFDFformats
submitformdata
 instantiatenewpagesfromnamedpagetemplates
applyadigitalsignaturetoexistingdigitalsignatureformfield
create,delete,modify,copy,import,exportannotations

Forexample,AdobeSystemsgrantspermissionstoenableadditionalfeaturesin
AdobeReader,[Link]
[Link]
PDF1.5specificationdeclaresthatotherPDFviewerapplicationsarefreetouse
thissamemechanismfortheirownpurposes.[23]

Fileattachments [ edit ]

PDFfilescanhavedocumentlevelandpagelevelfileattachments,whichthe
[Link]
[Link]
supportforattachments,andpopplerbasedreaderslikeEvinceorOkularalso
havesomesupportfordocumentlevelattachments.

Metadata [ edit ]

PDFfilescancontaintwotypesofmetadata.[47]ThefirstistheDocument
InformationDictionary,asetofkey/valuefieldssuchasauthor,title,subject,
[Link].A
smallsetoffieldsisdefined,andcanbeextendedwithadditionaltextvaluesif
required.

InPDF1.4,supportwasaddedforMetadataStreams,usingtheExtensible
MetadataPlatform(XMP)toaddXMLstandardsbasedextensiblemetadataas
[Link]
document,suchasinformationaboutembeddedillustrations,aswellasthewhole
document(attachingtothedocumentcatalog),usinganextensibleschema.

Intellectualproperty [ edit ]

AnyonemaycreateapplicationsthatcanreadandwritePDFfileswithouthavingto
payroyaltiestoAdobeSystemsAdobeholdspatentstoPDF,butlicensesthemfor
royaltyfreeuseindevelopingsoftwarecomplyingwithitsPDFspecification.[48]

Technicalissues [ edit ]

Accessibility [ edit ]

PDFfilescanbecreatedspecificallytobeaccessiblefordisabled
people.[49][50][51][52][53]PDFfileformatsinuseasof2014canincludetags(XML),
textequivalents,captions,audiodescriptions,[Link]
PDF/A1aspecification.[54][55]Somesoftwarecanautomaticallyproducetagged
PDFs,butthisfeatureisnotalwaysenabledbydefault.[56][57]Leadingscreen
readers,includingJAWS,WindowEyes,Hal,andKurzweil1000and3000canread
taggedPDFsaloud,ascanlaterversionsoftheAcrobatandAcrobatReader
programs.[58][59][60]Moreover,taggedPDFscanbereflowedandmagnifiedfor
[Link]
[Link],
accessibilitytagsandreflowingareunavailable,andmustbecreatedeither
[Link]
disabledpeople.

OneofthesignificantchallengeswithPDFaccessibilityisthatPDFdocuments
havethreedistinctviews,which,dependingonthedocument'screation,canbe
[Link](i)thephysicalview,(ii)thetags
view,and(iii)[Link](what
mostpeopleconsideraPDFdocument).Thetagsviewiswhatscreenreadersand
otherassistivetechnologiesusetodeliverahighqualitynavigationandreading
[Link]
orderofobjectswithinthePDF'scontentstreamandmaybedisplayedbysoftware
thatdoesnotfullysupportthetagsview,suchastheReflowfeatureinAdobe's
Reader.

PDF/UA,theInternationalStandardforaccessiblePDFbasedonISO320001was
publishedasISO142891in2012,andestablishesnormativelanguagefor
accessiblePDFtechnology.

Virusesandexploits [ edit ]
Seealso:AdobeAcrobatSecurity

[Link],named
[Link],usesMicrosoftOutlooktosenditselfasan
[Link],butnotwith
AcrobatReader.[61]

Fromtimetotime,newvulnerabilitiesarediscoveredinvariousversionsofAdobe
Reader,[62][Link]
[Link]
startautomaticallyifawebpagehasanembeddedPDFfile,providingavectorfor
[Link]
ofavulnerabilityinthePDFreader,thesystemmaybecompromisedevenifthe
[Link]
[Link]
executioninthePDFreadercanhelpmitigatesuchfutureexploits,althoughitdoes
[Link]
expertssaythatJavaScriptisnotessentialforaPDFreader,andthatthesecurity
benefitthatcomesfromdisablingJavaScriptoutweighsanycompatibilityissues
caused.[63]OnewayofavoidingPDFfileexploitsistohavealocalorwebservice
convertfilestoanotherformatbeforeviewing.

OnMarch30,2010securityresearcherDidierStevensreportedanAdobeReader
andFoxitReaderexploitthatrunsamaliciousexecutableiftheuserallowsitto
launchwhenasked.[64]

Usagerestrictionsandmonitoring [ edit ]

PDFsmaybeencryptedsothatapasswordisneededtovieworeditthecontents.
ThePDFReferencedefinesboth40bitand128bitencryption,bothmakinguseof
[Link]
thirdpartiescandefinetheirownencryptionsystemsforPDF.

PDFfilesmayalsocontainembeddedDRMrestrictionsthatprovidefurther
controlsthatlimitcopying,[Link],editing,
orprintingdependonthereadersoftwaretoobeythem,sothesecuritythey
provideislimited.

ThePDFReferencehastechnicaldetailsforanenduseroverview.[65]LikeHTML
files,[Link]
theIPaddressoftheclientPC,[Link]
7.0.5toAcrobatReader,theuserisnotified"...viaadialogueboxthattheauthor
ofthefileisauditingusageofthefile,andbeofferedtheoptionofcontinuing."[66]

ThroughitsLiveCyclePolicyServerproduct,Adobeprovidesamethodtoset
[Link]
authenticateandlimitingtheperiodduringwhichadocumentcanbeaccessedor
[Link]
tiedtoapolicyserverandaspecificpolicy,thatpolicycanbechangedorrevoked
[Link]"inthewild."Each
[Link]
serverscanbesetupprivatelyorAdobeoffersapublicservicethroughAdobe
[Link],adherencetothesepoliciesand
restrictionsmayormaynotbeenforcedbythereadersoftwarebeingused.

Defaultdisplaysettings [ edit ]

PDFdocumentscancontaindisplaysettings,includingthepagedisplaylayoutand
[Link]'sdefault
settingswhenopeningthedocument.[67]ThefreeAdobeReadercannotremove
thesesettings.

Content [ edit ]

APDFfileisoftenacombinationofvectorgraphics,text,[Link]
basictypesofcontentinaPDFare:
 Textstoredascontentstreams(i.e.,nottext)
Vectorgraphicsforillustrationsanddesignsthatconsistofshapesandlines
Rastergraphicsforphotographsandothertypesofimage
Multimediaobjectsinthedocument

InlaterPDFrevisions,aPDFdocumentcanalsosupportlinks(insidedocumentor
webpage),forms,JavaScript(initiallyavailableaspluginforAcrobat3.0),orany
othertypesofembeddedcontentsthatcanbehandledusingplugins.

PDF1.6supportsinteractive3DdocumentsembeddedinthePDF3Ddrawings
canbeembeddedusingU3DorPRCandvariousotherdataformats.[68][69]

TwoPDFfilesthatlooksimilaronacomputerscreenmaybeofverydifferent
[Link],ahighresolutionrasterimagetakesmorespacethanalow
[Link]
[Link]
embeddingfullfonts,especiallyforAsiaticscripts,andstoringtextasgraphics.

Software [ edit ]

Formoredetailsonthistopic,seeListofPDFsoftware.

PDFviewersaregenerallyprovidedfreeofcharge,andmanyversionsare
availablefromavarietyofsources.

TherearemanysoftwareoptionsforcreatingPDFs,includingthePDFprinting
capabilitiesbuiltintomacOSandmostLinuxdistributions,LibreOffice,Microsoft
Office2007(ifupdatedtoSP2)andlater,[70]WordPerfect9,Scribus,numerous
PDFprintdriversforMicrosoftWindows,thepdfTeXtypesettingsystem,the
DocBookPDFtools,applicationsdevelopedaroundGhostscriptandAdobeAcrobat
itselfaswellasAdobeInDesign,AdobeFrameMaker,AdobeIllustrator,Adobe
[Link]'sonlineofficesuiteGoogleDocsalsoallowsforuploadingand
savingtoPDF.

Rasterimageprocessors(RIPs)areusedtoconvertPDFfilesintoarasterformat
suitableforimagingontopaperandothermediainprinters,digitalproduction
[Link]
processingPDFdirectlyincludetheAdobePDFPrintEngine[71]fromAdobe
SystemsandJaws[72]andtheHarlequinRIPfromGlobalGraphics.

Editing [ edit ]

Thissectionneedsexpansion.
Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(July2010)

ThereisspecializedsoftwareforeditingPDFfiles,thoughthechoicesaremuch
morelimitedandoftenmoreexpensivethancreatingandeditingstandardeditable
documentformats.Version0.46andlaterofInkscapeallowsPDFeditingthrough
anintermediatetranslationstepinvolvingPoppler.
SerifPagePluscanopen,editandsaveexistingPDFdocuments,aswellas
publishingofdocumentscreatedinthepackage.

EnfocusPitStopPro,apluginforAcrobat,allowsmanualandautomaticeditingof
PDFfiles,[73]whilethefreeEnfocusBrowsermakesitpossibletoeditthelowlevel
structureofaPDF.[74]

Dochub,isafreeonlinePDFeditingtoolthatcanbeusedwithoutpurchasing
anything.[75]

Annotation [ edit ]
Seealso:Comparisonofnotetakingsoftware

AdobeAcrobatisoneexampleofproprietarysoftwarethatallowstheuserto
annotate,highlight,[Link]
applicationavailableasfreesoftware(undertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense)is
[Link]
[Link],aswellasa
[Link]
hasashaperecognitiontoolforsquares,[Link]
annotationsmaybemoved,[Link],
availableforMicrosoftWindows,macOSandLinux,allowsannotatingdocuments.
TrackerSoftware'sPDFXChangeViewerallowsannotationsandmarkupswithout
[Link]'smacOS'sintegratedPDFviewer,
Preview,doesalsoenableannotationsasdoesthefreewareSkim,withthelatter
supportinginteractionwithLaTeX,SyncTeX,andPDFSyncandintegrationwith
[Link]
annotationreportthatsummarizesalltheannotationsandnotesonehasmade
acrosstheirlibraryofPDFs.

Formobileannotation,iAnnotatePDF(fromBranchfire)andGoodReader(fromAji)
allowannotationofPDFsaswellasexportingsummariesoftheannotations.

Therearealsowebannotationsystemsthatsupportannotationinpdfandother
documentsformats,e.g.,[Link],crocodoc,WebNotes.

IncaseswherePDFsareexpectedtohaveallofthefunctionalityofpaper
documents,[Link]
themousemaynotberesponsiveenoughforhandwritinginputonatablet.
ExistingsolutionsonthePCincludePDFAnnotatorandQiqqa.

Other [ edit ]

ExamplesofPDFsoftwareasonlineservicesincludingScribdforviewingand
storing,Pdfvueforonlineediting,andZamzarforconversion.

In1993theJawsrasterimageprocessorfromGlobalGraphicsbecamethefirst
shippingprepressRIPthatinterpretedPDFnativelywithoutconversiontoanother
[Link]
capabilityin1997.[76]

AgfaGevaertintroducedandshippedApogee,thefirstprepressworkflowsystem
basedonPDF,in1997.

ManycommercialoffsetprintershaveacceptedthesubmissionofpressreadyPDF
filesasaprintsource,specificallythePDF/X1asubsetandvariationsofthe
same.[77]ThesubmissionofpressreadyPDFfilesareareplacementforthe
problematicneedforreceivingcollectednativeworkingfiles.

PDFwasselectedasthe"native"metafileformatforMacOSX,replacingthePICT
[Link]
layerisbasedonthemodelcommontoDisplayPostScriptandPDF,leadingtothe
[Link],ascan
[Link]
allowsMacOSXapplicationstocreatePDFdocumentsautomatically,provided
[Link]
[Link]
OSXversions10.0through10.3,theimagewasalsocapturedasaPDFlater
versionssavescreencapturesasaPNGfile,thoughthisbehaviourcanbeset
backtoPDFifdesired.

In2006PDFwaswidelyacceptedasthestandardprintjobformatattheOpen
[Link]
theCommonUnixPrintingSystemanddesktopapplicationprojectssuchas
GNOME,KDE,Firefox,Thunderbird,LibreOfficeandOpenOfficehaveswitchedto
emitprintjobsinPDF.[78]

SomedesktopprintersalsosupportdirectPDFprinting,whichcaninterpretPDF
[Link],allPDFcapableprintersalsosupport
PostScript,butmostPostScriptprintersdonotsupportdirectPDFprinting.

TheFreeSoftwareFoundationonceconsideredoneoftheirhighpriorityprojects
tobe"developingafree,highqualityandfullyfunctionalsetoflibrariesand
programsthatimplementthePDFfileformatandassociatedtechnologiestothe
ISO32000standard."[79][80]In2011,however,theGNUPDFprojectwasremoved
fromthelistof"highpriorityprojects"duetothematurationofthePoppler
library,[81]whichhasenjoyedwideruseinapplicationssuchasEvincewiththe
[Link][82][83][Link]
arealsocommercialdevelopmentlibrariesavailableaslistedinListofPDF
software.

TheApachePDFBoxprojectoftheApacheSoftwareFoundationisanopensource
[Link]
ApacheLicense.[84]
Seealso [ edit ]

OpenXMLPaper PAdES,PDFAdvanced
Softwareportal
Specification ElectronicSignature
ComparisonofOpenXPS Webdocument
andPDF XSLFormattingObjects
DjVu

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a bTheapplication/pdfMediaType,RFC3778,Category:Informational ,2004
2. ^AdobeSystemsIncorporated,PDFReference,Sixthedition,version1.23(30
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U3Dstandardwasnotcompleteandproprietaryextensionswereused."
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13. ^DuffJohnson(20100610),IsPDFanopenstandard?AdobeReaderisthede
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XFDF3.0 ,retrieved20141126
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Furtherreading [ edit ]

Hardy,[Link],D.F.(2002)."Mappinganddisplayingstructural
transformationsbetweenXMLandPDF".Proceedingsofthe2002ACM
symposiumonDocumentengineeringDocEng'02 (PDF).Proceedingsof
[Link].95102.
doi:10.1145/585058.585077 .ISBN1581135947.
Standards
PDF1.7[1]
PDF1.6(ISBN0321304748)
PDF1.4(ISBN0201758393)
PDF1.3(ISBN0201615886)

Externallinks [ edit ]

HowwasthePDFformatcreated?
WikimediaCommonshas
Quora mediarelatedtoPDF.
PDFAssociation ThePDF
Associationistheindustryassociationforsoftwaredevelopersproducingor
processingPDFfiles.
AdobePDF101:SummaryofPDF
Adobe:[Link] OfficialintroductorycomparisonofPS,EPSvs.
PDF.
PDFStandards....transitioningthePDFspecificationfromadefactostandardto
adejurestandard attheWaybackMachine(archivedApril24,2011)
InformationaboutPDF/EandPDF/UAspecificationforaccessibledocuments
fileformat(archivedbyTheWaybackMachine)
ISO190051:2005 thePDF/A1ISOstandardpublishedbytheInternational
OrganizationforStandardization(chargeable)
PDFReferenceandAdobeExtensionstothePDFSpecification
PortableDocumentFormat:AnIntroductionforProgrammers Introduction
[Link](uptov1.3)
TheCamelotPaper thepaperinwhichJohnWarnockoutlinedtheproject
thatcreatedPDF
EverythingyouwantedtoknowaboutPDFbutwereafraidtoask recording
 oftalkbyLeonardRosenthol(AdobeSystems)atTUG2007
HowtoproducePDFwithXSLFO
PDFToExcelConverter

VTE Graphicsfileformats [show]

VTE Multipurposeofficedocumentfileformats [show]

VTE ISOstandardsbystandardnumber [show]

VTE Ebooks [show]

Categories: 1993introductions AdobeSystems Digitalpress

Electronicdocuments Graphicsfileformats ISOstandards
Officedocumentfileformats Openformats Pagedescriptionlanguages
Vectorgraphics

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