CHAP. 3} SINUSOIDAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE 33. aa, an, 3. 3.26, 328, 320, 31. 332, 333, Supplementary Problems |A pure inductance of L=.0Lh passes a current i = 5 cos 2000t. What is the voltage across the element? Ane. 100 cos (20008 + 90°) [A pure capacitance of C= 0st passes a current i= 12 sin2000t. Find the voltage across the lement. Ans. 200 sin (20001 — 90°) In a series circuit of R= Schms and L = .0Ghenry the voltage across the inductance is +, = 15 sin 200¢, Find the total voltage, the current, the angle by which i lags v, and the magnitude of the impedance. Ane, i = 125 sin (200¢— 90°), v, = 16.25 sin (200¢—22.65°), 67.85°, Va/fa = 18 ohms In the same series cireult as Problem 8.22 the voltage across the resistance is vp = 15 sin 200¢. Find the total voltage, the current, the angle by which { lags v, and the magnitude of the impedance. Ana, ¢= 3 sin 200, v, = 89 sin 200t +67.35°), 67.35°, Va/la = 18 ohms ‘A series circult of two pure elements has the following applied voltage and resulting current: = 255 sin ($00¢-+45°), f= 85 sin (2000+ 15°) wg the cireuit, Ans. R= 26 ohms, L 05 henry A series cireuit of two pure elements has the following applied voltage and resulting current: ‘op = 150 .co8(200¢—80°), f= 4.48 cos (200¢— 56.6°) Find the elements comprising the eireult, Ans, R = 80 ohms, L = 075 henry ‘Two pure elements, R = 12 ohms and C = 81.8 sf, are connected in series with an applied voltage 1» = 100 c0s (2000¢ 20°). ‘The same two elements are then connected in parallel with the same applied voltage. Find the total current for each connection. Ans, Series: i = 5 cos (2000¢-+83:2°), parallel: i = 10.4 cos (2000¢ +16.8°) ‘A resistor of R = 27.5 ohms and a capacitor of C = 66.7 f are in series. ‘The capacitor voltage sv = 50 cos 1500¢. Find the total voltage v, the angle by which the current leads the voltage, and the impedance magnitude. Ans. 0, = 146.8 cos (1500¢-+70°), 20°, Va/fa = 29.8 ohms ‘A resistor of R= 5 ohms and an unknown capacitor are in series. The voltage across the resistor is, = 25 sin (2000¢ + 90°), If the current leads the applied voltage by 60° what is the unknown ceapacitance CY Ans. 87.7 af ‘A series circuit of L = 05h and an unknown capacitance has the following applied voltage and ea vu, = 100 sin5000t, 4 = 2 sin (G000e+ 90°) Find the eapacitance C. Ane. C= 667 f ‘An REC series cireuit has a current which lags the applied voltage by 80°. The voltage across the inductance has a maximum value which is twice the maximum value of the voltage across the ‘capacitor and v, = 10 sin 000¢, If R = 20 ohms, determine the values of L and C. Ans, L = 28.1 mb, C= 86.5 pf ‘A series circuit consisting of R= 5 ohms, L= 02 henry and C= 80pf has a variable frequency ‘sinusoidal voltage applied. Find the values of w for which the current (a) will lead the voltage by 45°, (®) be in phase, (c) lag by 45°. Ane. (a) 675, (6) 790, (c) 925 A two branch parallel cireuit with one branch of R= 60 ohms and a single unknown element in ‘the other branch has the following applied voltage and total current: v= 100 cos (1500t-+45°), &, = 12 sin (15008 + 185°) Find the unknown clement, Aus, = 10 ohms Find the total current to the parallel cireuit of L=.05h and C= 667 yf wit ‘y= 100 xin 50000. Ane. i, = .067 sin (6000t~ 90°) an applied voltage34 a8. 339, 340, sa. a2, 343, SINUSOIDAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE [cHAP. 5 ‘A resistor of R= 10 ohms and an inductor of L = .008 henry are in parallel. The current in the inductive branch is i, = 5 sin (2000¢— 45°). Find the total current and the angle between i, ‘and the applied voltage. © Ans. i, = 7.07 sin (2000¢-+0°), 45° (i, lags v) ‘A parallel circuit with one branch of = 5 ohms and a single unknown element in the other branch hhas the following applied voltage and total current: 10 co (60¢-+60°), Find the unknown clement, Ans. L = .04 henry ’ 5.38 cos (50t ~ 8.28°) ‘Two pure elements, 1» = 150 cos (6000¢ ~ 30°) 10 ohms and C = 100 pf, in a parallel connection have an applied voltage Find the total current. Ans. i, = 76.5 cos (5000¢-+ 48.7°) A pure capacitor of C= 85 f is in parallel with another single circuit clement, If the applied voltage and resulting total current are v = 160 sin3000t and i, = 16,5 xin (0008 + 724°) respec- tively, ind the other clement. Ane. R = 30 ohms An LC parallel circuit has an applied voltage v = 50.cos(3000¢++45°) and a total current i, = 2 cos 8000t— 45°). It is also known that the current in the L branch is five times greater than the current in the C branch. Find Land C. Ans. L = 6.67mh, C= 333 ¢f ‘Three parallel branches, each containing one pure element, have an applied voltage v = 200 sin 1000¢. ‘The branches contain # = 300 ohms, L=.5h and C= 10,f respectively. Find the total current, the angle between i, and the applied voltage, and the magnitude of the impedance. Ans. i = 1.4 sin (10008 + 674°), 674° (i, leads ¥), Va/fm = 116 ohms Find L in the parallel elreuit shown in Fig. 3-20 below if the applied voltage and total current are 1» = 100 sin 500¢ and {, = 25 sin 600¢ respectively. Ane. L = 08h, Fig. 3.20 Fig 321 In the parallel cireuit shown in Fig. 8-21 above the applied voltage is v Find the total current. Ane. é, = 11.2 sin (2000¢—116.6°) 50 sin (2000¢ — 90°). In the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 8.22 below the applied voltage is v = 100 sin 50008, Find the currents iy iyép Ane. ix = TOT sin (60000 45°), t= 7.07 in (60008-+ 48°), 4 = 10 sin 5000¢ Fig. 3.22 Fig. 3.23 In the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 8.28 the applied voltage is v = 100 cos (6000t-+ 45°). (a) Find the total current. (6) What two elements in a series connection would result in the aame current and would therefore be equivalent to the parallel circuit for the same frequency? Ans. (a) i, = 185 c0s (60008 + 68.4°), (0) series cirouit of R = 496 chms and C = 98 pfCHAP, 4) COMPLEX NUMBERS at 41. 46. 4a. Problems Prove Buler’s formula. ‘Assuming a function f(a) can be represented by a power series in e, that series must be of the form of the Maclaurin sriee 12) = 10) + af) + Fp@ + Feo) + where the funetion and all it derivatives exist at & The Maclaurin series expansions of cos aoe. na g £ a a Rearranging the terms in the Maclaurin series of o, we have - « ; oe (Beh Be en) tile Sketch the complex plane and locate the following complex numbers. Convert each number into polar form and repeat the sketch. A comparison of the two sketches will show if the conversion was performed correctly. 2-2 ©) 8+ (5+ 4-H W540 NH W)—4 WH -H e coe = 1 e os ait io a if+ f+ ih - Express each complex number in the polar form. (@) Welw —(B) Bernd (e) —Ael¥r!® (a) 26H (0) 100-4 ) ~186-s72 Ams, (@) 16/452, (b) 5/=120%, (@) 4/=80%, (a) 2/90° , (6) 10/=210° or 10/1802, (f) 18/90° Perform the indicated operation, (@) 2 = 3—j4. Find z2*, (@) 2 = 20H, Find ze (®) 2 = 10/40". Find 22%, (@) = 2438. Find 2— (©) = = 20/6812. Find 242%.) z= 10—f4. Find +24, Ans. (a) 25, (8) 100, (6) 24, (@) 6.25, (0) 116, ) 20, (g) 180.2, (h) 1/20. 95 (25°. Find 2—2*, rle, Find 2/2*. Determine the indicated roots of each complex number. (0) VEFR (6) VIBE) VO H ) VRE VT) VE Ans. (a) 2.07/29°,, 807/200 , (b) 12.25/-80° , 12.25/160°,, (6) 2/-10° , 2/110°, 2/280°, (@) 30”, Beret, getint, (e) 4/0, 1/80° , 1/180°, 1/270", (f) 20, 2/180°,, ie. #1 In (a)-(@), find the natural logarithm of the complex number. In part (e) use loga- rithms to determine the product. (@) 20/452) {80° (@) 5/1202 (a) B/tB0e —_() (5/1802) (20/45°) Ans. (a) 8+ jel4, (b) 1.19 — jx/8, (6) ~698 + i26/8, (d) 12+ fx, (6) 6/2258 ‘Use the slide rule to convert each complex number from polar to rectangular form, (@) 123/802 Ans. 10.68 + 56.15 (©) .05{=20° Ans. 047 -j.0171 4) 59/1602 49.84 j181 OD .003/80° 00052 + j 00295 (o) 25/-45° ana jit (@) .o13/280° 0228 — 0128 (a) 86/=115° 36.3 — 718 (hy 156/—190° 1585 + j.0271 Use the slide rule to convert each complex number from rectangular to polar form. (©) 2+ i168 Ans, 20/126.8° (©) .048—.158 Ana. .160/—72.55° © 2-4 4.47/=63.4° () orm + 5.047 05 [102 (© -89 — 325 64/2039 (9) ~894 ~ 540 80/2108 (@ 700 + j200 marise ) 2452 2.3185242 COMPLEX NUMBERS [OHAP. 4 49. Use the slide rule to convert the complex numbers from polar to rectangular form. (@) 10/82 Ans. 10 + j,528 (e) 02/942 Ans. —00189 + j.02 (8) 25/88 BTL + 525 (h -70/286° 488 — j.70 (©) 50/—98° 2.62 — j80 a) 80/=5° j.0096 (@) 45(419° 45 + 5.785 (H) 2o00/181° 200 — ja.49 4.10. Use the slide rule to convert the complex numbers from rectangular to polar form. () 510+ j40 Ans. 540/425° (0) 8-509 Ane. 8/52 (©) 10 = 3250 250/=92.29° ) 10+ 5.528 0p, (@ 8-15 8/858" {g) ~200~ j349 200/812, (@ 2400 882 (0) 02 ~ 5.001 -02/=2.87° 4.11. The following is an exercise in the use of the slide rule. Convert the following numbers written in the polar form to the rectangular form, and those given in rectangular form to polar form. Then convert the answers back to the original form. (@) 4010 (e) 5058 () —.05—F.80 (rm) 80/=982 (a) 5/12 ©) w= jo BOLTAS GG) 150/=5° () -15— jo) B+ (6) 0845.80) 180+ j55 —(K) 00R/—17H—) (Baad? —(@)20/—143.1° : (@ .06[=100° (h) 25/88° (1080+ j250 (p) 26 +418 () 8 F868 4.12, Determine the indicated sum or difference. ; (@) (0/5812) + (4432) Ane. 10+ j10— (@) (-8-+ 18) — (2.07/185°) Ans. 0 (8) (40/902) + (832) 8+i8 @-f10) ~G—s10) 1 | (© (48) + @+i4) =2-72 (MOF) + 6 ~ 13.48/42") 6 + ito (@ (@sa[ase ) — 2-58) ito (0) (6(58:2 ) — (138) 42 4.13. Calculate the product of the following complex numbers. As an additional exercise they may be converted to polar form and the product again determined and checked. (@) i213) Ans. ~~ itd (©) G2)G8) Ans. —10 ©) @+ ins - 8) 6-i6 iGo) 6 (@ (A-sa+in) -2 (a) (2+ i2y(2— 32) 8 @ G2ya—i3) e+ is (h) (eine iv) ate 4.14, In the following problems find the quotient by multiplying the numerator and de- nominator by the conjugate of the denominator. Convert the numbers to the polar form and determine the quotient from this form. (@) (+ i5/(1— 11) Ans. 36 () @+i9/@+2) Ane 15 (6) G4 s/2+ 2) 1-7 5—s0ve+ 54) -25 (@ (~j10/8-+ 5 a-z @) 1016+ 58) s-i8 (@ @+ 1902) ~it (%) 55/232) Maas + i128 | 415, Find each indicated product. | (@) @5+10)(—85-+j43) Ane 451711 (e) (2+ s0)08/212) ‘Ana, 1135/0259 | © (@8~j15)6~ 323) 252/426° —(f) 180° (25/482 )(2/—16%) 5/202 (o (asm 03-+ #48) 508(2982 (9) (12~ j16)(28-+ J 75) asss[ioze (@ (6/202 el=45") (25° () G1.95)26-+ 31) 49/111. 4.16, Express each ratio as a single complex number. (@) @25-+j255/58— 7211) Ane, GAS? (0) (GSSLIZ2VA+1) Ans. 2.08/m146° () (@12— j21.9)/8.54— 78.58) 6102. (+ 566/802 a1d/—35° | (6) (LOT-+ #107 /04.92+ § 868) 238) 16+ 38) af=sae | (@) (-186)16.36— 36.36) 5452 (h) (104 20/0251) 10fiss2s | 4.17. In each case, evaluate 2:22/(es +21). (a) = 10455, #_ = 20/802 Ans, 7418/2782 (0) x, = 6— 2, sy = 1458 Ans. 5.52/23.81° \ 0) 4, = 5(85%, = 10/10? BBB? (a) =, = 20, = 540 119/258°CHAP. 5] COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION 41 Vg lattad Igetetta0) (@) Time domain (#) Prequency domain Fig. 5-10 In Fig. 5-10(a) the voltage and current functions are shown in the complex expressed in the exponential form. This is a time domain plot since t is shown explicitly. In Fig. 5-10(b) the phasor voltage and phasor current are shown. Here the line segments are 1/V2 times those in Fig. 5-10(a), and there is no evidence of time. But the angle @ and the absolute value of the current are funetions of frequency, and thus Fig. 5-10(b) is said to be in the frequency domain. Solved Problems 5.1. Show how X; and Xe vary with frequency by plotting each against » over the range from 400 to 4000 radians per second. LZ = 40mh and C = 25 uf. Substituting in X,=.L and X¢= 1/sC convenient values of w over the given range, the ‘corresponding values of X, and X, are tabulated as in Fig. 6-11(a). Fig. 5-11(6) shows graphs of X, and Xe. ° % Ke | rad/sce | ohms | ohms | x, (ohms) | 400 16 | 100 800 32 0 | 1000 4 0 1600 64 2 2000 80 20 200 | 128 125 4000 | 100 10 oe | @ % 1 Fig.511 ) Any circuit containing L or C will have an impedance which is fore any impedance diagram constructed for a given frequency frequency. function of frequency. There- valid only for that specific 52. Construct the phasor and impedance diagrams and determine the circuit constants for the following voltage and current: v = 150 sin(5000¢+45°), i = 8 sin (5000¢— 15°). ‘The phasor quantities have absolute values of 1/VZ times the maximum values, Thus48 COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION [ouar.s v rosse, 1 = page = osey-ase va us ve y 106/452 0 and z= ¥ = SUE = 50leee = 5 + sass Phasor diagram Impedance diagram Fig.5-12 ‘The current lags the voltage by 60°, indicating an RD series eizeuit. Then from the last equa- tion, of = 48.8 ohms and L = 48.8/5000 = 866 mh. The circuit constants are = 25 ohms and’ = 865 mh, 53. Construct the phasor and impedance diagrams and determine the cireuit con- stants for the following voltage and current: v = 811sin(2500¢+170°) and i = 15.5 sin (2500 ~ 145°). me = aor, 1 = 8S 145° = 11y—4s0 ve vy _ 220/702 . a and m= F = OE = 20/ms8 wad ~ jiaaa Phasor diagram Impedance diagram Fig. 5-18, ‘The current leads the voltage by 45°, indicating an RC eireuit. Then from the last equation, Xe = WoC = 11d ohms and C = 1/(14.14% 2600) = 283 nf. ‘The circuit constants are R= 1414 ohms and C = 283 xt. 54. A two element series circuit with R = 20chms and L = 02h has an impedance of 40/0. Determine the angle @ and the frequency f in cycles per second. Impodance of circuit = 20+ 4X, = 40/e. From Fig. 6-14, @ = cos-120/40 = 60°; then X, = 40sin60? = 84.6 ohms 5 = Ze = Ms Now Xj=eb= tefl and f= 5h = sha = 276 eps Pig. 5dCHAP. 5) COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION 49 55. 56. 5a. A series circuit with R = 10ohms and C = 50,f has an applied voltage with a frequency such that the current leads by 30°. What change in frequency would be necessary to cause the current to lead by 70°? From Fig, 5-15, tan —80° = —Xo/10 = —576 or Xe, = 5.16 ohms. Then Xe, = W/2ef,C and = 1 = 7 NS eke, = RORIO- HET omay = TF OM At the new frequency fz the current leads by 70°. Now tan —10° = —Xey/10 = ~2.74 or Xe, = 27.4 ohms. ‘Then. falfy = XelXey f,/953 = 516/274 and fy = 116 eps. Since Xo varies inversely with «, the larger phase angle at a lower frequency. ries RC circuit has a With f = 500 cps, find the pure element in series with R = 25 ohms which causes the current to lag the voltage by 20°. Repeat for an angle of 20° leading. ‘An angle of 20° tagring requires an inductive reactance X; in series with B.” But the capacitive reactance Xe which yiclés the tame ange of lead has the same chic value aw %y- For the current Ingxing, tan 20° = X,/25 or X, = Then Le = Xy/2ef ~ 954/2e(600) ~ 2.9 mh For the current lending, C= 3/BefX~ = 1/2e(600X0.1) = 36 yf. Fig 516 14 ohms. A series circuit of R= 25ohms and L = 01h is to be used at frequencies of 100, 500 and 1000 eps. Find the impedance Z at each of these frequencies. At f = 100 eps, X;, = 2rfL = 2x(100)(01) = 6.28 ohms. Similarly, f = 500eps gives X, = 84 ohms and f= 1000 eps gives X, = 628 ohms. The corresponding Z values are ‘given in Fig. 5-17 below. £ = 100 f= 1000 1 = 2547028 = 28/419 2 = 25+ fA = 40/514? —Z = 25+ jo2B = 6T.7/58° Fig 5-17 ‘The series circuit of R= 10chms and C = 40yf has an applied voltage v = 500 cos (2500t~20°). Find the current i. Xe = Wel = 1/2500(40 x 10-8 = 10 ohms and the complex impedance Z = 10~ j10 = 10y2/—45°. Converting the voltage to phasor notation, V = (600/V2)/—20°. Then y _(600/V8)/-208 % ~ “Govayaase 25 Ecos (2008 +25") ‘The phasor diagram in Fig. 648 shows the current I leading V by the angle on the impedance 45" 25/25" and Fig 5-18,50 COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION [CHAP. 5 59. The series circuit of R=8 ohms and L=.02h hasan applied y, voltage v = 288 sin (800t+90°), Find the current i. 3 Xz = ab = 300(02) = Gohms, Z= 8+s6 = 10s69, ama | F ‘V = (288/V2)/90° = 200/90°. Then 200/002 ° 200080" = sa and 4 = 20V2 sin 8008 + 58.39) 5.0. Ina series cireuit of R = 5 ohms and L= 08h the current = #%+}-9z. lags the voltage 80°. Determine the frequency of the source and the complex impedance Z of the circuit. oS From Fig. 6-20, %, = 5tan80° = 28.4 ohms, Since X, = 2xfL, f= X,/2eb = 28.4/2x(.03) = 151 eps. ‘The complex impedance Z = 5+ 5 P84 = 288/802 5.1, A 25 pf capacitor is in series with a resistor R at a frequency of 60cps. The resulting current leads the voltage by 45°. Determine the magnitude of R. = 106 ohms. Since the phase angle 5.2 A series cireuit of R= 8ohms and L 70-7 sin (200t + 30°). Later a second voltage v2 = 70.7 sin (800t+30°) is applied in place of the first. Find i for each source and construct the two phasor diagrams. (©) With an aplid voltage, Hy = ob = 200(00) = 12 and Since V, = (To./V2)/30° = 50/802, = R+iX, = 84s = 144/568° _ 80/80" _ gan on ge _ “sess h = qaapegs = SMT/208° andi, = 8.47VZ(ain 200¢— 26.8°) (®) With an applied voltage v, X, = al = 800(06) = 18 and % = 8+ s18 = 19.7/602 Since Vp = 60/802, Ve _ 50/02 Lo a a = FE = guage = 20MM and = 254VE ain 00-26%) Phasor diagram,CHAP. 5] COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION BL 5.3. Use phasors to find the sum of the two currents i = 14.14sin(at+18.2°) and 5d. 55. 5.16, ig = 8.95 sin(ot +121.6°). Refer to Fig. 5-23 below. 1 = (aaa//Eyyis2° = 10pisze = 9 + 7228 1, = (@96/VB)[12162 = s9/121.6° = -2.52 + j5.30 Kth = 6414767 = 10/60° Then iy + i = 10VE sin (at + 50°). Fig 5-28 Fig. 5-24 Fg. 5-25, Find the difference i;—is where i: = 50 cos (st+75°) and is Refer to Fig. 5-24 above. 5.4 C08 (ot + 120°). = Go/VE) = Balt = 9.16 + jade I, = (85.4/y2)f120° = 25/120° = —12.5 + jeL7 —h = BLT +iIRs = 25/a0 Then i, — ty = 25VBcos ot +90%). Find the sum of the three currents i: = 82.6 sin (ot-145°), i = 92.6 sin (ot—25°) and. is = 82.6 sin (ot + 95°). 1, = (@26/yB)(—145° = 23/—115° = ~188 ~ j13.2 1, = (926/725 = 25/259 = a98— som 1, = @2o/yBy(52 = 25/052 = 2 +B hthth 7.09 ‘Within the limits of slide rule accuracy the sum is zero. ‘The phasor diagram, Fig. 5-25 above, ‘shows that the three currents are spaced 120° apart. This, together with the equal magnitudes, obviously results ina sum of zero. Find the sum of the two voltages 0 = 126.5 sin (ot +63.4°) and vs = 44.7 cos (et— 161.5°). Express the sum as a sine function and then also as a cosine function. Converting vy into a sine function, v = 44.7 sin (at 161.5° + 90°) = 44.7 sin (wt 715°), Now V, = (126.5/y2)/03.4° = 89.5/684° = 40+ 780 Ve = (4t/V2)[a1L5° = 81.6/—11.5° = 10-780 Vit Ve = 50-4 60 = Govz/45° and vy + vy = 100 sin (ot + 45°), Also, since sing = cos (2—90°), vj +0, = 100 cos (ut ~ 45°).62. COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION [CHAP. 5 5.17. Express each of the following voltages in phasor notation and locate them on a phasor diagram; 0; = 212 sin (ot +45°), v2 = 141.4sin(ot-90°), vs = 127.8c08 (at +80"), 04 = 85 cos (ot 45°), vs = 141.4 sin (at + 180°), ‘The voltages must all be of the same function, either sine or cosine, before they can be expressed as phasors on the same phasor diagram. Change v and v, to sine fune- tions: vy = 127.8 sin (ot +120°), in ot + 48°). Vs = (arava = 15045 Ve = (1414/V2)/=90° = 100/902 Vo = (127.9/V2)/120° = 90/1202 Va = oWvEyas? 60/552, Ve = (MaLa/y2)(180° = 100/180° Supplementary Problems In Problems 5.18-5.22 draw the phasor and impedance diagrams and determine the cireuit constants assuming a two element series circuit. 518.» = 288 cos (8008+ 150°), ¢ = 11.8 cos 800" + 140°) Ans, R= 248, L = 543 mh 519, 50 sin (2000¢~25°), i = 8 sin 2000¢ +5°). Ane. R= BA, C= 1604 520. v = 10 ¢0s(60004~ 160°), i = 1.888 cos (6000t ~78.82°) Ans. R= 5, C = 26.1¢ 521. = 80 sin (1008+ 455), f= 8 eos (L000¢ — 90°). Ans. R= 101, L = 101 mh 5.22,» = 424 cos(2000+80°), i = 28.8 cos (20008 + 83.29) Ans. B= 9, C= 41.6 uf 5.28. A series circuit has R = 8 ohms and C = 90 £, At what frequency will the current lead the voltage by 30°? Ans. f = 1155 ops 524, An RL series circuit has L = 21.2 mh. At a frequency of 60 eps the current lags the voltage by 584%. Find R. Ane. B= 6 ohms 125, A two clement series circuit has a voltage V=240/0° and a current T= 50/—60°. Determine the phasor current which would result from the same applied voltage if the circuit resistance is redueed to (a) 60%, (b) 80% of its former value. Ans, (a) 54.1/~10.85° , (b) 57.1/—80.15° 1526. The voltage and current in a two clement series circuit are V = 150/—120° and 1 = 7.5/—90°. ‘What percent change in the resistance will result in a phasor current of 12 amperes, and what is ‘the angle associated with this eurrent? Ans. 56.8% reduetion, /~66.8° 521. An RC series cireuit with R = 10 ohms has an impedance with an angle of —45° at a frequency fy = 800 eps. Find the frequency for which the absolute value of the impedance is (a) twice that at fy (0) one-half that at Ans. (a) 189 eps, (6) Not possible since the lower limit of Z is 10+ 0. 5.28 An RL series circuit with = 10 ohms has an angle of 20° on the impedance at a frequency fy = 100 eps. At what frequency will the absolute value of the impedance be twice the value at f,? Ans. 380 eps 5.28, In a two element series circuit with R = 5 ohms the current Ings the applied voltage by 76° at 1a frequency of 60 eps. (a) Determine the second element in the eireuit. (0) Find the phase angle which results from a third harmonie f= 180 eps. Ans. (a) .0496h, (8) @ = 84.88° 530. A series circuit consists of R = 5 ohms and C = 60 pf. Two voltage sources are applied one at a time, vy = 170 cos (1000¢-+ 20°) and v= 170 cos (2000¢-+ 20°). Find the current which results from each source. Ans, i = 8.25 cos (10001-+95.95°), i, = 15.2 cos (20008 + 82.4°)CHAP. 5] COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION 58. sal, a2. 533, 53K, 535. 536. 531 538, 539, 5.40, sal, 5.42, 5.43, A two clement series circuit has the following voltage and current for w = 2000 rad/see: ‘V = 160/=45° and T= 4.74/—116.6°. A second voltage source results in an angle of 80° between the voltage aid current. Determines of this second source, Ans. 886 rad/see Referring to Problem 5.81, what change in source frequency would result in a phasor current of 6 amp? With unlimited variation in frequeney, what is the maximum possible phasor current? Ans. 23.6% reduction in f, 15.0 amp Find the sum of the two voltages v, = 60 sin(at-+90°) and vp = 60 sin(wt+30°) shown in Fig. 5-27 below. What voltage would be indicated on a voltmeter across the two outer terminals? Ans, 868 sin (at +60°), 61.2 volts Find the sum of the two voltages v; = 85 sin (ut-+45°) and vg = 100 sin(wt—30°) shown in Fig. 5-28 below. Let the positive sense of the sum be in agreement with vy. Ans. 97 sin (ot + 1296°) el Ol ue) { wm | Fig. 5-27 Find the voltmeter reading across the three impedances shown in Fig. 5-29 above when the Individual voltages are v, = 70.7 sin (st + 20°), vy = 28.8sin (ut + 120°), vy = 14.14 c08 (ot + 80°), Ans. 583 volts : In Fig. 5-30 above, determine v if the other voltages are vj = 21.6 c0s(ot+ 724°) and vp = 20 c05(ot= 35°). Ans. vy = 42-4 cos (ut ~ 80°) Referring to Problem 5.37, find the reading on a voltmeter applied across each impedance and then across both impedances. How can this result be explained? Ans. Vi, = 80, Vz = 224, Vp = 141d volts Detarmine the indication on the ammeter of Fig. 581 below when the two currents are i = 1414 sin (ot 20°) and ig = TOT sin (ot +60°). Ans. 11.9 amperes In Fig. 582 below, determine iy when the three currents are i = 1414 sin(ot +45°), i = 14.14 sin (ot = 75°), “iy -o Fig. 5-31 Fig. 5-32 Fig. 538 Fig. 54 Find the phasor current J, with the dirvetion shown on the diagram, Fig. 6-88 above, if 1, = 25/702 and Yy=25/-170°. ‘Ans. Ty = 25/—60° Find the current i and the indication on the ammeter in Fig. 5-24 above when the other currents are ip = 182 sin (et—81°) and i = 254 sin (at-+20°), Ane. iy = 11.8 sin (at 45°), 8 amp ‘With fixed frequency and fixed circuit elements, the impedance is a point on the impedance diagram. However, if an element or the frequency is variable there results an impedance locus instead of the single point, For each of the following figures, discuss what may be variable to produce the {impedance locus. fi i i ° loous of Z ey = we @ © o @ 4.14 sin (et 195), Ana, ip = 0 seus of focus of Z Fig 5-35,58 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS (CHAP. 6 Bxample 8. Given Z= 84 j4, find the equivalent admittance Y. Y= 2 = 1/p(saa2 = 2/xs232 = 12-ja8 from which G = 12 mhos conductance and B = 16 mhos inductive susceptanee. Alternate method. G = RARE+ XY) = 9/9416) = 12 and B= —X/R+¥) = —4725 “16, Thos ¥ = 12 —j.16. Solved Problems 6.1. ‘The two impedances Z: and Zs shown in Fig. 6-12 below are in series with a voltage souree V = 100/0°. Find the voltage across each impedance and draw the voltage phasor diagram. 1 E100 100/02, el na |ecronee Fig.6-12 Fig. 6-13 Ugg = Ty Ty = W424 54) = 12454 = 12.65/1845° and T= Y= = 19[=1848°." Then SS Vy = 1% = 19/-1846° (10) = 79/1845 = 74.9 ~ j25 Va = Wy = (7.9/=1845° (4.A7/6B4°) = 35.3[452 = 25 + j28 Now V; + V2 = (74.9— 25) + (25+ j25) = 99.9-+ jo ~ 100/02 the voltage phasor diagram of Fig. 6-18 above. Vas shown graphically in 25/159 62, Calculate the impedance Z_ in the series cir- cuit of Fig. 6-14. ° r For the given circuit, Za = sue] Ea iz 20/802 = 104/173, Since Bq = Th+ 2, 104 j1T3 = G+) +2, and % = 5 +703 Fie 63. In the circuit shown in Fig. 6-15 below, at a frequency » = 400 rad/sec the current leads the voltage by 63.4°. Find R and the voltage across each circuit element. Draw the voltage phasor diagram. T 8 oO] aa % x SotCHAP. 6) SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 59 X;, = als = 40025 x 10-8) = 10 ohms, Xe = WeC = 1/400(60 x 10 B+ jX,—Xe) = R~jl0. Also, Z ="Z/—6B4°, Since tan ~63.4° ~40/(tan =68.4°) ‘The impedance Z 2.68/63.4°. Then Va = 586) z zg 44.7/=68.4° and the current 1 = ¥ = A°, Vz, = 26.8/153.4°, and Vo = 184/~26.6° ‘The voltage phasor diagram in Fig. 6-16 above shows Vg tVi+Ve = Ve 64, The cireuit constants K and L of a coil are to be found by placing the coil in series with a 10 ohm standard resistor and reading the voltages across R,, across the coil and across the complete series circuit. Determine R and L if the following 60 cycle voltages were read: Vi,=20, Vou = 22.4, Vr=86 volts. ‘The voltage Vr, across the standard resistor and the eur- rent [are in phase. ‘Let Vi, = 20/0°; then I= Va/R, = 2/0°, In Fig. 6.17, from the tail end of phasor Vr, we swing fn are of radius 36, and from the arrow end of Vn, we swing an are of radius 22.4. ‘The intersection of the two ares gives the arrow end of phasors Vr and Vou, thus satisfying the relation Vp = Va. + Vea We calculate the angle of phasor Vr by applying the law of cosines, cosa — (OP4 (207 — (224) _ p51 a 2(36)20) " To ‘Then Vp = 36/8812 = 80+ j20 and Vou = Vr—Va, 10 + j20 = 22.4/634°. The impedance of the coil is Zeon meen Veu/T = (10-+ j20)/2 = 6+ j10, from which R At f= 60eps, X, = BfL = 2x(60)L ‘ohms. 10 and L = 285 mh. 65. For the parallel circuit of Fig. 6-18 below, find the branch currents and the total current. Construct the phasor diagram. Find Za, from V/I and compare with sla (Ls + Za). 4. 4] soe()f Ew Fig. 6.18 Fig. 6.19 v _ S002 a n= f= pee = momar = 030 v _ 50/0e ‘0 Bago = SE the ute ¥ _ _S0l02 , Zils Zag = T= ayaa = SSUES, Bag = y= ‘The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 6-19 above. 18.636260 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS [oHar. 6 68. For the series-parallel circuit of Fig. 6-20, find the current in each element. 5410) Yq = 10+ SEO, = sa + je = talssse and v _ _ 10002 = = MUO = porsnase. Then Tanase he sae weO{ wh s Ip = = Tors s)_ (gar) = saspamsse Ine = te(gaig) = tardnaee (sfag) = stecame? 310) — onp-gaae(—i19_) . Fie.620 t= n(pifg) = sca (gy) = atc? 6.7. In the parallel circuit of Fig. 6-21 below, the effective values of currents I, Is and Ir are 18, 15 and 80 amperes respectively. Determine the unknown impedances F and Xi. Fig. 6-21 Fig. 6.22 Applying Kirchhof’s current law, I, +1; = Ip Iz is in phase with the applied voltage V. Let Ty = 15/02; then V = 15/0° (4) = 60/0°. With an inductive reactance present, I, lags the applied voltage. Using the same construction as in Problem 6.4, Fig. 6-22 above is drawn. Then (15? + (18)? ~ (80 _ 9.65 and soe 5) C18) = 5° ¥_ _ooioe = 2 = W/oa9se. Then % = 7 = agrrgegs = BSSL405 “From the diagram, 1, ‘The complex admittance Y, = W/R + W/iX, = 1/8.85/495° = 195 —j.228. Hence 1 5418 0hms and X, = Az = 4.80 ohms 68. In the series circuit of Fig. 6-23 below, the effective value of the current is 5 amp. What are the readings on a voltmeter placed first across the entire circuit and then across each element? 2 it va ven to y Surt w Fig. 628 Fig. 6-2CHAP. 6) SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 61 oq = 244 —J6 = 289/452. Then Vy = 82.88) = 1414 volts Vig = 5(4) = 20 volts Va = (2) = 10 volts Vig = 5(6) = 30 volts ‘The voltage phasor diagram, Fig. 6-24, shows the addi circuit element. n of the voltage phasors across each 69. In the parallel circuit of Fig. 6-25 the volt- meter reads 45 volts across the 8 ohm resistor. What is the indication on the ammeter? Jy = 45/8 = 15 amp. Assuming an angle of 0°, 15/09. Then V = 15/0° (8 — ja) = 63.6/—45° and Ip = 68.6/=45° (5 +72) = 118/668" = 4.64 —j10.85. Now Ty = + ly = (464 ~ 71085) +15 1964 — j10.85 = 22.4/-29° ‘The ammeter reads 22.4 amp. 6.10. In the series-parallel circuit shown in Fig. 6-26 the sslane effective value of the voltage across the parallel part of the cireuit is 50 volts. Find the corresponding magnitude of V. 20+ joy oer rot * Zp = ap jeor fe = SS2BRASS = 149 + 76.52 Zoq = 85/208 + (149 + 78.52) = 12.8/50.4° Since V =x and V, v Thy, VolZp=Vi2oq- Then Cugl%_) = 60(12.3/5.52) = 111.5 volts 6.11. For the four branch parallel circuit of Fig. 6-27, find the total current and the equivalent impedance. y= 5 ~i2 rr 6 Y, = 1/10/60° = .05 —j 0866 wsopsse(~)f is uz 0S Ys = 118 067 ass Y, = y-i10 ja You = AIT Fa866 = 29-589 ree Then Ty = VY = (150(45° (22/582) = 88/182 and Taq = UY = 1/(22/=582) = 455/582 6.12. In the three branch parallel circuit of Fig. 6-28, determine the impedance Z;. Complex admittance of cireuit, Yoq v a1.5/24° 4 “popsor = 0812389 = 515.87. Since Yqy = jn By ¥,4 (4) + (a6 j.12) : 5 V2[—45°. Then * WY, = 2vBa52 = 2+ 32 Alternate method, 150/602 50609 Athth = = 815/24 from which I, = 177/162. ++ +e 31.5/24 hich Ty = 177/085 _y¥ 50/600 — Hees t= E = PU = avs = 2+62 6.13. 6.4. 6.15. 6.16. SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS (CHAP. 6 Given the voltage phasor diagram of Fig. 6-29, determine the corresponding equiva- lent impedance and admittance. a ewes 120/302 1 _ 8(=15° na PS yo aeie Yvan ous: 025652 a 260 + 89 out j.0171 T 3 ° e ~g iu Sosain Fig. 6-29 Find Zaq and Yu of the series-parallel circuit in Fig. 6-30. First calculate the equivalent admittance of ‘the three branch parallel part of the circuit and then convert it to impedance. Apt, 4 Yu = 5+ EEE = se jat = asT/s67° and Jog = UX rq = 21N/40.1° = 1AT + 51.56 Fig. 6-30 \ Now Zug = (2+ 58) + (LAT+JL.56) = B47 + 3656 = 7.42/62.1° Yoq = (742/622) = 195/621 = 063 — j.119 Convert the series-parallel cireuit of Problem 6.14 to two equivalent circuits con- taining Zoq and Yea respectively. If a voltage V = 120/0° is applied to each circuit, find the currents. Fig 61 (@ @ = razon? ( ¥ = 95/021" v _ _120/02 ae T= V¥ = (120/09 .125/-622°) re = WOO = 1e2/on 02 162/—62.1° ‘The constants of a coil are given in series as R, and L,. Determine the parallel equivalent constants, Rp and Z,, in terms of Ry and Ly. Since the admittances of the two equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 6:82 must be equal, 7 ya 1 Ry jabs Ye Ye or ae Gab, ~ Rpt al, ~ TET CLE Ry og Equating real parts and j parts of the two admittances, e re EFF CLF july ~ EF CLF Pig. 6-32 from which Ry = Ry (ol,}/R, and by = Ly + RY.CHAP. 6) SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 63. 67. 6.18. 6.19, Find the equivalent impedance of the series-parallel circuit shown in Fig. 638. eb (aes + jal BB+ Rs) — jel] = (Ra + i ¢s + joLRs)|(Ry + Ry) — jul ta = B+ Rta = at Re) + LP Lt R, + ReRalRa+ Ry) + ALAR, + juLRs(Ry + Ry) ~ joL(RR,) R z + (R, + Ry? + (ol RARE+ RR +eLY) LR} [= + Soe raoe) * [ara Rag + jabeg 0 In the parallel circuit of Fig. 6-84 the first branch contains two equal resistors R in series and the second branch contains a resistor Ry in series with a variable inductance L. Show how the voltage between A and B varies as Lis changed. In the first branch, the current Ty =V/2R and the potential across the lower resistor is I4R = 4V. In the second branch, the current Ty = VAR, + job) ‘and the potential across the inductance is Ipiok Tap el ee Since the polarities are as shown in Fig, 6-85, = qw-—¥ Van = UR ~ Tnlial) = 4 ~ BT Gal) Rationalizing the right hand term of the above expr wwe obtain and separating the real and j parts, ba at) (ot mn = v[(}- >) - i [G- atte) - ate] ‘The expresion in brackets ia a complex number which, converted to polar form, has an absolute value rand an amplitadeg a8 follows, = Moth + OD tans 20L/R) Feet eh Hye i= oR ‘Thus the absolute value of Vag is constant, ie. Vag = 4V; and since tan 2x = (2 tan 2)/(1 — tants) and oL/f = tang, 9 =—20' where # isthe angle on the complex impedance of the second branch, 6 = tot In the network of Fig. 6-36, two active loops are connected by a 10 ohm resistor. Find the potential difference between A and B. From Fig. 686 we calculate rojaoe 10/80" 6 “Goa ws? 1 rome Ye and Ip = 20/2 10/02 2/-53.1° a+i ~ Fpsie ‘To caleulate Van, the voltages across the elements shown in’ Fig. 6-87 are needed. ‘Thus, considering the proper polarities, we have64 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS (CHAP. 6 Vax Vax ia(~id) = -2/89.19 (4) = -8/269° = -7.944 5.96 (no current is passing through ‘the 10 ohm resistor) A+ is Vee jd) = 2/=B8A° 4) = 8/26.9° Hence Van = Vax + Viv + Vr = —1.54+ 6.76 = 5.967105" 620, The total current entering the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 6-88 is given by Ir = 18/45°. Determine the potential difference between points A and B. From Fig. 6-38 we have = h(g) = 1108e(a8 (atm) ¢ +e, = Xs n= ie(z27,) 0 " 4.66/120° (git) = asp suse) = 17800 ‘The voltages across the 20 ohm resistance and the i6 A 2 reactance are Vay = 14(20) = 98:2/120° and Vyp = Ip(j6) = h + 105/120° respectively. 7 " ‘The sketch in Fig. 689 permits the two voltages to be a S added with the correct polarity. Thus Van = (09.2/120°) ~ (105/120°) = 11.8/~60° Fig. 6-99 621. Determine the equivalent impedance between ter- minals A and B in the bridge cireuit of Fig. 6-40. ‘The parallel combination of Z and Z, is in series with the parallel combination of Z and Z. Then Libs a Zs t Hh 500(2000/-80° ) 250/808 (1000) = 00+ a000Z=a0° * 350/305+ 1000 596 /4.05° Supplementary Problems \ 62a tn tne eres drat Fig, 641 bow, fn the vgs acest each implancn Show on «phasor diagram that the sum V; + V2-+ Vs is equal to the applied voltage V = 100/0°. Ane, 314/208" , 25.1/508° , 629/=20.2° oom Boom ow Tae 460 10/=a0° Tae toro Fig. 6-41 Pig. 6-42 623, In the series circuit shown in Fig. 6-42 above, find the applied voltage V if the voltage drop across ZyAs 21/102 volts. Ans. 126.5/—24.6°CHAP. 6) SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 65 624, Three impedances 2, = 6+ 46, Z = —i8 and Z = 4 are connected in series to an unknown voltage source V. Find I and V if the voltage drop across Zq is 62.2/18.45° volts, Ans. T= 168/18:45° , ¥-= 150/0° \ cas Artes we V2 ts mnt tcl of dB ad wie yn inucthe uch a an ery rss he anne area Te ge Hook lua rng veneer OF, Una tel a \. RSE 626. In the series circuit of Fig. 6-43 below, there is voltage drop across the j2 reactance of 18.04/15°. Determine Z. Ane. R= 4 ohms, Xe = 15 ohms \ vy 621. A series cirouit consists of a resistance R = 1 ohm, an inductive reactance jX, = j4 ohms and 4 third impedance Z If the applied voltage and resulting current are V=50/45° and T=112/1084°, what is the impedance Z? Ane. Z = 1—78 Ke 791 amp v 250 volte Fig. 648 Y gan. 4 then nt sence contains on ndctnce = 02h. The apple vatagn and revling arrent ate shown on te phasor dngsan fy Figs 244 atove If 'e "BOO rad/ess what ete ther two cael eomental 629, Find Z and ¥ which correspond to the phasor diagram in Fig. 6-45 above. Ane. Z = 2-55, Y = A+ 405 \ gan. tec cnstnis and of clare to be determin by comeing th a sre wih 4 isso ofS cna tnd springs 120 sc © pe oe ol ester wae eo Sorte tnd tol Bad and C1 Vee tS ad Vag ool ‘tee B= Sea, = TO 631. A series combination of R and C is connected in series with a resistance of 15 ohms. When a source of 120-volts at 60 cycles is applied to the complete circuit, the effective voltages across the RC combination and the pure resistor are 87.3 and 63.6 volts respectively. Find R and C. Ans. R= 6 ohms, C = 1825 xf 632, Find Zag and Yqq for the two branch parallel cireult shown in Fig. 6-46 below. Compute the current from each equalent ciel. Ane. Za = IRG(TIBy Yq 888/116, Ty TOTS TIS! wE os wal} al 3, ‘ suo sorse(~)| sae! oe) wmene(~)| og oer ae Be \ Fin 646 Finest Figo 633, In the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 6.47 above, find the two branch currents and the total current. Construct the current phasor diagram showing I, Ip and Tp. Ana. 16/25° , 12/0°, 27.4/143°66 636. 631. ea, 642, \ eas, \ ote SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS [omar. 6 4, Find Ty in the two branch parallel circuit shown in Fig. 648 above. Find Zag from the ratio V/Ip and compare this with Zug = Zy2a/(+ 7%). Ana. Tp = 179/429 , pq = 8.89/=124° A two branch parallel circuit has corresponding phasor diagram as shown in Fig. 6-49 below. Find the branch impedances Z, and Zy Ans. Zy = 25+ j20, Z, = 15/=90° ‘A two branch parallel cireuit has an applied voltage and resulting currents as given in the phasor diagram shown in Fig. 6-50 below. Find the branch impedances Z, and Z. Ans, Ty = 11.55~ 720, 2 = 216+ 11.15 10 z 150 Fig. 6-19 Fig. 6-50 Fig. 651 In Fig, 6-61 above, given I,=2/-80° and Tp=447/884°, find Zy Ans. Zy=—i8 Use admittances to obtain Yqq and Zq for the four branch parallel cireuit shown in Fig. 6-52 below. Compute Ip from the equivalent circuit. Ans. Yqq = 22/—68°, Zyq = 4.55/58°, Tp = 98/=18° WWW CO 8 5 TO) a 6 . a WWW “COO Pie Pee Find Zq and Yoq of the threo branch parallel circuit of Fig. 6-53 above. Ant, Tug = 281/212, Yoq = 848/=212 In Fig. 6.54 below, given V = 50/20° and Ip=279/678°, determine Z. Ans. Z Fig. 654 Fig. 6.5 In Fig. 6-65 above, given V= 100/002 and T= 60.2/102.5°, determine Z. Ans, Z = 5/45° A series combination of R and C is in parallel with a 20 chm resistor. A 60 cycle source results in fa total current of 7.02, a current to the 20 ohm resiator of 6, and a current in the RC branch of 29 amperes. Determine R and C. Ane. R= 15 ohms, C= 58.1 af Referring to Fig, 6-56 below, determine the clreuit constants R and X;, if the total effective current is 29. the current in the pure resistor 8, and the current in the parailel RL branch 22.3 ampere Ane, R = 58 ohms, X; = 14.5 ohms In the cireuit shown in Fig. 6.57 below, find the voltage Vay. Ans, 28.52/188.68°CHAP. 6) SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 67 645, A voltmeter placed across the 3 ohm resistor shown in Fig. 6-58 reads 45 volts, What is the ammeter reading? Ans. 19.4 amp 10 [7 2 wi 3 8 Fig. 6-58 Fig. 6-59 646, The voltmeter reads 45 volts across the 5 ohm resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. 6-59 above. Find the ammeter reading. Ans. 18 amp G47, Referring to the circuit of Problem 6.46, find the effective voltage between the points A and B. Ana, 25.2 volts 6.48, In the circuit of Fig. 6-60 below, the effective voltage between points A and B is 25 volts. Find the corresponding effective values of V and I;. Hint. Assume any convenient V’ and determine the corresponding Vin. Then V/25=V//Viy Ane. 548 volts, 142 amp Fig. 6-60 Fig. 6-61 6.49, In the parallel eireuit shown in Fig. 6-61 above, find the effective value of the voltage source if the potential between A and J is 60 volts. Ans. 54.6 volts Referring to Fig. 6-62 below, select any convenient values for R and X;. Verify that, for any ‘values given to R and X;, the effective value of Van is 50 volts. ron) Fig. 6622 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION (cHAP. 7 Referring to the power triangle, the hypotenuse S is a measure of the loading on the dis- tribution system, and the side P is a measure of the useful power delivered. It is therefore desirable to have S as close to P as possible, that is, to make the angle 0 approach zero. Since pf=cosé, the power factor should approach unity. For the usual case of an inductive load, it is often possible to improve the power factor by placing capacitors in parallel with the load. Note that since the voltage across the load remains the same, the useful power P also does not change. Since the power factor is increased, the current and apparent power decrease, and a more efficient utilization of the power 4istribution system is obtained. Example 2 In the circuit of Example 1, correct the power factor to 9 lagging by addition of parallel capacitors. Find 5” after Pome ‘the correction is introduced, and the vars of capacitors re- ‘quired to obtain such correction. Redraw tho power triangle determined in Example 1. Now, .9 = cos’ and 0” = 26°; then S! = Pleose’ = 1200/cos26° = 1383 Since Q = S sino" = 1838 sin 26° = 585 vars lagging, Capacitor vars = Q—Q = 1600 ~ 585 = 1015 leading Since P remains unchanged, the work also remains un- changed after correction of the power factor. However, the value of has been reduced from 2000 to 1883 va. Fig. 7-9 Solved Problems 71. Given a circuit with an applied voltage v = 150sin(et+10°) and a resulting current ¢ = 5sin(ot—50°), determine the power triangle. V = (160/VE)/102 = 106/108 and 1 = (/YB)/=0° = 854/502. Then S = VIF = (106/102 )(8.54/50°) = 875/602 = 197.5 + j925 ‘from which P = Revit = 1875 Q = Imvit = 325 vars lagging S = [Wi] = 815 va pf = cos60° = .5 lagging Fig. 7410 7.2. A two element series circuit has a power of 940 watts and a power factor of .707 leading. If the applied voltage v = 99 sin(6000¢+30°), determine the circuit constants. ‘The phasor form of the applied voltage is V = (99/V/2)/B0° = 70/802. Now the power P= Vcore, 240 = T01(01) and I= 19 amperes. Since the power factor ie 707 leading, the phasor current must lead the voltage by cos"1.707 = 45°. ‘Then I= 19/15. The impedance of the eireait. Z = V/I = (70/30°)/49/78° ) = 8.68/—45° = 26-726. Since Z= R—iXc and Xe = WoC, we have R= 260hms and 1 = sooo 7 OE Alternate method. Put 1 19 amperes in P= TPR and obtain 940 = (19)°R, R = 2.6 ohms, Then Z = Z[=45° = 26—jX¢ and X= 26. Hence C= WoXe = 64 pf.CHAP. 7 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 3 73. Given the series circuit of Fig. 7-11, determine the power triangle. Fig. 7.12 (60/902 )/(6/58.1° ) S = VIF = (60/—90° 1014a.ie) = 500/63.1° ‘The components of the power triangle shown in Fig. 7-12 are P= 800, Q = 400varslagging, S = 500va, pf = cos 681° Alternate method. Substituting 7 P= PR = 10%) From Fig. Toll, Z= 84 j6~j2 = 5/531° and 1= WZ ‘Then o/—143.1° 10 ++ 5400 6 legging 74. In the circuit shown in Fig. 7-13 the total effec- tive current is 30 amperes. Determine the power rstonn Taine = sone, a, = amp ($=2 saaseiass? and 4 = m902( 54) = inne, ee P= BR G+ Re = (18.45) (4) + (12.726) = FAX = (2.08(9) = 483 vars leading S = P—iQ = 2165 ~j483 = 2210/-126°, § = 22100 pt = P/S = 2165/2210 = .98 leading The above rats can alo be found by calculating the equivalent impedance Zq = 6=i 2a} 088. Then P = TR = 3042.4) = 2160w and @ = 804533) = 479.7 vars leading os 75. In the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-14, the total power is 1100 watts. Find the power in each a resistor and the reading on the ammeter. -CH 114 obtain 10 vy. v viv ae ~ es z 71 ah The ratio of the magnitudes of the currents is 24 = WS —2. Using the relation P= PR, 1, vA0 = 1 J the ratio of the powers in the 3 and 10 ohm resistors is, Po BR Qye-¢ ER, ij ~ 5"4 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION [omar.7 Now Pr = Py-+Pyy, from which, dividing both terms by Py Pr/Pyo = PyPye+1 and Pyy = 100(6/11) = 500, Py = 1100~ 500 = 600. Since P= PR, 18) = 600 and y= 1414. Let V=V/0%; then 1 = Mdad/nsaa2 = 84s — j11.81 = 107/02 101 and Ip = th = 1555-7111 = 1925/-26° ‘The meter reading is 19.25 amp. 76. Determine the power triangles for each branch of the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-15 and add them to obtain the power triangle for the entire circuit. © “Ol 1] [faa | Fig. 7-15, Fir Branch 1. Branch 2 1, = w/t = (2ojene)/(4/ane) = 5/902 Ty = W/t = (20/602) /(6{602) = 4/02 S, = VIZ = (20/60° (6/—80°) = 100/30° S, = VIZ = (20/60° (4/02) = 80/60° = 866 + 350 Then ‘Then Py = Revit = 866 Py Q = Imviy = 50 vars lagging e S, = [vit] = 100 va Ss pf, = B/S, = 866 lageing Pt From the above results and referring to Fig. 7-16, obtain the total power triangle as follows: Pp = Prt Py = 806440 = 1266, Or = Qi +O, = 504602 119.2 vars lagging Since Sp = Pr+iQr = 1266+ jilo2 = 174/48.4°, Sp = [Sy] = 1hva and php = Py/Sp = 126.6/174 = 727 lagging 7.7. An induction motor with a 2hp output has an efficiency of 85%. At this load the power factor is .8 lagging. Determine the complete input power information. Since 1 hp = 146 watts, Pip = 2(746)/85 = 1755 w. Then S = 1755/8 = 2190 va, 6 = cos-1(8) = 868°, @ 2190 sin 36.9° 315 vars laggingCHAP. 7] POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 8 78. 79. 740. — Determine the total power triangle for the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-17 if the power in the 2 ohm resistor is 20 watts. From P= PR wehave 1{(2) = 20 and 1, = 816 amp. Since % = 2—i5 = 638[-682°, V = 12 = 8160638) = AT volts, Let V= 17/0%5 then 4, = 8:16/68.2°, ty = W/2 = (17/02 )/(V 2452) and Ip = th = tA2082 Fig tat To calculate the power Sp = Vip = 17/09 (11.1/29.8°) = 189/29.89 = 164 + jo4 angle components, S; is needed. Thus ‘from which Pr i6tw, Or vars lagging, Sp = 189va, pf = 164/189 = .868 lagging Determine the power components of a combination of three individual loads specified as follows: Load 1, 250 va, pf .5 lagging; Load 2, 180 w, pf 8 leading; Load 3, 300 va, 100 vars lagging. Caleulate the unknown average power and reactive power of each load. Thus: 60°, Q = Ssing = 250 sinG0? = 216 vars lagging Load 2 Given P = 180w, pf = 8 leading. S = Pipt = 10/5 369°, @Q = 225 sin36.9° = 135 vars leading = 225 va, 6 = cos! Load 8. Given S = 200 va, Q = 100 vars lagging. {4 = sin-¥(Q/S) = sin-1 (100/300) = 19.5°, P =S.cose = 300 cos19.5° = 283 w ‘Then Pp = 125-4 1804283 = 588.w, Qy = 216-125 + 100 = 181 vars lagging Since Sp = Pp+jQy = 588+ j181 = 616/17.1°, Sy = 616 va and pf = P/S = 588/616 = 955 Ingeing Fig, 7-18 shows the power triangles of the individual and combined loads. ‘A 25 kva transformer supplies a load of 12 kw at a power factor of .6 lagging. Find the percentage of full load the transformer is carrying. If additional unity power factor loads are to be served with the same transformer, how many kw may be added before the transformer is at full load? For the 12 kw load, S = P/pf = 12/.6 = 20 kva, Then {% full load = (20/25)100 = 80%6 TAL. POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION (omar.7 Since _¢ = cos~1.6 = 581°, Q = Sain 20 sin58.1° = 16 kvar lagging.’ The additional loads have unity power faetor; therefore the reac- tive power Q remains unchanged. Then, at full load capacity, the angle ‘¢’ = sin-! (16/25) = $9.8° and the total power Py = S' cose’ = 26 c0s99.8° = 192 kw. Hence ‘Additional load = Pp —P = 192-12 = 12k ‘The above result ean also be obtained graphi cally as shown in Fig. 7-19. Notice that with the addition of loads at unity power factor the overall power factor is improved, fue. pf = cos 89.8° = .768 lagging. Fig. 7219 Referring to Problem 7.10, if the additional loads have a power factor of .866 leading, how many kva of these loads can be added to bring the transformer to its full load capacity? From Problem 7.1, S = 20kva, @ = 581°, Q = 16 kvar lagging. Draw the power triangle ‘as shown in Fig, 7-20(a). With the S_ of the new loads added at an angle 4, = cos-1.866 = 80°, the angle #” is needed. Referring to Fig. 7-20(8), we have 25/sin 969° = 20/sing, sinp = 795, p = 626° ‘Then y = 180° — (96.9°+52.6°) = 305° and 5ad° — 305° = 226°, o Fi ‘The power and reactive power for the full load are Py = 25 cos22.6° = 23.1kw and Qr = 25 sin22.6° = 9.6 kvar lagging respectively. Now, for the added loads, P, = 28.1—12 TA kw, Qq = 16-96 = 6.4 kvar leading and, since S; = P;+iQ, = 111—J64 = 12.8/-80°, Sp = 128 kva ‘Thus 128 kva of new loads with a power factor of .866 leading may be added to the 12 kw ‘at 6 pf lagging to bring the transformer up to its rated 25 kva. Another method. From Fig. 7-20(a), for an angle ¢ = 80°, S,00s80 = (V5/2)Sp, Qg = Sysin30° = 45, Ps Now WS) = PHP + QQ Substituting, a5 = (12 + VHIRS*+ 6-48," and_——Sy = 128 kvCHAP. 7) POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 7 7,12. A 500 kva transformer is at full load with an overall power factor of .6 lagging. The power factor is im- proved by adding capacitors until the overall power factor becomes .9 lagging. Determine the kvar of capacitors required. After correction of the power factor, what percentage of full load is the trans- former carrying? For the transformer at full load (see Fig. 7-21), P = Vicose = 5006) = 800 kw ° sass Q = Visine = 500 sinS8.1° = 400 kvar lagging When pf = 9 lagging, cos. Fig. 7-21 c of = cos-1.9 = 269, S$’ = 900/9 = a83kva, Q! = 8888in26° = 146 kvar lagging Hence Capacitor kvar = Q-Q’ = 400~ 146 and ‘% full load = (983/500)100 = 254 leading 66.7% 7.13. A group of induction motors with a total of 500 kw and a power factor of .8 lagging is to be partially replaced with synchronous motors of the same efficiency but leading power factor of .707. As the replacement program continues, the overall power factor is constantly improving. What percentage of the load will have been replaced when the system power factor reaches .9 lagging? Since the synchronous motors have the same efficiency as the induction motors, the total average power remains constant at 500 kw. Before replacement of the motors, S = 00/8 = 625kva, @ = cos-1.8 = 969°, Q = ‘When the system pf = .9 lagging, 8 = 26°, 8’ = 50/9 = 566kva, Q! = @ Fig. 722 With the power factor of the replacing motors equal to Referring to Fig. 7-22(4), apply the law of sines to obtain 625 sin 86.9° = 875 kvar lagging 566 sin26° = 248 kvar lagging 5 Lh 3] el oy OT Yeading, ¢, = cos-1.707 = 45°, Sy/sin 3.1° = 182/sin81.9°, Sy = 1065 kva ‘Then Py = 106.5 cos 45° = 75.8kw and ‘load replaced = (75.8/500)100 = 15%738 ma 18. 116. 11. m8, 120, 1a, 12, 123, 12, 125, 126, 1a. 128, POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION (cuar.7 Supplementary Problems Given a cireuit with an applied voltage v = 200.sin(at-+110°) and a resulting current f= Bsin(et-+20°), determine the complete power triangle. Ans. P = 0, @ = 500 vars lagging: Given a cireuit with an applied voltage v = 14.14 cosot and resulting current i = 17.1 cos (ot — 14.05°) ma, determine the complete power triangl Ans, P = 1175 milliwatts, Q = 29.6 millivars lagging, pf = 97 lagging Given a circuit with an applied voltage v= 340 sin(ot—60°) and a resulting current {= 133 sin (ot 48.7°), determine the complete power triangl Ane, P = 2215 w, Q = 442 vars leading, pf = .98 leading A two clement series circuit of R = 10 ohms and X¢ = 5 ohms has an effective applied voltage of 120, Determine the power triangle. Ans. S = 1154—577, pf = .804 leading. ‘A two element series circuit of R= 5 ohms and X, = 15 ohms has an effective voltage across the resistor of 81.6. Determine the power triangle. Ans. S = 200+ j000, pf = .316 lagging ‘A series cireuit of R= Sohms and Xe = 6 ohms has an applied phasor voltage V = 50/—90° . Find the complete power information. Ans. S = 200150, pf = 8 leading: Determine the cireuit impedance which takes 5040 volt-amperes at a power factor of 894 leading from an applied phasor voltage V = 150/45°. Ans. 472 ‘An impedance carries an effective current of 18 amperes which results in $500 volt-amperes st a power factor of .76 lagging. Find the impedance, Ans. 821+ j70 |A two element series cirevit with an instantaneous current i = 424 sin (6000t-+ 45°) has a power of 180 watts and a power factor of .8 lagging. Find the circuit constants. Ana. R = 20 ohms, L = 8 mh ‘Two impedances Z; = 683/—50° and Z, = 895/634° are in seri of 5 amperes. Determine the complete power information. Ana. 8; = 115+ 15, pf = .918 lagging and pass an effective current. ‘Two impedances Z = 5/45° and Z, = 10/302 are in series and have a total Q of 1920 vars lagging. Find the average power P and the apparent power S. Ans. P = 2745 w, S = 9360 va ‘The series circuit shown in Fig. 7-28 takes 36.4 volt-amperes at a power factor of .856 lagging. Find Ans. Z= 1/90° ‘The series cireuit of Fig. 7-24 has @ power of 800 watts and a power factor of .6 lagging. Find the complete power triangle ‘and the unknown impedance. Ana, $= 300+ 400, Z = 4/90° ‘Two impedances 2 = 4/~80° and Z_ = 5/602 are in parallel and have an applied phasor voltage V= 20/0". Find the power ‘triangle of each branch and combine them to determine the total 3 power triangle. ' line. P= 1286 w, Q = 102 varslagsing, of = a0 ageing 00°(~) A cireuit consisting of R= 10 ohms in parallel with Z = 8/—30° hhas a total effective current of 5 amperes. Find the completo power triangle. ‘Ans. P= 110.w, Q = 88-vars leading, pi 987 leading Fig. 724CHAP. 7) POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 9 129, 120 132, 738. 734. 138, 136, 131. Af branch 1 of the parallel cireuit of Fig. 7-25 below contains 8 kvars, find the power and the power factor of the complete circuit. Ane. Skw, pf = .556 lagging If branch 2 of the parallel cireuit of Fig. 7-26 below contains 1490 voltamperes, what will be the indication on the ammeter? Find the complete power information. Ans. 42.4 amp, © = 2210 + j3680, pf = 521 lagging 3 2 6 Fig. 7.25 Fig. 7-26 Fig. 727 In the parallel cireuit of Fig. 7-27 above, the power in the 8 ohim resistor is 666 watts and the total circuit takes 9870 volt-ampares at a power factor of 937 leading. Find Z, Ans. Z = 2—j2 ‘The parallel circuit shown in Fig. 7-28 below has a total power of 1500 watts. Obtain the complete power triangle, Ans. S = 1500+ j2480, pf = .618 lagging If the total power in the circuit of Fig. 7-29 below is 2000 watts, what. resistors? Ans. Pig = T2w, Py = 1276 w the power in each of the a 3 _| : Fig. 7.28 Fig. 7-29 Fig. 730 00 000 ‘The total @ in the parallel cireuit shown in Fig. 7-80 above is 2500 vars laggin plete power triangle, Ans. S = 3920va, P= 8020, pf = .771 lagging Find the com- Find the power factor of the given parallel circuit in Fig. 7-21 below. If the 6 ohm resistor is changed such that the overall power factor is . lagging, what will be its new ohmic value? Ans. pf = lagging, R = 8.22 ohms In the circuit of Fig. 7-82 below, Z = 54+ 8.68 is the original load. With the power factor of the circuit improved by the addition of a —j20 capacitor in parallel, find the percent reduction in total current. As. 389% In the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 188 below, find the capacitance C necessary to correct the power factor to .95 lagging. Ans, C = 28.9 f 2 5: c >a i0 {Q)z0 joe SS 20/302] ‘eps 4 66 Fig. 731 Fig. 17-32 Fig. 7-33138, 139, 740, Tal, 12. 143, TH 15, 146, 1. 148, 148, 150, 11. 152, POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION (CHAP. ‘A.60 eycle source with an effective voltage of 240 supplies 4500 volt-amperes to a load with a power factor of -76 lagging. Determine the parallel capacitance required to improve the power factor to (a) Olagging and (b) Dleading. — Ans. (a) 61.8 af, (6) 212 af Referring to Problem 7.88, what percent reduction in line current resulted in part (a)? Ts there any further reduetion in eurrent in part (0)? Ans. 16.7%. No, the currents are the same. ‘Three impedances Z = 20/802, Z, = 15[—452 snd Z, = 10/0° are connected in parallel with a ‘voltage source V = 100/—45°. Find the power triangle of each branch and then combine them to obtain the total power triangle. Ans. P = 1904w, Q = 221 vars leading, S = 1920 va, pf 998 leading Referring to Problem 7.40, the source of 100 volts supplies 1920 volt-amperes at power factor of (998 leading to the three-branch parallel circuit. What total current is taken by the circuit Ant. 19.2 amp, leads V by 6.62° ‘A voltage source V = 240/=80° has three parallel impedances Z, = 25/15%, Z = 16/—00° and 2, ~ 16/00°. Find the power triangle for each branch and combine them to obtain the total power triangle, Ane. P= 4140.w, @Q = 115 vars lagging, S = 4200va, pf = .067 lagging Obtain the total power triangle for the following three loads: load #1, 5 kw at a power factor of S lagging; load #2, 4 kva with Q of 2 kvar leading; load #8, 6 kva at a power factor of .9 lagging. Ane. P = 1886 kw, Q = 4.38 kvar lagging, S = 14.55 kva, pf = .965 lagging ‘Obtain the total power triangle for the following three loads: load #1, 200 va at a power factor of ‘lagging; load #2, 250 va at a power factor of .5 lagging: load #8, 275 va at unity power factor. Ane. P= 590w, Q = 446 var lagging, S = 140 va, pf = .708 lagging ‘A load of 200 kw with » power factor of .65 lagging has the power factor improved to .90 lagging by the addition of parallel eapacitora. What kvar of capacitors docs this require and what pereent reduction in kva results? Ans. 204 kvar, 28% ‘An industrial load of 26 kva has an overall power factor of lagging. A group of resistance heating units (unity pf) is installed and the plant power factor is found to be .85 lagging. What kw of resistance heat was installed? Ans. 4.3 kw ‘An induction motor load of 1500 watts with « power factor of .75 laguing is combined with 500 volt- amperes of synchronous motors with a power factor of .65 leading. What kvar of capacitors is required to correct the overall power factor of the two groups of motors to .95 lagging? What ‘percent reduction in volt-amperes results? Ans. 847 vars, 6.99% ‘The power factor of a certain load is corrected to .9 lagging with the addition of 20 kvar of If the final kva is 185, determine the power triangle of the load before correction? 166.5 kw, Q = 101.0 kvar lagging, pf = .866 lagging ‘A. 2000 volt-ampere induction motor load with a power factor of .80 lagging is combined with {500 volt-amperes of synchronous motors. If the overall power factor is .90 lagging, find the power factor of the synchronous motors. Ans. .92 leading ‘A 66 kva load with a lagging power factor is added to 25 kva of synchronous motors with leading power factor of .6. If the overall power factor is .85 lagging, find the power factor of the 65 kva Toad. Ans. 585 ‘A 100 kva transformer is at 80% of full load with a power factor of .85 lagging. What kva of Joad at “6 pf lagging may be added without exceeding the full load rating of the transformer? Ane, 21.8 kva ‘A.250 kva transformer is at full load with a power factor of 8 lagging. ‘The power factor is to be corrected to -9 lagging by parallel capacitors. (a) What kvar of capacitors does this require? (@) What kw of new load st unity power factor may now be added without exceeding the rated transformer kvat Ans. 52.5 kvar, 20.0 kw Referring to Problem 7.52, a new load with a power factor of .5 lagging is added to the system after the capacitors have been installed, What kva of this load may be added without exceeding the rated transformer kva? Ans. 32 kva